THE CHURCH.
[Sidenote: Elizabeth's bishops.]
[Sidenote: Papal bishops.] O'Harte.
[Sidenote: Matthew de Oviedo.]
[Sidenote: Peter Lombard.]
[Sidenote: Ribera.]
Of twenty-four archbishoprics and bishoprics existing in Ireland at
the date of Queen Elizabeth's death, nineteen were filled by her
nominees. In Ulster, Dromore, Derry, and Raphoe were left vacant on
account of the wars, and the custody of Kilmore was given to a Dublin
clergyman without episcopal rank, the papal bishop remaining in actual
possession. Eugene O'Harte, one of the Tridentine fathers, was made
Bishop of Achonry in Connaught by papal provision in 1562, and he
died at the age of a hundred in the same year as the Queen, without
being troubled by any Protestant rival. It is said, indeed, that
Bishop O'Connor of Killaloe, was appointed by the Queen to administer
O'Harte's see in 1591, but that he compounded with his old friend for
120_l._ a year. In the greater number of sees there were papal bishops,
but not in all, and in some cases they were practically mere bishops
_in partibus_, with no more real power over their flocks than De Retz
had over the people of Corinth. Matthew de Oviedo was Archbishop of
Dublin, but probably never saw his diocese, and Peter Lombard does not
seem to have been at Armagh. Ribera, the Spanish Franciscan, who was
bishop of Leighlin from 1587 to 1604, is believed never to have visited
Ireland at all. But the succession was maintained, and vicars were
appointed when sees lay vacant or when bishops were absent.[435]
[Sidenote: Forlorn state of the Church, 1587.]
In Sir William Fitzwilliam's time there was not one serviceable church
from Dublin to the farthest end of Munster, except in the port towns.
And the plain-spoken English lawyer, Andrew Trollope, has furnished
many details. Out of thirty bishops not seven were able to preach, and
the practice of alienating property was so rife that all the sees in
Ireland would not be able to support one man worthy of his calling. The
common secular clergy were mere stipendiaries, few having 5_l._ a year,
and the majority not more than half that sum. 'In truth,' Trollope
adds, 'such they are as deserve not living or to live. For they will
not be accounted ministers but priests. They will have no wives. If
they would stay there it were well; but they will have harlots which
they make believe that it is no sin to live and lie with them, and bear
them children. But if they marry them they are damned. And with long
experience and some extraordinary trial of these fellows, I cannot
find whether the most of them love lewd women, cards, dice, or drink
best. And when they must of necessity go to church, they carry with
them a book in Latin of the Common Prayer set forth and allowed by her
Majesty. But they read little or nothing of it or can well read it, but
they tell the people a tale of Our Lady or St. Patrick, or some other
saint, horrible to be spoken or heard, and intolerable to be suffered,
and do all they may to allure the people from God and their prince, and
their due obedience to them both, and persuade them to the Devil and
the Pope. And sure the people so much hear them, believe them, and are
led by them, and have so little instruction to the contrary, as here is
in effect a general revolt from God and true religion, our prince, and
her Highness's laws.'[436]
[Sidenote: Spenser on the Church, 1596.]
[Sidenote: Zeal of the Roman party.]
'Whatever disorders,' says Spenser, 'you see in the Church of England,
ye may find in Ireland, and many more: namely gross simony, greedy
covetousness, fleshly incontinency, careless sloth, and generally
all disordered life in the common clergymen.' Priests of Irish blood
behaved like laymen, neither reading, preaching, nor celebrating the
Communion, and 'christening after the Popish fashion.' They were
diligent only in collecting tithes and dues. When the bishops were
Irishmen their government was lax, and very often corrupt. English
candidates for livings they rejected whenever they could, and a reason
was generally available, since such aspirants were mostly either
unlearned, or 'men of some bad note, for which they have forsaken
England.' In the wilder districts the livings were so miserable that
an English minister could scarcely support himself, and so dangerous
that no man of peace could venture to reside. Where the benefices
were somewhat fat, the incumbents, 'having the livings of the country
offered unto them without pains and without peril, will neither for
the same, nor any love of God, nor zeal of religion, nor for all the
good they may do by winning souls to God, be drawn forth from their
warm nests, to look out into God's harvest, which is ever ready for
the sickle, and all the fields yellow long ago.' And in the meantime
Jesuits and friars came continually from France, Italy, and Spain, 'by
long toil and dangerous travailing thither where they know peril of
death awaiteth them, and no reward or riches is to be found, only to
draw the people unto the Church of Rome.' Most of the churches were
utterly ruined, and some were 'so unhandsomely patched and thatched'
as to repel worshippers by their mere ugliness. Carelessness and
stinginess were to blame, but the mischief was unwittingly increased
by the Puritans, 'our late too nice fools, who say there is nothing
in the seemly form and comely order of the Church.' Spenser proposed
that there should be a strict law strictly enforced against sending
young men to Rheims, Douai, Louvain, and such places, 'whose private
persuasions do more hurt than the clergy can do good with their
public instructions.' English ministers, neat churches with proper
churchwardens, and efficient schools, might follow. But he was not
sanguine, 'for what good should any English minister do among them by
teaching or preaching to them which either cannot understand him or
will not hear him.'[437]
[Sidenote: Ireland devoted to Rome.]
[Sidenote: Jesuit schools.]
The energy of the Jesuits and friars in Ireland was one sign of a
revival in the Church of Rome; no longer the Church of the Borgias or
even of the Medici, but of Loyola and Contarini, of St. Carlo Borromeo
and St. Vincent de Paul. Fasts were more strictly observed, and it
became more and more difficult to secure even occasional and outward
conformity to the State Church. In the early years of the Queen's reign
the inhabitants of the towns generally attended service, but the women
wearied and were not punished. When the Tyrone war began, even mayors,
portreeves, and other local officials had given up their attendance,
and most of the children were christened in private houses. The Jesuits
had schools in nearly all the towns, and young men resorted in great
numbers to foreign seminaries. Priests and friars swarmed everywhere,
especially at Waterford, and were sheltered by householders, under
whose roofs they sometimes preached quite openly. And the steady
influence of these priests was directed to making Ireland dependent
on foreign aid. Cornelius Ryan, papal bishop of Killaloe, advised
O'Rourke to get some learned Irishman to write to the Pope, begging
him to separate Ireland from England for ever and to make Tyrone king.
The Jesuit Dominic O'Colan confessed that the designs of Rome and
Spain extended even further than this, Philip intending with his army
'to overrun Ireland, and to make that realm his ladder or bridge into
England.' The questions of religious belief and of civil allegiance are
inextricably connected at this period, and it is impossible for us, as
it was for Elizabeth, to treat them as really separate.[438]
[Sidenote: Waterford Bishop Middleton.]
[Sidenote: A model dean.]
Waterford was by all accounts the greatest resort of priests and
friars. Miler Magrath was too busy jobbing to take much notice, and
he held the see from 1582 to 1589, and again from 1592 to 1608. But
Marmaduke Middleton, who was bishop of Waterford from 1579 to 1582,
took his trust seriously, and found life uncomfortable in proportion.
The marriage ceremony was scarcely thought necessary. Beads were
publicly used, and prayers offered for the dead; nor did Middleton
dare, for fear of a tumult, to remove images from the churches. 'There
is,' he says, 'no difference between the clergy and the laity here,
for they have joined together to prevent her Majesty's most godly
proceedings--both by defacing of the see, which is not annually, at
this instant, worth 30_l._ a year, and all the spiritual living in
temporal men's hands so surely linked that they cannot be redeemed.
And the most of the incumbents are little better than wood-kerne.'
Middleton's life was thought to be in danger, and he was translated to
St. David's. He succeeded in preventing the succession from falling
to the dean, David Clere, who had thwarted him in every way, and whom
Pelham wished to deprive even of that which he had. The deanery,
however, remained with Clere, 'who was well friended, as none better in
this world than the wicked,' and Magrath had his help in despoiling the
church of Waterford.[439]
[Sidenote: Cork, Cloyne, and Ross,]
[Sidenote: Bishop Lyon.]
[Sidenote: Position of Protestants.]
The united diocese of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross fared, according to
Bramhall, 'the best of any bishopric in that province; a very good man,
Bishop Lyon, being placed there early in the Reformation.' In 1595
he had had thirteen years' experience, and he gave a most lamentable
account of his stewardship. There was, he said, no knowledge of God's
truth and no obedience to magistrates, but false teachers drew men away
'to the palpable and damnable blindness to obey her Majesty's capital
and mortal enemy, that Anti-christ of Rome.' Priests swore men to
the Pope, charging a fee of one shilling and sixpence for every mass
afterwards. The same priests baptized the children quietly, and it was
scarcely possible to get sponsors for a legal christening; one poor
clerk, his wife, and a poor minister, acting as universal 'gossips.'
Recusants had special orders not to argue with any Protestant. Lyon
says that at one time he would have a congregation of a thousand when
he preached, but that now he had not five, while communicants had
dwindled from 500 to three. The country was full of friars, who were
in all things obedient to Bishop Gallagher, the legate, while there
was not a Protestant in the province who could preach in Irish. The
'devil's service' was the best of the many names popularly applied
to the Anglican ritual, and the natives crossed themselves when
Protestants passed, as if they were indeed devils. Lyon built himself
a house at Ross, which was burned down by the O'Donovans; but he did
what he could. Churches were restored, Bibles and Prayer Books were
provided in English and Latin; but the congregations would not be
tempted. Oaths to the Pope were freely taken, binding men to disobey
the Act of Uniformity, and other oaths could not be believed. Owen
MacEgan, who was sometimes called Bishop of Ross, had the power of
a vicar apostolic, and confirmed children in crowds. 'These wicked
priests,' says Lyon, 'are the sowers of rebellion in this kingdom, and
will do mischief if they be not looked unto in time.... I have lived
here twenty-five years, and been bishop fifteen years, and I have
observed their doings. I never saw them so badly minded as they be now
in general, for it is a general revolt throughout the whole kingdom...
they have had the reins of liberty let loose unto them, and have not
been kept under, whereas they are a people which, feeling the rigour
of justice, are a good people in their kind, and with due justice and
correction (but not oppressed, extorted, and unjustly dealt withal)
they will be dutiful and obedient. But let them have favour and be well
entreated, they will wax proud, stubborn, disobedient, disloyal, and
rebellious. This I know by experience. Also the priests of the country
have forsaken their benefices to become massing priests, because they
are so well entreated and made so much of among the people. Many have
forsaken their benefices by the persuasion of those seminaries that
come from beyond the seas; they have a new mischief in hand if it be
not prevented.'[440]
[Sidenote: Papal emissaries.]
[Sidenote: Owen MacEgan.]
Owen MacEgan, who was killed near Kinsale in 1602, was generally
called Vicar Apostolic, and sometimes Bishop of Ross. He was believed
by Carew to have all the patronage of Munster. He had great influence
in Spain, but in Munster, John Creagh, Bishop of Cork and Cloyne,
was really a much more important person. He did not appear in public
places where Englishmen were present, but exercised 'all manner of
spiritual jurisdictions in the whole province, being the Pope's legate,
consecrating churches, making priests, confirming children, deciding
matrimony causes... one of the most dangerous fellows that ever came
to that land, continued longest there of any of his sort, and has done
more harm in two years than Dr. Sanders did in his time, who could
procure the coming of the Spaniards only, but this Creagh draweth the
whole country in general to disloyalty and breaking of the laws.'
