_PIONEERS IN THE VALLEY_
By March of 1851 the Indian Commissioners McKee, Barbour, and
Woozencraft were actively assembling representatives of the numerous
Sierra Indian tribes and driving sharp bargains with them to quitclaim
their lands. On March 19, 1851, the commissioners in their camp (Camp
Frémont) in the Mariposa region reached an agreement with six tribes and
proceeded to establish a reservation for them. Their report refers to
one tribe, the “Yosemetos,” who were expected at this confab but failed
to appear. The friendly Indians who signed the treaty reported that this
mountain tribe had no intentions of coming in. It was, therefore,
decided to send Major Savage and a part of his Mariposa Battalion after
them.
On the evening of March 19, the day on which the Camp Frémont treaty was
signed, Major Savage set out with the companies of Captains Boling and
Dill. Captain Kuykendall’s company had traveled to the region of the San
Joaquin and Kings rivers, in which locality the commissioners planned to
negotiate another treaty. The force under the command of Major Savage
followed a route very near that which is now known as the Wawona Road to
Yosemite Valley.
On the South Fork of the Merced, at what is now called Wawona, a Nuchu
camp was surprised and captured. Messengers sent ahead from this camp
returned with the assurance that the Yosemite tribe would come in and
give themselves up. Old Chief Tenaya of the Yosemites did come into
camp, but, after waiting three days for the others, Major Savage became
impatient and set out with the battalion to enter the much-talked-of
Yosemite retreat. When they had covered about half the distance to the
valley, seventy-two Indians were met plodding through the snow. Not
convinced that this band constituted the entire tribe, Savage sent them
to his camp on the South Fork while he pushed on to the valley. His
route again was that followed by the present Wawona road.
On March 25, 1851, the party went into camp near Bridalveil Fall. That
night around the campfire a suitable name for the remarkable valley was
discussed. Lafayette H. Bunnell, a young man upon whom the surroundings
and events had made a deeper impression than upon any of the others,
urged that it be named Yosemite, after the natives who had been driven
out. This name was agreed upon. Although the whites knew the name of the
tribe, they were apparently unaware that the Indians had another name,
Ahwahnee, for their Deep Grassy Valley.
The next morning the camp was moved to the mouth of Indian Canyon, and
the day was spent in exploring the valley. Only one Indian was found, an
ancient squaw, too feeble to escape. Parties penetrated Tenaya Canyon
above Mirror Lake, ascended the Merced Canyon beyond Nevada Fall, and
explored both to the north and to the south of the river on the valley
floor. No more Indians were discovered, and on the third day the party
withdrew from the valley. The Indians who had been gathered while the
party was on the way to the valley escaped from their guard while en
route to the Indian Commissioner’s camp on the Fresno; so this first
expedition accomplished nothing in the way of subduing the Yosemites.
In May, 1851, Major Savage sent Captain John Boling and his company back
to Yosemite to surprise the elusive inhabitants and to whip them well.
Boling followed the same route taken previously and arrived in Yosemite
on May 9. He made his first camp near the site of the present Sentinel
Bridge. Chief Tenaya and a few of his followers were captured, but the
majority of the Yosemites eluded their pursuers. It was during this stay
in Yosemite that the first letter from the valley was dispatched. On May
15, 1851, Captain Boling wrote to Major Savage of his affairs, and the
letter was published in the _Alta California_, June 12, 1851. It
follows:
On reaching this valley, which we did on the 9th inst., I selected for
our encampment the most secluded place that I could find, lest our
arrival might be discovered by the Indians. Spies were immediately
despatched in different directions, some of which crossed the river to
examine for signs on the opposite side. Trails were soon found,
leading up and down the river, which had been made since the last
rain. On the morning of the 10th we took up the line of march for the
upper end of the valley, and having traveled about five miles we
discovered five Indians running up the river on the north side. All of
my command, except a sufficient number to take care of the pack
animals, put spurs to their animals, swam the river and caught them
before they could get into the mountains. One of them proved to be the
son of the old Yosemety chief. I informed them if they would come down
from the mountains and go with me to the U. S. Indian Commissioners,
they would not be hurt; but if they would not, I would remain in their
neighborhood as long as there was a fresh track to be found; informing
him at the same time that all the Indians except his father’s people
and the Chouchillas had treated.... He then informed me that ... if I
would let him loose, with another Indian, he would bring in his father
and all his people by twelve o’clock the next day. I then gave them
plenty to eat and started him and his companion out. We watched the
others close, intending to hold them as hostages until the
despatch-bearers returned. They appeared well satisfied and we were
not suspicious of them, in consequence of which one of them escaped.
