sent to Mediterranean, 236;
destroys Spanish fleet at Cape Passaro, 237;
policy at Messina, 238.
_Byng_, John, British Admiral,
sails to relieve Port Mahon, 286;
action with the French fleet, 286-288;
returns to Gibraltar, is relieved, tried, 290,
and shot, 291.
_Byron_, British Admiral,
commander-in-chief at Battle of Grenada, 367-371.
_Cape of Good Hope_,
a half-way naval station, 28, 514;
discovery of passage round, 37, 38, 141;
acquired by Holland, 97;
acquired by England during the Napoleonic wars, 327;
English expedition against, 421;
saved by Suffren, 422-425, 427;
utility to France, 460, 520;
Suffren's reception at, 464, 465.
_Carlos_ III.,
King of the Two Sicilies, 248, 249;
enters into Bourbon Family Compact, 249;
forced to withdraw his troops by a British commodore, 252, 264, 304;
succeeds to the Spanish throne, 304;
enters into secret alliance with France, 312, 313;
losses in Seven Years' War, 315, 317;
again enters alliance with France against England, 401, 402.
_Charles_, Archduke,
claimant to Spanish throne as Carlos III., 206;
lands at Lisbon, 208;
lands in Catalonia and takes Barcelona, 213;
takes and loses Madrid, 214;
antipathy of Spaniards to, 214, 216;
inherits empire of Austria and elected Emperor Charles VI. of
Germany, 217;
makes, as king of Spain, secret commercial treaty with England, 221;
discontented with Treaty of Utrecht, 222, 234;
renounces claim to Spanish throne, 235;
joins Quadruple Alliance, 236;
obtains Naples and Sicily, 239;
loses Naples and Sicily, 248;
dies, leaving no son, 262;
succeeded by Maria Theresa, 262.
_Charles_ II., naval policy of, 60, 61;
restoration of, 90;
political motives, 100;
cedes Dunkirk, 105;
policy of commerce-destroying, 131;
bargains with Louis XIV., 143;
declares war against Holland, 144;
makes peace with Holland, 158;
forms alliance with Holland, 166;
dies, 175.
_Choiseul_, minister to Louis XV., 297;
plans for invading England and Scotland, 297, 300;
makes close alliance with Spain, 311-313;
policy after Seven Years' War, 330-336;
naval reforms, 331-333;
supports Spain in dispute with England over the Falkland Islands, 336;
dismissed, 336.
_Clerk_, John,
work on Naval Tactics, 77 (and note), 163-165, 289.
_Clinton_, Sir Henry, British General,
expedition up the Hudson, 343;
commander-in-chief in America, 360, 365, 401;
opinions as to influence of sea power, 385, 401;
sends detachments to the Chesapeake, 385, 387;
directs Cornwallis to occupy Yorktown, 387;
outwitted by Washington and Rochambeau, 387.
_Clive_, Robert, afterward Lord,
letter of. 275 (note);
Indian career begins, 282;
retakes Calcutta, 305;
defeats nabob of Bengal, takes Chandernagore, and wins battle of
Plassey, 306;
reduces Bengal, 306.
_Colbert_
becomes minister under Louis XIV., 70;
commercial and naval policy, 70-74, 105, 106, 169, 174;
thwarted by the king, 170;
his trust in the resources of France, 198.
_Collingwood_, British Admiral,
leads a column at Trafalgar, 353;
his conduct at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 355, 356;
reverses Nelson's orders after his death, 358;
loss in his ship at Trafalgar, 438 (note);
blockading duty off French coast (letters), 526.
_Colonies_:
origin of, 27;
character of, 28;
effect on England of, 29, 82, 83, 255, 326-328, 392-394, 396, 414;
weakness of Spain through, 30, 41, 42, 202, 261, 312, 327, 345, 346;
effect of national character on, 55-58, 255, 256;
growth of English colonial system, 60, 62, 64, 217, 220, 228, 251,
291, 305-307, 310, 321, 327;
Colbert's policy, 70, 71, 106;
navy essential to security of, 41, 42, 74, 75, 82, 329, 367, 373,
401, 416, 424, 434, 511, 529, 541;
support to sea power by, 83, 212, 329, 415, 510, 511, 514, 520, 521;
Dutch, 96, 97, 258;
New York and New Jersey seized by English, 107, 132;
loss of French colonies, 219, 291, 294, 295, 304, 314, 321, 322;
loss of Spanish colonies, 219, 315-317, 321;
French colonial policy, 242, 254, 255, 257, 258, 273-278, 282, 283, 306;
Spanish colonial policy, 245-247, 250;
colonial expansion the characteristic motive of the wars from 1739
to 1783, 254, 281-284, 291, 508-510;
value of smaller West India islands, 256, 374, 512, 513;
the English in India, 257, 282, 305, 307, 348, 349, 419, 420, 459;
Vernon's and Anson's expedition against Spanish, 261;
Florida and the Bahamas recovered by Spain, 517 (note).
British North American, character of, 255, 283;
extension over all the continent east of the Mississippi, 65, 321;
quarrel with mother-country, 334, 341;
military situation of, 341-344;
alliance with France, 350;
effect of sea power upon their struggle, 397, 524;
object of, 507, 508;
policy of France in their struggle, 359, 511, 512;
distribution of colonial possessions at peace of 1783, 540.
_Commander-in-chief_,
position of a naval, in battle, 353-358;
question raised by action of the Due de Chartres, 352;
illustrated by practice of Howe, Nelson, Farragut, 353-358;
orders of French government, 353.
