_How Don Diego, when he was in prison, tried to escape, and how
he was beheaded by order of the Governor Vaca de Castro._
Don Diego de Almagro was imprisoned in the house of Hernando Pizarro,
in a rather strong room which existed there, and Vaca de Castro's
captains took care that he should not escape. After he had been there
for some days, he began to seek for some means of escape, intending
to take refuge at Viticos with the Inca Manco, and believing that,
by adopting this course, his life might be saved. Certainly not a
few felt regret that the lad should be put to death. The captains
Gaspar Rodríguez de Camporredondo and Pedro Anzures de Castro, who
were the favourite advisers of Vaca de Castro, would not hear of the
execution not taking place. When Don Diego learnt this, he treated,
as secretly as possible, with a page of his, for the purchase of two
horses, the swiftest he could find. He was to have them ready in the
river which flows through Cuzco close to his place of confinement, at
a certain hour of the night. Some persons who knew about the purchase
of the horses told Vaca de Castro, who, when he knew it, ordered Don
Diego to be removed to the house of captain Gabriel de Rojas, and
there he was watched with more care than before. The Governor Vaca de
Castro took the opinions of some of his captains and friends as to
what should be done with Don Diego. To all it seemed that the best
course would be to put him to death, both on account of the crime he
had committed and in order to safeguard the Realm and prevent the
occurrence of fresh trouble. An indictment against him was drawn up,
he was condemned to death, and the sentence was ordered to be notified
in his presence. Don Diego replied by appealing to his Majesty, or,
in the first instance, to the President and Judges of the _Audiencia_
then accredited in Tierra Firme. He was told that this appeal could
not take place; and, having made his protests, he retorted that since
they would not allow his appeal, but insisted on putting him to death,
he cited Vaca de Castro to appear before the Judge of Heaven, our God,
where all would be judged without prejudice or passion.
After these events and some further parley he confessed, always
displaying the mind of a man, and not of a youth such as he was,
combined with a lofty and serious presence quite out of keeping
with the humility of his parents. His eyes were steadily raised to
a crucifix and, on being taken from the prison, the crier walked in
front, shouting: "This is the judgment his Majesty the Emperor our
Lord, and the Governor Vaca de Castro in his name, inflicts on this
man as a usurper of the royal rights, and for having tyrannically
rebelled and given battle to the royal standard," and other things
about what had been done by him and his followers. On approaching
the pillory, adjoining which was the block and an executioner ready
to strike, Don Diego asked a favour. It was that he might die at
the place where his father was executed, and be buried in the grave
where his father's body rested, and that he might be placed beneath,
and the bones of his father above him. When he reached the place of
execution, they wanted to put a veil over his eyes, but he said there
was no need for that, and they only had to order the executioner to
perform his office. He asked them to let him have the little time
that remained to him to enjoy with his eyes the sight of the image
of our God, which stood there. Finally they persisted and bound his
eyes against his will. He was extended on the block and with great
courage he suffered death at the very spot where in a bygone year his
father had suffered.[142] The son's body was buried in the church
of La Merced, in the same grave as his father, and in the manner he
had requested. Don Diego was of medium height, twenty-four years of
age,[143] or a little more, very just-minded and intelligent, brave
and a good horseman, liberal and a friend to good works. His mother
was an Indian woman, a native of Tierra Firme. There was great hope
for his career if he had lived. He was not altogether free from
vices: on the contrary, he had those which men of the Indies usually
display. Captain Pedro Anzures went about enquiring of those who were
present whether they had heard Don Diego say that he deserved his
death, because the Marquis had been assassinated by his order. He did
not ask this in ignorance, for he and every one else knew perfectly
well that Don Diego had never used any such words; but he, and Vaca
de Castro, and others thought that this would be useful for their own
justification. Thus closed the career of Don Diego de Almagro the
younger, and with him came to an end all that remained of his father's
party, both men meeting the same manner of death in the city of
Cuzco.[144]
FOOTNOTES:
[142] Cieza de León had already told us that the elder Almagro was
strangled in his prison. But his body was publicly beheaded.
[143] Not so old, if he was born at Panamá. That city was only founded
in 1520, and Almagro came there some years later. He was not more than
nineteen.
[144] The story of Diego de Almagro is very interesting, and
exceedingly pathetic. It is interesting because this lad was the
first _mestizo_ or half caste distinguished for ability, nobility of
conduct, and bearing. There have been many since.
Young Diego was born at Panamá. He was the son of an Indian servant
girl who went by the name of Ana Martínez. Panamá was founded late in
1519. The elder Almagro did not settle there until after Espinosa's
expedition, two or three years later than the founding of the city.
Being the lad's father, his birth probably took place in 1522 or 1523.
