selection of, 38
large numbers required, 39
classified by rank, 46
not witnesses, 51
subject to penalty of perjury, 63
double the number of witnesses, 85
accusatorial, 94
substituted for duel, 201
tried by ordeal of cross, 337
subjected to ordeal, 390
Conrad of Marburg, his inquisition, 89
convicts heretics by ordeal, 419
Conring, Hermann, approves of water ordeal, 331
Consanguinity determined by ordeal, 410
Consecration of ordeal-iron, 288
Consecrated crosses, value of, 30
Constance, council of, prescribes compurgation, 92
Constantine orders torture for unnatural lust, 439
enforces the _talio_, 440
Constantinople, use of iron ordeal, 299
use of fire ordeal, 304, 313
Constantius prescribes torture for sorcerers, 439, 554
_Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana_, 580
Continuance of torture, 466, 517
Contrition secures escape in ordeal, 402
Convents, torture in, 560
Conversion of Iceland, 199
of Denmark, 295
of Russia, 310
Convictions rare in ordeal, 406
in ordeal, fees for, 416
without confession in Germany, 523
punishment without, 528
where there has been no crime, 531
torture after, to prevent appeals, 552
Convicts sent to ordeal, 392
not tortured in Rome to implicate others, 445
so tortured in modern times, 484, 515, 517, 546, 562, 570, 584
Cope of St. Martin used in compurgation, 60
Copper, molten, ordeal of, 266
Copres uses the fire ordeal, 304
Corporal punishment unknown to Barbarians, 451
Corsica, bier-right in, 366
use of torture, 506
Corsnæd, the, 339
in Rome, 272
in 16th century, 343
its use in India, 344
Cory, Giles, case of, 575
_Cosha_, 344
Coucy, Enguerrand de, case of, 221
Coucy, Jacques de, case of, 516
Counsel, his assertion not binding on client, 70
allowed to accused in Castile, 469
denied by Inquisition, 486
in France, 517
allowed in 1788, 583
in Germany, 544
fined for frivolous appeal, 545
must testify against clients in witch-trials, 555
Court records altered by the duel, 135
Courtenay, Sir Piers, case of, 145
Courts, challenging of, 123
their right to refuse the duel, 140
ecclesiastical, duel in, 161
publicity of Carlovingian, 471
of feudal, 512
Covenant between the pieces, 27
Cowbridge, Margaret, cleared by compurgation, 92
_Crannchur_, 354
Crespy exempted from duel, 203
Cremona, case of bier-right, 359
Crime, torture to ascertain, 530
Crimes liable to duel, 147
excepted, in Roman torture, 439
under Wisigoths, 459, 460
in Castile, 464, 466
in Germany, 526
_Crimen majestatis_, torture in, 435, 438, 443
in France, 495
in England, 564, 570
Criminal cases, champions in, 192, 193
Cripples forced to provide champions, 152
champions allowed to, 181, 189
limitation on right to champions, 194
Crippling, torture not to cause, 465, 467, 523
caused by torture, 532
Cross, ordeal of, 336
relic of, tested by fire, 317
Crosses, oaths taken on, 30
suffice for clerics, 414
Crucet-houses, 476
Culm, synod of, on ordeal for witches, 322
Cunigunda, St., her ordeal, 287, 293
Dacia, purgatorial oaths in, 23
Dagobert I. revises the Barbarian laws, 113
Dalzell, Sir Wm., case of, 145
Damages allowed to champions, 188
of slaves in torture paid for by pleader, 433
paid to master in Rome, 445
among Barbarians, 452
under Wisigoths, 458
in Castile, 468
Damhouder approves the duel, 237
his _Praxis_, 524
his advice to accused, 553
on insensibility to torture, 557
Dante justifies the duel, 211
Darius, his savage punishments, 431
David and Goliath, their duel, 107, 209, 261
David I. (Scotland), his charter to Holyrood, 162
David, penitential of, 29
Deacons, number of conjurators for, 43
Dead, the, their evidence obtained by conjurators, 56
champions represent them in duel, 152
cleared by ordeal, 294
pardon asked of, 360
their repentance proved by ordeal, 412
Deaf-mutes, torture of, 528
Death, appeal of, 242, 245
in America, 246
invoked as an ordeal, 379
under torture, penalty for under Wisigoths, 460
in modern times, 504, 523, 532, 574
Debt, action for, negative proofs in, 74
Debts, compurgation used to escape, 85
Deceit, use of, by Inquisition, 485
use of, in witch-trials, 558
Decline of compurgation, 67
Decline—
of the duel, 199
of the ordeal, 421
of the torture system, 575
Decurions exempt from torture, 438
_Deeyeh_, 29
Default in duel, penalty for, 173, 233
Defeat in duel is perjury, 167, 184
Defence, accused not heard in, 518, 547
facilities for, in Castile, 468
in Châtelet of Paris, 504
in Italy, 507
in Valtelline, 508
in France, 512
withdrawn in France, 513
in Germany, 544
Defendant (See also _Accused_).
has choice of conjurators, 57
proof required of, 74
obliged to accept the duel, 140, 141, 143
swears to justice of his cause, 166
allowed choice of weapons, 177
use of champions by, 181
can demand ordeal, 387
allowed his own law, 394
Degradation inflicted on champions, 187
Degrees of kinship settled by ordeal, 410
of torture, five, 543
De la Barre, case of, 584
Delay accorded in duel, 173
Delfos, Bellido, kills Sancho II., 68
Del Rio, his explanation of bier-right, 369
on severity of torture, 532
approves deceit in witch-trials, 559
Demoniacal possession caused by perjury, 372
Denmark, levying of _wer-gild_ in, 18
kinsmen as compurgators, 41
selection of compurgators, 49
prolonged use of compurgation, 82
early use of duel, 110
duel abolished in, 200
converted by the ordeal, 295
bier-right in, 364
ordeals prohibited, 422
torture introduced, 562
Deposition of priests engaged in duels, 156
Des Guerres and Fendilles, duel of, 234
Deuterius of Constantinople, case of, 379
_Dharma_ and _Adharma_, 352
Diabolic illusions in ordeal, 408
Die, priory of, its relics, 373
Difference of rank prevents duel, 141, 149
Dinteville and du Plessis, duel of, 233
Diocletian, his torture of Christians, 437
forbids torture of soldiers, 438
allows torture of slaves in will cases, 442
masters not to offer slaves to torture, 444
his restrictions on torture, 446
Diodorus Siculus, his account of Egyptian courts, 430
Disabilities of women, 122
inflicted on champions, 187
Disability, bodily, averts duel, 144
Disbelief in ordeal, 400
Discretion of judge, everything left to, 533, 538, 541, 544
its abuse, 545
Disease as exemption from torture, 528
Dislocations generally result from torture, 532
Disowning of children in Wales, 55
Dispensations for clerical duellists, 160
for duellists, 207
for use of torture, 485
Divination condemned, 354
employed to justify torture, 539
Diviners tortured in Rome, 439
Divining-rod, the, 427
Divorce, compurgation in cases of, 93
Doctors exempted from torture in Spain, 463, 466
their exemption limited in Germany, 525
Dog of Montargis, story of, 228
_Dolum bonum_ and _malum_, 559
Domenico da Pescia, his ordeal of fire, 311
Dominic, St., his writing tested by fire, 313
Domitian, his use of torture, 439
Dortmund exempted from duel, 205
Doubtful results in the ordeal, 405
Douglass and Charteris, duel of, 239
Dower, no duel in cases of, 141
Drowning, punishment of, 321
for sorcery, 325
Dubos, Jehan, punished for suspicion, 519
Duel, judicial, 101
supersedes compurgation, 61
difference between it and modern duel, 103
in diplomacy, 129
legislative function of, 129, 133
state questions decided by, 130
penalty for refusing, 131
habitual use in criminal law, 135
explanations of its injustice, 136
limitations on it, 140
minimum limit of value in, 141
regulations of, 166
of women, regulations of, 153
ferocity of, 178
use of champions, 179
rendered a matter of chance, 195
its decline, 199
forbidden to clerics, 207
exemptions of the communes, 201
opposition of the Church, 206
influence of the Roman law, 212
reforms of St. Louis, 216
prolonged use in England, 241
traces of, in the United States, 246
used in Japan, 253
ordeal of cross substituted, 337
Dunning defends the appeal of death, 245
Dunstan, St., his formula for cold-water ordeal, 319
Du Plessis and Dinteville, duel of, 233
Durham, Bishop of, exempted from duel, 159
Dyaks, ordeals among, 257
Dyvnwal-moel-mud, ordeals ascribed to, 110
Earth, the, rejects corpse of criminal, 319
Earth swallowed as an ordeal, 258
from grave detects witches, 382
Earl Richard, ballad of, 361
Eastern Empire, ordeal used in, 277, 299, 304, 313
Ebroin of Burgundy, 29
Eccelino da Romano, his use of torture, 483
Ecclesiastical courts, duel in, 161
torture in, 510
Ecclesiastical law, disculpatory oaths, 28
value of oaths, 30
acceptance of compurgation, 35
number of compurgators, 43
selection of compurgators, 51
default of evidence requisite, 54
oath of compurgators, 59
modified, 72
retention of compurgation, 88
accusatorial conjurators, 95
clerics forbidden to fight duels, 156
exempted from secular law, 161
jurisdiction over duels claimed by churches, 162
_lex talionis_, 169, 513
the duel forbidden to clerics, 207
effect of dispensations, 208
denial of sepulture to duellists, 211
duels forbidden by Council of Trent, 237
use of ordeals, 409
Gratian’s hesitation about ordeals, 413
ordeals forbidden to clerics, 414
priests forbidden to conduct ordeals, 419
to be present at torture, 471
extorted confessions forbidden, 478
torture ordered In the Inquisition, 484
established in episcopal courts, 511
for discovery of accomplices, 516
of witnesses, 541
in monastic establishments, 560
known as, 511
Ecgbehrt of York, ordeal of the lot, 353
exempts priests from ordeal, 414
Edict of Theodoric, duel not referred to, 116
torture in, 457
Edinburgh, torture in 1652, 574
Edmund, St., intervenes in a duel, 137
Edward the Confessor and Queen Emma, 294
convicts Duke Godwin, 341
Edward I. refuses lists to Charles of Anjou, 106
Edward II. orders torture of Templars, 511
Edward III. enlarges the sphere of compurgation, 85
his challenge of Philippe de Valois, 104
Egeno accuses Otho of Bavaria, 133
Eggs, hot, used in torture, 588
Egil Skallagrimsson, 111
Egiza introduces ordeal among Goths, 275
Egypt, ordeals in, 259
use of torture, 430
Eisenach, duel limited in, 205
Ekkehardus Junior on abuses of ordeals, 417
Ekkehard of Munster forbids the ordeal, 418
Elfstan of Winchester, his faith, 282
Eldon, Lord, on champions, 192
Elizabeth, Queen, legislation on duel under, 244
torture under, 567, 568
Ellenborough, Lord, sustains the duel, 246
Elne, council of, 1065, recognizes the ordeal, 410
Emeric, St., power of his intercession, 378
Emma, Queen, undergoes the ordeal, 294
Emo of Wittewerum, 422
Employer, slave not tortured against, 442
Endurance, ordeal of, 336, 339
Engel, M. A., defends torture, 578
Engilbert of Trèves, 343
England (see also _Anglo-Saxons_).