[Sidenote: Bishop Creagh.]
Creagh or MacGrath, for the name is written both ways, was the
Archbishop of Cashel's cousin; and Miler took care to warn him of any
danger, while pretending to give information to the Government. In
November, 1600, he was with the Sugane Earl, and actually fell into
the hands of Carew's soldiers, but they did not recognise him, 'being
clothed in a simple mantle and torn trousers like an aged churl.' He
lived on into the next reign, and exercised a very wide jurisdiction,
Lord Cahir and Lord Mountgarret being much under his influence.[441]
[Sidenote: The Pope's acting primate. Redmond O'Gallagher.]
[Sidenote: Bishop O'Devany.]
Of nearly equal importance with Creagh was Redmond O'Gallagher, the
titular Bishop of Derry, who befriended Captain Cuellar, when he
was cast away. O'Gallagher was one of the three Irish bishops who
attended the Council of Trent. He had faculty to exercise jurisdiction
in the whole province of Armagh during the frequent absences of
Archbishop Creagh, and perhaps of his successor, MacGauran, and was
busy 'throughout all Ulster, consecrating churches, ordaining priests,
confirming children, and giving all manner of dispensations, riding
with pomp and company from place to place as it was accustomed in Queen
Mary's days.' He was killed in a skirmish or foray in 1601. Cornelius
O'Devany, titular bishop of Down and Connor, is revered in Ireland as
a martyr, but his death did not take place till 1612, when he had been
thirty years bishop. It was reported in 1592 that 'Ulster contained
nineteen monasteries, in which the friars and monks remained, using
their habit and service as in Rome itself.'[442]
[Sidenote: Protestant primates.]
[Sidenote: Lancaster.]
[Sidenote: Primate Long.]
[Sidenote: Primate Garvey.]
[Sidenote: Primate Henry Ussher.]
From the translation of Loftus in 1567 to the end of the reign,
there were four legal primates. The Cathedral of Armagh had been
wrecked by Shane O'Neill, and the ruins of the city could scarcely be
held even by a garrison, so that the archbishops generally lived at
Termonfeckin. Primate Lancaster was anxious to found a grammar-school
in the neighbouring town of Drogheda, and offered to leave 'out of my
transitory trifles 600_l._ for the performance of the same;' but he
seems to have died without carrying out this design, and his successor,
Dr. Long, is better remembered for having wasted the property of his
see than for any benefit to it. But Long was not a pluralist like his
predecessor, and it may be urged in extenuation that he died 1,000_l._
in debt. He was succeeded by John Garvey, a Kilkenny man with an Oxford
degree, who spoke Irish and who had earned a good name as Bishop of
Kilmore. Garvey complained that Long had reduced the value of the see
to 120_l._ a year by granting leases for ninety-nine years, that his
houses at Termonfeckin and Drogheda were in ruins, and that three
years' income would scarcely suffice to put a roof over his head.
Garvey died in 1595, and his successor, Henry Ussher, is most famous
as one of the founders of Trinity College. The restoration of the
cathedral and the provision of a residence at Armagh were reserved for
Primate Hampton.[443]
[Sidenote: Primate Long's account of the Church, 1585.]
Primate Long has left a lamentable account of the Church in Perrott's
time, while giving that Deputy full credit for doing his best. 'But
why,' he says, 'should I name it a Church? whereas there is scant a
show of any congregation of the godly, either care of material or
mystical temple, in which men are brought to that pass, as taking
away their shape, they are worse than horse and mule that have no
understanding... becometh your honour to remember that subjects have
souls as well as bodies, and how grievous it is to the Spirit of God
to have them governed in body and neglected in soul.... Oh, that your
careful eyes did behold the abominations which, like impudent dogs,
they are not ashamed before the King of Kings to commit, the smell
whereof so annoyeth the heavens that I fear the Lord sitting there
laugheth our counsel to scorn, which savours so much of our own wits
without the true fear of him which is the beginning of wisdom... the
clergy are like the people; nay, they have made the people like them
_monstrum horrendum informe ingens cui lumen ademptum_. Your godly
Parliament in England hath somewhat, though not sufficiently, bridled
the court of faculties, the corruption of the clergy; but in this poor
island it sendeth old and young, clergy and laity, in a wild gallop to
the devil.... Many souls daily perish whose cure are committed to boys
and to open wolves.... Is it possible to look for civil peace where
there is no peace in conscience? Pitiful it is, and will be answered
before the Highest, to suffer his garden to waste wild for lack of
trimming, and then to pull up his plants, that might fructify, by the
root, by palpable ignorance to make traitors, and then by sword and
law to shed their blood, who for lack of better teaching could never
do better.' A few months later Long had the satisfaction of announcing
that Owen O'Hart, Bishop of Achonry by papal provision, and one of
those who had attended the Council of Trent, had resigned his see,
'prostrating himself before her Majesty whom he beforehand had agreed
to curse, and thoroughly persuaded that the man of sin sitteth in Rome
under pretence of the seat of God.' But O'Hart continued to act as
bishop, paying hush money to his ostensible Protestant successor, and
forming one of the seven who in 1587 promulgated the Tridentine decrees
throughout Ulster. 'It is a hard thing,' says Long, 'to be thought of,
that the land is not able to afford of the birth of the land forty
Christians which have the taste of the true service of God; and how
then can they be true-hearted to her Majesty when they are severed from
her.' Lurking papists were bolder than they had been, and threatened
the State; and it would be 'too late to shut the stable door when the
horse is stolen.' Long is sometimes edifying and always forcible, but
Ussher accused him of alienating the see-lands, and of making a seal
which enabled him to do so without capitular consent.[444]
[Sidenote: Archbishop Miler Magrath.]
[Sidenote: How Magrath tended his sheep.]
[Sidenote: Cashel.]
[Sidenote: Waterford and Lismore.]
In the curious epitaph which he wrote for himself, Miler Magrath
declares that he served England in the midst of war for fifty years.
He was born in Fermanagh, became a conventual Franciscan, and was
first provided to the See of Down, of which the O'Neills withheld the
temporalities, and from which he was ejected by Gregory XIII. 'for
heresy and many other crimes.' One of these was probably matrimony;
at all events he was twice married, and had a large family of sons
and daughters. Whether or not his conversion was sincere--and both
opinions have been held--Magrath was no credit either to the Church
which he joined or to the Church which he deserted and was accused of
secretly favouring. He indulged immoderately in whisky, and he jobbed
without the smallest compunction. In 1607, when he had been Archbishop
of Cashel and Bishop of Emly for thirty-six years, the united diocese
was found to be in a terrible state. Emly Cathedral was in ruins,
and things were little better at Cashel. About twenty-six livings
were held by his sons or other near relations, often in virtue of
simoniacal contracts, and in nearly every case there was no provision
for divine service. More than twenty livings and dignities were in
the Archbishop's own possession, who received the profits 'without
order taken for the service of the Church.' No school whatever was
provided. Nineteen livings or dignities were returned as void and
destitute of incumbents, and in others,' says the report, 'some poor
men, priests and others, carry the name, but they have little learning
or sufficiency, and indeed are fitter to keep hogs than to serve in
the church... in the two dioceses there is not one preacher or good
minister to teach the subjects their duties to God and His Majesty.'
Magrath had been Bishop of Waterford and Lismore for twenty years, and
'it will appear that wheresoever the Archbishop could do hurt to the
Church he hath not forborne to do it. Sixteen livings were returned as
void and destitute of incumbents.' Several others were bestowed upon
absentees, who provided no curates, and the Archbishop's daughter or
daughter-in-law enjoyed the income of two in which the churches were
ruined and the cures not served. Magrath made many leases for his own
profit, and, with the connivance of the Dean and Chapter, alienated the
manor and see-lands of Lismore, and the castle, which was the episcopal
residence, to Sir Walter Raleigh for a rent of 13_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ in
perpetuity. The capitular seal of Cashel he kept in his own hands and
used as he pleased.[445]
[Sidenote: The country clergy.]
'The country clergy,' says Davies, 'were idols and ciphers, and,' he
adds with a fine irony, 'that they cannot read, if they should stand in
need of the benefit of their clergy.' Serving-men and horseboys held
benefices, and the court of faculties dispensed them from all duty.
And for all their pluralities they were beggars, since the patron or
ordinary took most of the profits by 'a plain contract before their
institution.'
'The agent or nuncio of the Pope,' he says, 'hath 40_l._ or 50_l._ a
year out of the profits of a parsonage within the Pale.' The churches
were in ruins throughout the kingdom, and there was 'no divine service,
no christening of children, no receiving of the sacrament, no Christian
meeting or assembly, no, not once in the year; in a word no more
demonstration of religion than amongst Tartars or cannibals.' The
bishops were but too often partakers in the prevalent corruption, and
Davies suggested that visitors should be sent from England, 'such as
never heard a cow speak and understand not that language,' a gift of
cattle being the usual means of bribery in Ireland. Neither Loftus nor
Jones were disinterested men, but they did take some pains to provide
respectable incumbents, Englishmen for the most part, and Davies
who did not like either of them, reported that the Pale was 'not so
universally Catholic as Sir Patrick Barnewall and some others would
affirm it to be.' That was all he could say, and it was not much.[446]
[Sidenote: Foundation of Trinity College, Dublin.]
Archbishop Loftus had prevented Perrott from turning his cathedral
of St. Patrick's into a college, but he helped to provide the means
from another source. In 1166 Dermot MacMurrough had founded the priory
of All-Hallows for Aroasian canons, just outside Dublin, and by a
curious coincidence the man who introduced the English into Ireland
thus unwittingly set apart the ground on which the most successful of
Anglo-Irish institutions was destined to be built. In 1538 the priory
was granted to the city of Dublin; and in 1590 the Corporation were
induced to offer the property, which was valued at 20_l._ a year, as
a site for the new college. In 1579 the Queen had entertained the
idea of a university at Clonfert, on account of its central position;
'for that the runagates of that nation, which under pretence of
study in the universities beyond the seas, do return freight with
superstition and treason, are the very instruments to stir up our
subjects to rebellion.' Nothing came of that plan, perhaps because
the bishops were expected to provide the means of realising it, and
as there was no education to be had at home, the young gentlemen had
continued to resort to universities where the Queen was considered
an excommunicated heretic. The offer of the Dublin citizens was now
accepted, and the monastic buildings, all but the steeple, were at
once pulled down. Henry Ussher, a native of Dublin, but a graduate
both of Oxford and Cambridge, who was afterwards Primate, and who was
at this time Archdeacon, deserves credit for successfully carrying
out the negotiations, and the charter recites that it was he who had
petitioned the Queen in the name of the city to found the college.
Loftus was the first provost, Ussher himself, with two other fellows
and three scholars, being appointed in the same instrument. Burghley
was the first chancellor, Essex the second, and Robert Cecil the third.
After the siege of Kinsale 1,800_l._ was subscribed by the army for
a library, which thus began at the same time as Bodley's, and the
great collection of Archbishop James Ussher was virtually secured by
a subscription of 2,200_l._ in Cromwell's army. Trinity College was
founded as the mother of a university, but no second house was ever
opened, and in common language the college and the university are
treated as one and the same.[447]
[Sidenote: Protestant character of the college.]
[Sidenote: A Puritan provost.]
[Sidenote: The Scotch element.]