_Commerce_,
attempts to control by force, 1, 62, 63, 100, 101, 107, 245, 247;
trade routes, 25, 32, 33, 37, 38, 141, 142;
water carriage easier and cheaper than land, 25;
advantages of rivers and inlets to, 25, 35, 36;
secure seaports and a navy necessary to security of, 26-28, 74-76,
82, 83, 134, 135;
the basis of a healthy navy, 28, 45, 46, 82;
war upon (see commerce-destroying);
influence of Baltic trade upon sea power, 32, 62, 239, 240, 405;
effect of Central American Canal on, 33, 325;
effect of physical conditions on, 36-39;
decay of Spanish, 41, 50-52;
effect of national character on, 50-55;
solicitude of English government concerning, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66,
143, 206, 218, 220, 240, 241, 247, 269, 270;
the Navigation Act, 60;
influence of the wealth of England on history, 64, 187, 197, 216,
218, 227, 279, 295;
commercial spirit of the Dutch, 49, 52, 55, 57, 68, 69, 98;
Colbert's policy for developing, 70, 71, 101, 102, 105, 106, 169;
decay of French, under Louis XIV., 73, 107, 167, 169, 170, 198, 199,
219, 226-228;
improvement of French, under Louis XV., 74, 242, 243;
government influence on, 70, 71, 82, 101, 105, 106;
dangers to United States, by blockades, 84-87;
commercial policy of United States, 84, 88;
French, in 1660, 93;
Dutch, in 1660, 95-97, 131;
rivalry of English and Dutch, 100, 107;
Leibnitz's proposition to Louis XIV. to seize Egypt, 141, 142;
influence of Dutch wealth, 167, 176, 187, 197, 270, 279;
sufferings of Dutch, 38, 160, 167, 168;
gains to English, by policy of Louis XIV. 167, 170;
effect of injury to, in hastening war, 176, 177;
bearing of, upon War of Spanish Succession, 201-204, 207, 209;
Methuen Treaty of, with Portugal, 206, 228;
concession to England of the Asiento, or slave trade, 217, 220, 245;
growth of English, during eighteenth century, 220, 223-226, 228,
229, 233, 241, 245, 319, 323, 328;
secret treaty of, made with England by claimant to Spanish throne, 221;
decay of Dutch, in early part of eighteenth century, 69, 220-222, 224;
English, contraband with Spanish America, 240, 241, 245-247;
sufferings of, 1740-1748, 279, 280;
sufferings of, 1756-1763, 311, 312, 317-319;
prosperity of English commerce, 1756-1763, 297, 318, 319, 323;
effect of commercial interests on the results at Yorktown, 392;
great centre of English, 539 (note);
policy of Great Britain as to neutral, 540.
_Commerce-Destroying_ (Cruising Warfare),
a strategic question, 8;
dependence on geographical position, 31;
diffusion of effort, 31;
disadvantageous position of United States, 31, 540 (note);
Spanish treasure-ships, 41, 51, 207, 262, 313, 316;
English and Dutch commerce defy, 51, 133, 134, 135, 206, 229, 297,
317, 318, 319, 539, 540;
Charles II. resorts to it as a substitute for great fleets, 131;
disastrous results, 132;
discussion of, as a principal mode of warfare, 132-136;
dependent upon a near base or upon powerful fleets, 132, 196, 230, 314;
illustrations, 1652-1783, 133-136;
injurious reaction on the nation relying upon it, 136;
illustrations, 136-138;
mistaken conclusions drawn from American privateering in 1812, and
from the Confederate cruisers, 137, 138;
effect of great navies, 138;
illustrations, after battle of Solebay, 148;
after battle of Texel, 154;
decline of Dutch navy, 160,
and consequent increase of commerce-destroying by French privateers, 167;
in the war of 1689-1697, discussion, 193-196;
in the war of 1702-1713, 228-230;
in war of 1739-1748, 280;
in Seven Years' War, 295, 297, 311, 314, 316, 317-319 (discussion),
329 (note);
in American Revolution, 344, 382, 392, 400, 404, 408 (and note),
409, 443, 445, 452, 460, 530, 539, 540 (and note);
French privateering, 133, 135, 167, 195, 196, 229, 280, 314, 317-319;
peculiar character of French privateering, 1689-1713, 194-196, 229, 230.
_Conflans_, French Admiral,
commands fleet intended for invasion of England, 300;
sails from Brest, 301;
encounters Hawke and is defeated by him, 302-304.
_Cornwallis_, British General,
wins battle of Camden, 382;
overruns Southern States, 384;
marches into Virginia, 385;
takes position at Yorktown, 387;
surrounded by enemies, 389,
capitulates, 390.
_Cornwallis_, Captain British navy,
gallant conduct in Hood's action at St. Christopher, 472.
_Corsica_,
island of, naturally Italian, 32;
a dependency of Genoa, 201;
Genoa cedes fortified harbors to France, 292;
whole island ceded to France, 334;
strategic value, 335.
_Cromwell_, Oliver,
naval policy of, 60;
issues Navigation Act, 60;
condition of navy under, 60, 61, 101, 127;
takes Jamaica, 60;
takes Dunkirk, 105.
_D'Aché_, French Commodore,
reaches India, 307;
first and second battles with Pocock, 308;
ill-will to the French governor, Lally, 307, 309;
goes to the Isle of France, 309;
return to the peninsula, and third battle with Pocock, 310;
abandons the peninsula, 310.
_De Barras_, French Commodore,
commands French squadron at Newport, and takes part in operations
against Cornwallis, 389-392.
_De la Clue_, French Commodore,
sails from Toulon to join Brest fleet, 298;
encounters and beaten by Boscawen, 299.
_D'Estaing_, French Admiral,
transferred from the army to the navy, 371;
long passage from Toulon to the Delaware, 359;
fails to attack the British fleet in New York, 361;
runs British batteries at Newport, 361;
sails in pursuit of Howe's fleet, and receives injuries in a gale, 362;
goes to Boston, 363;
foiled by Howe on all points, 363, 364;
goes to West Indies, 365;
failure at Sta. Lucia, 366;
capture of St. Vincent and Grenada, 367;
action with Byron's fleet, 367-371;
professional character, 371, 375;
ineffectual assault on Savannah, 376;
return to France, 376.
_D'Estrées_, French Admiral,
commands French contingent to the allied fleet at Solebay, 147;
at Schoneveldt, 151;
at the Texel, 152;
equivocal action at the battle of the Texel, 153, 155;
notice of, 170.
_De Grasse_, French Admiral,
sails from Brest for West Indies, 383;
partial action with Hood off Martinique, 383, 384;
takes Tobago, and goes thence to San Domingo, 384;
determines to go to Chesapeake Bay, 388;
thoroughness of his action, 388, 392;
anchors in Lynnhaven Bay, 388;
skilful management when opposed by Graves, 389;
share in results at Yorktown, 399;
declines to remain longer in the United States, 400, 418, 469;
return to West Indies, and expedition against St. Kitt's Island, 469;
outgeneralled by Hood, 470-476;
criticisms upon his actions, 392, 476-478, 483, 489, 494;
return to Martinique, 479;
in command of combined fleet in expedition against Jamaica, 479;
sails from Martinique, 480;
partial action of April 9, 1782, 481-483;
battle of the Saints, 486-490;
surrenders with his flag-ship, 489;
later career and death, 501-503;
findings of the court-martial on, 503.
_De Guichen_, French Admiral,
wary tactics of, 7, 413, 433;
takes command in West Indies, 376;
actions with Rodney, 378-381;
returns to France, 381, 405;
chief command of allied fleets in Europe, 407, 408;
abortive action at Torbay, 408 (and note);
injuries to convoy under his care, 408;
Rodney's opinion of, 499;
difficulty in manning his fleet, 536 (note).