reduplicated oaths, 28
alternative number of conjurators, 43
rise of jury-trial, 48
extensive use of compurgation, 57
compurgation abolished, 67
its limited use, 70
its use prolonged, 84
finally abolished in 1833, 87
in ecclesiastical cases, 93
accusatorial conjurators, 95, 97
William I. introduces judicial duel, 115, 394
challenging of warrantors, 121
of courts, 123
the champion of England, 134
habitual use of the duel, 135
limitations on duel, 144, 146
minimum limit of value, 147
clerics exempted from duel, 158
no duel in mercantile law, 165
penalty for defeat in duel, 168, 169
_lex talionis_, 171
penalty for default in duel, 174
expenses defrayed by the crown, 175
approvers, 175, 243
equality of weapons, 176, 177
champions as witnesses, 182, 183
defeated, their punishment, 184
hiring of, forbidden, 190
salaried, 192
required in civil cases, 192
charters exempting from duel, 201
persistence of the duel, 241
duel of chivalry, 242
abrogation of duel, 246
red-hot iron an aristocratic ordeal, 292
use of cold-water ordeal, 322
for witchcraft, 330, 333
witch weighed against Bible, 336
ordeal of Bible and key, 357
of sieve-driving, 358
for all suspects, 388
for accuser or accused, 389
result of ordeal inconclusive, 400
ordeals forbidden in 1219, 421
torture used under Stephen, 476
of Templars, 511
unknown to common law, 563
used under royal prerogative, 566
in witch-trials, 570
_peine forte et dure_, 574
English and Normans, duels between, 115
English influence on duel in France, 231
Enguerrand de Marigny, his trial, 494
Epicharis, her endurance, 437
Epileptics, torture of, 528
Epilepsy caused by false oaths, 373
Episcopal courts, duel in, 162
unlimited torture in, 511
Equality of combatants, 144
of weapons, 177
Equalization of champions, 194
Equestrian duel among Goths, 117
Equity of redemption not subject to duel, 141
Erembors, ballad of, 68
Erfurt, citizens tortured by Lothair II., 475
Dr. Bobenzan tortured, 526
Eric VII. on levying of _wer-gild_, 18
Erik Hakonsen abolishes duel, 199
Erkenbald de Burban, case of, 346
Erwig, King, on abuse of torture, 461
Escape in ordeal, explanation of, 401
Estates, succession to, regulated by duel, 129
Estevenes li Barbiers, case of, 519
Estrapade, the, 485
Ethelwold, St., his test of Elfstan, 282
Ethiopia, ordeals in, 256
Eubule-Evans on use of torture in Prussia, 582
Eucharist preliminary to ordeal, 280
the, as an ordeal, 344
beliefs connected with, 345
a sacerdotal purgation, 348
used in 17th century, 351
Eugenius II., cold-water ordeal ascribed to, 321
Eulalius, Count, tried by Eucharist, 348
Eurik, his Wisigothic Code, 458
Evidence, difficulty of rating it, 21
of relatives, 38
compurgation in default of, 52
not admitted in Wales, 55
compurgation to confirm it, 56
conjurators give none, 62
negative, in Barbarian laws, 73
absence of, requisite for duel, 142, 145, 239
supersedes duel, 155
of women not admitted, 122
received in 1396, 228
reliance on, in China, 252
false, allowed in India, 268
weight of, in bier-right, 370
ordeal in absence of, 385, 386
requisite to justify torture, 487, 523, 537
of clergy, 527
torture in default of, 465
external, necessary for conviction, 489
retracted, witness tortured for, 550
of witchcraft unattainable, 554
withheld from accused in France, 514
in Germany, 544
under torture, estimate of, in Rome, 446
unknown to Barbarians, 453
in modern times, 542, 547
of slaves requires torture in Greece, 433
in Rome, 440
under Barbarians, 452
under Goths, 459
Evil looks do not justify torture, 537
_Examen pedale_, 287
Excepted crimes in Rome, 439
under Wisigoths, 459, 460
in Castile, 464, 466
in Germany, 526
Exclusion of women as witnesses, 122
Exclusive salvation, results of belief in, 589
Excommunication of duellists, 207
Exemption from secular laws for clerics, 414
from torture in Rome, 438
in Spain, 463, 466
in France, 495
in Germany, 525
of nobles in England, 570
Exile after success in ordeal, 401
for retracted confession, 549
Exorcism for hot-water ordeal, 280
for red-hot iron ordeal, 288
in fire-test of relics, 315
for the corsnæd, 340
in ordeal of Eucharist, 347
of witches on trial, 556
Expenses of prosecution, 552
_Experimentum crucis_, 339
Explanations of results of duel, 136
of injustice of ordeal, 401
Extorted confession invalid in the Church, 478
received in Inquisition, 485
Extortion in ordeals, 417
torture used for, 476
of confession is homicide in England, 565
Eye, loss of, in duel, 145
Ezpeleta, his use of torture, 583
Fachtna Tulbrethach, 272
Failure in compurgation, 65
in duel through other sins, 137
in ordeal through other sins, 403
Faith in the intervention of God, 135
False Decretals, extorted confessions invalid, 478
on accusation of accomplices, 515
False money, ordeal for issuing, 393
Family, organization of the, 13
solidarity of the, 14, 19
Family ties superseded by Church, 19, 35
Farfa, Abbey of, case of, 155
Farinacci on torture of sleeplessness, 535
Fasting preliminary to ordeal, 280, 288
Father, his purgatorial oath, 41
and son, rule as to torturing, 543
Feast days, torture not to be used on, 505
torture on, 551, 556
_Fechtbücher_, 238
Fees to champions, 190, 195, 196
derived from ordeals, 415
their enforcement, 416
for administering torture in Peru, 511
in Valenciennes, 548
Feini, levying of fines, 18
tribal responsibility, 42
judicial duel among, 109
their judges warned, 272
hot-water ordeal used by, 273
Felix, St., of Nola, oaths on his relics, 372
Felonies, duel for, 146
champions not allowed in, 192
tried by water ordeal, 322
Felton, Thomas, challenges Raymond de Caussade, 229
Fendilles and Des Guerres, duel of, 234
Ferdinand and Isabella furnish counsel to accused, 469
Fernando III. (Castile), his charter to Medina, 202
Ferocity of judicial duel, 178
Fetish, invocation of, in ordeals, 255
Feudal jurisdictions, 219
courts, their publicity, 473
Feudalism, its struggle with civilization, 78
undermined by the Roman law, 212
struggle for the duel in France, 216
torture under, 473
its resistance to torture, 494
Fian, Dr., torture of, 573
Ficino, Marsiglio, his belief in bier-right, 365
Fiefs, titles to, settled by ordeal, 324, 387
Figeac, Abbey of, its advocate, 198
_Fijodalgo_, privilege of, 24
Fines, distribution of, 18
for conjurators, 64, 417
for withdrawing from duel, 144, 145
for defeated combatant, 167
for challenging in Bruges, 204
for losing party in the ordeal, 384, 416
torture in cases involving, 529
Fire, ordeal of, among the Persians, 266
in the Ramayana, 267
in the Manava Dharma Sastra, 268
in Greece, 270
in India, 303
among Hebrews, 303
in Christendom, 304
employed on relics, 314
precautions against unguents, 408
Fisherman of Utrecht, case of, 402
Flamen Dialis relieved from oath-taking, 36
Flanders, selection of compurgators, 48
compurgation in default of evidence, 54
compurgation retained, 82
villein cannot challenge a noble, 152
penalty for default in duel, 174
charters exempting from duel, 201-3
merchants exempted from duel, 204
duel abolished by Philippe le Bon, 231
survival of duel, 237
ordeal for second accusation, 392
torture system in, 521
evidence refused to accused, 544
Fleta, multiple oaths in, 28
negative proofs in, 74
definition of _secta_, 85
Fleurant de Saint-Leu, case of, 502
Fleury, Abbey of, 343
Floating of sorcerers and witches, 325
Florence, church subjected to duel, 160
Flower-buds in fire ordeal, 303
Foix, Raymond Bernard of, his duel, 222
Fontaines, Pierre de, ignores compurgation, 76
on appeals, 124
on gladiators and champions, 187
his opinion of the duel, 221
no reference to torture, 489
Fontanelle, Abbey of, its ordeal-iron, 288
Foot, loss of, for hired warrantor, 131
for hired champions, 191
For de Morlaas, duels in the, 134
_Forath_, 95
Forchheim, case of bier-right, 362
Forez, fines for withdrawing from duel, 144
Formosus, pope, case of, 382
Formulas of compurgation, 58
in Lille, 78
in the Inquisition, 90
of application for duel, 142
for the corsnæd, 340
for bier-right, 368
for unguent against fire, 408
to protect from torture, 557
_Fort_ of Bordeaux, 98
Fortescue, Sir John, on use of torture, 566
Foulcher de Chartres on lance of St. Andrew, 309
France (see also _Merovingian Law_, _Salic Law_, _Carlovingian Laws_).