We commenced searching for him, which alarmed the other two still in
custody, and they attempted to make their escape. The boys took after
them and finding they could not catch them, fired and killed them
both. This circumstance, connected with the fact of the two whom we
had sent out not returning, satisfied me that they had no intention of
coming in. My command then set out to search for the Rancheria. The
party which went up the left toward Can-yarthia [?] found the
rancheria at the head of a little valley, and from the signs it
appeared that the Indians had left but a few minutes. The boys pursued
them up the mountain on the north side of the river, and when they had
got near the top, helping each other from rock to rock on account of
the abruptness of the mountains; the first intimation they had of the
Indians being near was a shower of huge rocks which came tumbling down
the mountain, threatening instant destruction. Several of the men were
knocked down, and some of them rolled and fell some distance before
they could recover, wounding and bruising them generally. One man’s
gun was knocked out of his hand and fell seventy feet before it
stopped, whilst another man’s hat was knocked off his head without
hurting him. The men immediately took shelter behind large rocks, from
which they could get an occasional shot, which soon forced the Indians
to retreat, and by pressing them close they caught the old Yo-semity
chief, whom we yet hold as a prisoner. In this skirmish they killed
one Indian and wounded several others.
You are aware that I know this old fellow well enough to look out well
for him, lest by some stratagem he makes his escape. I shall aim to
use him to the best advantage in pursuing his people. I send down a
few of my command with the pack animals for provisions; and I am
satisfied if you will send me ten or twelve of old Ponwatchez’ best
men I could catch the women and children and thereby force the men to
come in. The Indians I have with me have acted in good faith and agree
with me in this opinion.
On May 21, some members of the invading party discovered the fresh trail
of a small party of Indians traveling in the direction of the Mono
country. Immediate pursuit was made, and on May 22 the Yosemites were
discovered encamped on the shores of Tenaya Lake in a spot much of which
was snow-covered. They were completely surprised and surrendered without
a struggle. This was the first expedition made into the Yosemite high
country from the west, and it was on this occasion that the name Lake
Tenaya was applied by Bunnell. The old Indian chief, on being told of
how his name was to be perpetuated, sullenly remonstrated that the lake
already had a name, “Py-we-ack”—Lake of the Shining Rocks.
The Indians were on this second occasion successfully escorted to the
Fresno reservation. Tenaya and his band, however, refused to adapt
themselves to the conditions under which they were forced to live. They
begged repeatedly to be permitted to return to the mountains and to the
acorn food of their ancestors. At last, on his solemn promise to behave,
Tenaya was permitted to go back to Yosemite with members of his family.
In a short time his old followers quietly slipped away from the
reservation and joined him. No attempt was made to bring them back.
During the winter of 1851-52, no complaints against the Yosemites were
registered, but in May of 1852 a party of eight prospectors made their
way into the valley, where two of them were killed by the Indians. A
remarkable manuscript, prepared by Stephen F. Grover, a member of this
party, was obtained by Mrs. A. E. Chandler, of Santa Cruz, who in 1901
mailed it to Galen Clark. Upon Clark’s death it was turned over to the
pioneer Yosemite photographer, George Fiske. When Mr. Fiske died, the
papers were given to National Park Service officials for safekeeping in
the Yosemite Museum. Grover’s reminiscences are apparently authentically
presented and divulge much that was not recorded elsewhere. Those
familiar with Yosemite history as it has been accepted since the
appearance of Bunnell’s _Discovery of Yosemite_ will recognize a number
of incidents that are at variance with previous records.
Grover’s Narrative—A Reminiscence
On the 27th of April, 1852, a party of miners, consisting of Messrs.