_D'Orvilliers_, French Admiral,
instructions to, 339, 340;
appointed to command Brest fleet, 339;
commander-in-chief at battle of Ushant, 350-352;
commands allied fleets in English Channel, 1779, 402 (and note);
retires from the navy, 403.
_De Rions_, d'Albert, Captain in French navy,
leads in the attack on Hood's position at St. Kitt's, 474;
Suffren's opinion of, 474;
gallantry at time of De Grasse's defeat, 502 (note).
_De Ternay_, French Commodore,
commands fleet which convoys Rochambeau to America, 382;
position occupied in Newport, 394-396;
Washington's memorandum to, 397.
_De Vaudreuil_, French Commodore,
second in command to De Grasse, 494;
conducts partial attack of April 9, 1782, 482, 494;
assumes command after De Grasse's capture, 497.
_Derby_, British Admiral,
relieves Gibraltar, 407, 414 (note);
retreats before superior allied fleet, 408.
_Destouches_, French Commodore,
engagement with English fleet off the Chesapeake, 385-387.
_Douglas_, Sir Charles, Captain British navy,
chief of staff to Rodney, 485 (note);
letters of, 486 (and note), 490, 493;
credit of breaking French line claimed for, 490;
opinion as to Rodney's failure to pursue his success, 496.
_Dubois_, Cardinal,
minister of Philippe d'Orleans, 233;
his policy, 233, 235, 237, 239, 241;
death, 241.
_Duguay-Trouin_, French privateer,
expedition against Rio de Janeiro, 230.
_Dupleix_,
advances the power of France in India, 243;
his ambition and policy, 258, 274, 282;
problem before him in India, 275;
foiled by lack of sea power, 276, 278;
quarrel with La Bourdonnais, 276;
seizes Madras, 276;
successful defence of Pondicherry, 277;
extends his power in the peninsula, 282;
is recalled to France, 282.
_Duquesne_, French Admiral,
compares French and Dutch officers, 129;
commands at battle of Stromboli, 160-162;
tactics of, 163-165;
commands at battle of Agosta, 165.
_Egypt_,
Napoleon's expedition to, 10, 11;
Leibnitz proposes to Louis XIV. to seize, 141;
commanding commercial and strategic position of, 141, 142;
occupation of, by England, 22, 328;
importance of, to India, 328.
_Elliott_, British General,
commands at Gibraltar during the great siege, 411.
_England_, See under Colonies, Commerce, Commerce-Destroying,
Geographical Position, Government, Inhabitants, character and number
of, Naval Policy, Naval Tactics, Sea Power, Strategy.
_Extent of Territory_,
its effect upon the sea power of a country, 42-44.
_Falkland Islands_,
dispute concerning, 335.
_Farragut_, American Admiral,
at Mobile, 164, 287, 361;
at Port Hudson, 361;
at New Orleans, 354, 356;
practice of, as to his position in order of battle, 354-356.
_Fleuri_, Cardinal,
minister of Louis XV., 241;
peace policy, 241, 243, 253;
commercial expansion of France under, 242, 248;
accord with Walpole, 241, 244, 252;
policy, continental rather than maritime, 243, 244, 251, 253;
supports claimant to Polish throne, 247;
arranges Bourbon Family Compact with Spain, 244, 248;
acquires Bar and Lorraine for France, 249;
allows the navy to decay, 244, 249, 252, 253;
death, 253.
_France._
See under Colonies, Commerce, Commerce-Destroying, Geographical
Position, Government, Inhabitants, character and number of Naval
Policy, Naval Tactics, Sea-Power, Strategy.
_Frederick_, King of Prussia,
seizes Silesia, 262;
Silesia ceded to, 278;
opens Seven Years' War, 292;
desperate struggle of, 295, 305;
losses in the war, 324;
results of the war to, 324;
partition of Poland, 336.
_Gardiner's Bay_, Long Island,
useful as a base of operations to an enemy of the United States, 212,
station of English fleet, 386.
_Geographical Position_,
its effect upon the sea power of countries, 29-35.
_Gibraltar_,
strategic question, 12;
taken by Rooke, 210;
strategic value, 212;
value to England, 29, 32, 220, 298, 328, 414;
offers to restore to Spain, 236, 298;
attacks on, 212, 245, 411;
siege of, 403-412.
_Government_,
character and policy of, effect upon the sea power of countries, 58-88;
English, 59-67;
Dutch, 67-69;
French, 69-82;
United States, 83-88.
_Graves_, British Admiral,
commanding in New York, sails to relieve Cornwallis, 389;
out-manoeuvred by De Grasse, 391;
criticisms on, 390, 391.
_Graves_, British Captain, afterward admiral,
urges Rodney to attack French squadron anchored in Newport, 396;
second to Nelson at Copenhagen, 396 (note);
blockading on French coast, 526.
_Great Britain._ See England.
_Hannibal._ See Second Punic War, 13-21.
_Havana_,
strategic value of, 315, 517, 519;
taken by the English, 315;
restored at Peace of Paris, 321, 322.
_Hawke_, Sir Edward, afterward Lord, British Admiral,
distinguishes himself at the battle of Toulon, 266;
captures a French squadron, 271-273;
seizes French shipping in the Atlantic, 285;
relieves Byng in the Mediterranean, 290;
blockade of Brest, 300, 527;
brilliant action in Quiberon Bay, 300-304;
maxim as to strength of English fleet, 523.
_Henry IV._, of France,
policy of, 59, 69, 92, 93.
_Herbert_, British Admiral,
commands allied English and Dutch fleets at battle of Beachy Head, 182.
_Holland._ See under Colonies, Commerce, Commerce-Destroying,
Geographical Position, Government, Inhabitants, character and number
of, Naval Policy, Naval Tactics (Ruyter's), Sea Power, Strategy.
_Hood_, Sir Samuel, afterward Lord, British Admiral,
trait of subordination in, 356 (note);
action with De Grasse off Martinique, 383;
sent by Rodney to America with fourteen ships, 389, 390;
second in command in action off Chesapeake, 391;
temporary chief command in West Indies, 469;
brilliant action at St. Christopher's Island, 470-476;
junction with Rodney, 479;
partial action of April 9, 1782, 481-483;
at battle of the Saints, 486-490, 491-493;
De Grasse's flag-ship strikes to his, 489;
opinion as to Rodney's failure to pursue his advantage, 496;
captures four French ships, 498;
later career and death, 504.