From the first, Trinity College was under Protestant management,
and was intended to counteract the influence of the seminaries at
Salamanca and other places abroad. And in Ireland, since the masses
adhered to Rome, Protestantism has ever naturally tended to the
Puritan rather than to the Anglican side. Loftus himself had been a
friend of Cartwright. Dr. Travers, the second provost, is claimed
by the Presbyterians, and he was certainly a strenuous opponent of
Richard Hooker. James Fullerton and James Hamilton, the first elected
fellows, were Scotchmen; and seem to have been educated at St Andrews,
under Andrew Melville, to whose opinions they may very probably have
inclined. Fullerton and Hamilton, while enjoying some portion of
Elizabeth's favour, were James VI.'s secret agents, and it is supposed
that Cecil sometimes sent through them letters, which it might have
been dangerous to trust to the ordinary channels. The two Scots kept a
school in Ship Street, Dublin, and had the honour of teaching James
Ussher from his ninth to his fourteenth year. The first buildings were
erected by public subscription, and some of the subscribers were Roman
Catholics, but Archer the Jesuit was collecting about the same time for
the Salamanca seminary. The danger was understood from the first, and
a petition to the Pope calls attention to a 'certain splendid college
near Dublin, the capital of Ireland, where the youths of Ireland
are instructed in heresy by English teachers.' In 1609 Trinity is
officially called 'the fanatics' college' by the Irish Jesuits.[448]
[Sidenote: Irish seminaries abroad.]
Trinity College being out of the question, the Irish priesthood
continued to be educated abroad, and O'Sullivan gives a list of
towns where they had seminaries of their own, or, at least, special
facilities. At Salamanca, Compostella, and Lisbon these institutions
came into Jesuit hands; and there was a fourth at Seville. The Irish
Franciscans had great privileges at Louvain, and there were Irish
seminaries at Antwerp, Douai, and Tournai. Those who preferred the
dominions of the Most Christian to those of the Most Catholic King,
might find classes ready to receive them at Bordeaux, Toulouse, and
Paris. In 1624 the famous Rothe and four other Irish prelates declared
that the Parisian seminary had supplied many men distinguished in
virtue, doctrine, and zeal, for the work of the Church in Ireland. 'And
so,' says O'Sullivan, 'crowds of Irish priests inundate Ireland, some
educated in convents, some in seminaries, and some at the expense of
their parents, and they partly, if not altogether, repair the damage
which the English have done by upsetting the religious houses and seats
of holy learning.'[449]
[Sidenote: Books and printing.]
[Sidenote: The Prayer Book.]
[Sidenote: Irish types.]
[Sidenote: The Bible in Irish.]
The first book ever printed in Dublin was Edward VI.'s first Book of
Common Prayer. It was printed by Humphrey Powell in 1551, professedly
by St. Leger's command, and it contains a prayer for Sir James Croft.
A copy is preserved in Trinity College, and Dr. Todd doubted if there
were a second in existence. The only other known specimen of Powell's
work is Sidney's Book of the Articles printed in 1566. Edward's second
Prayer Book, says Dr. Ball, 'was never, either by statute or order,
introduced, nor was it at all used in the Irish Church; but it forms
the basis of that which under Elizabeth was authorised for Ireland.'
Orders were given that the Prayer Book of 1557 should be translated
into Irish, for use in places where English was not understood, but
this was never done. It is probable that no competent translator could
then be found, and certain that the means of printing did not yet
exist. Queen Elizabeth afterwards provided a press and fount of Irish
type, 'in hope that God in his mercy would raise up some to translate
the New Testament into their mother tongue.' In 1571 a Catechism was
produced by Nicholas Walsh, Chancellor, and John Kearney, Treasurer of
St. Patrick's, both Cambridge men, and this is the first work printed
in Irish. There is a copy in the Bodleian, and Dr. Cotton had never
heard of any other. Walsh, who became Bishop of Ossory, obtained an
order to publish a translation of the Prayer Book for use in country
places. He also began an Irish version of the New Testament, and his
fellow-worker, Kearney, is said to have proceeded far in the work. It
was reserved for William Daniel, Archbishop of Tuam, a Kilkenny man and
one of the original scholars of Trinity, to publish the New Testament
in Irish: his predecessor, Archbishop Donellan, having worked in the
same field. Daniel's printer was John Francke. Whatever may have been
done towards a translation of the Old Testament by Kearney, Daniel, and
other scholars, the work was only completed by Bishop Bedell, and, its
publication having been delayed by the outbreak of the Rebellion in
1641, it did not appear until 1685.[450]
[Sidenote: Toleration and persecution.]
[Sidenote: Bacon's ideas as to toleration.]
[Sidenote: Popular forces against the Reformation.]
Elizabeth refused to dispense with penal laws against recusants, but
she allowed a good deal of practical toleration, and Irish Catholics
who did not engage in plots were not generally interfered with. 'I
find by the Court Rolls,' says a very learned lawyer and antiquary,
'that Queen Elizabeth had her High Ecclesiastical Commissioners, who
occasionally punished for not attending divine service. But this was
rare: no more than two or three instances during her reign.' Jones
and Loftus were willing enough to interpret the laws strictly, and to
enforce them rigorously; but nearly all Deputies disliked adding to
their difficulties by strictness in religious matters, and Mountjoy
in particular was much opposed to severity. Bacon alone seems to
have thought legal toleration possible. His plan was to establish
Anglicanism in Ireland, to respect liberty of conscience, and to
tolerate the public exercise of the Roman ritual in certain places.
This was what was done by the Edict of Nantes, following upon many
other temporary measures to a like effect. It must, however, be
remembered that Henry IV. established the religion of the majority,
while Cecil was advised to do the contrary; that in France the
professors of both faiths were Frenchmen, while in Ireland the
Establishment would exist not only for the minority but almost entirely
for Englishmen who came in the guise of conquerors or supplanters of
the native population; and that the Church of Rome aims at universal
supremacy, which a Protestant Church is not called upon to do. 'If,'
says Bacon, 'consciences be to be enforced at all, yet two things must
precede their enforcement; the one, means of instruction, the other the
time of operation; neither of which they have yet had. Besides, till
they be more like reasonable men than they yet are, their society were
rather scandalous to the true religion than otherwise, as pearls cast
before swine; for till they be cleansed from their blood, incontinency,
and theft (which are now not the lapses of particular persons, but the
very laws of the nation), they are incompatible with religion reformed.
For policy, there is no doubt but to wrestle with them now is directly
opposite to their reclaim, and cannot but continue their alienation
of mind from this government. Besides, one of the principal pretences
whereby the heads of the rebellion have prevailed both with the people
and with the foreigner, hath been the defence of the Catholic religion;
and it is this that likewise hath made the foreigner reciprocally more
plausible with the rebel. Therefore a toleration of religion (for a
time not definite), except it be in some principal towns and precincts,
after the manner of some French edicts, seemeth to me to be a matter
warrantable by religion, and in policy of absolute necessity. And the
hesitation in this point I think hath been a great casting back of the
affairs there. Neither if any English papist or recusant shall, for
liberty of his conscience, transfer his person, family, and fortunes
thither, do I hold it a matter of danger, but expedient to draw on
undertaking, and to further population. Neither if Rome will cozen
itself, by conceiving it may be some degree to the like toleration in
England, do I hold it a matter of any moment, but rather a good mean
to draw off the fierceness and eagerness of Rome, and to stay further
excommunications or interdictions for Ireland. But there would go hand
in hand with this, some course of advancing religion indeed, where the
people is capable thereof; as the sending over some good preachers,
especially of that sort which are vehement and zealous persuaders, and
not scholastical, to be resident in principal towns; endowing them with
some stipends out of her Majesty's revenues, as her Majesty hath most
religiously and graciously done in Lancashire: and the recontinuing
and replenishing the college begun at Dublin; the placing of good men
to be bishops in the sees there; and the taking of the versions of
bibles, catechisms, and other books of instruction, into the Irish
language; and the like religious courses; both for the honour of God,
and for the avoiding of scandal and insatisfaction here by the show of
a toleration of religion in some parts there.' This passage, and the
whole of the letter containing it, shows an extraordinary comprehension
of the Irish difficulties, but some of the positive recommendations are
open to question. It was not possible to provide vehement, zealous, and
persuasive preachers in Ireland as in Lancashire, for the Lancashire
people could be addressed in their own tongue, and the Irish could
not. In Ireland the forces of oratory were entirely on the side of
Rome.[451]
FOOTNOTES:
[435] Cotton's _Fasti_; Brady's _Episcopal Succession_.
[436] Considerations touching Munster, 1587, No. 70; Andrew Trollope to
Walsingham, Oct. 26, 1587. Sir William Russell is said to have advised
liberal grants of church lands to the nobility of both persuasions,
'who would then hold their religion with their lands, _in capite_.'
[437] Spenser's _View of the State of Ireland_, 1596. Some of the
poet's words might suggest Swift's savage outburst about the worthy
divines appointed to Irish sees who were _uniformly_ robbed and
murdered on Hounslow Heath 'by the highwaymen frequenting that common,
who seize upon their robes and patents, come over to Ireland, and are
consecrated bishops in their stead.'
[438] Cornelius, bishop of Killaloe, to O'Rourke, Feb. 13, 1596; Sir
John Dowdall to Cecil, March 9, 1596; Memorial among the _Rawlinson
MSS._ July 28, 1592, printed in _Irish Arch. Journal_, i. 80; Dominic
O'Colan's confession, July 9, 1602.
[439] Pelham to Walsingham, Dec. 7, 1579; Bishop Middleton to
Walsingham, June 29, July 21, and Aug. 19, 1580. 'They call their city
young Rochelle; I pray God it be not _ironice dictum_.' And see John
Shearman, schoolmaster of Waterford, to Primate Long, July 12, 1585.
[440] Bishop Lyon to Burghley, Sept. 23, 1595. The State Papers contain
evidence that this was an energetic and liberal bishop: he built a
church at Ross with 150_l._ of his own money, also a free school and a
bridge.
[441] Rawlinson MS. July 28, 1592, printed in _Irish Arch. Journal_, i.
80. _Pacata Hibernica_, book i. chap. xviii. Letter from Lord Cahir to
Creagh, MS. _Hatfield_; Brady's _Episcopal Succession_.
[442] Rawlinson MS. _ut sup._; Brady's _Episcopal Succession_; _Four
Masters_, 1601. In July 1588 O'Gallagher, as 'Vice-Primas,' delegates
his authority to O'Devany for one year: 'quoniam propter imminentia
pericula ac discrimina interitus vitæ, personaliter terras illas
visitare nequimus.' See Fitzwilliam to Burghley, Oct. 26, 1588.
[443] Archbishop Lancaster to Walsingham, April 26, 1581; Sir N. White
to Burghley, Feb. 3, 1589; Archbishop Garvey to Burghley, Feb. 20,
1592; Ware's _Bishops_.
[444] Archbishop Long to Burghley, Jan. 20, 1585, and June 10; to
Walsingham, July 8; Archbishop Henry Ussher to Burghley, April 10, 1596.
[445] Ware's _Bishops_; Cotton's _Fasti_; Archbishop Jones to
Salisbury, Aug. 3, 1607; Note of abuses, &c. in Cashel, Emly,
Waterford, and Lismore, in the Chancellor Archbishop of Dublin's hand,
and signed by him, Aug. 4, 1607. Writing to Cecil Feb. 20, 1604, Sir
John Davies says Magrath held seventy-seven spiritual livings besides
his four bishoprics.