judicial use of oaths, 23
reduplicated oaths, 28
oaths required of prelates, 36
evidence of kinsmen excluded, 38
selection of compurgators, 40, 47
clients responsible for advocates, 70
decline of compurgation, 76
accusatorial conjurators, 94
Henry II. prohibits wager of battle, 107
challenging of witnesses, 121
protection of witnesses, 123
challenging of judges, 124
conditions of the duel, 140
minimum limit for duel, 147
Jews exempted from duel, 149
duels between different ranks, 149
liability of clerics to duel, 157, 159
_lex talionis_ in duel, 170
club used in duels, 176
champions a matter of course, 181
defeated, their punishment, 184
employment of, 193
decline of the duel, 216
its disappearance, 235
cold-water ordeal for witchcraft, 326, 330
ordeal of sieve-driving, 358
bier-right, 366
iron bands for parricide, 378
ordeals become obsolete, 423
reappearance of torture, 479, 487
resisted by Feudalism, 494
use of torture becomes general, 499
adoption of inquisitorial process, 513
applications of torture, 515
Ordonnance of 1670, 517
_réserve des preuves_, 518
abolition of torture, 583
Francesco della Puglia opposes Savonarola, 311
Francis I. challenged by Charles V., 106
grants the duel, 233
perfects the inquisitorial process, 514
Francis, St., uses ordeal of fire, 307, 309
Franconia, use of purgatorial oaths, 24
_Frangens jusjurandum_, 46
Frankfort, duel in 1369, 171
Franks, use of compurgation, 34
use of judicial duel, 113
use of ordeal, 274
punish sorcery with drowning, 325
compounding for ordeals, 384
torture of slaves, 453
torture of freemen, 470
Fratricide punished with iron bands, 377
Fraud, torture in cases of, 530
use of, in witch-trials, 558
Fredegonda, her compurgation, 39
her use of torture, 455
Frederic I. (Emperor) overthrows Henry the Lion, 133
his charter to Austria, 134
exempts traders from the duel, 204
prescribes iron ordeal for slaves, 292
ordeal at discretion of accused, 387
master’s oath clears a slave, 390
prescribes torture for theft, 475
Frederic II. (Emperor) on compurgation, 41
rules for compurgation, 54, 56
ignores compurgation, 75
prohibits clerics as judges, 73
compels clerics to duel, 159
allows defendant choice of weapons, 177
on cowardice of champions, 185
provides champions at public expense, 190
his charters to Ratisbon and Vienna, 204
denounces the duel, 212
prohibits the ordeal, 422
prescribes torture for treason, 475
is use of torture, 482
Frederic of Mainz takes ordeal of Eucharist, 348
Frederic the Great limits use of torture, 579
_Fredum_, 16
Freeman not liable to personal punishment, 65
and serf, combat between, 122
cannot be challenged by serf, 140
red-hot iron ordeal for, 291
not tortured in Greece, 432
not subject to torture in Rome, 434
exceptions, 435, 437, 439
is a Roman citizen, 440
not tortured among Ostrogoths, 457
limitation on torture of, under Wisigoths, 459, 460
subject to torture in Castile, 464
inviolability obsolete, 470
presence required at the _mallum_, 472
Freedman not tortured in Greece, 433
not tortured against his patron in Rome, 442
among Ostrogoths, 457
against patron in Spain, 464
Freisingen, duels of women in, 153
Frese, Georg, his ordeal, 301
Friends, evidence of, excluded, 38
Frisian laws, oaths in, 23
use of compurgation, 34
rules for compurgators, 47
compurgation and ordeal combined, 61
penalties of conjurators, 64
judicial duel in, 114
facilities for judicial duel, 119
either party can claim the duel, 140
right of _litus_ to the duel, 148
hired champions allowed, 180
hot-water ordeal, 283
ordeal of the lot, 353
ordeal for defeated accuser, 385
Frisia, ordeals persisted in, 422
torture not used, 563
_Frithborgs_, 41
Frotho III. orders judicial duel, 110
Fuero Juzgo, no compurgation in, 75
torture in, 461
Fuero Viejo, compurgation in, 75, 80
Fulk the inquisitor, his abuse of torture, 486
Fulk Nera, his charter to Abbey of Beaulieu, 161
Fulvius Flaccus, case of, 448
Furstenberg, Count of, uses the ordeal, 300
Gaddi and Altoviti, duel of, 236
Gæum, ordeal used in the, 270
_Galanas_, 40
Galbert, his explanation of ordeal, 401
Galicia, hot-water ordeal in, 281
Gallius, Q., case of, 435
Gascony, land title decided by cold-water ordeal, 323
Gauls, torture of widows among, 452
Gauntlet, iron, ordeal of, 296
Gautama, ordeal unknown to, 268
Gavarret, revenue from ordeal at, 415
Geiler von Kaisersberg opposes torture, 575
Gelmirez, Diego, authorizes duel, 132
Gengulphus, St., his improvised ordeal, 286
George IV. abolishes torture in Hanover, 581
Geirröd, his torture of Odin, 454
Gerald, St., of Braga, case of, 379
Gerard of Cambrai on torture of heretics, 474
Gerberga drowned as a witch, 325
_Gerefa_, 48
Gerhardt, E., on ordeal for witches, 332
Germany (see also _Sachsenspiegel_, _Schwabenspiegel_,
_Sachsische Weichbild_).
