THE RADIO TELEPHONE.
Back and forth through space they talked for quite a time. The boys
were jubilant. The despair of many inventors, the wireless or radio
telephone appeared to be an accomplished fact. But they didn't dream
how much yet remained to be done. At length Mr. Chadwick told them to
"hang-up" and come back to the workshop.
The boys were glad to do this for they were extremely anxious to learn
something of the forces controlling this aërial method of
conversation. So far, they had not the least understanding, beyond a
general idea, of how the thing was done. Of the details by which Mr.
Chadwick had worked out this radical departure in telephony, they knew
nothing.
"Well, what did you think of it, boys?" asked Mr. Chadwick when they
returned to the workshop.
"Wonderful, beyond anything I could have imagined," declared Jack.
"How far will it work?" asked Tom.
"That's just the point," said Mr. Chadwick. "That's where I'm at sea.
I need a metal of greater conductivity than any attainable to get real
results. The carbon that I am using does not throw off enough radio
activity to produce a sufficient number of electric impulses to the
atmosphere."
Jack and Tom looked puzzled.
"You don't understand me I see," said Mr. Chadwick.
"No, I must say I don't," said Jack; "you see----"
"It's pretty technical," broke in Tom.
"Well, then I'll try to explain to you, in simple language, the
general principles of radio telephony," said Mr. Chadwick. "In the
first place you know, of course, from your wireless studies, that an
electric wave sent into the air will travel till it strikes something,
such as an aërial."
"To use the old illustration, an electric impulse sent into the air
spreads out in all directions just like the ripples from a stone
chucked into a mill-pond," said Jack.
"That's it," said Mr. Chadwick. "Now then, as you also know the wire
telephone works by a metal disc in the receiver, vibrating in exactly
the same way as does the microphone in the transmitter. According to
the vibrations of the voice of the person sending the spoken message,
the electric current along the wire, acted upon by the microphone in
the transmitter, increases or decreases. This increasing and
decreasing current acts on a thin metal disc or diaphragm in the
receiver which is held to the ear of the person listening to the
message."
"That's plain sailing so far," said Jack. "For instance, when you say
'Hullo' over a phone, the microphone or transmitter gets busy and
records it in electrical impulses and shoots it all along the wire
where the receiver picks it up and wiggles the metal disc inside it to
just the same tune."
"That's it exactly," said Mr. Chadwick. "Now we are ready to go a step
further. Now, as this metal disc is attracted or released by the
current coming over the wire, it compresses or rarefies the air
between it and the ear-drum of the person to whose oral cavity it is
held. In this way the sensation of the same sound as was spoken at the
transmitter end is reproduced at the receiver end. In other words, the
transmitter jerks and jumps just as the needle of a phonograph does in
traveling over a record, and transmits these jerks and jumps over the
wire to the metal disc which by aërial pressure on the ear drums of
the receiver of the message, causes the aural membrane to translate
the words, or vibrations along the nerves, to the brain.
"Following up this line," said Mr. Chadwick, "we find that the problem
in radio telephony is the same as that met with in ordinary wire
telephony. That is to say, we are required to cause a distant metal
disc to repeat every inflection of the transmitter. But in the case of
radio telephony the result is to be obtained by Hertzian waves,
instead of by a current passing through an insulated wire."
"The same sort of waves that are employed in wireless telegraphy?"
asked Tom.
"Just the same, only in radio telephony we are confronted by a problem
not met with in wireless telegraphy. We have not only to transmit
sound, such as isolated dots and dashes, but to send through the air
every rise and fall and inflection of the human voice just as it is
recorded in the minute lines of a phonographic record.
"Experiments have shown that articulation, that is, understand, a
speech, depends upon overtones and upper harmonies of a frequency of
5,000 or 8,000 or more."
"What do you mean by frequency?" asked Tom.
"Speaking in reference to radio telephony it means the number of
electrical vibrations per second required to produce a certain sound.
In electric currents 100 per second is a low frequency current,
100,000 per second is spoken of as high frequency. In early
experiments with radio telephony it was found that the chief
difficulty lay in obtaining a current of sufficiently high frequency
to transmit the human voice, the currents used in wireless telephony
being much too weak for this purpose.
"I had, therefore, to invent my own alternator, which is attached to
that gasoline motor. There is a similar one in the shed from which you
just talked with me."
"But why does radio telephony require a stronger current than wireless
telegraphy?" Tom wanted to know.
"Because, up to the present, no way has been found of utilizing in
radio telephony the entire energy of the electric waves sent out,"
replied Professor Chadwick. "Only the variations in the waves can be
detected, or transformed into sound at the receiving end of a radio
telephone system. Therefore an immense amount of electrical energy has
to be manufactured in order that the voice vibrations may register
their variations as powerfully as possible."
"What percentage of the electrical energy manufactured by a high
frequency alternator can be transformed into variations of sound?"
asked Jack.
"Not more than five to eight per cent. of the total energy. So
therefore the waste is enormous. In wireless telegraphy, on the other
hand, the entire energy radiated from a sending station can be picked
up to the limit of the receiver's capacity to detect it."
"Isn't there any way in which this difficulty could be overcome?"
inquired Tom.
"Yes, there is," said Mr. Chadwick, after a moment's thought, "and I
believe that I am the only man in the world employed with radio
telephonic problems who knows of it."
"Why can't you use it, then?" asked Jack.
"Because there are almost insurmountable difficulties in the way.
There is a substance chemically known Z. 2. X. which, if it could be
applied to purposes of transmission and detection, has such immense
powers of electrical absorption that messages could be sent almost any
distance, and with far greater economy of power than at present."
"How far can you send them now?" asked Jack.
"About five miles. At least I think so. I'm not even sure of that,"
was Mr. Chadwick's reply.
But Jack was impatient to get back to Z. 2. X.
"Why can't you use this Z. 2. X.," he questioned, "if it would
practically wipe out your troubles in sending and receiving?"
"Because there is even less of it in the world than there is of
radium," was the startling reply. "At present Z. 2. X. costs far more
than radium. It is the most intensely radio-active stuff in the world.
It is capable of being wrought into metal if anybody had ever found
enough of it, but except for a small deposit in South Africa, which
has been devoted to experimental purposes, nobody has any.
"But enough of that now. That is only a dream. I am anxious, though,
to test out my present apparatus thoroughly, and to do it I shall need
the help of you boys."
"In what way?" asked Jack.
"In giving it a thorough trial to ascertain over how great a space I
can transmit wireless speech."
"Are you going to put up another station outside the grounds?" asked
Tom.
"No; I don't want to attract attention to my experiments. You boys
have a wireless telegraph outfit on your Wondership?"
Jack nodded. He was curious, as was Tom, to know the Professor's plan.
They did not have long to wait.
"I wish you would get the machine ready to install a radio-telephone
outfit in its place. In that way I can gauge the limits of my
invention without attracting undue attention, as everybody in this
vicinity has seen you in flight and would imagine that you were merely
taking a trip through the air."
"But can you get out an apparatus light enough for us to take up?"
asked Jack.
"I am working on that now," said Mr. Chadwick. "I'll have it ready in
a week."
"We'll be ready for you," promised Jack.