Grover, Babcock, Peabody, Tudor, Sherburn, Rose, Aich, and an
Englishman whose name I cannot now recall, left Coarse Gold Gulch in
Mariposa County, on an expedition prospecting for gold in the wilds of
the Sierra Nevada Mountains. We followed up Coarse Gold Gulch into the
Sierras, traveling five days, and took the Indian trail through the
Mariposa Big Tree Grove, and were the first white men to enter there.
Then we followed the South Fork of the Merced River, traveling on
Indian trails the entire time.
On reaching the hills above Yosemite Valley, our party camped for the
night, and questioned the expediency of descending into the Valley at
all. Our party were all opposed to the project except Sherburn, Tudor,
and Rose. They over-persuaded the rest and fairly forced us against
our will, and we finally followed the old Mariposa Indian trail on the
morning of the 2nd of May, and entering the Valley on the East side of
the Merced River, camped on a little opening, near a bend in the River
free from any brush whatever, and staked out our pack mules by the
river. I, being the youngest of the party, a mere boy of twenty-two
years, and not feeling usually well that morning, remained in camp
with Aich and the Englishman to prepare dinner, while the others went
up the Valley, some prospecting, and others hunting for game. We had
no fear of the Indians, as they had been peaceable, and no outbreaks
having occurred, the whites traveled fearlessly wherever they wished
to go. Thus, we had no apprehension of trouble. To my astonishment and
horror I heard our men attacked, and amid firing, screams, and
confusion, here came Peabody, who reached camp first, wounded by an
arrow in his arm and another in the back of his neck, and one through
his clothes, just grazing the skin of his stomach, wetting his rifle
and ammunition in crossing the river as he ran to reach camp. Babcock
soon followed, and as both men had plunged through the stream that
flows from the Bridal Veil Falls in making their escape, they were
drenched to the skin.
On reaching us, Aich immediately began picking the wet powder from
Babcock’s rifle, while I with my rifle stood guard and kept the
savages at bay the best I could. (The other men, with the exception of
Sherburn, Tudor, and Rose, came rushing into camp in wild excitement.)
Rose, a Frenchman, was the first to fall, and from the opposite side
of the stream where he fell, apparently with his death wound, he
screamed to us, “’T is no use to try to save ourselves, we have all
got to die.” He was the only one of our company that could speak
Indian and we depended upon him for an interpreter. Sherburn and Tudor
were killed in their first encounter, Tudor being killed with an ax in
the hands of a savage, which was taken along with the party for
cutting wood. The Indians gathered around as near as they dared to
come, whooping and yelling, and constantly firing arrows at us. We
feared they would pick up the rifles dropped by our companions in
their flight and turn them against us, but they did not know how to
use them. As we were very hard pressed, and as the number of Indians
steadily increased, we tried to escape by the old Mariposa trail, the
one by which we entered the Valley, one of our number catching up a
sack of a few pounds of flour and another a tin cup and some of our
outer clothing and fled as best we could with the savages in hot
pursuit. We had proceeded but a short distance when we were attacked
in front by the savages who had cut off our retreat. Death staring at
us on almost every hand, and seeing no means of escape, we fled to the
bluff, I losing my pistol as I ran. We were in a shower of arrows all
the while, and the Indians were closing in upon us very fast; the
valley seemed alive with them—on rocks, and behind trees, bristling
like Demons, shrieking their war whoops, and exulting in our
apparently easy capture. We fired back at them to keep them off while
we tried to make our way forward hugging the bluff as closely as
possible. Our way was soon blocked by the Indians who headed us off
with a shower of arrows (two going through my clothing, one through my
hat which I lost), when from above the rocks began to fall on us and
in our despair we clung to the face of the bluff, and scrambling up we
found a little place in the turn of the wall, a shelf-like projection,
where, after infinite labor, we succeeded in gathering ourselves,
secure from the falling rocks, at least, which were being thrown by
Indians under the orders from their Chief. The arrows still whistled
among us thick and fast, and I fully believe—could I visit that spot
even now after the lapse of all these years—I could still pick up some
of those flint arrow points in the shelf of the rock and in the face
of the bluff where we were huddled together.