purgatorial oaths, 23, 24
of father, 41
_sinodales homines_, 41
rules for compurgation, 54
_juramentum supermortuum_, 56
use of advocates, 70
clerics not to be judges, 73
compurgation retained, 80
accusatorial conjurators, 96, 97
judicial duel among ancient Germans, 112
challenging of judges, 126
legislative function of duel, 129
duel habitual in criminal cases, 135
theory of guilt, 136
limitations on the duel, 141
crimes liable to duel, 147
penalty of defeat in duel, 171
of default in duel, 173
weapons allowed, 177
champions a matter of course, 190
exemptions granted to the towns, 204
prolongation of the duel, 238
use of hot-water ordeal, 283
titles to fiefs settled by water ordeal, 324
cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 326
ordeal of sieve-driving, 358
cases of bier-right, 362
formula for bier-right, 368
use of ordeal in civil cases, 387
ordeal for convicts, 392
persistence of ordeals, 423
mediæval use of torture, 475, 476
reappearance of torture, 479, 505
torture established, 522
disused, 579
substitutes for torture, 582
Gerode, Abbey of, its ordeal, 295
Geroldus converts Mecklenburg, 277
Gerstlacher, his defence of torture, 580
Getter’s case, bier-right in, 367
Ghent, laws of, no allusion to ordeal, 202
ordeal for slaves, 394
_Ghee_, boiling, ordeal of, 283
Giraldus Cambrensis on study of Roman law, 73
Gifts to hired champions, 191
Giuliano Rondinelli, his ordeal of fire, 311
Gladiators identified with champions, 187
subject to torture in Rome, 441
Glanville, jury-trial ascribed to him, 48
allusions to compurgation, 70
prescribes cold-water ordeal for slaves, 322
knows nothing of torture, 564
Glastonbury, Abbey of, its hired champion, 197
Gloucester, Statute of, 242
Thomas of, his duel code, 241
Glove as gage of battle, 245
_Gobereen_, ordeal of, in Rajmahal, 259
God, judgment of, faith reposed in, 102
tempting of, in the ordeal, 207, 411
his interposition expected, 250
appeals to, among Hebrews, 261
Godelmann on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 328
Godfrey, St., his charter to Amiens, 201
_Godi_, Norse priest and judge, 27
decides as to compurgation, 53
Godwin of Kent, his death, 341
Golden Bull, torture in, 505
Golden Calf, ashes of, as ordeal, 262
Gonsalvo de Cremona, 359
Gothic ritual defended by duel, 132
by fire ordeal, 313
Goths (see also _Ostrogoths_ and _Wisigoths_).
compurgation not used, 34
use of judicial duel by, 115
their civilization, 456
their use of torture, 457
Gout cured by torture, 528
Gräfe, Johann, opposes torture, 576
Grágás (see _Iceland_).
Grammatico, Tomaso, on punishment for suspicion, 520
Gran, council of, 1099, prescribes the ordeal, 410
Grand jury, presentation by, 388
Grandier, Urbain, case of, 556
Grateley, council of, 928, regulation of ordeal, 406
Gratian does not condemn the ordeal, 413
on extorted confessions, 478
Greece, family organizations in, 15
oaths used, 26
traces of compurgation in, 34
traces of judicial duel, 108
ordeals in, 270
oath of the gods, 371
use of torture in, 432
varieties of torture, 434
Greeks, duels with Franks, 151
Gregory I. on oaths on relics, 372
extorted confessions invalid, 478
Gregory II. prescribes oaths for clerics, 36
Gregory III., penitential of, on oaths, 30
Gregory VII., his war on simony, 62
introduces Roman ritual in Spain, 132
tries cold-water ordeal, 324
takes ordeal of Eucharist, 349
his improvised ordeal, 350
Gregory IX., his Decretals, 419
on purgation of heresy, 484
prohibits counsel to accused, 487
Gregory XI. condemns the Sachsenspiegel, 210, 420
Gregory of Tours, his purgatorial oaths, 28
accused by Leudastes, 454
Grenoble, accused refused a hearing, 518
Grillandus on compurgation, 93
on torture of sleeplessness, 535
his five degrees of torture, 543
on charms against torture, 557
Grimkel, Bishop, tests relic with fire, 316
Grimoald, King, restricts judicial duel, 114
restricts right of slaves to duel, 148
Grossolano, Archbishop, convicted by ordeal, 306
Gualberto, St. Giovanni, urges the ordeal, 305
Guarantees required for oaths, 25
of compurgatorial oath withdrawn, 72
Guardians, required to provide champions, 153
Guardianship cases, slave torture in, 442
Gudrun, Queen, cleared by the ordeal, 385
Guelf, Bavarian house of, founded, 133
Guibert of Nogent uses ordeal for heretics, 410
Guido, Abbot, of Pescara, 157
Guy (Emp.) on duels of clerics, 155
Guilds to furnish conjurators, 82
Guillot de Ferrières, case of, 492
Guilt before God but not before man, 136
Guisbert, Ladislas, case of, 588
_Gulathingenses Leges_, partition of _wer-gild_, 18
selection of compurgators, 50
oath of compurgators, 59
Gundeberga, Queen, case of, 113
Gundobald, King, use of duel ascribed to, 112
the duel as remedy for perjury, 118
Gunner’s case, 86
Gushtasp converted by the ordeal, 295
Gustavus Adolphus, compurgation in his laws, 83
Gyda, Queen, duel for, 115
Hainault, penalty for default in duel, 173
charter of 1619, torture in, 556
Hako Hakonsen on division of _wer-gild_, 18
choice of compurgators, 49
oath of compurgators, 59
prohibits ordeal, 422
Hair may float in cold-water ordeal, 319
Hale, Sir Matthew, on the duel, 245
Hales, Alexander, on duel, 209
condemns ordeals, 420
Halle, citizens tortured by Lothair II., 475
punishment without conviction, 521
torture of aged in, 527
Hanche, Adolf, his duel, 171
Hand of bishop, oath taken on, 30
Hand, loss of, for perjury, 64
for hired champions, 191
wrapped up after ordeal, 280, 288
Hanover, torture abolished, 581
Hans Speiss, convicted by bier-right, 363
Hardening to torture, 558
Harold Blaatand abolishes duel, 200
converted by ordeal, 295
Harold the Simple abolishes duel, 200
Harry, slave, convicted by bier-right, 367
Haselwood, Wm., uses ordeal of sieve, 358
Hatchet used in iron ordeal, 289
Hatred excuses from duel, 146
_Haut-justiciers_, their rights over duel, 218
Haynokes, Susannah, case of, 336
Hearing refused to accused, 518, 547
Heaven, its interposition relied on, 251
Hebrew customs, sacrificial oaths, 26, 27
use of ordeals, 261
fire ordeal, 303
torture not used, 430
Hela, witch tried by ordeal in, 333
Hellenic _Patræ_ and _Phratriæ_, 15
Hen used in ordeal, 256
Henry II. (Emp.) accepts a duel, 134
restricts use of champions, 189
accords duel to the guilty, 131
hangs thieves convicted by the duel, 135
cold-water ordeal for slaves, 322
Henry III. (Emp.) on number of conjurators, 43
rules for compurgation, 54
challenges Henry I. (France), 130
charter to church of Volterra, 161
Henry IV. (Emp.) offers the duel, 133
his charter to Pisa, 200
refuses ordeal of Eucharist, 350
Henry V. (Emp.) his charter to Venice, 57
Henry I. (England), laws of, compurgation abolished, 67
his charter to London, 201
Henry II. (Engl.) exempts clerics from duel, 158
forbids hiring of champions, 190
his bleeding after death, 360
Henry III. (Engl.) prohibits the ordeal, 421
Henry VIII., compurgation under, 92
use of torture under, 566, 568
Henry II. (France) swears to grant no duels, 234
Henry III. (France) revises coutumier of Normandy, 79, 231
Henry IV. (France) edict against duels, 104
his pardons to duellists, 107
Henry II. (Navarre) grants the duel, 233
Henry of Bavaria buries a tortured pilgrim, 474
Henry of Essex, case of, 137
Henry, Duke of Limburg, 343
Henry the Lion, case of, 133
Henry of Lorraine claims jurisdiction of duel, 238
Henry I. of Mainz administers the ordeal, 295
Henry of Strassburg convicts heretics by ordeal, 419
Henry of Susa pronounces ordeals illegal, 420
Hepburn and Brown, duel of, 240
Hera, oaths taken by, 26
Heracles pays for murder of Iphitus, 15
Heretics, compurgators for, 88
conviction of, by ordeal, 297, 410, 419
ordeal forbidden in their trial, 419
torture used in 1025, 474
Heresy, no limitations on torture, 467
torture habitually used, 484
Herigarius, miracle granted to, 379
Herkia defeated in ordeal, 385
Hermann of Cologne, conversion of, 418
Hermann of Slavonia prescribes compurgation, 84
Hermann of Suabia challenges Henry II., 134
Hermes, mutilation of statues of, 433
Herzegovina, ordeal for witches, 333
Hidulf, St., power of his intercession, 377
Hildebert of Le Mans on torture, 475
Hinemar, his rules for compurgators, 47
his eulogy of hot-water ordeal, 278, 282
explanation of cold-water ordeal, 319
ordeals for witnesses and compurgators, 389
his suggestion of a champion, 398
Hindu customs (see _India_).
