HISTORY OF ZIONISM
1600‒1918
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Illustration: _Baron_ EDMOND _de_ ROTHSCHILD
BY
_M._ AIME MORO
_From a photograph lent by the Author_
History of Zionism
1600‒1918
BY
NAHUM SOKOLOW
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
THE Rᵀ. HON. A. J. BALFOUR, M.P.
_WITH NINETY PORTRAITS AND ILLUSTRATIONS_
SELECTED AND ARRANGED BY ISRAEL SOLOMONS
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL II.
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
M. STÉPHEN PICHON
MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS FOR FRANCE
LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
FOURTH AVENUE & 30TH STREET, NEW YORK
BOMBAY, CALCUTTA AND MADRAS
1919
PREFATORY NOTE
THE present volume contains the continuation and documentation of
Volume I.
After the conclusion of the historical review in its chronological
order, it was considered desirable to supplement a portion of the
narrative by adding further chapters, which will be found at the
beginning of the present volume. These chapters bring the historical
narrative up to the outbreak of the War in 1914.
The developments in the Zionist Movement during the War are dealt with
in a separate account, which is not claimed to be, in the proper sense
of the word, an historical study, but an account of recent activities
up to the Peace Conference.
The present volume also contains an introduction, written by the French
Ministre des Affaires Etrangères, M. Pichon, which arrived too late to
be included in the first volume, and a character sketch of the late Sir
Mark Sykes, whose death occurred while the present volume was in the
press, to whose memory a tribute is offered.
The appendices contain not only the text of documents referred
to in the body of the book, many of them hitherto unpublished,
but also essays on subjects related to the main purpose of the
work――for instance, Jewish art, and Hebrew literature――and notes
of a bibliographical or critical character.
It is desired to point out that the nature of the subject with
which this work deals rendered it inevitable that it should to some
extent assume an encyclopædic rather than a narrative character.
The innumerable sources from which Zionism draws its being, the
geographical dispersion of the Jewish people, the many events and
phenomena outside of the life of the Jewish people which have had and
still have their bearing on the development of the Jewish National idea,
give it inevitably the form that it has assumed. The author is well
aware that the History of Zionism as narrated in these pages does not
appear as altogether a symmetrical structure. Some periods dealt with
in the story are somewhat disjointed, and as a necessary consequence
the record of those periods reflects the same character. A writer who
cared more for the form than for the correctness of the narrative would
in such a case have recourse to his imagination in order to fill in the
blanks. The present author has not, however, done so. He has attempted
rather to let Zionism appear as it really was in the different
countries and epochs with which he has dealt. Where his narrative
is fragmentary events were fragmentary. In the earliest periods the
different elements of Zionism were sometimes completely detached from
one another. An exact description of these therefore takes necessarily
an encyclopædic character. But Zionism develops as a unity, and at the
end it will be found to offer to the reader a united picture.
The present book treats of the History of Zionism especially in England
and France, but it has been found both impossible and also undesirable
to exclude from the narrative all references to certain important
events and personalities of other countries. Zionism in England and
France, however, forms the main thesis of these volumes. Furthermore,
this book is not only a history of the Zionist efforts among the
Jews, it also narrates the history of similar efforts by non-Jews,
in connexion with political events and literary manifestations in
the countries in which they worked. At the same time the author has
endeavoured as little as possible to cover ground that has already been
repeatedly traversed, his intention being rather to break new ground
and especially to bring to light hitherto unknown sources, old and
forgotten prints, unpublished manuscripts and archives. These he has
used to illustrate and document his narrative.
The plan which the author has followed falls under three headings:――
(I.) The special treatment of Zionism in England and France;
(II.) A particular consideration of the pro-Zionist efforts outside
of Jewry; and
(III.) The publication of previously unknown literary and archival
sources.
In accordance with this plan this history begins in the year 1600,
although the history of Zionism in reality opened much earlier, even
perhaps at the beginning of the Jewish history of the countries dealt
with.
Material for a thorough treatment of the History of Zionism in other
countries, including many monographs and historical notices which
remain in the hands of the author, as well as further recent diplomatic
and other documents relating to the most recent development of Zionism
and in connexion with the Peace Conference of 1919, will be used as the
basis of further volumes.
Publication of an index to the work might well have been deferred
until these volumes had been completed, but the author thinks that he
ought not to delay one any longer. At the end of the present volume,
therefore, the reader will find a thorough index of persons and of
subjects, for which Mr. Jacob Mann, M.A., is responsible and to whom
he hereby tenders his thanks.
Finally, the author wishes to supplement the expression of thanks
addressed to those of his friends who are mentioned in the Preface to
the first volume of this work for the assistance they have rendered him
in its preparation, and to mention in particular the good services of
Mr. Albert M. Hyamson and M. André Spire.
PARIS, _June, 1919_.