We could see the old Chief Tenieya way up in the Valley in an open
space with fully one hundred and fifty Indians around him, to whom he
gave his orders, which were passed to another Chief just below us, and
these two directed those around them and shouted orders to those on
the top of the bluff who were rolling the rocks over on us. Fully
believing ourselves doomed men, we never relaxed our vigilance, but
with the two rifles we still kept them at bay, determined to sell our
lives as dearly as possible. I recall, with wonder, how every event of
my life up to that time passed through my mind, incident after
incident, with lightning rapidity, and with wonderful precision.
We were crowded together beneath this little projecting rock (two
rifles were fortunately retained in our little party, one in the hands
of Aich and one in my own), every nerve strung to its highest tension,
and being wounded myself with an arrow through my sleeve that cut my
arm and another through my hat, when all of a sudden the Chief just
below us, about fifty yards distant, suddenly threw up his hands and
with a terrible yell fell over backwards with a bullet through his
body. Immediately, the firing of arrows ceased and the savages were
thrown into confusion, while notes of alarm were sounded and answered
far up the Valley and from the high bluffs above us. They began to
withdraw and we could hear the twigs crackle as they crept away.
It was now getting dusk and we had been since early morning without
food or rest. Not knowing what to expect we remained where we were,
suffering from our wounds and tortured with fear till the moon went
down about midnight; then trembling in every limb, we ventured to
creep forth, not daring to attempt the old trail again; we crept along
and around the course of the bluff and worked our way up through the
snow, from point to point, often feeling the utter impossibility of
climbing farther, but with an energy born of despair, we would try
again, helping the wounded more helpless than ourselves, and by
daylight we reached the top of the bluff. A wonderful hope of escape
animated us though surrounded as we were, and we could but realize how
small our chances were for evading the savages who were sure to be
sent on our trail. Having had nothing to eat since the morning before,
we breakfasted by stirring some of our flour in the tip cup, with
snow, and passing it around among us, in full sight of the smoke of
the Indian camps and signal fires all over the Valley.
Our feelings toward the “Noble Red Man” at this time can better be
imagined than described.
Starting out warily and carefully, expecting at every step to feel the
stings of the whizzing arrows of our deadly foes, we kept near and in
the most dense underbrush, creeping slowly and painfully along as best
we could, those who were best able carrying the extra garments of the
wounded and helping them along; fully realizing the probability of the
arrow tips with which we were wounded having been dipped in poison
before being sent on their message of death. In this manner we toiled
on, a suffering and saddened band of once hopeful prospectors.
Suddenly a deer bounded in sight. Some objected to our shooting as the
report of our rifle might betray us—but said I, as well die by our
foes as by starvation, and dropping on one knee with never a steadier
nerve or truer aim, the first crack of my rifle brought him down. Hope
revived in our hearts, and quickly skinning our prize we roasted
pieces of venison on long sticks thrust in the flame and smoke, and
with no seasoning whatever it was the sweetest morsel I ever tasted.
Hastily stripping the flesh from the hind quarters of the deer, Aich
and myself, being the only ones able to carry the extra burden,
shouldered the meat and we again took up our line of travel. In this
manner we toiled on and crossed the Mariposa Trail, and passed down
the south fork of the Merced River, constantly fearing pursuit. As
night came on we prepared camp by cutting crotched stakes which we
drove in the ground and putting a pole across enclosed it with brush,
making a pretty secure hiding place for the night; we crept under and
lay close together. Although expecting an attack we were so exhausted
and tired that we soon slept.
An incident of the night occurs to me: One of the men on reaching out
his foot quickly, struck one of the poles, and down came the whole
structure upon us. Thinking that our foes were upon us, our frightened
crowd sprang out and made for the more dense brush, but as quiet
followed we realized our mistake and gathering together again we
passed the remainder of the night in sleepless apprehension.
When morning came we started again, following up the river, and passed
one of our camping places. We traveled as far as we could in that
direction, and prepared for our next night to camp and slept in a big
hollow tree, still fearing pursuit. We passed the night undisturbed
and in the morning started again on our journey, keeping in the
shelter of the brush, and crossed the foot of the Falls, a little
above Crane Flat—so named by us, as one of our party shot a large
crane there while going over, but it is now known as Wawona. We still
traveled in the back ground, passing through Big Tree Grove again, but
not until we gained the ridge above Chowchilla did we feel any surety
of ever seeing our friends again.