[446] Sir John Davies to Cecil, Feb. 20, 1604, and May 4, 1606;
certificates to Dublin and Meath dioceses, calendared under 1604, Nos.
267 and 268.
[447] The charter, as well as the deed of gift from the city of
Dublin, are in Morrin's _Patent Rolls_, ii. p. 345, and see p. 21;
Taylor's _History_ of the University. There is a good account, from a
Presbyterian point of view, in Killen's _Ecclesiastical History_, vol.
i. pp. 447-455.
[448] Neal's _History of the Puritans_, vol. i., for Travers; Lowry's
_Hamilton MSS._, pp. 1-9, and Bruce's _Correspondence of James VI.
and Cecil_, for Fullerton and Hamilton. _Hibernia Ignatiana_, pp. 37
and 39. 'Litteræ Annuæ' of the Irish Jesuits, 1609, in _Spicilegium
Ossoriense_.
[449] O'Sullivan, tom. iv. lib. i. cap. 17; _Spicilegium Ossoriense_,
vol. i. p. 133.
[450] Gilbert's _History of Dublin_, vol. i. pp. 29, 186, 383, 385;
Ball's _Reformed Church of Ireland_, chaps. iii. and iv.; Cotton's
_Fasti_; Bedell's _Life_, printed by the Camden Society, and the
articles on Bedell, Daniel, and Robert Boyle in the new _Dictionary
of National Biography_. William Kearney, who printed the proclamation
against Tyrone in 1595, may have been related to the Treasurer of St.
Patrick's; see above chap. xlv.
[451] William Lynch to Sir James Macintosh, printed in the Calendar of
S. P. _Ireland_, 1606-8, p. civ; Francis Bacon to Cecil, 1602, printed
by Spedding, pp. 48, 49. A commission to 'execute the Acts concerning
the Queen's supremacy,' was issued in 1594, Morrin's _Patent Rolls_,
ii. 290. Loftus and Jones were the only prelates commissioned, and very
little was done.
INDEX TO THE THIRD VOLUME.
Affane, 108, 328
Africa, 7, 11
Agnes, Anyas, or Anes, Francis, 'Burgomaster' of Youghal, 35, 107
Agnes, Black: _see_ MacDonnell, Ineen Duive
Aguila or Aquila, Don Juan de, Spanish commander at Kinsale, chap. 51
_passim_, 424
Aherlow, Glen of, Spenser's Arlo, 27, 41, 45, 57, 95, 107, 136, 377,
379;
inseparably connected with Spenser, 444
Aileach, 373
Alcazar, battle of, 7, 8
Alford, Captain, 126, 127, 377
Allen, Cardinal, 5, 18
-- Doctor, Jesuit, 24, 29, 31, 234
-- John, 133
-- Lough, 233, 244
Alva, Duke of, 76
America, 15
Anderson, Sir Edmund, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in England,
198, 231
Angelis, 48
Anglesea Road, 404
Anias, John, 426
Antonio, Don, Portuguese pretender, 119
Antrim County, 141, 146, 186
-- Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of, 436: _see_ MacDonnell
Antwerp, 145, 188, 280, 447, 472
Anyas: _see_ Agnes
Apsley, Captain, 55, 95
Aranda, Don Martin de, 182
Archer, James, Jesuit, 'bewitches' a lord, 309;
his ideas about heretics, 350;
his connection with Ormonde's capture, 355-357;
'raises the devil,' 420, 421, 424;
he flies to Spain, 425, 472
Ardcanny, 78
Ardee, 340
Ardfert, 69, 95, 102, 378
Ardmayle, 404
Ardnarea, 155
Ards, in Down, called a county, 141
Argyle, Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of, 138
Ariosto, 345
Arklow, 88, 331
Arlo: _see_ Aherlow
Armada, the Spanish Invincible, 149, 165, chap. 42 _passim_, 206, 209,
285, 290
Armagh, 9, 254, 256, 265, 276, 277, 283, 286, 287;
an advanced military position, 296-299, 339, 372, 392, 393, 418
-- County, 227;
claimed as part of Tyrone, 242, 243, 260, 262
-- Cathedral, 299, 466
-- Archbishopric of, 465: _see_ Lancaster, Long, Garvey, Ussher, &c.
and for titular primates under MacGauran and Lombard
Arney River, 244
Aroasian Canons, 470
Arran, James Stewart, Earl of, 128
-- Islands, 175
Arrow, Lough, 244
Arthegal, 74, 458: _see_ Arthur Lord Grey de Wilton
Ascoli, Prince of, 174
Askeaton, 28, 30, 32, 35, 36, 41, 42;
taken from Desmond, 43, 44-46, 58;
gallantly defended by Barkley, 306, 327, 379
Assaroe Abbey, 285
Asturias, 46
Athenry, 43, 44, 204, 279
-- Bermingham Baron of, 147
Atherton, Captain, 329
Athlone, 39, 43, 44, 65, 137, 159, 167, 172, 190, 194, 244, 256, 263,
271, 278, 301, 433, 452, 454
Athy, 141, 302
Atkinson, Captain, 427
Audley, Captain, 61-63
Augher, 429
Aughrim, 431, 432
Augustinians, 193
Austria, 352
-- Don John of, 2, 177
Avancini, Giovanni, 178
Avaux, Jean-Antoine Comte de, 414
Avila, Don Christobal de, 182
Avon River, at Bristol, 415
Avonmore River, in Wicklow, 329
Ayr, 451
Azores, 76, 118, 251, 332
Babington's conspiracy, 231
Bacchus, 69
Bacon, Francis, 217;
his advice to Essex, 294
his excuses, 316, 321;
his ideas about toleration, 474-476
Bagenal, Sir Nicholas, 55;
M.P. for Down, 141, 157;
his relations with Perrott, 159, 160, 223
-- Sir Henry, son of the foregoing, 9, 61, 138;
his quarrel with Tyrone, 223-225, 234-240, 242, 245, 252, 256, 257;
his defeat and death at the Yellow Ford, 297, 310, 313, 342, 410,
439
-- Mabel, sister of Sir Henry, Countess of Tyrone, her elopement,
223-225, 292
-- Sir Samuel, 296, 310, 370, 444
-- Dudley, 168
Balla, 154
Ballagh-a-line, or Ballyline, 175
Ballard, John, the conspirator, 154
Ballibrennan, 320
Balliloghan, 36, 43
Ballina, 155, 427
Ballinacor, 135, 246, 247, 274, 277, 387
Ballinacurra, 85
Ballinafad, 214, 337
Ballinakill, 355
Ballinasloe, 43, 104
Ballingarry, 303
Ballinhassig, 361
Ballinrobe, 152, 204
Ballivodig, 85
Ballybrittas, 357
Ballycastle, in Antrim, 138, 139, 151
Ballycroy, 178
Ballyhack, 330
Ballyhoura Hills, 328
Ballymore Eustace, 61
Ballymote, 191, 233, 263, 310, 365, 403
Ballyragget, 309, 324, 355
Ballysadare, 427
Ballyshannon, its strategic importance, 137, 196, 227, 236, 253, 270,
276;
great struggle for it, 284-286, 363, 427;
'that long desired place,' 428;
the fishery there, 447
Baltimore, 95, 153;
held by the Spaniards, 406, 412-414, 419
Baltinglas, James Eustace, Viscount, his rebellion, 51-55, 57, 59, 60,
70, 82, 83, 92, 99, 116, 144, 164, 193
Bancroft, Richard, prebendary of St. Patrick's, afterwards Archbishop
of Canterbury, 134
Bandon River, 353, 405, 406
Bann River, 189, 266, 430, 447
Bannada Abbey, 155
Bantry Bay, 419
-- Barony of, 430
-- Abbey, 95, 419
Barbary, 10
Barkley, Captain, M.P. for Antrim, 141
-- Captain Francis, his valiant defence of Askeaton, 306, 307
Barnewall, Christopher, 116, 117
-- Sir Patrick, 470
Barnstaple, 25, 250
Barrow River, 135, 324, 447
Barry or Barrymore, James FitzRichard Barry, Viscount (died 1581), 34,
45, 46, 50, 56, 85, 112, 124, 234
-- -- -- David Barry, Viscount, son and successor of the foregoing,
240, 241, 306;
his loyalty, 307, 312, 328;
persecuted by Tyrone, 353, 360, 365, 390, 401, 404, 430
Barry, John, 307
Bartoni, Alexander, 74
Basques, Biskyes, Biscayans, 70
Bath, 167
Baxter, Nathaniel, 457
Bayonne, 164
Beaumont, Count Harley de, 314, 454
Beaumaris, 278, 319
Becher, or Beecher, Fane, 199
-- Sir William, 305
Becket, Thomas, 52
Bedell, William, Bishop of Kilmore from 1629, 473
Bedford, Francis, Earl of, 94, 236
Belfast, 289
Bellaclinthe, 341
Belleek, in Fermanagh, 154, 196, 234, 236, 284, 286
-- in Mayo, 26
Belvelly, 87
Benburb, 392, 393
Bere, Berehaven, Bere Island, 48, 95, 412, 413, 421, 430, 447
Bermingham: _see_ Baron of Athenry
-- John, 221, 222
-- or Birmingham Tower, in Dublin Castle, 28
Berwick, 40
Bilbao, Bilboa, 11, 74
Bingham, Sir Richard, 65, 69;
his smart seamanship, 71;
Chief Commissioner of Connaught, 124, 125, 129;
M.P. for Roscommon, 141;
makes a composition in Connaught, 147;
crushes the Scots at Ardnarea, 151-157, 159;
goes to Holland, 166-168, 170, 177;
his account of the Armada, 188, 191, 192;
his struggles in Connaught, 203-216, 229, 233, 253, 254;
his great strategic idea, 256, 260, 263, 269, 270;
in disgrace, 271;
his ideas adopted in his absence, 276, 278, 279, 294;
restored to favour before his death, 310, 314, 352, 427, 439
-- George, brother of the foregoing, 189, 191, 208, 216, 254
-- John, brother of the two foregoing, 260, 270
-- George _Oge_, cousin of the three foregoing, 253
Biscay, 10, 65, 163
Biscayans or Biskyes: _see_ Basques
Blackford, 324
Blackfriars, Dublin, 132
Blacksod Bay, 178
Blackwater, river and fort in Ulster (this is Spenser's Blackwater),
9, 92, 137;
land reserved by the Crown, 170, 254, 262;
new fort built, 284;
gallant defence, 286, 287, 289, 291;
great disaster in attempting relief, 294, 295, 296, 300, 329, 339,
369, 392, 393, 418, 455
Blackwater River, in Munster, 39, 41, 47, 94, 95, 103, 112, 137, 199,
306, 328, 410
Blake, James, 426
Blarney, 55, 429
Blaskets, islands and sound, 45, 173, 174, 188
Blind Abbot: _see_ William Burke
Blount, Sir Christopher, 294, 319, 323, 328, 331, 335, 339
Bodley, Sir Thomas, 473
-- Captain Josiah, brother of the foregoing, 404, 435, 449, 455, 456
Bologna, Bolognese, 74, 77
Bolsena, 77
Bonville family, 48
Bordeaux, 472
Borgias, the, 462
Bostock, Captain John, 422
-- Captain Ralph, 250, 251
Bothwell, 194
Bourchier, Sir George, 35, 45, 56, 58, 68, 84
Boylagh, in Donegal, 189
Boyle, Richard, afterwards Earl of Cork, 199, 382;
his remarkable journey to London, 414;
his connection with Spenser, 457
-- Robert, son of the foregoing, 473