_Hoste_, Paul,
work on naval tactics, 77, 147, 182, 184.
_Howe_, Lord, British Admiral,
naval policy of, 9;
at Philadelphia, 360;
at New York, 360;
at Newport, 361;
energy and skill of, 363, 364;
commands Channel fleet, 408;
relieves Gibraltar, 412;
a whig in politics, 500;
opinion as to blockades, 526.
_Howe_, Sir William, British General,
commander-in-chief in America, 343;
expedition to the Chesapeake, 343, 468, 529, 530;
indolence of, 364.
_Hughes_, Sir Edward, British Admiral,
arrives in India, 349;
takes Negapatam and Trincomalee, 349;
first meeting with Suffren, 427;
task in India, 428;
first battle with Suffren's squadron, 430-434;
second battle with Suffren, 437-441;
contemporary criticisms on, 442;
third battle with Suffren, 446-448;
tactics of, 431, 449, 453, 456, 462:
slowness of, loses Trincomalee, 450, 451;
fourth battle with Suffren, 453-455;
praise bestowed by, upon his captains, 456;
goes to Bombay from Coromandel coast, 458;
returns to Madras, 461;
supports English siege of Cuddalore, 462;
fifth battle with Suffren, 463;
abandons the field, 463;
death, 467.
_Hyder Ali_, Sultan of Mysore, 419;
war upon the English, 420;
denied the aid of the French squadron, 421;
Suffren communicates with, 443;
visited by Suffren, 450;
negotiations of Suffren with, 459, 460;
death of, 461.
_Inhabitants_, character of,
effect upon the sea power of a country, 50-58.
_Inhabitants_, number of,
effect upon the sea power of a country, reserve strength, 44-49.
_Italy_,
geographical position of, 32;
physical conformation of, 39, 40;
necessity for a navy, 40;
Sicilian revolt against Spain, 1674, 159;
Spanish possessions in, 1700, 201;
Sardinia taken by allied fleets, 215;
disposition of Spanish provinces in, at peace of 1713, 219;
Sicily transferred to Austria, and Sardinia to House of Savoy, 1719, 239;
Spanish expedition into, 248;
foundation of Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 248;
Spanish operations against Austria, 1741, 263, 264;
King of Naples forced to withdraw troops from Spanish army by English
fleet, 263;
disposition of provinces of, at peace of 1748, 278;
transfer of Corsica to France by Genoa, 292, 334;
acquisition of Malta by England, 327.
_Jamaica_,
taken by English, under Cromwell, 60;
wish of Spain to recover, 345, 510, 512;
strategic value of, 394, 517, 518;
combined expedition against, 479;
frustrated by Rodney's victory over De Grasse, 496;
Rodney repairs to, after his victory, 501, 517.
_James II._,
a seaman by profession, 61, 115;
commands at battle of Lowestoft, as Duke of York, 109;
commands at the battle of Solebay, 147;
deprived of the command, 151;
succeeds to the throne, 175;
interest in the navy, 175, 177, 178;
flight from England, 178;
lands in Ireland, 179;
defeated at the Boyne, 186;
at Cape La Hougue, 188;
death, 205.
_Jenkins_,
captain of a merchant brig, the story of his ears, 250.
_Jervis_, Sir John, afterward Earl St. Vincent, British Admiral,
naval policy of, 9;
tactics at Cape St. Vincent, 11, 147, 167, 476 (note);
testimony at Keppel's court-martial, 352.
_Johnstone_, British Commodore,
sails for Cape of Good Hope, 421;
commissioner to American Congress, 421 (note);
attacked by Suffren at the Cape Verde Islands, 421-425;
anticipated by Suffren at the Cape, 427;
returns unsuccessful to England, 427.
_Kempenfeldt_, British Admiral,
cuts off part of De Guichen's convoy, 408, 414, 417, 475.
_Keppel_, Lord, British Admiral,
appointed to command Channel fleet, 341;
battle of Ushant, 350-352;
head of admiralty and disapproves treaty of peace, 499;
a whig in politics, 500.
_King_, British Commodore,
stubborn defence of the "Exeter," 449;
visits Suffren at the Cape of Good Hope, 465.
_La Bourdonnais_,
governor of the Isle of France, 243, 273;
his active administration, 273;
prepares to attack English commerce in the East Indies, 273;
takes and ransoms Madras, quarrels with Dupleix, squadron wrecked,
returns to France, and dies, 276.
_L'Étenduère_, French commodore,
brilliant defence of, 272.
_Lafayette_, Marquis de,
arrival in America, 345;
operations in Virginia, 385;
expressions of Washington to, as to necessity of naval help, 397, 400;
associations of his name to Americans, 501.
_La Galissonière_, French Admiral,
commands the fleet in the expedition to Minorca, 285;
defeats Byng's attempt to relieve Port Mahon, 286-288.
_Lally_, French governor of India,
reaches India, 307;
quarrels with Commodore D'Aché, 307;
takes Fort St. David, 308;
besieges Madras, but fails, 310;
fall of French power under, 310.
_Langara_, Spanish Admiral,
defeated and captured by Rodney, 403, 404, 499;
action at Toulon in 1793, 156.
_Leibnitz_,
proposes to Louis XIV. the occupation of Egypt, 106, 107, 141, 142.
_Louis XIV._,
growth of French navy under, 72;
enmity to Holland, 73;
policy of, 73, 103-105, 140, 143, 205;
naval policy of, 72, 74, 107, 133, 141-143, 155, 159, 166, 174,
178-181, 194-196;
assumes personal government, 90;
initiates general wars, 91;
condition of France at accession of, 93;
commercial policy of, 54, 105, 167, 169, 170, 176;
aggressions of, 139, 173;
declares war against Holland, 144;
campaign in Holland, 149-151;
evacuates Holland, 158;
Sicilian episode, 159-166;
peace with Holland, 168;
declares war against Germany, 177;
against Holland, 178;
supports invasion of Ireland, 179-186;
plans invasion of England, 188-191;
concessions by, at peace of Ryswick, 197;
effect of policy of, on sea-power, 198-200;
accepts bequest of Spanish throne to his grandson, 203;
reduced to extremities in War of Spanish Succession, 215, 216;
humiliating concessions at peace of Utrecht, 219-221;
exhaustion of France under, 227;
privateering under, 133, 134, 195, 230;
death of, 232.
_Louis XV._,
ascends throne, 232;
condition of French commerce under, 74, 242-244, 279, 280, 311, 318;
condition of French navy, 74-77, 244, 252-254, 259, 276, 279, 280,
288, 291, 311;
restoration of the navy, 76, 331-333;
defensive alliance with Spain, 248, 263-268;
offensive alliance with Spain, 313, 333;
death, 336.