The lad is said to have been well "endoctrinated," so he no doubt
learnt to read and write, and to repeat the usual invocations and
prayers of the period. When Martín de Alcántara came to Panamá on
his way to join his half brother Francisco Pizarro in Peru, he met
the young lad Diego, and very kindly took charge of him, to join his
father. This was in 1535 when the lad was twelve or thirteen. At
Lima Alcántara took young Diego to his house and treated him as one
of his own children, until a way of sending him to his father (then
engaged on his Chilean expedition) could be found. At last a servant
named Juan de Herrada was engaged, who had come to Peru with Pedro
de Alvarado. He also took the royal patent appointing the Adelantado
Almagro to be Governor of a province to the south, to be called
New Toledo. Pizarro's province, to be called New Castille, was the
northern half of the Inca Empire, and the boundary was to be fixed
by an arbitrator appointed by the King. Almagro did not wait for an
arbitrator, but immediately marched north to settle the boundary
himself, declaring Cuzco, and even Lima, to belong to him. This was
the beginning of civil dissension in the Realm.
Young Diego must have had a very good time, with all the marching and
adventure and none of the responsibility. Doted upon by his father,
liked and made much of by the Adelantado's old captains, some of
them men of good family and position, he acquired habits of breeding
and self-respect. When his father was on the coast, young Diego was
proposed as a hostage by the Judge-Arbitrator Bobadilla. Again when
Almagro released Hernando Pizarro, his son was sent with the escort
to the Governor's camp and received presents. These are the first
occasions when he appears in history.
Diego was too young to take part in the battle of Las Salinas, and he
does not appear to have been with his father. But he was at Cuzco,
and Hernando Pizarro decided that he should be sent to his brother
the Governor and Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro. He went with Alonso
de Alvarado, Gómez de Alvarado, and his father's servant Juan de
Herrada. They found Francisco Pizarro at Jauja. In interviews with
the Marquis the lad entreated him not to put his father to death, and
Pizarro assured him that he had no such intention. Young Diego was
treated with hospitality, and even distinction, and when he went to
Lima with Juan de Herrada, the Marquis sent orders that the lad was to
be lodged in his own house, and treated as his son. Then the news came
of the execution of the Adelantado Almagro. The son was persuaded by
Juan de Herrada that it was done by order of the Marquis, which was
quite untrue. The next news was that the royal patent authorized the
Adelantado to nominate a successor to the government of New Toledo;
and that he had named his son in his will. Herrada, who was the lad's
evil genius, filled his mind with ideas of vengeance and ambition.
When Pizarro returned to Lima he found young Almagro full of these
ideas, and constantly intriguing with Herrada and others. He could no
longer have the boy as an inmate of his house.
Herrada had acquired complete influence over young Diego's mind. This
man had come to Peru with Pedro de Alvarado; and transferred his
services to the elder Almagro, to attend on his son. He was a man of
great energy, quick decision, and some power in acquiring influence
over others. But here his good qualities ended. He had little ability,
no judgment, and no mercy. His one virtue was devotion to Almagro
and his son, but he only knew how to show it by an act of brutal
vengeance.
The murder of the Marquis was entirely planned by this ruffian. All
the old captains of the elder Almagro but one[145] were against it.
The question arises how far young Diego was an accomplice. He was told
by Herrada that Pizarro was going to kill him and all his friends, and
it was proposed to him that the Marquis should be seized until Vaca de
Castro arrived, who would judge between them. But I think that the boy
was not cognizant of the intended murder until after its perpetration.
In a letter which young Diego wrote to the Judges of the Royal
Audience of Panamá, putting forth his claim to succeed as Governor,
he states that his object was to seize the Marquis, not to murder
him: and that he regretted his death. The letter is dated 14 July
1541.[146] I think that this may be believed.
Juan de Herrada showed great energy after the murder; disarming and
arresting, and forcing the municipal officers to acknowledge young
Diego as Governor. But when nearly all the Spaniards outside Lima
rose against him, he showed nothing but incapacity and arrogance. He
tortured and killed Pizarro's secretary, and murdered Francisco de
Chaves owing to a private feud, the only old captain of the elder
Almagro who was an accomplice, though not an actual murderer. Both
were acts of unwisdom and stupid violence. The accomplice of whom he
had the highest opinion was a young ruffian named García de Alvarado,
violent, incapable, and brutally selfish--an unscrupulous robber.
Yet the ill-fated boy remained completely under the malign influence
of Juan de Herrada, and consented to make him General of the forces
he was collecting. He was thus placed over all the veteran captains
of the elder Almagro, men of position, of tried valour, with great
military experience. They were not prepared to serve under the upstart
Herrada, and they were all disgusted at the murder of the Marquis, an
atrocious crime which could not be forgiven, as well as a piece of
folly, which no one with any judgment would have committed. Sooner or
later all his father's old captains except one left the service of
the unhappy boy, and joined the royal Governor--Gómez de Alvarado,
Saavedra, Montemayor, Guevara, all fell away from the murderers.