-- Elizabeth, cousin of the foregoing, married to Edmund Spenser, 457
-- in Roscommon, 244, 263, 301, 336, 337, 429, 431
Boyne River, 392
Bramhall, John, Bishop of Derry, translated to Armagh in 1661, 463
Brefny O'Rourke, 79: _see_ Leitrim
Brest, 11
Brewett, Miles, 164
Bridgewater, 52
Brill, 280, 281, 287
Bristol, 12, 25, 26, 83, 249, 252, 381, 415
Brittany, 247, 424
Broadhaven, 376
Brooke, Sir Calisthenes, his opinion of Irish service, 286, 344
Browne, or Brown, Charles, 67, 77
Browne, Archbishop, 132
-- John, 204
-- Sir Valentine, 114, 126, 127, 200
-- Sir Nicholas, son of the foregoing, 200, 293, 443
-- Sir Valentine, the younger, brother of Sir Nicholas, married to a
Desmond, 384
Bruff, 302, 328, 377
Bruges, 145
Bruree, 46
Brussels, 3, 18
Bryskett, Ludovic, 85, 457
Buckhurst, Lord Treasurer, 265, 395, 396
Buckingham, George Villiers, first Duke of, 384
Bunamargey Abbey, 138
Bunboys, 180
Bundrowes, 236
Bungunder, 70
Buoncompagno, Giacomo, son of Pope Gregory XIII, 119
Burgh, or Borough, Thomas, Lord, Lord Deputy, 273, 277, 278, chap. 46
_passim_, 295, 439
Burgh, Lady Frances, 287
Burghley, Lord Treasurer, 36;
his exhortation to Ormonde, 38, 73, 89, 96, 97, 100, 101, 111, 112,
123, 132, 134, 135, 137, 149, 157, 158, 163, 166, 209, 224;
friendly to Sir John Perrott, 228, 229;
his consideration for Fitzwilliam, 239, 241;
he makes the clergy pay for the war, 250, 255;
his foresight, 260;
his opinion of Russell, 264, 265, 271;
his feeling for Norris, 280;
effect of his death on Essex, 313, 314, 395
Burkes, or De Burghs of Co. Galway (Upper Burkes), 136, 152, 269, 406,
409;
for Earls of Clanricarde _see_ under Clanricarde
Burke, or De Burgh, Ulick, Earl of Clanricarde, son of the foregoing:
_see_ Clanricarde
Burke, Sir John _Shamrock_, half-brother of the foregoing, created
Baron of Leitrim, his rebellion, 79, 81, 84;
his violent end, 119;
his character and popularity, 120, 253, 302, 430
-- William, brother or half-brother of the two foregoing, in
rebellion, 79, 84;
hanged, 88, 92
Burke, Redmond, son of Sir John Shamrock, 302, 309
-- William, brother of the foregoing, 430
-- Lady Mary, sister or half-sister of Ulick, John, and William,
married to Brian O'Rourke 120, 121, 214
-- Lady Honora, sister of the foregoing, 79
Burkes, or Bourkes of Co. Mayo (Lower Burkes), 153-157, 178, 204-216,
260, 263, 269, 270, 278, 406
Burke, Redmond _Na Scuab_ (of the besoms), 253
-- Sir Richard MacOliver, 92, 93, 147
-- Richard, called the 'Devil's Hook,' 178, 204, 205
-- -- called 'Richard in iron,' married to Grace O'Malley, 43, 44, 92,
93
-- Oge, called _Fal fo Erinn_ (hedge or pale of Ireland) hanged by
Bingham 151, 152, 211
-- Theobald, known as Tibbot _ne Long_ (of the ships), 38, 366, 427
-- -- calling himself MacWilliam _Iochtar_, 260, 365, 368
-- William, calling himself MacWilliam _Iochtar_ and known as the
'Blind Abbot,' 205, 207, 211, 215
-- MacDavid, 431
-- MacWilliam, 44
Burkes, or Bourkes, of Clanwilliam, in Limerick, 326
Burke, Sir William, chief of the Limerick Burkes and created Baron of
Castle Connell, 45
-- Theobald, son of the foregoing, 23
Burnell, Henry, 143
Burren, 311, 365
Burrishoole, 44, 176
Bute, 138
Butler family, 41, 86, 308, and _see_ under Ormonde, Dunboyne, Cahir,
and Mountgarret
-- Piers, Ormonde's brother, 65, 96
-- Lady Elizabeth, Ormonde's daughter, afterwards married to Sir
Richard Preston, 359, 384
-- Sir Theobald, afterwards Baron of Cahir of Cahir, 31
Butler, James _Galdie_, of Cahir, brother of Thomas Lord Cahir, 325,
326
-- Eleanor, sister of Richard Lord Mountgarret, married to Thomas Lord
Cahir, 309
-- Piers, Ormonde's natural son, 117
Butleraboo, 38
Buttevant, 46
Button, Captain, 401
Cadiz, 164, 266
Cahir, 31, 96;
besieged by Essex, 325, 329, 332, 377
-- Thomas Butler, Baron of, 325, 333, 465
Calais, 174, 181
Calderon, Coco, 173
Callan, in Kilkenny, 141
-- River, in Armagh, 298
Cambridge, 163
Campbell, Lady Agnes, married to Tirlogh Luineach O'Neill, 130
Campion, the Jesuit, 52, 455
Campo, Alonso del, 408
Canterbury: _see_ Bancroft
Cantire, 128, 139
Canutius, 78
Caraçena, Marquis of, 425
Carbery, in Cork, 201
Carbury, in Sligo, 208
Carew, Sir George, afterwards Earl of Totnes, Master of the Ordnance
1588, Lord President of Munster 1600, 36, 45;
at Glenmalure, 61-63, 160, 168, 172, 192, 217, 218;
consulted in England 239, 305;
Essex dislikes him, 314, 326, 328;
President of Munster, 353-356, 359-361, 363-365, 378-382, 384, 390,
392, 396;
his services before Kinsale, 399, 400, 402-404, 406, 407, 412-414,
416;
his reduction of Munster 419-424;
his spies, 423;
very tired of Ireland, 433, 434, 448;
fond of tobacco, 455, 465
-- Sir Peter, the younger, brother of the foregoing, 61-63
-- Castle, in Pembrokeshire, 123
-- -- near Bantry, 419
Carey, Sir George, Vice-Treasurer, 345, 395, 436
Carleile, Captain, 138, 139
Carlingford, 141, 276, 320, 369, 372
Carlos, Don, 258
Carlow, 6, 8, 371, 443
Carlow County, 20, 88, 166, 323
Carmelites, 193, 253
Carnew, 330
Carrick-on-Suir, 96, 230
Carrickfergus, 8, 138, 139, 141, 261, 289, 290, 320, 322, 361, 394,
396, 418
Carrigadrohid, 55
Carrigafoyle, 30;
taken by Pelham 42-44, 378, 406, 420
Carrigaholt, 175, 311
Carrigaline River, 194, 400, 401, 419, 466
Carriganass, 420
Carriganeady: _see_ Castle Hyde
Carriglea, 312
Carrigrohan, 304
Carter, Arthur, 21, 33
Cartwright, Thomas, 471
Carusse, William, 67
Cary, Peter, 146
Case, Captain, 83
Casey, Richard, M.P. for Mullingar, 141
Cashel, in Tipperary, 30, 45, 46, 102, 141, 353, 354, 377, 381
-- Archbishop of: _see_ Magrath
-- in Queen's County, 324, 371
Castille, 164
Castlebar, 153
Castle Connell, 23, 45, 326
-- Derg, 427, 428
Castledermot, 8
Castle Haven, 95, 402;
occupied by Spaniards, 405, 408, 412, 413, 419, 424
-- Hyde, 306
-- Ishin, 365, 366
Castleisland, 39, 41, 46, 68, 111, 378
Castle Keran, 339
-- Kevin, 89, 339
-- Lyons, 94, 328
Castlemagner, 304
Castlemaine, 11, 12, 42, 47-49, 70, 111-113, 382, 406
Castle Martin, 137
Castlemore-Costello, 155
Castle Park, 401
Castlereagh, 431
Castle Toome, 418, 434
Castletown Berehaven, 421
-- Delvin, 388
-- Roche, 312
Castle Wellan, 456
Cavan County, 140, 320, 340, 410 442
Cavan Town, 245
Cé, or Key, Lough, 338
Cecil, Sir Robert, 162, 255, 265, 275, 281, 282, 287;
effect of his French mission on Ireland, 293-295;
promotes Sir Arthur Chichester, 322;
his attitude towards Essex, 333, 346, 348, 349;
his policy about the succession, 366, 369;
well-informed about Spanish intentions, 376, 379;
sends Desmond to Ireland, 380-385;
will not have Raleigh for Lord Deputy, 381, 388;
Tyrone's feelings to him, 394, 398;
anxious to obtain terms for Tyrone, 415;
his naval policy, 417;
his spies, 426, 433, 437;
encourages tobacco, 455;
Chancellor of Dublin University, 471;
Bacon's advice to him about toleration, 474
Chamberlain, Sir John, 373
Charlemont, 438, 439
Charles II., King, 445, 448
Charleville, 365
Cheek, or Cheke, Henry, 3
Cheke, John, 73
Cheshire, 14, 106, 163, 249
Chester, 27, 250, 322, 451
Chichester, Sir Arthur, Lord Deputy after James's accession, 131, 289;
attracts the notice of Essex, 321;
in command at Carrickfergus, 322, 394;
co-operates with Mountjoy, 417, 418, 434, 435
-- -- John, brother of the foregoing, his defeat and death, 289, 290
Christ Church, Dublin, 8, 132, 133
Cistercians, 385
Civita Vecchia, 6
Clancare, Donnell MacCarthy More, created Earl of, 12, 40, 42, 46-50,
56, 111, 112;
wastes his substance in dissipation, 200, 201, 293
-- Countess of, Lady Honora Fitzgerald, 200, 293
Clancy, Boetius, 141, 175
Clandeboye, 64, 130
Clandonnells, 152, 205
Clanmaurice, 47
Clanricarde, Richard Burke, 2nd Earl of, 88, 92, 103
-- Ulick, Earl of, son of the foregoing, 13, 26, 64, 81, 92, 93, 103;
becomes Earl, 104, 119;
suspected of killing his half-brother, 120, 125;
Commissioner in Connaught, 147, 152, 154;
his gallantry, 214, 216, 256, 279, 284, 301, 347, 365, 366
Clanricarde, Richard, 4th Earl of, son of the foregoing, 284, 338;
does good service at Kinsale, 408, 409, 414;
gains Elizabeth's favour, 453;
marries Lady Essex, 454: _see_ Dunkellin
-- district, 366
-- Frances, Countess of: _see_ Essex
Clare, or Thomond, County of, 125, 127, 141, 147, 148, 175, 176, 188,
189, 266, 285, 301, 310, 311, 365, 366: _see_ Thomond
Clare Castle, 365
-- Galway, 44
-- Island, 190
Clavijo, Don Bartholomeo Paez de, 402
Clear, Cape, 180, 181
Clement VIII. (Aldobrandini), Pope, 400
Clere, David, 463
Clew Bay, 20, 38, 44, 175, 189, 193
Clifford, Sir Conyers, Governor of Connaught, 276, 278, 279, 284-286,
294, 301, 310, 311, 335, 336;
his defeat and death, 337;
his character, 388, 429, 432, 439
Clinton, Captain Thomas, 69, 71
Clogher, 263
Clones, 202, 234
Clonfert, 470
Clonlish, 89
Clonloan, 151
Clonmel, 41, 52, 107, 169, 325, 381, 400, 421
Clontubrid, 257
Cloyne, 95, 98, 107, 381: _see_ Bishops Lyon and Creagh
Cobos, Alonso de, 268