_Louis XVI._,
begins to reign, 336;
naval policy of, 78-80, 337-340, 402, 403, 452;
general policy of, 336, 337, 345, 359, 382, 419, 509-512, 535-540;
treaty with the United States, 346;
breach with England, 350.
_Louisburg_, Cape Breton Island,
strategic importance of, 28, 294, 328;
retained by France at Peace of Utrecht, 219;
taken by New England colonists, 269;
restored to France at peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 277;
taken by Boscawen, 294.
_Madras_,
capital of a British presidency in India, 257;
taken by French, 276;
exchanged for Louisburg at peace of 1748, 277;
besieged by French in 1759, 310;
danger from Hyder Ali in 1780, 420;
principal British naval station during the struggle, 1781-1783, 429,
437, 444, 450, 451;
danger of roadstead, in northeast monsoon. 458, 518, 519.
_Mahrattas_, the,
position in India of, and war with English, 419, 420;
peace with the English, 459, 461.
_Maria Theresa_,
ascends Austrian throne, 262;
war with Prussia, France, and Spain, 262, 263;
war with Prussia, in alliance with France and Russia, 292.
_Martinique_, French West India Island,
base for commerce-destroying, 31, 135, 314;
taken by the English, 135, 314;
effects of this conquest, 318;
restored to France at peace of Paris, 321;
principal base of French navy in West Indies. 348, 366, 469, 479;
actions near, 378, 383;
strategic position of, 480, 517, 518, 523.
_Matthews_, British Admiral,
commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean and minister to Sardinia, 263;
action with combined French and Spanish fleets, 265-267;
court-martialled and cashiered, 268.
_Mazarin_, Cardinal,
policy of, 70, 93;
death, 90.
_Mediterranean Sea_,
control of, influence on Second Punic war, 14-21;
strategic points in, 13, 20, 22, 23, 32, 62, 63, 82, 141, 142, 202,
203, 215, 220, 285, 298, 327, 328, 335, 393, 515;
advantage of strategic study of, 33;
analogy to Caribbean Sea, 33;
increase of English power in, 206, 210, 212, 215, 219, 220, 229,
235, 239, 263, 322, 327, 328;
Austria established in, 239;
Sardinia given to House of Savoy, 239;
foundation of Bourbon Kingdom of Two Sicilies, 248,
strengthens France in, 249;
English navy in, 193, 206, 208, 210-216, 263-268, 286-291, 296, 298,
412, 515, 532, 533;
France acquires Corsica, 334, 335;
England loses Minorca in American Revolution, 409, 540.
_Monk_, British General and Admiral,
saying about Dutch trade, 107;
commands English fleet in the Four Days' Battle, 117-126;
tactics of, 121, 124;
merits of, 126;
opposition to laying up the heavy ships, 131;
death, 127.
_Morogues_, Bigot de,
work on Naval Tactics, 10, 77, 288.
_Napoleon I._,
recommends study of military history, 2;
Egyptian expedition, 10, 107;
Trafalgar campaign, 11, 12, 23, 24 (note), 119, 532, 533;
favorite objective, 47;
naval policy, 81, 506;
influence of French navy on American privateering in 1812, 137.
_Naval Policy_,
value of reserve force, 48;
colonial, 56,
in peace, 82;
in war, 82;
soldiers commanding ships, 127;
commerce-destroying and privateering (see Commerce-destroying)
Bourbon Family compact, 248, 313;
significance of the wars from 1739 to 1783, 254;
Dutch, 67-69, 95-99, 108, 109, 126, 174, 201-204, 217, 218, 222, 406;
English, 59-67, 78, 100, 101, 105, 107, 131, 140, 143, 174, 175,
192-196, 201-204, 206, 224, 225, 229, 238-241, 244, 245, 264, 293,
326-328, 406, 417, 442, 451, 452, 505, 540;
French, 29, 54, 69-81, 93, 104, 105-107, 166, 167-170, 177, 187,
197, 199, 212, 226, 238, 242-244, 252, 282, 287-290, 291, 309, 311,
322, 331-334, 337, 340, 359, 382, 408 (and note), 451, 452, 459,
460, 506, 510, 511;
maritime inscription, 45;
Leibnitz's proposition to Louis XIV., 141, 142;
Italian, 39, 40;
Spanish, 41, 51, 94, 156, 246, 312, 333, 348, 401, 407, 510, 517
(note), 535, 536;
United States, 26, 33, 34, 38, 39, 42, 49, 83-88, 325, 326, 539, 540
(note).
_Naval Tactics_,
unsettled condition of modern, 2;
qualities of galleys, steamers, and sailing-ships, 3-5;
windward and leeward positions, 6,
change of, from age to age, 9, 10, 22, 130, 506;
fireships, 109, 110, 113, 114;
torpedo-cruisers, 111;
group formation, 112;
close-hauled line-of-battle, 115;
breaking the line, 124, 147, 265, 268, 286, 380, 381, 488, 491;
refusing the van, 148, 152, 157, 183, 190, 266, 432, 434;
concentration by defiling, 308, 387, 470, 492;
concentration by doubling, 125, 147, 183, 272, 378, 379, 432, 433,
438-441;
general chase with _mêlée_, 3, 4, 184, 237, 271, 299, 302, 303,
367-369, 404, 481, 482, 486;
French, in eighteenth century, 79, 80, 114, 163, 164, 287-290, 338,
340, 351, 372, 383, 425, 426, 431, 474 (and note), 476, 478, 482,
483, 486-488, 494, 538;
English, in eighteenth century, 127-129, 163, 211, 237, 265, 268,
271, 286, 287, 299, 303, 307, 350, 352, 369, 377-381, 386, 389,
391, 404, 412, 442, 447, 449, 453-455, 462, 463, 470-473, 476 (and
note), 486-490;
Monk's, 121;
Ruyter's, 145, 147, 148, 152, 154, 157, 161;
Duquesne's, 161-163, 165;
Herbert's, 182;
Tourville's, 182, 184, 185, 187, 189;
Rooke's, 211;
Byng's, 286;
Hawke's, 271, 272, 303;
Keppel's and D'Orvilliers, 351;
Barrington's, 366;
Byron's, 367-369;
D'Estaing's, 369, 370;
Rodney's, 377-379, 404, 488, 491;
De Grasse's, 383, 389, 471-474, 481-483, 485-489;
Arbuthnot and Destouches's, 386;
Graves's, 389, 391;
Suffren's, 425, 426, 432, 433, 439, 455, 465;
Hood's, 472, 473;
Clerk's work on, 77, 163, 211;
Hoste's work on, 77;
Morogues' work on, 77;
position of commander-in-chief in battle, 353-358;
effect on, of changes in naval material, 2-5, 9, 10, 22, 109, 116,
384 (note), 386 (note), 493-495.