INTRODUCTION
BY M. STÉPHEN PICHON
MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS FOR FRANCE
FIDÈLE aux traditions de son histoire, la France vient de montrer
une fois de plus, au prix du sang de tant de ses fils, comment elle
entend les devoirs que lui impose son rôle séculaire d’émancipatrice
des opprimés. Elle sort aujourd’hui victorieuse d’une lutte décisive,
soutenue au nom du Droit menacé par la brutalité d’un impérialisme sans
scrupules. Champion des grandes idées qu’il a, plus que tout autre,
semées à travers le monde, notre pays a puisé dans la conscience d’être
un vivant symbôle de justice, la force de terrasser son adversaire. Il
a, du moins aujourd’hui, le droit de se dire, non sans fierté, qu’il
n’est plus au monde une race ou une nation qui ne puisse faire entendre
ses légitimes aspirations, et qui ne sache qu’en France il y aura
toujours un cœur pour les adopter.
Dans la paix comme dans la guerre, la France, étroitement unie à
ses Alliés, veut demeurer fidèle à sa parole. Elle a promis aux
nationalités naguère asservies de défendre leurs intérêts et de
faire respecter leurs droits. Elle ne reniera pas une promesse dont
la réalisation, en inaugurant une ère nouvelle de l’histoire du
monde, justifiera les sacrifices consentis à la cause commune. Elle ne
laissera se commettre aucune injustice, d’où qu’elle vienne, et qu’elle
qu’en soit la victime. Elle ne saurait permettre, en particulier, sans
protester hautement, qu’une majorité ethnique ou confessionnelle puisse
désormais abuser impunément de sa force à l’égard d’autres éléments
voisins, plus faibles ou plus dispersés.
C’est dire l’écho que ne pourra manquer d’éveiller chez les Français la
voix éloquente du représentant le plus autorisé du Sionisme. Monsieur
Sokolow, mettant au service de son idéal, un talent qui n’en est
plus à son premier essai, s’attache à nous retracer l’histoire des
doctrines au triomphe desquelles il n’a cessé de consacrer le meilleur
de ses forces. Sachant combien il importe, aujourd’hui, de démontrer
historiquement les origines et les antécédents des idées que l’on
professe, il a voulu nous exposer les titres que possède le Sionisme
à s’imposer à l’attention des Alliés, au moment où ceux-ci procèdent
à une reconstitution du monde entier. Monsieur Sokolow, dont la foi
dans le succès final de nos armes ne connut jamais de défaillances,
possède une foi au moins égale dans l’esprit de justice qui préside
à l’œuvre de la Conférence de la Paix. Les sympathies et les concours
précieux qu’il a su trouver chez nos amis Britanniques, et dont
Mr. Balfour lui renouvelle ici-même l’assurance la plus formelle, sont
aux protagonistes du Sionisme un sûr garant de l’accueil que la France
réserve à leur généreuse initiative.
Non seulement, en effet la race juive n’a cessé d’être, au cours des
siècles, persécutée, décimée, poursuivie sans trêve par une haine
incapable de désarmer; plus malheureuse encore que tant d’autres
peuples opprimés, qui ont pu conserver au moins un symbôle de leur
grand passé, les Juifs n’ont pu sauver ce dernier vestige. D’autres
qu’eux mêmes sont devenus les maîtres de la Judée. Dispersés à travers
le monde, beaucoup aspirent aujourd’hui plus que jamais à reprendre la
chaîne brisée par tant de conquérants successifs, de leurs traditions
ethniques et religieuses: ils pensent aussi qu’une telle restauration
n’est possible qu’appuyée sur des réalités, c’est à dire, en l’espèce,
sur un foyer moral national reconstitué au milieu des ruines de
l’antique Judée. Qui donc, sans avoir perdu les plus élémentaires
sentiments d’humanité et de justice, pourrait refuser aux exilés
de revendiquer leur place, au même titre que les autres éléments
indigènes, dans cette Palestine où un contrôle collectif des Puissances
européennes assurera désormais à chacun le respect de ses droits les
plus sacrés?
Entrée en guerre pour assurer la victoire définitive du Droit sur la
force, la France se félicite de l’appui que le Sionisme a rencontré
chez elle et chez ses Alliés. Une doctrine qui a pour elle, outre
la justice, l’éloquence d’avocats tels que M. Sokolow est assurée de
succès. Je suis heureux de l’occasion qui m’est offerte de réitérer les
vœux que le Gouvernement de la République n’a cessé de faire pour le
triomphe final d’une cause qui rallie tant de sympathies françaises.
CONTENTS
PREFATORY NOTE
INTRODUCTION BY M. STÉPHEN PICHON
CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.
ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME II.
SIR MARK SYKES――A TRIBUTE
CHAPTER XLIXA. FROM THE SECOND TO THE FOURTH CONGRESS
_Chovevé Zion_ and Zionists in England――Louis Loewe――Nathan
Marcus Adler――Albert Löwy――Abraham Benisch――The Rev. M. J.
Raphall――Dr. M. Gaster――Rabbi Samuel Mohilewer――English
representation at the Second and Third Congresses――The Fourth
Congress in London.
CHAPTER XLIXB. THE DEATH OF HERZL
England and Zionism――Sir B. Arnold in the _Spectator_――Cardinal
Vaughan――Lord Rosebery――The death of Herzl――David Wolffsohn―
―Prof. Otto Warburg――Zionism in the smaller states.
CHAPTER XLIXC. THE POGROMS
The year 1906――Pogroms――Emigration――Conder and his activities
――An Emigration Conference――The Eighth Congress――The question
of the Headquarters.