Coimbra, 3
Coke, Sir Edward, 232
Coleraine, 130, 137-139, 187
Collins, Jesuit, 424: _see_ O'Colan
Collooney, 154, 386
Colton, 269
Columba, or Columbkille, St., 130, 183
Comerford, Gerald, attorney-general of Connaught, afterwards Baron of
the Exchequer, 206, 215
Como, Cardinal, 116-119
Compostella, 472
Condon, Patrick, 85, 94, 101, 108, 112, 116, 307
Conn, Lough, 216
Conna, 327, 328
Connaught: _see_ under the several counties
-- composition in, 147
Connello, 35, 377-379, 409
Connemara, 189
Constable, Captain, 290, 331
Contarini, Gaspar, 462
Conway, Chancellor of St. Patrick's, 133
-- Captain, 269
Coolmine, 133
Corcomroe Abbey and Barony, 311, 365
Cordova, Don Luis de, 176, 177, 192
Corgrage, 305
Corkaguiny, 42
Cork, 12, 26, 27, 33, 49, 55, 64, 72, 76, 77, 80, 84, 94, 102, 103,
107, 126, 149, 169;
its condition when the Armada came, 172, 201, 249, 292, 305-307,
312, 328, 361;
prefers agitators as mayors, 381, 391, 396, 398;
the Spaniards aim at it, 399-401, 407, 412, 415, 417, 419, 429;
called 'the best city,' 450, 457
Cork County, 35, 46, 55, 96, 104, 106, 108, 112, 141, 198, 199, 304,
354, 406, 443
-- harbour, 119, 149;
story of Drake, 194, 399
-- Cloyne, and Ross, bishops of, 107, 463, 465: _see_ Lyon, Creagh,
Tanner, and MacEgan
Cornwall, 106, 446
Corrib, Lough, 205
Corunna, 10, 39, 69, 77, 173, 183, 194, 399, 405, 424
Cosby, Francis, 61, 63
Cosby, Alexander, 272, 298, 302
Coshbride, 35
Courcey, Lord, 455: _see_ Lord Kinsale
Courtenay, Thomas, 19-21
-- Sir William, 305
Cox, Seth, 331
Crawford, a Scot, 285
Creagh, Dermot, papal Bishop of Cork and Cloyne 1580 till after 1603,
107, 309, 357, 465
Croft, Sir James, 472
Croghane, 301
Cromwell, Oliver, 326, 407
Croom, 328, 378, 409
Crumlin, 246
Cuellar, Captain Francisco de, 182-188, 216, 285, 450, 465
Cuffe, Henry, Essex's Secretary in Ireland, 369, 389
Culmore, 361, 377
Cumberland, 14
Curlew mountains, 154, 263, 336, 427, 429, 432, 443
Cusack, Robert, Baron of the Exchequer, 99
-- Edward, 99
-- John, 99-101
Dalkey, 123
Daly, Daniel, 205
Daniel, William, Archbishop of Tuam from 1609, 473
Dantzig, 451
Danvers, Sir Charles, 369
-- Sir Henry, 328, 368, 393, 414, 439
Dartrey, 203
Davies, Sir John, 131, 453;
on the Irish Church, 469, 470
Davison, Secretary, 128
Decies, 39, 45, 56, 73, 169, 331
-- Viscount, 169: _see_ Sir James Fitzgerald of Decies
Delahide, James, 144
-- Laurence, 144
De la Roche, a French naval adventurer, 3, 4, 12
Delvin, 370
-- Christopher Nugent, Baron of, 80-83, 91, 99, 116, 117, 159, 353,
370
Den, James, 11
Denny, Sir Edward, 305, 378
-- Lady, 174
Derbyshire, recruiting there for Irish service, 248, 249
Dering, Captain, 55
Derninsh, 182
Derrinlaur, 325
Derry, 187, 296;
Docwra's settlement there, 362, 363, 375;
a hungry place, 434
-- County, 417
-- See of, 149, 459, 465: _see_ O'Gallagher
Derryvillane, 305
Desmond, part of Kerry and Cork, 188, 420
-- Gerald Fitzgerald, 16th Earl of, 8, 12, 17, 19-22, chapters
xxxvii., xxxviii., and xxxix. _passim_, 118, 119, 142;
attainted, 150, 169, 170, 198, 256, 297, 302, 303, 360, 400, 433,
443
-- Eleanor Butler, Countess of, wife of the foregoing, 17, 27, 42, 54,
57, 68, 91, 95, 96, 105, 108, 116
Desmond, James, 17th and last Earl of, called the 'Queen's Earl,' son
of the two foregoing, 27, 96, 202, 364, 366;
his failure and death, 379-384, 390
-- Sir John Fitzgerald of, brother of the 16th Earl, 8;
murders Henry Davells, 21;
the Pope's general, 25-28, 30, 34, 48, 54-56, 65, 70, 71, 83, 91;
slain, 94;
attainted, 150
-- Sir James Fitzgerald of, brother of the foregoing, 20, 22, 27, 28,
36, 48;
slain, 55, 70;
attainted, 150
-- Sir Thomas Roe Fitzgerald of, son of the 15th Earl by Catherine
Roche, 45, 89, 112, 199, 303, 304
-- the _Sugane_ Earl of, son of the foregoing: _see_ James Fitzthomas
-- Sir Richard Preston created Earl of, by James I., 384
Deventer, 28;
conduct of Irish troops at, 161-163
Devil's Hook 204: and _see_ Richard Burke
Devereux: _see_ Essex
-- Lady Dorothy, 232
-- Lady Penelope: _see_ Rich
Devon, Devonshire, 2, 20, 26, 28, 52, 106
Dillon, Sir Lucas, 157
-- Sir Robert, Chief Justice of, 100, 121, 204, 206-208
-- Theobald, 159, 166
Dingle, or Dingle-y-coosh, 11-13, 37, 41, 42, 47, 48, 68, 72, 78, 83,
111, 113, 127, 137, 141, 420, 446
Dinish, 421
Disert, 65
Dobbyn, Patrick, 31
Docwra, Sir Henry, 320, 352, 355;
his settlement at Derry, 361-363, 365, 371, 373-377, 417, 427, 428,
434, 436
Doddington, Captain, 423
Dominicans, 193, 207, 208
Donaghmoyne, 339
Donegal town and monastery, 197, 227, 263, 285, 376, 403, 428
-- County, 178, 189, 190, 193, 197, 216, 244, 279, 373, 417, 427: and
_see_ Tyrconnell
Donellan, Nehemiah, Archbishop of Tuam, 1595-1609, 473
Donore, 388
Doria, 1
Douai, 461, 472
Douglas, Thomas, 436
Dowdall, Captain, 45
Down County, 141
Downpatrick, 141, 392, 455, 456
Down and Connor, Bishopric, 466, 468: _see_ Magrath and O'Devany
Dowrough, James ne, 193
Drake, Sir Francis, 66, 75, 164, 172;
tradition of him at Cork, 194, 320
Draperstown, 443
Drogheda, 67, 117, 164, 192, 226, 322, 340, 342, 370, 391, 448, 466
Dromahaire, 184
Dromana, 39
Dromoland, 192
Dromore, Bishopric of, 459
Drumane, 244
Drumcliff, 183, 285
Drumcondra in Meath, 341
Drury, Sir William, Lord President of Munster, Lord Justice in 1579,
3, 8-10, 12, 17, 20, 22;
last services and death, 25-27, 43
Dublin, social condition, 448-451;
early printers in, 472, 473
-- Archbishopric of: _see_ Loftus, Jones, and Oviedo
-- University, 131-135, 459, 471, 472: _see_ Trinity College
Duffry, 320
Duhallow, 101, 112
Duke, Davy, 163, 164
Duke, Sir Henry, 216, 244
Dunalong, 373
Dunanynie, 138
Dunbeg, 175, 188, 311
Dunboy, 406, 412, 413, 419;
siege of, 421-425
Dunboyne, Lord, 31, 45, 143, 384, 400
Duncannon, 330
Dundalk, 137, 171, 227, 228, 237, 252-254, 255, 261, 265-267, 270,
291, 297, 344, 369, 371-373, 392, 393, 418
Dundee, Grahame of Claverhouse, Viscount, 301
Dungannon, 9, 171, 190, 197, 227, 235, 236, 243, 245, 254, 287, 359,
394, 418, 434, 438
-- Barony of, 64, 129, 140, 170: _see_ Earl of Tyrone
Dungarvan, 39, 328
Dunkellin, Barony in Galway, 104;
Lord, afterwards Earl of Clanricarde, 284: _see_ Clanricarde,
Richard, Earl of
Dunloe, 49
Dunluce, 129, 130, 146, 150, 151, 180, 186, 189, 290
-- as a title, 291: _see_ James MacSorley MacDonnell
Dunmanus Bay, 361
Dunmoylan, 305
Dunnemark, 419
Dunqueen, 308
Dursey Island, 12, 422
Dutch, 137, 145, 188
Dutton, Captain, 428
Dymmok, John, 287;
his 'Treatise of Ireland,' 323, 337, 449
Edenduffcarrick, or Shane's Castle, 289
Edinburgh, 128, 289
Edward III., King, 165
Edward VI., King, 395;
his Irish Prayer-book, 472, 473
Egerton, Charles, 289, 290, 367
-- Sir Thomas, 231, 346
Elizabeth, Queen, her parsimony, 8;
treated as a usurper by the Popes, 13-16;
her feminine supremacy a continuation of Eve's heresy, 18, 25;
her supremacy scouted, 51;
has no wish to be an exterminator, 59, 74;
approves the Smerwick massacre, 75, 87, 91, 94-97;
gives Ormonde a free hand, 110-112;
makes no objection to O'Hurley's torture, 118, 123, 124, 129,
135-137, 148, 151;
reported to be dying, 153;
cannot realise the Armada, 165, 167;
called a false siren, 193, 200;
her attitude to James VI., 216;
seems sorry for Perrott, 232;
her new way to pay old debts, 240, 243, 256;
unwilling to begin the Tyrone war, 259-263;
repudiates the dispensing power, 264, 273, 278, 280;
will not let knighthood be made cheap, 281, 286, 287;
her exhortation to Ormonde, 291;
reviles the Irish Council, 300;
Essex's only friend, 313;
boxes his ears, 314;
dances with him, 318;
her ideas about knighthood, 321;
her letters to Lady Norris, 288, 328;
criticises Essex, 333, 335;
blames Essex severely, 342, 343, 345;
her reception of Essex on his return, 346;
consults Raleigh, 351, 352;
cautions Mountjoy, 353;
her dislike to name a successor, 366, 373;
her hesitation about making a new Desmond, 380-382;
provides for the Desmond ladies, 384;
her letter to Mountjoy, 386, 389;
is persuaded to debase the coinage, 395;
deposed by three Popes, 400;
Spanish admiration of her, 410, 414;
gives audience at daybreak, 415;
her unwillingness to spare Tyrone, 433;
her attitude to James VI., 436;
her last offers to Tyrone, 437;
her death, with reflections, 439;
her regret for Essex, 454;
founds Trinity College, 470;
provides a printing-press with Irish types, 473;
her practical toleration while refusing to exercise a dispensing
power, 264, 474
Ellogh, 362
Elphin, 214
Ely O'Carroll, 352
Emden, 162
Emly, Bishop of, 468
Ennell, Lough, 388
Ennis, 311, 365
Enniskillen, 235, 244, 245;
its strategic importance, 286
Ennistymon, 311
Enriquez, Don Pedro, 411
Erne, Lough and River, 153, 154, 227, 234, 235, 245, 256, 276,
284-286, 429, 447
Erris Head, 180
Esmond, Captain Laurence, 331
Essex, Robert, Earl of, Lord Lieutenant in 1599, 202, 203, 232, 248,
251, 265, 275, 281-284, 288, 293-295, 310, 312; chapter xlviii.