Hiring of champions, 190, 193, 195
Hirpi walk over burning coals, 287
Hoel Dda, his laws, 20
abrogation of ordeals ascribed to, 110
Holland, ordeal of balance in, 335
torture system in, 521, 576
disuse of torture, 577
_Holm-gang_, 111
abolition of, 199
Holstein, bier-right in, 364
Holy Coat of Trèves, 422
Holy Ghost, ordeal of, 381
Holy water used in ordeal, 281, 407
Holyrood, Abbey of, its jurisdiction, 162
Homicide, penalty of, at Arques, 13
duel necessary to prove it, 142
inferior can challenge superior, 151
_Homines sinodales_, 41
_Homo infamatus_ sent to ordeal, 392
Honor, duel of, 104
Honorius III. forbids clerical duels, 160
prohibits ordeals, 423
Honorius of Autun sanctions ordeal, 413
Horatii and Curiatii, preliminary oath, 271
Horatius, _wer-gild_ paid by, 15
Host, consecrated, power of, 347
Hot-water ordeal in Japan, 253
in Ethiopia, 256
in Madagascar, 257
among the Khonds, 258
in Rajmahal, 259
among the Mazdeans, 265
in Tibet, 269
among the Feini, 272
in earliest Salic law, 274
among the Wisigoths, 275
its use in Europe, 278
swallowing hot water, 283
its use in India, 283
miraculous cases, 285
used for trifling cases, 292
patrician or plebeian ordeal, 322
Household slaves, torture of, in Spain, 464
Hubert, Bishop of Worcester, 40
Huesca, ordeals prohibited in, 424
Hugh Capet challenged by Louis d’Outremer, 130
Hugh, king of Italy, 128
Hugh, legate, refuses bribe, 62
Hungary, liability of clerics to duel, 157
restriction of duel in, 237
ordeals introduced, 277
use of iron ordeal, 299
witches tried by ordeal in 1730, 332, 335
ordeal for all suspects, 388
preservation of purity of ordeal, 405
privilege of administering ordeals, 415
fees for ordeals, 416
ordeals prohibited in 1279, 423
torture legalized, 508
Husband and wife, rule as to torture of, 543
Hutten, Ludwig von, declines a challenge, 238
Iarnsida, partition of _wer-gild_, 18
selection of compurgators, 50
compurgation in default of evidence, 54
oath of compurgators, 59
use of compurgation, 82
no torture in, 562
Iceland, legal process in, 17
levying of fines, 18
sacrificial oaths, 27
use of compurgation, 35, 82
admission of compurgation, 53, 54
oaths of compurgators, 59
accusatorial conjurators, 97
use of duel in, 111
penalty for default, 174
duel abolished, 199
use of red-hot iron ordeal, 292
accused can demand ordeal, 387
ordeals abolished, 422
use of torture, 561
_Ictus capituli_, 163
Idol-water as an ordeal, 344
_Iesameh_, 29
Iglau, compurgation in laws of, 84
the duel in, 205
Illegal torture renders confession invalid, 550
Illinois, bier-right in, 368
Illusions, diabolic, in ordeal, 408
Imagination, influence of, in ordeals, 339, 396
Imbrico of Augsburg, his ordeal of Eucharist, 351
Immunity of clerics from secular law, 414
Imprecations, use of, in Assyria, 260
Imprisonment for retracting confession, 549
Incest, evidence of slave in cases of, 444
Incrimination of accomplices rejected in Rome, 443
accepted in modern times, 484, 515, 517, 546, 562, 570, 584
Incontinency, compurgation for, 87
India, communal organization in, 14
use of oaths, 25
evidence of friends and kinsmen excluded, 38
duel to avert battles, 104
judicial duel not used, 108
limitations on witnesses, 122
champions allowed in ordeals, 179
ordeals of pre-Aryan races, 258, 291, 344
oaths as ordeals, 267
ordeal of fire, 267
complicated ordeal system, 268
is a religious ceremony, 269, 280
ordeal of boiling oil, 283
of red-hot iron, 289
of fire, 303
relics tested by fire, 314
ordeal of cold water, 319
of balance, 334
of endurance, 339
of rice, 344
of cosha, or idol-water, 344
of chance, 352
of poison, 375
only for doubtful characters, 384
either party can undergo the ordeal, 384
minimum limit of ordeals, 391
torture unknown, 431
Infamy of champions, 187
ordeal in cases of, 388
Influence of torture on judges, 534
Informers, responsibility of, in Rome, 440, 446
under Wisigoths, 459
Injustice of ordeal, explanation of, 401
Innocent I. on use of torture, 477
Innocent II. prescribes compurgation, 62, 71
forbids clerics to fight, 156
Innocent III. modifies compurgatorial oaths, 71
orders purgation for heresy, 89
on failure in duel, 137
forbids clerics to fight, 156, 158
his relation to the duel, 208
suppresses the ordeal, 418
Innocent IV. forbids clerical duels in France, 159
orders torture to discover heresy, 484
Innocent VIII. on torture of clerics in England, 566
Inquest of Fame, 71
Inquests, torture not used in, 499, 512
Inquisition, its use of compurgation, 89
its use of torture, 483
extortion of confession, 485
its influence on use of torture, 486, 512
restricted by Council of Vienne, 511
torture to discover accomplices, 516
Inquisition of State in Venice, 507
Inquisitorial Process, the, 512
becomes general, 499
not used in Poland, 509
retained in Germany, 581
Inquisitors dispensed for use of torture, 484
Insane, the, exempt from torture, 528
Inscription of accuser in Rome, 440, 446
under Wisigoths, 459
Intervention of God expected in the duel, 135
Inundation of 1219 caused by ordeals, 422
Inverness exempted from duel, 201
Involuntary perjury, penance for, 31
Ipswich, selection of conjurators in, 49
Ireland, solidarity of the family in, 15
levying of fines, 18
tribal responsibility, 42
judicial duel among the Feini, 109
duel in 1583, 243
inspiration of judges, 272
hot-water ordeal in, 273
hot-iron ordeal for women, 292
ordeal of the lot, 354
of the oath, 374
use of the Clog Oir, 397
Irregular ordeals, 377
Irregularity of clerics, 484
Iron bands used as an ordeal, 377
Iron ordeal (see _Red-hot iron_).
Isaac, assassin of Charles the Good, 474
Isidor of Seville on perjury, 31
Islam, reduplicated oaths, 29
accusations of adultery, 46
oaths as ordeals in, 263
Italy (see also _Lombard Law_, _Sicilian Constitutions_).
conjurators to confirm witnesses, 56
challenging of witnesses, 120
Otho II. enlarges the sphere of the duel, 131
cases admitting the duel, 141
the Church subjected to the duel, 155, 160
jurisdiction of the Church over duel, 163
oaths preliminary to the duel, 166
penalty for defeat in duel, 169
duels fought to the end, 178
champions always employed, 182
as a profession, 189
restrictions on use of, 189
equalization of, 194
abrogation of duel, 235
bier-right, 365
ordeals prohibited in Naples, 422
in 15th century, 425
reappearance of torture, 481, 484
its development, 506
its abolition, 586
Itzehoe, case of bier-right in, 365
Ivan III., torture introduced by, 509
Ivo of Chartres, distrust of compurgation, 61
refuses to grant the duel, 162
his opinion of the ordeal, 401, 412
claims exemption of ordeal for priests, 414
on extorted confessions, 478
Jacintus, his hot-water ordeal, 279
Jacob’s Review of the Statutes, 86
James I. grants the duel, 240
approves of ordeal for witches, 330
his belief in bier-right, 361
torture under, 567, 568
his torture of Dr. Fian, 573
Jamnuggur, ordeal in 1867, 284
Janssen, Hendrik, torture of, 578
Jardine on torture in England, 566
Jarnac, his duel with La Chastaigneraye, 106
Japan, judicial duel in, 108
ordeals in, 253
use of torture, 432
Jayme I. (Aragon) restricts torture, 462
prohibits the duel, 214
Jeanne de Bourgogne, offers the combat, 226
_Jeffniteed_, 97
Jehan de Warlus, case of, 501
Jerusalem, Assisses de, 75
on use of counsel, 70
reject negative proofs, 74
no compurgation, 75
women cannot be witnesses, 122
limitations on duel, 143
limit of value for duel, 148
discrimination of race in, 151
champions supplied to the poor, 152
no duel in mercantile law, 165
_lex talionis_ enforced, 170
penalty of defeat for women, 173
champions as witnesses, 183
punishment of defeated champion, 184
red-hot iron ordeal plebeian, 292
use of iron ordeal, 298
ordeal for all suspects, 388
reappearance of torture, 480
Jew, duel with, ordered by the Virgin, 209
ordeal to convert, 296
Jews (see also _Hebrews_).
their liability to the duel, 149, 151
asking pardon of a corpse, 360
convicted by bier-right, 362
ordeal of brambles for, 382
torture of, by King John, 477
in Bourges, 492
mode of executing them, 503
John XII. challenged by Bishop Liutprand, 129
John, King (England), favors the duel, 241
tortures Jews, 477
John, King (France), abrogates compurgation, 78
John, Bishop of Avranches, recognizes the ordeal, 412
John, Bishop of Didymoteichos, 402
John of Coldinghame, 191
John of Freiburg on duel in episcopal courts, 165
John of Freiburg—denounces ordeals, 420
Jonah, use of lot, 262
Jonathan, case of, 262
Joseph II. abolishes torture, 581
_Jovem lapidem jurare_, 270
Judaism (see _Hebrews_).