_Navies_, condition of:
_British_, under Cromwell, 62;
under Charles II., 61, 101;
character of vessels, 1660, 101;
qualities of officers, 1660, 126-129;
decline of, under Charles II., 174;
improvement of, by James II., 175;
numbers in 1691, 187;
deterioration under William III., 192;
improvement under Anne, 209, 220, 224, 225, 229;
numbers and condition of, in 1727, 1734, and 1744, 259, 260;
inefficiency of officers, 1744, 265-269;
numbers of, 1756-1763, 291;
numbers of, in 1778, 337, 341;
professional skill of officers in American Revolution, 379 (and
note), 401, 412, 449, 456, 497;
administration of, 417, 452, 523, 527.
_Dutch_, prior to 1660, 68, 98, 99;
character of ships, 102;
professional qualities of officers, 109, 126, 127, 129, 157;
Duquesne's estimate of Dutch officers, 129;
decline of, after 1675, 160, 174;
decline of, during War of Spanish Succession, 221, 222;
practical disappearance of, after 1713, 222.
_French_, 53;
numbers in 1661, 70;
numbers in 1666, 72;
numbers, 1683-1690, 72, 178, 179, 180;
administration of, 1660-1695, 72;
condition of, at end of Louis XIV.'s reign, 74, 191;
character of vessels in 1660, 101,
professional qualities of officers in seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries, 129, 161, 170-172, 185;
decay in number and condition, 1713-1760, 74-76, 209, 216, 244,
252, 259, 260, 279, 280, 288, 291, 311, 312;
revival of, 1760, 76-78, 331;
numbers of, in 1761 and 1770, 331;
discipline during war of 1778, 332, 333;
numbers in 1778, 45, 337;
superior to British in size and batteries of ships, 338, 493, 494;
professional skill of officers, 365, 412, 435, 436, 447, 457, 484,
497, 527, 536 (note);
administration of, 402 (and note), 403, 452, 536, 537;
numbers of, in 1791, 338;
numbers of, in 1814, 81.
_Spanish_, condition of, anterior to 1660, 41, 50, 94, 95;
in 1675, 160, 165;
restoration by Alberoni, 234;
destruction of ships at Cape Passaro and of dock-yards, 237, 238;
numbers of, 1747, 259;
numbers of, 1756, 291;
numbers of, in 1761, 331;
numbers of, in 1779, 337;
superior to British in size and batteries of ships, 338;
administration of, 402 (and note), 403, 536;
character of the personnel, 527.
_Nelson_, Horatio, afterward Lord, British Admiral,
tactics at the battle of the Nile, 10;
Trafalgar campaign, 11, 23 (note), 527, 532, 533;
tactics at Trafalgar, 12, 354, 459;
enforces Navigation Act, 60, 251;
orders at Trafalgar, 112, 434;
at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 157, 355, 368;
celebrated sayings of, 185, 362, 435, 525, 527, 532;
attachment of subordinates to, 267;
position assumed by him in battle, 353-358.
_Nile_, Battle of the,
tactical principles, 10;
strategic effect, 11;
French rear at, 80;
Nelson at, 358.
_Opdam_, Dutch Admiral,
commands at battle of Lowestoft and is killed, 108, 109.
_Orleans_, Philippe d',
Regent of France during minority of Louis XV., 74, 232;
insecurity of position, 232;
concessions to England, 233;
policy of, 235;
alliance with England against Spain, 235-238;
death, 241.
_Peace_:
_Aix-la-Chapelle_, 1748, 277.
_Breda_, 1667, 132.
_Nimeguen_, 1678, 168.
_Nystadt_, 1721, 240.
_Paris_, 1763, 321.
_Ryswick_, 1697, 197.
_Utrecht_, 1713, 219.
_Versailles_, 1783, 541.
_Philip_, Duke of Anjou, afterward Philip V. of Spain,
Spanish throne bequeathed to, 202;
war declared against, by England, Holland, and Germany, 205;
loses Gibraltar, 210;
besieges Gibraltar, 212;
loses Barcelona and Catalonia, 213;
driven from Madrid, 214;
recovers all Spain, except Catalonia, 214;
acknowledged King of Spain by Treaty of Utrecht, 219;
deprived of Netherlands and Italian dependencies, 219;
enmity to the regent Orleans, 232;
seizes Sardinia, 235;
attacks Sicily, 236;
brought to terms by France and the Sea Powers, 239;
makes alliance with the Emperor Charles VI., 244;
attacks Gibraltar, 245.
_Physical Conformation_,
its effect upon the sea power of countries, 35-42.
_Pitt_, William,
dislike of George II. to, 270;
becomes prime minister, 293;
policy of, 295, 296;
prosperity of commerce under, 297;
offers to restore Gibraltar to Spain, 298;
respect for Portuguese neutrality, 299, 300;
declines mediation of Spain, 304;
waning of his influence, 305;
purposes war against Spain, 313;
resigns his office, 313;
his plans adopted by successors, 314, 317;
opposes the peace of Paris, 322;
effect of his policy on the history of England, 326.
_Pocock_, British Admiral,
commands British fleet in India and fights three battles with French
fleet, 307-310;
commands fleet in combined expedition against Havana, 314, 315.
_Port Mahon_ and Minorca,
lost to Spain frequently through maritime weakness, 42, 215, 541;
ceded to England in 1713, 62, 219;
strategic importance of, 62, 220, 393, 515;
French expedition against, 285;
Byng defeated in his attempt to relieve, 286-288;
surrender of, to France, 291;
Pitt's offer to exchange Gibraltar for, 298;
restored to England at peace of 1763, 322;
taken from England in 1782, 407, 409;
ceded to Spain in 1783, 540;
again taken by England, 541.
_Portugal_,
decay in sea power and wealth, 52;
cedes Bombay and Tangiers to England, 104;
dependence on England, 105, 208, 315, 320, 321;
Methuen treaty, 206;
alliance with England and Holland, 1704, 208;
advantage of, to England, 208, 213-215, 220, 228;
French and Spaniards invade, 315, 316, 321;
England repels the invasion, 316;
benevolent neutrality of colonial ports to England, 520, 521.
_Ramatuelle_,
work on Naval Tactics, 287, 290, 371-374.