_passim_, 351-353, 360, 368, 369, 378, 388-390, 394, 418, 439, 454
-- Frances Walsingham, Countess of, 454
Eustace, James: _see_ Viscount Baltinglas
-- Edmund, brother of the foregoing, 91, 193
-- Walter, brother of the two foregoing, 91
-- a civilian, 81
-- Edward, 226
Eustaces, in rebellion, 323
Eve, a Devonshire man, 52
Falmouth, 71
Falstaff, 249
Farnese, Alexander, 162, 174, 188
Farney, 201-203, 339, 390
Faroe Islands, 174
Fartullagh, 335
Faughard, 372
Feale River, 41, 42, 109
Fenit, 69
Fenton, Sir Geoffrey, Chief Secretary from 1581, 32, 57, 83;
hostile to Ormonde, 85;
his opinion of Grey, 97, 103, 104, 117;
his ideas about making Irish rebels devour each other, 103, 121,
124, 132, 151, 157;
imprisoned by Perrott, 158, 181;
his account of the Armada, 188-190, 235;
in the North, 264-268, 275, 278, 295, 320, 380, 405;
his proposal about Scotch powder, 451;
his connection with Spenser, 457;
his version of Guicciardini, _ib._
-- Edward, brother of the foregoing, 46, 49
-- James, brother of the two foregoing, 95
Fergus River, 365
Feria, Duke of, 1
Fermanagh, 202, 227, 237, 244, 321, 468
Fermoy, 96, 328
Ferns, considered a county, 141
Ferrara, 3
Ferroll, 66
Ffrehan, John, M.P. for Philipstown, 141
Fingal, 319
Finisterre, Cape, 399
Finniterstown, 327
Fitton, Sir Edward, Vice-Treasurer in 1579, 10, 32
FitzEdmond, John, of Cloyne, a Fitzgerald, 95, 98, 381
Fitzgerald, Earls of Desmond: _see_ under Desmond
Fitzgerald, Earls of Kildare: _see_ under Kildare
Fitzgerald, Sir John and Sir James, brothers of Gerald, Earl of
Desmond: _see_ under Desmond
Fitzgerald, Lady Margaret, daughter of Gerald, Earl of Desmond,
married to Dermot O'Connor, 360, 364, 366, 384
-- Lady Joan, sister of the foregoing, married to O'Sullivan Bere, 384
-- Lady Catherine, sister of the two foregoing, married to Lord Roche,
384
Fitzgerald, Lady Ellen, sister of the three foregoing, married to Lord
Dunboyne, 384
-- Lady Ellice, sister of the four foregoing, married to Sir Valentine
Brown, 384
-- Sir Thomas Roe, half-brother of Gerald, Earl of Desmond, but
considered illegitimate: _see_ under Desmond
-- James and John Fitzthomas, sons of the foregoing: _see_ under
Fitzthomas
-- James Fitzjohn, cousin of Gerald, Earl of Desmond, 94
-- FitzEdmond: _see_ under John FitzEdmond and under Imokilly,
Seneschal of
-- the White Knight, 326, 377
-- the Knight of Kerry, 48
-- William, brother of the foregoing, 112
-- the Knight of Glin, 36, 378
-- Sir James of Decies, 56, 73;
created a Viscount, 169: _see_ Decies
-- Sir Piers Fitzjames, 246, 302
-- Walter Reagh and his brother Gerald, chiefs of the bastard Kildare
Geraldines, 168, 169, 246, 247, 272
Fitzgibbon or MacGibbon, Maurice, papal Archbishop of Cashel (died
1578), 1, 5, 116
Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald, James, at Rome, 3, 8;
in France and Spain, 10;
his rebellion, chapter xxxvi. _passim_, xxxvii. 28-31, 40, 45, 66,
78, 94, 117, 150, 164, 165, 193, 312, 324
-- Maurice, son of the foregoing, 3
-- Thomas, Lord of Lixnaw and Kerry, 40, 41, 45, 47, 49, 56, 68, 95,
101, 108, 112, 143, 406, 420, 443
-- Patrick, son and successor of the foregoing, 41, 47, 112, 222, 327
-- Lady Honora, 378: and _see_ O'Brien
Fitzpatrick, Barnaby, Baron of Upper Ossory, 50, 84, 85
Fitzpatricks, 309
Fitzsimon, Henry, a Jesuit, 350
Fitzthomas Fitzgerald, James, son of Sir Thomas Roe Fitzgerald, called
the _Sugane_ Earl of Desmond, suspected by Raleigh, 199;
is made Earl of Desmond by Tyrone and destroys the Munster
settlement, 302-307, 312;
defies Essex, 327, 348, 352, 361;
has 1700 men under him, 363, 364, 366, 378;
his final defeat, 379, 383;
his capture and fate, 390-392;
Cecil's opinion of him, 398, 465
Fitzthomas Fitzgerald, John, brother of the foregoing, 303, 363, 391;
styled Earl of Desmond in Spain, 392
Fitzwilliam, Sir William, Lord-Deputy 1588-1594, 1, 167, 168, 171;
his administration, chapters xlii.-xliv. _passim_;
reflections upon it, 241, 242, 244, 245, 294, 391, 459
Flanders, 2, 13, 67, 145, 177
Fleet prison, 231
Flemings in Ireland, 10
Fleming, one, 94
-- John, 66, 67
Flemingstown, 305
Florence, Duke of, 3, 52
Florentines in Ireland, 74, 77
Flores in the Azores, 199
Florida, 1, 3
Flower, Captain, 361, 366, 378
Four Courts, 132
Fowle, Robert, 204
Foyle, Lough and River, 128, 187, 259, 300, 335, 339, 352, 353, 361,
368, 373-375, 414, 447: _see_ Derry and Docwra
Foynes, 305
France, the French, 3, 4, 10, 11, 13, 36, 77, 145, 200, 331, 414, 424,
435, 474
Francesqui, Giacomo de, 162: _see_ Jacques.
Franciscans, 193, 217, 285
Francke, John, 473
Frenchmen in Ireland, 2, 10, 20, 183
Frobisher, 66, 78
Fuller, Thomas, 1
Fullerton, James, 471, 472
Galbally, 401
Galicia, 425
Gallagher, Bishop, 464: _see_ O'Gallagher
Gallen, 137
Galty mountains, 442, 444
Galway, 11, 76, 77, 79, 93, 103, 151, 152, 156, 157, 161, 175, 177,
209, 215, 260, 269, 271, 279, 285, 396, 398, 427, 433, 452
Galway County, 140, 152, 176, 205, 263, 403, 431
Gara, Lough, 154
Gardiner, Sir Robert, Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench, from 1586,
160, 198, 237;
his partiality to Tyrone, 260, 261;
out of favour with the Queen, 263, 264;
Lord Justice, 291, 300
Garvey, John, Bishop of Kilmore 1585;
translated to Armagh in 1589, 204, 206-208, 210, 466
Gascony, 448
Gaval-Rannall, 275: _see_ O'Byrne, Feagh MacHugh
Genoese in Ireland, 77, 174
Gent, Thomas, Baron of the Exchequer in England, 198
Geraldines, in Munster, 5, 7, 19, 40, 50, 86, 103, 193, 308, 331, 332
-- in Leinster, 348
-- bastard, in Leinster, 168, 246, 247, 265, 272, 323: _see_
Fitzgerald, Walter Reagh.