Traveling on thus for five days, we at last reached Coarse Gold Gulch
once more, barefooted and ragged but more glad than I can express. An
excited crowd soon gathered around us and while listening to our
hair-breadth escapes, our sufferings and perils, and while vowing
vengeance on the treacherous savages, an Indian was seen quickly
coming down the mountain trail, gaily dressed in war paint and
feathers, evidently a spy on our track, and not three hours behind us.
A party of miners watched him as he passed by the settlement. E.
Whitney Grover, my brother, and a German cautiously followed him. The
haughty Red Man was made to bite the dust before many minutes had
passed.
[Illustration: Joseph R. Walker]
[Illustration: _By Joseph Dixon_
Maria Lebrado]
[Illustration: Captain John Boling]
[Illustration: Lafayette H. Bunnell]
[Illustration: _By J. T. Boysen_
A Freight Outfit]
[Illustration: _By Gustav Fagersteen_
Early Tourists in the Saddle]
My brother Whitney Grover quickly formed a company of twenty-five men,
who were piloted by Aich, and started for the Valley to bury our
unfortunate companions. They found only Sherburn and Tudor, after a
five days march, and met with no hostility from the Indians. They
buried them where they lay, with such land marks as were at hand at
that time. I have often called to mind the fact that the two men,
Sherburn and Tudor, the only ones of our party who were killed on that
eventful morning, were seen reading their Bibles while in camp the
morning before starting into the Valley. They were both good men and
we mourned their loss sincerely.
After we had been home six days, Rose, who was a partner of Sherburn
and Tudor in a mine about five miles west of Coarse Gold Gulch, where
there was a small mining camp, appeared in the neighborhood and
reported the attack and said the whole party was killed, and that he
alone escaped. On being questioned, he said he hid behind the
Waterfall and lived by chewing the leather strap which held his rifle
across his shoulders. This sounded strange to us as he had his rifle
and plenty of ammunition and game was abundant. Afterward hearing of
our return to Coarse Gold Gulch camp, he never came to see us as would
have been natural, but shortly disappeared. We thought his actions and
words very strange and we remembered how he urged us to enter the
Valley, and at the time of the attack was the first one to fall, right
amongst the savages, apparently with his death wound, and now he
appears without a scratch, telling his version of the affair and
disappearing without seeing any of us. We all believed he was not the
honest man and friend we took him to be. He took possession of the
gold mine in which he held a one-third interest with Sherburn and
Tudor, and sold it.
Years afterward, in traveling at a distance and amongst strangers, I
heard this story of our adventures repeated, as told by Aich, and he
represented himself as the only man of the party who was not in the
least frightened. I told them that “I was most thoroughly frightened,
and Aich looked just as I felt.”
Stephen F. Grover
Santa Cruz, California
The commander of the regular army garrison at Fort Miller was notified
of these events, and a detachment of the 2d Infantry under Lieutenant
Tredwell Moore was dispatched in June, 1852. Five Indians were captured
in the Yosemite Valley, all of whom were found to possess articles of
clothing belonging to the murdered men. These Indians were summarily
shot. Tenaya’s scouts undoubtedly witnessed this prompt pronouncement of
judgment, and the members of the tribe fled with all speed to their
Piute allies at Mono Lake.
The soldiers pursued the fleeing Indians by way of Tenaya Lake and
Bloody Canyon. They found no trace of the Yosemites and could elicit no
information from the Piutes. The party explored the region north and
south of Bloody Canyon and found some promising mineral deposits. In
August they returned to Tuolumne Soda Springs and then made their way
back to Mariposa by way of the old Mono Trail that passed south of
Yosemite Valley.
Upon arrival at Mariposa they exhibited samples of their ore
discoveries. This created the usual excitement, and Lee Vining with a
party of companions hastened to visit the region to prospect for gold.
Leevining Canyon, through which the Tioga Road now passes, was named for
the leader of this party.
Tenaya and his refugee band remained with the Mono Indians until late in
the summer of 1853, when they again ventured into their old haunts in
the Yosemite Valley. Shortly after they had reëstablished themselves in
their old home, a party of young Yosemites made a raid on the camp of
their former hosts and stole a band of horses which the Monos had
recently driven up from southern California. The thieves brought the
animals to Yosemite by a very roundabout route through a pass at the
head of the San Joaquin, hoping by this means to escape detection.