One only stood firm for the boy, for the sake of his father. This
was Cristóval de Sotelo, an old soldier of the school of Orgóñez,
but able, experienced in war, and possessing no common skill in all
matters relating to his profession. He was true as steel to the cause
he had once espoused.
Herrada found it necessary to leave Lima and make for Cuzco, there to
await events. He was taken ill on the way and died at Jauja showing
his incapacity with his dying breath, by advising that Sotelo and
García de Alvarado should command jointly. Sotelo of course declined
such a position, and García de Alvarado went with a following to
Arequipa, nominally to collect men and arms, but really for plunder.
Young Diego, now free from the evil tutelage of Juan de Herrada, began
to act for himself, and showed that he possessed ability and force
of character. He was not altogether without help, though surrounded
by murderers and self-seekers. In Sotelo he found a true friend and
wise counsellor, and during the march to Cuzco, under such guidance,
he brought his levies of 550 men into a state of tolerable military
efficiency.
At Cuzco young Diego worked hard with Sotelo, in preparing arms,
superintending the casting of cannon by Pedro de Candía, and
consulting about the best course to pursue. Then the young ruffian
García de Alvarado arrived from his freebooting expedition to
Arequipa, with a large amount of treasure. He used it to form a party
of his own in the camp. He was jealous of Sotelo, who at the time was
ill in bed with a fever, and he went to his house to pick a quarrel,
ending by murdering him. Young Diego did not dare to arrest the
assassin owing to the party his stolen treasure had got around him. He
bided his time. He even consented to make him second in command with
special powers. The ambition of the young ruffian (he was twenty-nine)
was to have chief command. He intended to murder young Almagro. But
the half-caste was more than a match for him at that game. There was
to be a grand supper, and García de Alvarado was to go to Diego's
house and invite him, having arranged for his murder after the supper.
Diego made a different arrangement, which was to kill García de
Alvarado when he came to say that the supper was ready. This was done.
But the lad was still surrounded with difficulties and dangers. There
was a well paid Alvarado party which was discontented. The loss of
Sotelo was fatal. The gallant boy had not a single friend whom he
could trust--his associates were a gang of murderers and self-seekers.
He thought he had a friend, in a man named Lope de Idiáquez, and
consulted him. But he proved a traitor. There was also an old soldier
who had served in the Italian wars and could marshal an army to the
best advantage, but he too was false and a traitor.
Thus, without a single friend upon whom he could rely, this boy of
nineteen prepared to encounter the Governor's army led by all the
experienced cavaliers and soldiers in Peru. To have undertaken this
showed great courage, and that he should have done it so well denotes
rare ability. It is true that he must have known that all the leaders
would fight to the last, for they fought with halters round their
necks. But the equipment of the force, the provision of arms and
accoutrements, the organization, the route, the marching order, were
all due to the energy and ability of this half-caste boy.
Young Almagro would have been pardoned before the battle, if he had
consented to abandon the cause of the murderers who were in his army.
He was too honourable to entertain such a proposal. He fought with
great valour and determination at Chupas, to the bitter end.
This fortune followed him in his flight from the lost battle. He
had with him Diego Méndez, who was a fool as well as an unmitigated
scoundrel. Young Almagro should have made his way direct from the
Apurimac to the mountain fastness of the Inca. But Diego Méndez
persuaded him to come to Cuzco for horse shoes, merely because the
rascal wanted to visit his own mistress, the news of the battle of
Chupas not having yet reached the city. The delay was fatal to young
Diego. The bad news arrived when he had only got as far as the valley
of Yucay. A party was sent in pursuit and he was captured.
Young Diego made a final effort to escape his fate. A faithful young
page bought two horses, and he intended to take refuge with the Inca.
But the scheme was betrayed, and he was more strictly guarded. This
misfortune is much to be regretted. Inca Manco would have received
the able young soldier with hospitality and kindness. He would have
thrown in his lot with the Incas and, as their very efficient General,
would probably have repulsed the force sent against Tupac Amaru, and
thus prevented the disgraceful scene, for which the Viceroy Toledo was
responsible, in the _plaza_ of Cuzco.
Young Don Diego de Almagro met his death with the calmness and dignity
of a Christian knight, and the courage of an Indian Chief. He should
have been spared. The political reason for the execution of his
father--that he was a source of danger owing to the still unbroken
strength of his party--did not exist in the case of the son. The
Almagro party had been annihilated. The lad should have been sent to
Panamá or to Spain.
It is a very sad story, and most interesting as a proof of the ability
and courage of the first distinguished half-caste.
[145] Chaves, and he was not among the assassins.
[146] _Muñoz Coll._ It is printed in Spanish by Prescott, in an
appendix at the end of vol. ii of his work.