_Rhode Island_,
occupied by the English in the American Revolution, 346;
attack upon by French and Americans, 361-364;
English evacuate, 376, 530;
French occupy, 382, 394;
French position in, 394;
strategic value of, 519, 529, 530 (note).
_Richelieu_, Cardinal,
policy of, 59, 70, 92, 93;
alliance with Spain, 94.
_Rochambeau_, French General,
arrival in America, 382;
despatches to De Grasse, 384, 388;
consultation with Washington, 387, 399;
marches against Cornwallis, 389.
_Rodney_, Sir George B., afterward Lord, British Admiral,
commands squadron in reduction of Martinique, 314;
commander-in-chief in West Indies, 377;
takes or disperses a Spanish squadron, 377, 404, 500 (and note);
personal and military character, 377, 378, 380, 397, 498-500;
actions with De Guichen, 378-381;
divides his fleet and goes to New York, 382;
seizes Dutch West India islands, 382;
sends Hood with fourteen ships to New York, and returns to England, 389;
returns to West Indies, 479;
sails in chase of De Grasse, 480;
action of April 9, 1782, 481-483;
battle of April 12, 1782, 485-490;
criticism upon his tactics, 490-493;
criticism upon his failure to pursue the beaten enemy, 496, 497;
his successes, 500;
rewards and death, 503;
opinion as to evacuation of Rhode Island, 530 (note).
_Rooke_, Sir George, British Admiral,
relieves Londonderry, 180;
burns French ships at Cape La Hougue, 190;
unsuccessful expedition against Cadiz, 207;
destroys the galleons at Vigo Bay, 207;
takes Gibraltar, 210;
commands at the battle of Malaga, 211.
_Rupert_, Prince,
at Four Days' Battle, 124, 125;
commands English fleet at battles of Schoneveldt and of the Texel,
151, 152.
_Russell_, British Admiral,
commands allied English and Dutch fleets in 1691, 187;
at battle of La Hougue, 189.
_Ruyter_, Dutch Admiral,
greatest naval officer of seventeenth century, 117;
commands at battle of the Four Days, 117-126;
badly supported by his officers, 122, 126, 127;
tactics of, 130, 144-148, 152, 157, 161, 164;
destroys English shipping in the Thames, 132;
strategy of, 144, 151, 152;
commands at the battles of Solebay, 146,
Schoneveldt, 152,
Texel, 152-154;
military character, 157;
sent to Mediterranean with inadequate force, 160;
commands at battle of Stromboli, 160-162;
killed at battle of Agosta, 166.
_Sea Power_,
a history of conflicts, 1;
elements of, 25.
Affected by geographical position of countries, 29-35;
by physical conformation, 35-42;
by extent of territory, 42-44;
by number of population, 44-50;
by national character, 50-58;
by policy of government, 58.
Policy of England as to, 58-67;
policy of Holland, 67-69;
of France, 69-81.
Influence of colonies on, 82 (see also Colonies);
weakness of the United States in, 83;
dependent upon commerce, 87, 225 (see also Commerce);
strategic bearing, 88 (see also Strategy);
policy of Richelieu, 93;
Spanish, in 1660, 94;
Dutch, in 1660, 95;
English, in 1860, 101;
mistakes of Louis XIV., 104;
Colbert's measures, 70, 105;
effects of commerce-destroying on, 132, 179, 193, 229, 317, 344, 400,
408 (note), 539.
(See also Commerce-destroying.)
Influence of, upon Napoleon's expedition to Egypt, 10;
upon Second Punic War, 14;
upon Third Anglo-Dutch War, 148, 154;
upon English Revolution, 177, 178, 180, 181, 191, 197;
upon France, 198, 199;
upon War of Spanish Succession, 203, 206, 209, 213, 214, 223-229;
upon Alberoni's ambitions, 237, 239;
upon Peter the Great, 239;
in India, 243, 258, 273-278, 306, 309, 310, 316, 328, 349, 424, 428,
445, 452, 459-464, 466, 513, 520, 521;
upon War of Austrian Succession, 263, 264, 279, 280;
upon Seven Years' War, 291, 293-295, 304, 311, 314-317;
upon Portugal, 320, 321;
at Peace of Paris, 321;
in remote and disordered countries, 324-326;
upon British policy since 1763, 326-328.
Washington's opinions as to, 397-400;
American Revolution, 347, 468;
influence of, upon conditions of peace, 1783, 498.
_Spain_,
geographical position, 32;
results of maritime weakness of, 41, 42, 193, 313-317, 327, 345,
346, 541;
dependence of finances upon treasure-ships, 41, 244, 313, 346, 539;
effect of national character upon sea power, 50-52, 54;
unity of aim with Austria, 91, 92;
policy of Richelieu toward, 93;
condition of, in 1660, 94, 95;
condition of navy, in 1660, 94;
aggressions of Louis XIV. on, 104, 139;
failure of the Austrian line of kings, 140, 201, 202;
alliance with Holland and Germany against France, 158;
revolt of Sicily against, 159;
territory lost at Peace of Nimeguen, 168;
joins League of Augsburg, 176;
dependence upon Dutch and English fleets, 193;
possessions in year 1700, 201;
throne of, bequeathed to Philip, Duke of Anjou, 202;
war of the succession, 201-231;
Bourbon line of kings established, 219;
losses of territory at peace of 1713, 219;
Alberoni's ministry in, 233-239;
grievances against England, 1720-1739, 240, 241, 244-251;
conquers the Two Sicilies in War of Polish Succession, 248;
Family Compact with France, 248, 311, 313;
war with England, 250;
possessions in 1739, 256;
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 278;
lack of results from war with England, 278;
enters Seven Years' War as the ally of France against England, 313;
loss of colonies and treasures, 314-317;
loss of possessions by Peace of Paris, 1763, 321, 322;
political relations with France, 333;
dispute with England over Falkland Islands, 335;
objects in the war of 1779-1782, 347, 348, 509, 510, 513;
rupture with England and alliance with France, 401;
inefficiency of navy, 402 (and note), 407-409, 411, 412, 506, 527;
policy in war of 1779, 517 (note), 535-538;
territorial gains by peace of 1783.
(See also Colonies, Commerce, Naval Policy.)
_Sta. Lucia_, West India Island,
taken by English, 314;
ceded to France at Peace of Paris, 321;
strong harbor and strategic position, 348, 366, 377, 393, 415, 513,
516, 518, 523;
taken by Admiral Barrington, 348, 365, 366, 512, 531 (note);
Rodney watches De Grasse from, 479, 480;
an advanced strategic position, 518, 528;
restored to France at peace of 1783, 540.