However, the Monos at once discovered the ruse and organized a war party
to wreak vengeance upon their ungrateful guests. Surprising the
Yosemites while they were feasting gluttonously upon the stolen horses,
they almost annihilated Tenaya’s band with stones before a rally could
be effected. Eight of the Yosemite braves escaped the slaughter and fled
down the Merced Canyon. The old men and women who escaped death were
given their liberty, but the young women and children were made captive
and taken to Mono Lake.
The story of this last act in the elimination of the troublesome
Yosemites was made known to Bunnell by surviving members of the tribe.
In 1928, when I talked with Maria, a member of the original Yosemite
tribe, her version of the massacre differed widely from the story told
by Bunnell. Through her daughter she stoutly assured me that no Indians
died in Yosemite Valley except those killed by whites and those who were
ill. I asked her how Tenaya died and where. She explained that while the
Yosemites were at Mono Lake they engaged in hand games with the Monos.
These games are stirring affairs among the Indians. A. L. Kroeber
states, “It is impossible to have seen a California Indian warmed to his
work in this game when played for stakes—provided its aim and method are
understood—and any longer justly to designate him mentally sluggish and
emotionally apathetic, as is the wont. It is a game in which not sticks
and luck, but the tensest of wills, the keenest perceptions and the
supplest of muscular responses are matched.... Seen in this light, the
contortions, gesticulations, noises, and excitement of the native are
not the mere uncontrolledness of an overgrown child, but the outward
reflexes of a powerfully surcharged intensity.”
According to Maria, it was in the heat of such a game that a quarrel
developed between Tenaya and his Mono allies. In the fight that
followed, Tenaya and five of his Yosemite braves were stoned to death.
At least, this stoning feature agrees with former accounts of the
killing. Horse stealing and a gluttonous feast in Yosemite Valley do not
figure in Maria’s story. She insists that Tom “Hutchings,” the Yosemite
Indian befriended by J. M. Hutchings, attended to the burning of the
bodies and packed the charred remains upon his own back from Mono Lake
to Hites Cove. There a great “cry” was held for two weeks; the remaining
Yosemite Indians and all their friends bewailed the loss of Chief Tenaya
and the four tribesmen.
A number of parties of miners, emboldened by the news of the disbanding
of the Yosemites, visited the valley in the fall of 1853. During 1854 no
white men are known to have entered Yosemite Valley.
By 1855 several accounts written by members of the three punitive
expeditions that had entered Yosemite had been published in San
Francisco papers. The difficulties of overcoming hostile Indians in the
search for gold were far more prominent in the minds of these writers
than the scenic wonders of the new-found valley. Nevertheless, the
mention of a thousand-foot waterfall in one of these published letters
awakened James M. Hutchings, then publishing the _California Magazine_,
to the possibilities that Yosemite presented. Hutchings organized the
first tourist party in June, 1855, and with two of the original
Yosemites as guides proceeded from Mariposa over the old Indian trail
via Wawona and Inspiration Point to the valley. Thomas Ayres, an artist,
was a member of the party and during this visit he made the first
sketches ever made in Yosemite. Ten of these original pencil drawings
are now preserved in the Yosemite Museum.
In 1853, James Alden, then a commander in the United States Navy, came
to California on a commission to settle the boundary between Mexico and
California. He remained until 1860. Some time between 1856 and 1860 he
visited Yosemite Valley. Probably on his return to San Francisco he came
upon Ayres’s work, which appealed to him as the best mementos of his
Yosemite experience, and he procured ten originals and one lithograph.
Mrs. Ernest W. Bowditch, Mrs. C. W. Hubbard, and Mrs. A. H. Eustis,
descendants of Admiral Alden and heirs to these priceless drawings, have
presented them to the Yosemite Museum, which stands near the spot where
some of them were made.
In the years that have elapsed since these drawings were created, they
have journeyed on pack mules, sailed the seas in old United States
men-of-war, jolted about in covered wagons, and at last made a
transcontinental journey to come again to the valley that gave them
birth.
[Illustration: PROVISION STORE]