Judges decide as to compurgators, 53
challenging of, 123
royal, not liable to appeal, 126
discretion in granting duel, 140, 146
inspiration of, in Islam, 263
inspiration of, among Feini, 272
responsibility for torture under Wisigoths, 458, 460
in Castile, 465, 467
in Italy, 507
in France, 515
in Germany, 523
responsibility elusory, 533
using torture liable for homicide in England, 565
cannot be witnesses, 509
everything left to their discretion, 533, 538, 541, 549
abuse of their discretion, 545
influence of torture on, 534
their abuse of torture, 539
their neglect of favoring evidence, 544
Judgment of God expected, 250
faith reposed in, 102
appealed to by Hebrews, 261
Judgment reversed, penalty of, 124, 126
of blood forbidden to clerics, 471
Judicial duel, 101
_Judicium_ means ordeal, 298
_Judicium crucis_, 336
_Judicium ferri_, 287
_Judicium offæ_, 339
_Juise_, 287, 298
Julius (Pseudo) forbids evidence of accomplices, 515
Julius II., his bull against duels, 236
_Jura de juicio_, 22
_Juramentum supermortuum_, 55
_Juratores_ (see _Conjurators_).
Jurisdiction over duel, profits of, 218
over ordeals, its advantages, 415
Jury and ordeal combined, 388
Jury-trial, rise of, 48
as substitute for duel, 144
for pleaders unable to fight, 192
in Denmark, 562
influence of, on the duel, 241
in England, 564
_Jus cruentationis_, 359
_Jus feretri_, 359
_Jus Provinciale Alamannicum_ (see _Schwabenspiegel_).
_Jus Provinciale Saxonicum_ (see _Sachsenspiegel_).
_Jusjurandum in jure_, 21, 22
Jusiers, church of, its exemption, 158
Justice, tardy recognition of, 13
Justinian orders torture for adultery, 439
enforces the _talio_, 440
orders torture of witnesses, 441
Kai Kaoos orders fire ordeal, 266
Kalabarese ordeals, 254
Katrington, his duel, 179
Kayser-Recht, duel limited in, 205
denounces the duel, 212
no allusion to torture, 480
Keller, Fried., opposes torture, 576
_Keure_ de Bruges, 203
_Keyser Retenn_, 563
Khandogya Upanishad, its explanation of the ordeal, 267
Khonds, ordeals among the, 258
Kilty on duel in Maryland, 247
Kincaid, a witch-pricker, 571
King _vs._ Williams, case of, 86
Kinship a bar to duel, 141
Kinsmen, responsibility of, 14, 18, 19
their evidence, 38
not admitted in Castile, 465
as compurgators, 38, 40, 45, 48, 50
as champions, 180
witness not tortured against, 542
Knighthood, oath of, 186
Knipschild on torture of nobles, 526
Knox, John, on Bothwell’s challenge, 240
Koran, accusation of adultery in, 46
Kraku Hreidar, 111
Kshatriya caste, oaths required of, 25
La Chastaigneraye, his duel with Jarnac, 106
Lactantius, his account of persecution, 437
Ladislas, St., prevents collusion in ordeal, 405
regulates fees for ordeals, 416
Lafon, Mary, on _affaire Calas_, 585
_Lag feste men_, 41
Lambert of Redenberg, case of, 401
Lambert of Tuscany, his duel, 128
Lamoignon on counsel for accused, 517
Lance of St. Andrew, case of, 308
Lancelotti prescribes compurgation, 93
Land, communal holding of, 14
acquired by duel, 111, 211
Land-titles decided by ordeal of cross, 339
Lang, J. P., on cold-water ordeal for witches, 330
Languedoc, use of torture in, 495
Laon, theft of sacred vessels of, 136, 324, 474
Lascaris, Theod., invents a torture, 554
La Seauve, Abbey of, its revenue from ordeals, 415
Lateran, council of, 1216, on heresy, 89
forbids clerics to fight, 156
forbids the duel, 208
forbids priestly ministration in ordeals, 419
on purgation of heresy, 484
Latins, ordeals disused among, 270
Lausanne, chapter of, adjudges the duel, 162
Law means compurgation, 57
personal, not territorial, 131
Lawyers, advantage of employing, 70
exempt from torture in Castile, 467
Laymen as compurgators for clerics, 44
sin of shaving by, 403
Lebanon, Ills., bier-right in, 368
Ledesma, case of bier-right in, 366
Legislation, secular, against ordeals, 421
Legislative functions of duel, 129, 133
Legitimacy proved by ordeal, 273, 381
Le Gris and Carrouges, duel of, 229
Lemarinier, Jehan, case of, 517
Lemgow, cold-water ordeal in, 327
Lent, ordeal administered in, 410
Leo III. (Pope) clears himself by compurgation, 35
cold-water ordeal ascribed to, 321
Leo IV. forbids ordeal of lot, 353
Leo X., his prohibition of duels, 236
Leopold, Gr. Duke, abolishes torture, 586
Leper cured by St. Martin’s relics, 380
battle not allowed to, 141
_Les cous lou roi_, 163
Lescar, Bishop of, uses the ordeal, 295
_Lèse majesté_, first recognition of, in France, 495
its appearance in England, 564
Lessingon, patronage of church of, 119
Leudastes, case of, 454
_Lex apparens and simplex_, 148
_Lex Gundebalda_, 112
_Lex Monachorum_, 412
_Lex talionis_ (see _Talio_).
Lhotka, assembly of, 355
Libo, prosecution of, 443
Lie as preliminary to duel, 229
Liége, Bishop of, demands the duel, 160
use of torture in, 505
Liguaire, St., quarrel over his relics, 354
Life not to be jeoparded in torture, 465, 467
Lilburn and Claxton, case of, 244
Lille, responsibility of kindred, 19
formula of compurgation in, 78
torture not used in, 498
Lillebonne, council of, 1080, on clerical duellists, 156
on fees for ordeals, 416
Lima, fees for torturing in, 511
Limitations on the duel, 140
on use of champions, 189
on torture in Rome, 445
in Castile, 465
none in Châtelet of Paris, 500
in Italy, 506
disregarded, 526
Limbs not to be crippled in torture, 465, 467
Lindisfarne, unchaste priest of, 346
Lioba, St., undergoes ordeal of cross, 337
Lists, biers placed in, 172
_Litus_, his right to duel, 148
Liutgarda forced to duel, 123
Liutprand (King), on perjury of compurgators, 63
restricts judicial duel, 114
Liutprand, Bishop, his challenges, 129
Liutprand convicts Grossolano by ordeal, 306
Livonians asked to be relieved from ordeals, 423
_Livre de Jostice et de Plet_ requires compurgation, 76
no reference to torture, 488
Ljot the Pale, 111
Loaf of bread, ordeal of, 357
Lombard law—
rules for compurgation, 47, 50, 53
withdrawal of confession, 52
oath of compurgators, 58
ceremony of compurgation, 60
witnesses outweigh conjurators, 62
perjury of compurgators, 63
Otho II. limits compurgation, 67
judicial duel, 113
Otho II. extends use of duel, 118, 131
duel allowed to the guilty, 131
minimum limit for duel, 147
right of slaves to duel, 148
liability of clerics to duel, 155
penalty for defeat in duel, 168
kinsmen as champions, 180
champions always employed, 181
freedmen or clients, 186
restrictions on use of champions, 189
use of hot-water ordeal, 283
cold-water ordeal prohibited, 322
for slaves, 322
duel for cases of sorcery, 326
ordeal of cross prohibited, 338
London, exemption from duel granted, 201
Loquetier, Nicholas, case of, 493
Lord and vassal, no duel between, 146
Lorraine, Dukes of, their rights over duel, 238
Lorris, oaths in laws of, 23
fines for withdrawing from duel, 144
Lot, ordeal of the, 352
among Hebrews, 261
in Greece, 270
Lothair, King, his divorce from Teutberga, 281
dies of ordeal of Eucharist, 349
Lothair I. (Emp.), formula of compurgation, 53
prohibits cold-water ordeal, 322
prohibits ordeal of cross, 338
Lothair II., his use of torture, 475
Loudon, charter of, 391
Louis le Débonnaire tries Pascal I., 37
on selection of conjurators, 51
compurgation in lack of evidence, 53
on penalty for defeat, 167
condemns cold-water ordeal, 321
prohibits ordeal of cross, 338
orders freemen present at _mallum_, 472
Louis II. (Emp.), compurgation in lack of evidence, 53
decides cases in favor of Siena, 56
Louis IV. (Emp.), his charter to Dortmund, 205
punishes Ueberlingen, 363
Louis d’Outremer offers duel to Hugh Capet, 130