Germans in Ireland, 144, 145, 452
Gerrard, or Gerard, Sir William, Lord Chancellor, 26, 32, 59, 60,
81-83, 100
-- Sir Thomas, 346
Ghent, 145, 413
Giacomo: _see_ Buoncompagno
Giants' Causeway, 172, 180
Gifford, Captain, 301
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 13, 33, 86, 88
Gill, Lough, 184, 214
Glanageenty, 113-115, 379, 443
Glandore, 361
Glanworth, 328, 400
Glasgow, 216, 451
Glenarm, 138, 290
Glenconkein, 130, 131, 418, 432, 443
Glenflesk, 47, 49, 443
Glengariffe, 420, 430-432, 443
Glenmalure, great disaster there, 61, 64, 97, 106, 226, 227, 387, 443
Glin, Knight of, 36, 41, 378, 443: _see_ Fitzgerald
Glynns, The, in Antrim, 151, 153
Godolphin, Sir William, 411, 438
Golde, James, Attorney-General, in Munster, afterwards Justice there,
13, 305, 320
Golden, 303, 326
Golding family, 48
Gormanston, Preston, Viscount, 60, 67, 68
Gort, 365, 366
Gortnaclea, 357
Gough, Edward, 309
Gowrie, 128
Grace, Piers, 45, 57, 70, 116
Granvela, Cardinal, 165, 180
Greame, Captain Richard, 379, 382
Greeks in the Armada, 180, 181
Greencastle, 320, 373
Gregory XIII., Pope 1572-1585, (Buoncompagno) employs Stukeley, 2;
patronises James Fitzmaurice, 4;
arms the Italian brigands against Elizabeth, 5-8;
sends Fitzmaurice to Ireland, 10-12;
his commission, 16, 38, 51, 116;
has no money for Irishmen, 117;
exercises the deposing power, 400, 468: _see_ Buoncompagno
Grenville, Sir Richard, 199
Grey de Wilton, Arthur Lord, 54, 58;
his viceroyalty, 59-99 _passim_, 116, 353;
introduces coaches, 442
-- Thomas, Lord, succeeded his father (the foregoing) in 1593, 323,
346, 352
Grosvenor, William, 248
Guicciardini, 447, 457
Gur, Lough, 114, 377
Hag's Castle, 151, 153
Hall, William, 67
Hally family, 48
Hamilton, James, created Lord Clandeboye, 471, 472
Hampton, Christopher, Archbishop of Armagh from 1613, 466
Harborn, William, 321
Harlem, 76
Harrington, or Harington, Sir Henry, Seneschal of Wicklow, 8, 144, 247
his defeat near Wicklow, 328, 329, 332, 337
-- Sir John, author of _Nugæ Antiquæ_, &c. cousin of the foregoing,
323, 324, 326, 327, 330, 331, 335, 337;
his account of Tyrone at home, 344
Harvey, Captain Roger, 414, 429
Harwich, 71
Hatton, Sir Christopher, 202, 232
Hawkins, Sir Henry, 66
Heath, Captain, 276
Hebrides, Hebrideans, 43, 129, 138
Helbry Island, 319
Hely, Archbishop: _see_ O'Hely
Heneage, Sir Thomas, 448
Henry V., King, 144, 320
Henry VIII., King, 18, 20, 110, 147, 166, 221, 232, 314, 398, 432
-- III., King of France, 4
Henry IV., King of France, 250, 474
Henry, Cardinal of Portugal, 8
Henshaw, Captain, 276
Herbert, Sir William, 305, 378
-- Sir Edward, 244
Heywood, John, 453
Hill, Moses, 290
Hogan, Edmund, 7
-- Vicar Apostolic, 350
Holland, Hollanders, 44, 52, 166, 167
-- Irish soldiers in, 161-163
Hollingsworth, Captain, 44
Holy Cross Abbey, 23, 312, 353
Holyhead, 25, 139, 242
Honora, 357
Honorius, 232
Hooker, or Hooker-Vowell, John, the chronicler, 20, 23, 29, 56, 61,
63, 72, 75
-- Richard, author of _Ecclesiastical Polity_, 471
Hopton, Lieutenant of the Tower, 232
Horgett family, 48
Hovenden or Ovington, Henry, Tyrone's secretary, 190-192, 267, 268,
341, 342
Hovenden, Richard, brother of the foregoing, 190-192
Howard, Lord, of Effingham: _see_ Nottingham
Howth, 353: _see_ St. Lawrence
Hunsdon, Lord, 23
Hurley, Thomas, 141
Hyde, Arthur, 199, 305, 306
Ibane, 360
Idrone, 6
Ijssel, 162
Ikerrin, 403
Ilfracombe, 26
Imokilly, John FitzEdmond Fitzgerald, Seneschal of, 33, 34, 55, 56,
85, 94, 96, 102, 105, 107, 108, 112, 116;
his death, 222;
his successor appointed by the Sugane Earl of Desmond, 306
Inchiquin, Barony, 311
-- Murrogh O'Brien, 4th Baron of, 285
Indies, 2
Ineen Duive, or Black Agnes: _see_ MacDonnell
Inglefield, Sir Francis, 77
Inistioge, 141
Inniscarra, 354
Innisfallen, 49
Innishannon, 409
Innishowen, 153, 189, 190
Inquisition, the, 2, 6, 7, 117
Iraghticonnor, 443
Ireland, a Spanish duchy, 1, 3
Isla, 128
Island Magee, 290
Italians in Ireland, 5, 7, 69-77, 162, 174, 191, 423
Italy, Italians, 5, 7, 36, 100, 145, 177, 423
Iveragh, 423
Jacques, Captain or Lieutenant, Giacomo de Francesqui, so called, 159,
162
James, a Protestant clergyman, 272
James, King, 6th of Scotland and 1st of England, 129, 137, 146, 150,
151, 153;
gives O'Rourke up to England, 216;
knights James MacDonnell, 289;
his relations with Essex, 366-368;
creates a new Desmond, 384, 426;
his relations with Tyrone and with Elizabeth 435, 436;
proclaimed in Dublin, 439, 449;
his secret agents in Ireland, 471
James II., King, the dispensing power, 264;
the brass money, 395, 396
Jehangir, 44
Jennings, Captain, 327
Jephson, Captain, 456
Jersey, 11, 12
Jesuits in Ireland, 4;
keep a school at Youghal, 33, 69, 163, 193;
very numerous, 245;
boast of their success, 349, 355;
their energy, 462
Jews, 16
Jones, Thomas, Dean of St. Patrick's 1581, Bishop of Meath 1584,
Archbishop of Dublin 1605, 125, 132;
what Swift said about him, 133;
a special commissioner in Connaught, 203, 204, 206-208;
rebuked by Walsingham, 209, 211, 212;
marries Tyrone to Mabel Bagenal, 224, 225;
Perrott's enemies seek him, 229, 292;
preaches before Essex, 322;
his notes on abuses in the Church, 469, 470, 474, 476
Jones, Sir Henry, 123
Joyce family, 152, 204
Julian, Captain, 42, 43
Kanturk, 49
Kavanagh, clan, 135, 246, 297, 309, 443
-- Art, 223
-- Brian MacDonogh, 356
-- Donnell Spaniagh, 323, 331, 371
Kearney, Patrick, M.P. for Cashel, 141
-- John, 473
-- William, 255, 473
Keate, a settler in Munster, 198
Kells, in Meath, 257, 279, 339, 340
-- in Antrim, 137
Kenmare Bay, 36
Kenry, 36, 126, 127: _see_ Pallaskenry
Kerry, Fitzmaurice's descent in, 12, 20, 31, 41, 47, 57, 66, 68;
Spanish descent in, 69, 70, 78, 95, 96, 108-112;
considered as safe as Middlesex, 169;
the Armada on the coast, 172, 173, 188, 198;
flight of English settlers from, 305, 378, 379, 406;
its pacification by Carew, 420;
strongholds there, 443
-- Knight of, 48, 420
-- cattle, 446
Key, or Cè, Lough, 338
Kilbritain, 455
Kilcolman, granted to Spenser, 198, 199, 292;
sacked and burned, 304, 457
Kilcommon, in Wicklow, 137
Kilcornan, in Limerick, 272
Kilcrea, 430
Kilcullen, 323
Kildare, 388
-- County, 102, 323, 370
-- Gerald Fitzgerald, eleventh Earl of, 19, 26, 29, 53, 54;
in charge of the Pale, 80-82;
a prisoner, 83;
his intrigue with the Pope, 117, 134;
dies in London, 140
Kildare, Henry, twelfth Earl of, son of the foregoing, 246;
dies in Ulster, 286
-- William, thirteenth Earl of, brother of the foregoing, drowned in
the Channel, 319
-- Gerald, fourteenth Earl of, (descendant of the ninth Earl), 335,
348
Kilkenny, 8, 29, 38, 72, 87, 113, 141, 309, 310, 305, 319, 399, 416
-- County, 166, 307
Killala, Donough O'Gallagher, Papal bishop of, 18
Killaloe, Cornelius O'Mulrian, Papal bishop of, 6, 10, 18, 69, 90, 462
-- rival bishops of, 459
Killarney, 49, 384, 443
Killilagh, 175
Killybegs, 178, 189, 376
Kilmacduagh, 79
Kilmakilloge, 421
Kilmallock, 24, 26, 27, 39, 43, 46, 56, 58, 107, 108, 141, 169, 307,
365, 366, 377, 379;
strange scene there, 383
Kilmore, Bishop of, 204: _see_ Garvey
Kiltinan, 400
Kinel-Connell (tribe name of the O'Donnells), 408
-- Owen (tribe name of the O'Neills), 408
King's County, 166, 263;
dialogue on its condition, 302, 323, 370, 403, 443
Kinsale, 19, 32, 72, 112, 149, 361, 381;
siege of, 398-413;
reflections on it, 414, 417, 419, 465
-- De Courcey, Baron of, 112, 455
Kinsella (tribe name of the Kavanaghs, &c.), 6
Kirton, Lieutenant Francis, 423
Knockacroghery, 175
Knockfime, 175
Knockgraffon, 96
Knock Robin, 401
Knockvicar, 431, 432
Knollys, Sir William, 314, 315
Knolt family, 48
Lacy, Piers, 302, 306, 378, 393
Lagan River, at Belfast, 289
-- -- in Monaghan, 340
Lambert, Sir Oliver, 427
Lancashire, 14, 106, 466, 475
Lane, one, 275
Larne, 151
Lasso, Rodrigo de, 192
Latin, 456
Laud, Archbishop, 390, 445
Latwar, Rev. Dr., 392
League, the, 424
Leane, Lough, Killarney, 49
Lecale, 418
Lee River, 354
Lee, Henry, 367
-- Captain Thomas, 168, 197, 238, 239, 244, 265, 275, 324
Legge, Robert, 197
Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 87, 121, 153, 161, 162, 167, 208,
317
Leighlin, or Leighlin Bridge, 8, 39, 135
-- See of: _see_ Meredith
Leinster, a Spanish duchy or marquisate, 1, 6
Leitrim County, 34, 216, 279, 423, 443
Leitrim Castle, 63, 79, 432
-- Barony of, in Co. Galway, 104, 119, 120: _see_ Burke, Sir John
Shamrock
Leix, 334, 348, 357
Lennox, Duke of, 436
Leo X., Pope, 51
Leonard, Margaret, 230
Lepanto, 2
Le Strange, Sir Thomas, 166, 204
Levant, the, 2
Leveson, Admiral Sir Richard, 402, 404, 405, 417
Leyva, Alonso de Leyva, 177-180, 194, 204
Liffey River, 61, 132, 226, 323, 369
Lifford, 137, 375, 376
Limerick, 12, 22, 23, 26-28, 30, 41, 44, 45, 50, 54, 56, 72, 76, 77,
83, 107, 126, 127, 149, 165, 172, 199, 217, 287, 306, 311, 327,
377, 381, 398
-- County, 46, 68, 70, 72, 104, 106, 108, 111, 141, 198, 302, 305,
404, 443
Lisbon, 6, 11, 183, 194, 399, 472
Liscahan, 378
Liscannor, 175
Liscarroll, 430
Lisdoonvarna, 175
Lisfinnen, 35
Lismore, 39, 327, 379
Lismore diocese: _see_ Magrath
Listowel, 41
Littleton, 381
Liverpool, 451
Lixnaw Castle, 378, 420
Lixnaw, Baron of: _see_ Thomas, Lord Fitzmaurice
Loftus, Adam, Archbishop of Dublin, Lord Keeper in 1579 and from 1581
to 1603, Lord Chancellor after that, ... Lord Justice 1582, 1597,
and 1599; ... 51, 53, 60, 82, 92, 97;
willing to pardon Desmond, 104, 116, 120-122;
on bad terms with Perrott, 124, 125;
his dispute with Perrott about St. Patrick's, 133-135;
his influence on legislation, 142, 143, 146;
his enmity to Perrott, 157-159;
accused of corruption, 197;
his connection with Bishop Jones, 212, 217;
his contribution to Perrott's ruin, 229, 237;
Lord Justice, 291, 300, 345, 466;
first provost of Trinity College, 470, 471, 474, 476
-- Captain Adam, son of the foregoing, 330, 332
Lombard, Peter, titular Primate 1601-1625, 459
London aldermen, as a standard to compare soldiers by, 40
London Bridge, 114
Londonderry, siege of, 414
-- County, 130, 434, 443
Long, John, Archbishop of Armagh, 125, 457, 466-468
Longford County, 141, 323
-- Barony, in Galway, 104
Loop Head, 175
Lope de Vega, 193
Loughrea, Castle and Barony of, 79, 104, 365
Loughros Bay, 178, 189
Louth County, 323, 370
-- Mills of, 340
Louvain, 116, 461, 472
Love, Captain, 399
Loyola, 462
Lucas, a pet name for Ormonde, 52
Lugnaquilla mountain, 61
Lutherans, 184, 192
Luzon, Don Alonso de, 187, 191, 192
-- Don Diego de, 192
Lynch, William, 474
Lyon, William, Bishop of Ross 1582, and of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross
1586-1617, describes military abuses, 102;
praised by Bramhall, 463, 464
Macauliffe, 47, 49, 112