_Strategy_,
permanence of its principles, 7-9, 88, 89;
illustrations, 10-22;
definition of naval, 22;
Trafalgar campaign, 23 (note);
bearing of geographical position on, 29-33;
Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, 33-35;
bearing of physical conformation of coast on, 35-42;
blockade of coast of Confederate States, 43, 44;
value of commerce-destroying (see Commerce-destroying);
word "defence" two distinct ideas, 87 (note);
naval, of the British, 6, 9, 22, 24, 30, 118, 125, 136, 143, 182,
206, 208, 210, 212, 224, 229, 239, 260, 269, 284, 285, 296,
314-317, 320, 326-328, 339, 342, 343, 363, 375, 376, 385, 390-397,
412-417, 428-430, 468, 523-535;
naval, of the Dutch, 144, 145, 151, 154;
naval, of the French, 6, 12, 23 (note), 179-181, 191, 347, 371-374,
383, 388, 392, 401, 433, 459, 460, 476, 483, 535-539;
features of War of Spanish Succession, 201-206;
silent action of sea power, 209;
general military situation, in 1740, 255;
England in Seven Years' War, 296;
mutual dependence of seaports and fleets, 31, 83, 132, 212, 329,
430, 453, 529;
value of colonies, 27, 28, 65, 83, 135, 136, 510, 511;
importance of coal, 31, 329 (note), 540 (note);
military situation in America in 1777, 341-343;
general strategic situation in 1778, 347-349;
British difficulties in American Revolution, 392-397, 412-419, 522-533;
Suffren's naval, 424, 425, 433, 450, 465;
situation in India, 349, 428-430;
Hood's naval, 476;
Rodney's naval, 381, 392, 496-498, 523;
influence of trade-winds and monsoons, 315, 458, 517, 518;
elements essential to all naval wars, 514;
difficulty of procuring information at sea, 521;
general discussion of war of 1778, 505-540.
(See also Naval Policy and Sea Power.)
_Suffren_, French Admiral,
criticism on D'Estaing's conduct at Sta. Lucia, 366, 426, 478;
commands leading French ship in D'Estaing's battle off Grenada, 371;
criticism on D'Estaing's conduct in the battle, 371;
sails from Brest in company with De Grasse's fleet, 383, 421;
parts company, off the Azores, for India, 383, 407, 421;
orders to secure Cape of Good Hope, 421;
action, with British squadron at the Cape Verde Islands, 422, 423;
military discussion of his conduct, 423-425;
arrival in India, 427;
lack of seaports on which to base operations, 349, 429;
first battle with squadron of Sir Edward Hughes, 430-432;
tactics in the action, 432-435;
estimate of the strategic situation in India, 424, 433, 444, 445,
464, 466;
second battle with Hughes, 437-439;
tactics in it, 439-441;
strategic action, 443, 445, 446, 450-453, 458-460, 462-464, 466, 522;
military character, 445, 446, 450, 456, 465, 466;
third battle with Hughes, 446-448;
takes Trincomalee, 450;
activity of, 450, 451, 456, 462, 466;
fourth battle with Hughes, 453-456;
wreck of two of squadron, 457;
goes to Sumatra, 460;
returns to Trincomalee, 461;
relieves Cuddalore besieged by the English, 462;
fifth battle with Hughes, 463;
conclusion of peace, 464;
return to France, 465;
rewards, 465;
later career and death, 466.
_Tourville_, French Admiral,
commands at the battle of Beachy Head, 181;
sluggish pursuit of the enemy, 184;
military character, 185;
celebrated cruise in 1691, 187;
commands at battle of La Hougue, 189;
tactics and brilliant defence at La Hougue, 190;
destruction of French ships, 190;
supports the army in Catalonia, 193;
destroys or disperses a great English convoy, 194;
death, 210.
_Trafalgar_, Battle of,
final act of a strategic combination, 11, 23 (note);
tactics at, 12, 354, 459;
effects of, 47;
Nelson's position at, 353, 357;
Collingwood's action after Nelson's death, 358.
_Trincomalee_,
in Ceylon, Dutch influence in, 97;
passes into the hands of the English, 349, 428;
effect upon the contest in India, 349, 427 (note), 429, 430 (note),
433, 437, 442, 451, 453, 458, 462;
strategic value of, 428, 429, 436, 444, 451, 458, 518, 519, 520;
taken by Suffren, 450;
restored to Holland at peace of 1783, 540.
_Two Sicilies_, the,
acquired by Austria, 239;
foundation of Bourbon Kingdom of, 248;
forced by British fleet to withdraw troops from Spanish army, 264, 304.
_United Provinces._ See Holland.
_Vernon_, British Admiral,
takes Porto Bello, is repulsed from Cartagena and Santiago de Cuba, 261.
_Villeneuve_, French Admiral, Trafalgar,
campaign, 23, 24 (note), 525;
at the battle of the Nile, 80;
suicide, 403.
_Walpole_, Sir Robert,
prime minister of England, 239, 241;
peace policy of, 241, 243, 244;
naval demonstrations, 244;
struggle with the war party in England, 247, 249, 250;
neutrality causes Austria to lose the two Sicilies, 248;
forced into war with Spain, 250;
accord with Fleuri, 241, 243, 244;
confidence betrayed by Fleuri, 248;
driven from office, 253, 262;
death, 253.
_War_, Second Punic,
influence of sea power upon, 13-21.
_Wars_,
American Revolution, 341--397;
Anglo-Dutch, second, 107-132;
Anglo-Dutch, third, England in alliance with France, 144-158;
Austrian Succession, 262-277;
France against Holland, Germany, and Spain, 1674-1678, 158-168;
Great Britain against Spain, 250-277;
League of Augsburg, 176-197;
Maritime war of 1778, 350-540;
Polish Succession, 247;
Russia and Sweden, 231;
Seven Years', 291-321;
Spanish Succession, 1702-1713, 205-218.
_Washington_, George,
at Pittsburg and in Braddock's expedition, 284;
opinion as to the line of the Hudson, 342 (note);
comments on D'Estaing's cruise, 364 (note);
despatches to De Grasse, 384;
meeting with Rochambeau, 387;
result of their deliberations, 388;
marches from New York to Virginia, 389;
opinions as to the influence of sea power on the American Revolution,
397-400.
_William III._,
naval policy of, 68, 192;
becomes ruler of Holland, 150;
general policy, 68, 167, 168, 174, 176, 177, 191, 202-204, 207;
expedition to England, 178;
becomes King of England, 61, 178;
difficulties of his position, 179;
goes to Ireland, 181;
wins the battle of the Boyne, 188;
dies, 205.
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