Louis VI. (France) grants charter of Loudun, 391
Louis VII., his charter to Lorris, 23
exempts the church of Jusiers, 158
Louis VIII., his charter to Crespy, 203
Louis IX. on use of oaths, 23
makes clients responsible for advocates, 70
his Établissements, 76
restricts challenging of judges, 125
prohibits duel between brothers, 141
enforces the _lex talionis_, 170
his struggle with feudalism, 216
his restriction of the duel, 217
punishes Enguerrand de Coucy, 221
torture not in his laws, 488
gives facilities for defence, 512
Louis X. endeavors to repress the duel, 227
orders cold-water ordeal for sorcery, 326
maintains use of torture, 494
Louis XIV. revises the torture process, 517
Louis XVI. abolishes torture in France, 585
Louis of Saxony, his use of the ordeal, 400
Lourdes exempted from duel, 202
Low _vs._ Paramore, case of, 139, 243
Lowe’s case, torture in, 571
Lubeck, introduction of torture in, 483
Lucerne, case of bier-right, 363
Lucius III. annuls judgment by ordeal, 418
Lucretius quoted for bier-right, 360
Ludlow, ordeal of Bible and key, 357
Luitzes, their duel with Saxons, 131
Lust, unnatural, torture for, in Rome, 439
Lycanthropy, prolonged torture for, 529
Lyons, council of, 1080, on simony, 62
Archbishop of, uses ordeal for heretics, 411
Macarius, St., his appeal to God, 251
Maci, Jehannin, case of, 501
Madagascar, ordeals in, 256
Madrid, compurgation in fuero of, 75
Magdeburg, thieves convicted by the duel, 135
Magi use fire-test on swaddling cloth of Christ, 315
Magic arts in duel, 139
in ordeal, 407, 410
torture in trials for, 469, 554
Magicians lose their specific gravity, 325, 334
tortured in Rome, 439
their evidence not received, 523
Magna Charta, no allusion to torture in, 564
Mahabharata, the, 14
Mahomet on accusations of adultery, 46
on interposition of God, 262
Mahuot and Plouvier, duel of, 232
Maiming, permanent, prerequisite for duel, 142
Mainz, council of, 847, ordeal for slaves, 394
council of, 848, prescribes iron ordeal, 291
councils of, 888 and 1028, prescribe the ordeal, 410
Templars offer the ordeal, 299
_Majestas_, torture in, 435, 438, 443
its extension, 436
Majjars, ordeals introduced among, 277
Majorca, duel prohibited, 214
ordeal prohibited, 424
_Mallum_, regulations for holding it, 471
Manasses of Reims deposed for simony, 62
Manava Dharma Sastra, village communities in, 14
oaths prescribed in, 25
on perjury, 267
ordeals described in, 268
Mandeure, ordeal of staff in, 396
Manichæan defeated by fire ordeal, 304
Manorial courts, compurgation in, 57
Mansuetus, St., power of his intercession, 378
Mantra in Hindu ordeals, 289
for cold-water ordeal, 319
for ordeal of balance, 335
for poison ordeal, 375
Manuscripts tested by fire, 313
Marches, Scottish, duel universal, 145
liability of clerics to duel, 158
death does not release from duel, 174
Marcus Aurelius, his exemptions from torture, 438
Maresca, Marc Antonio, case of, 520
Maria Theresa, torture in her laws, 580
Marguerite de la Pinele, case of, 503
Marmoutiers, Abbey of, case of, 404
Marne, jurisdiction of duel at, 163
Marriage, compurgation to prove nullity, 93
tested by ordeal, 336, 410
Marshal’s court, the, regulates duels, 241
Marschalck, his duel, 172
Marsigli, Hipp. de’, his case of bier-right, 365
his torture of sleeplessness, 535
on abuse of torture, 539
Martial, St., of Limoges, perjury on his altar, 373
Martin of Austrasia, 29
Martin, St., vindicates his relics, 380
his cope used in compurgation, 60
Martin II. forbids duel of Charles of Anjou, 106
Mary, wife of Otho III., story of, 293
Mary, Queen, torture under, 568
Maryland, compurgation in, 88
appeal of death in, 247
Mass as part of the ordeal, 413
mortuary, in ritual of ordeal, 394
Massachusetts, appeal of death in, 246
use of torture in, 569
_peine forte et dure_, 575
Masserano, Marquis of, 531
Master’s oath clears a slave, 22, 390
Master and serf, no duel between, 146
his consent necessary to his serf’s duel, 149
slaves not tortured against, in Rome, 442
except in treason, 443
other exceptions, 444
under Ostrogoths, 457
under Wisigoths, 459
in Spain, 464
repaid for damage to tortured slave in Rome, 445
among Barbarians, 452
under Wisigoths, 458
in Castile, 468
Maternal kindred as compurgators, 45
Mathieu le Voyer sues Louis IX., 219
Matthias Corvinus restricts the duel, 237
Maubourguet exempted from duel, 203
Maumarel, Guillaume, 157
Maur, St., perjury on his relics, 273
Maximilian I. restricts compurgation, 81
Maximus on crimes involving torture of slave against master, 444
Mazdeism, ordeals in, 265, 295
torture not prescribed in, 431
Mecklenburg, ordeal introduced into, 277
Medina del Pomar exempted from duel, 202
ordeals prohibited, 424
Melanesians, judicial duel among, 108
Men, hot-iron or water ordeal for, 292
Menelaus and Paris, their duel, 108
Mennonites, use of the lot by, 355
Mental torture efficacious, 543
Mercantile law, duel not recognized in, 165
adverse to use of torture, 483
torture used in, 530
Merchants, multiple oaths by, 28
exempted from the duel, 204
Merida, council of, 666, on torture by priests, 554
Merovingian laws, accusatorial conjurators, 94
ordeal for slaves, 453
of the lot prescribed, 353
in absence of evidence, 386
precautions against collusion in ordeals, 405
Merovingians, torture used by, 454
Merseburg, thieves convicted by the duel, 135
Messalina, her torture of patricians, 439
Metz, Bishop of, has jurisdiction over duel, 164
Mexico, ordeal of oath in, 259
Michael Palæologus condemned to ordeal, 299
Milan, disappearance of duel in, 236
fire ordeal in, 306
restrictions on torture in, 506
Miles the Stammerer, his duel, 138
Milhaud, torture used in, 499
Minimum limit of value for duel, 147
for ordeals, 391
for ordeal in India, 290
_Mir_, the Russian, 15
Miracle, endurance of torture is a, 504
Miraculous hot-water ordeals, 285
red-hot iron ordeals, 301
Miralles, Archbishop, tests relics by fire, 317
Mirandola, limitations on torture in, 507
Miroir de Souabe, ordeals in, 424
Modena, iron ordeal in, 299
Bishop of, claims jurisdiction of duel, 163
Modestinus, his estimate of torture, 446
Modestus tortured by Fredegonda, 455
_Moine de Caen_, 516
Monasteries, their interest in ordeals, 415
torture in, 560
Monks as compurgators for monks, 93
appear personally in duels, 156
torture of, 560, 568
Montaigne argues against torture, 576
Montano of Toledo, his ordeal, 305
Montargis, story of dog of, 228
Monte Cassino, test of relics by fire, 316
Montenegro, ordeal for witches, 333
Montesquieu denounces torture, 583
Montigny-le-Roi, ordeal for witches at, 331
Montfort, Simon de, restricts the duel, 208
Montpellier, limitation on duel, 146
on ordeal, 387
Montricher, Sire de, case of, 150
Monza, duel of abbey at, 158
Mt. Gerizim, its claims tested by fire, 314
Moore, Samuel, case of, 510
Morann, his miraculous chain, 272
Moravia, the duel in, 205
Mortuary mass in ritual of ordeal, 394
Motive extenuates perjury, 31, 268
Mowbray, Francis, condemned to the duel, 240
Mozarabic rite defended by duel, 132
tested by fire, 313
Mstislas Davidovich exempts merchants from the duel, 204
Muh-Wang, his instructions to his judges, 252
Multiple oaths, 28
Municipal champions, 196
Muratori on ordeal for witches, 332
Murder (see _Homicide_).
Mutilation of defeated champions, 184
under torture unusual, 532
Myagh, Thos., his torture, 569
Myrc, John, instructions to priests, 242
Name written on paper and used in ordeal, 398
Namur, council of, sustains the duel, 238
Naples (see _Sicilian Constitutions_).
fire ordeal in 1811, 317
ordeals prohibited in, 422
punishment for suspicion in, 520
torture after conviction, 546
modern torture in, 587
Natives can decline duel with strangers, 141
Navarre and Castile, proposed duel between, 129
late introduction of torture, 469
_Neffn i kyn_, 41
_Nefninge_, 562
Negative proofs in Barbarian laws, 73
rejected, 74
unknown to Roman law, 272
Nehring, J. C., oil ordeal for witches, 331
_Nempdarii_, 563
Nero, his torture of Christians, 436
Netherlands, compurgation in, 81
ordeal of balance in, 335
bier-right in, 365
torture system in, 521
torture abolished in, 578
Neuwald on ordeal for witches, 327
New Granada, abuse of torture in, 540
modern use of torture, 582
New Hampshire, judicial duel in, 247
New Jersey, bier-right in, 367
New York, bier-right in, 396
Niam-Niam, ordeals among the, 256
Nicene creed, confirmation of, 379
Nicetius, St., power of his intercession, 378
Nicholas I. discourages the duel, 156, 207
forbids use of torture, 478
Nicholas, St., saves a convict from hanging, 381
Nicolas, Augustin, on torture system, 552, 577
Nieuport, laws of, on compurgation, 54, 66
no allusion to duel, 202
iron ordeal plebeian, 292
Nihilism, torture used to suppress it, 587
Nimrod exposes Abraham to fire ordeal, 303
_Nithstong_, 174
Nivard, Guillaume, case of, 493
Noailles, monks of, their duel, 196
Nobles can only be challenged by nobles, 150
allowed to employ champions, 193
subjected to cold-water ordeal, 323
their exemption from torture
under Wisigoths, 460
in Spain, 463, 466
torture of, in Champagne, 496
their liability to torture, 499, 500
exemption limited in Germany, 525
claim exemption in England, 570
and villeins, duels between, 149
Nod-men, 45, 60
Norgaud of Autun, his trial for simony, 59, 66
Normandy, formula of compurgation, 58
survival of compurgation, 79
duels in real estate cases, 146
limit of value for duel, 148
penalty for defeat in duel, 167, 169
_lex talionis_ introduced, 170
champions as witnesses, 183
punishment of defeated champions, 184
hiring of champions forbidden, 190
duel legal till 1583, 231
ordeal for all suspects, 388
ordeals become obsolete, 423
torture not used in, 487
torture introduced, 495
Normans not liable to duel with Saxons, 115, 394
Norsemen, their use of oaths, 26, 27
form of oath used by, 25
compurgation used by, 35
duel supersedes compurgation, 61
accusatorial compurgators, 97
use of judicial duel, 111
ordeal used by, 274
hot-water ordeal, 283
use of torture, 561
Northampton, Assizes of, on the ordeal, 322, 400
Norway, selection of compurgators, 50
oaths of compurgators, 59
accusatorial conjurators, 97
duel abolished, 199
ordeals prohibited, 422
Nôtre Dame de Paris, its liability to duel, 159
chapter of, adjudges the duel, 163
_Nouveaux indices survenus_, 518
Novara, Bishop of, claims jurisdiction of duel, 163
Nucius, Nicander, on torture in England, 568
Nullity of marriage, compurgation in, 93
Number of compurgators, 39
for clerics, 36
Nuns, torture of, 560
Nürnberg exempted from the duel, 204
Oaths, 21
in Roman law, 21
their purgatorial power, 22
guarantees required for, 25
reduplicated, 28
relics necessary for, 29
simplicity of, in Spain, 32
of clerics, 36, 414
of denial, in Wales, 55
of conjurators, 58
value of conjuratorial, 62
of conjurators modified, 71
disculpatory, in Suabia, 98
preliminary, in duels, 139, 166
not required in China, 252
as ordeals, 32, 371
among the Khonds, 258
among Aztecs, 259
among Ostiaks, 259
among Samoiedes, 259
in Islam, 263
in Greece, 269
in Rome, 270
Oath and ordeal alternative, 391
of master clears a slave, 390
convicts not admitted to, 392
of discharged prisoner, 550
O’Connors, duel of the, 243
Odin, his torture by Geirröd, 454
Odum wood, ordeal of, 255
Oelsner, his explanation of bier-right, 369
Officials exempt from torture in Spain, 463
of cities, their exemption, 495
Oil, boiling, ordeal of, 283
in Ethiopia, 256
among the Khonds, 258
Olaf, St., his ordeal, 296
his relics tested with fire, 316
saves a convict from hanging, 381
his use of the ordeal, 404
Olaf Trygvesson, his duel with Alfin, 115
Olaus Magnus on water torture, 510
Oldenkop on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 328
_Olim_, the, compurgation in, 76
cases of duel in, 224
cases of torture in, 491
Oodeypur, ordeal in 1873, 290
Opstallesboom, laws of, no torture in, 563
Oracles as ordeals, 260
Ordeal, the, 249
for _roturiers_, 58
combined with compurgation, 61, 389
administered by priests, 276
varieties of, 277
of boiling water, 278
of red-hot iron, 287
of fire, 303
of cold water, 318
of the balance, 334
of the cross, 336
of bread and cheese, 339
of the Eucharist, 344
of the lot, 352
of Bible and key, 357
of sieve-driving, 358
bier-right, 359
oaths as ordeals, 371
poison ordeals, 375
irregular ordeals, 377
of Holy Ghost, 381
for witches, 382
of the staff, 397
as preparatory to torture, 329
conditions of its use, 383
for accusers, 385, 389
in default of evidence, 385, 386
at demand of accuser, 386
of accused, 387
of both parties, 387
for ill-repute, 388, 392
in failure of compurgation, 390
and oath alternative, 391
as a punishment, 391
and compurgation alternative, 392
ritual of, 394
as a torture, 394
replaced by torture, 395, 429
champions in, 295, 337, 390, 398, 400
confidence reposed in it, 399
explanations of its injustice, 401
efforts to preserve its purity, 405
usually results in acquittal, 406
its relation to the Church, 408
fees and profits derived from it, 415
abuses of, 417
prohibited by the papacy, 418
suppression by secular law, 421
used to supplement torture, 481
Ordeal-iron, 288
Ordeal nut, 254
Ordenamiento de Alcalá, 216
_Ordines_ for ordeals, 276, 413
Ordonnance of 1254, 487, 490 of 1670, 517
Orissa, ordeals in, 258
Orleans, limit of value for duel, 147
punishment for suspicion in, 521
Bishop of, grants the duel, 162
claims jurisdiction of duel, 163
Orphans not liable to duel, 141
Ostiaks, oath-ordeal among, 259
Ostrogoths, compurgation not used, 34
judicial duel not used, 116
their use of torture, 456
Oswyn, his relics tested by fire, 316
Othlonus, case related by, 403
Otho I. favors the duel, 128
punishes refusal of duel, 131
Otho II. limits compurgation, 67
extends use of duel, 109, 118, 131
minimum limit for duel, 147
subjects the Church to duel, 155
restricts use of champions, 189
Otho of Bavaria sentenced to duel, 132
Otto Premizlas, compounding for the ordeal, 384
fees for ordeals, 416
Oudewater, scales for weighing witches, 335
Outlaws, torture of, in Iceland, 562
Outlawry for refusal of ordeal, 383
after success in ordeal, 400
Outsworn, 61
ordeal in such cases, 390
_Overcythed_, 61
Owner of slaves (see _Master_).
_Pabulum probationis_, 339
Pachymere, George, describes the ordeal, 299
Pain, insensibility of witches to, 556
methods of acquiring insensibility, 408, 557
Palencia, council of, 1322, prohibits ordeals, 424
Palermo, abuse of torture, 587
Pallor may justify torture, 537
_Panis conjuratio_, 339
Papacy, its opposition to the duel, 207
it opposes the ordeal, 409, 414
its final assault on the ordeal, 417
Paper with names of accused submitted to ordeal, 398
Pardon, promise of, in witch-trials, 558
_Parikyah_, 269
Paris, church of, its liability to duel, 157, 159
council of, 1212, restricts the duel, 209
Parker and Vaughan, duel of, 242
Parlement of Paris rarely prescribes compurgation, 76, 77
extension of its jurisdiction, 220
discourages the duel, 224
on lie as preliminary to duel, 229
its right to grant the duel, 230
forbids ordeal for witchcraft, 330
cases of torture before, 491
Parliament, English, rejects the Roman law, 566
declines to abrogate the duel, 244
debate on appeal of death, 245
Parricide, red-hot iron ordeal for, 291
punished with iron bands, 377
Parsis, ordeal among the, 265, 295
_Partidas las Siete, jura de juicio_ in, 22
privilege of bishops’ oaths, 36
negative proofs rejected, 74, 424
use of champions, 195
restrictions on duel, 214
regulation of torture, 462
Partial confession, 46
Pascal I. clears himself by compurgation, 36
Paterculus, account of duels ascribed to, 112
_Paterfamilias_, authority of, 444
Paternal kindred as compurgators, 45
Paternity, proved by compurgation, 55
by water ordeal, 285
by iron ordeal, 294
by recognition, 381
torture to discover, 561
_Patræ_, Hellenic, 15
Patriarchate of Constantinople, test of, 313
Patricians exempt from torture in Rome, 438
tortured by Messalina, 439
Patrick, St., restricts judicial duel, 109
perjury on his relics, 374
Patron, freedman not tortured against, 442
Paul, St., his Roman citizenship, 440
Paulus Jovius on Russian torture, 509
Peacham’s case, torture in, 568
Peasants, their right to the duel, 148
champions not allowed, 193
accused, can choose ordeal, 387
Pedro the Cruel, compurgation in his _Fuero_, 80
Pedro III. of Aragon challenged by Charles of Anjou, 105
Pedro IV. (Aragon) grants duel to Thomas Felton, 229
Peers of accused as conjurators, 43
Pehlvi, the ordeal in, 266
_Peine forte et dure_, 574
Pelagius I., his purgatorial oath, 28
Penance for perjured oaths, 30
for priest engaging in duel, 156
for the _sortes sanctorum_, 354
Penitentials, the, on oaths, 29
Penniwinkis, torture of, 573
Pennsylvania, bier-right in, 367