A.D. 1661
FLORENCE NEWTON, THE WITCH OF YOUGHAL
With the Restoration of King Charles II witchcraft did not cease; on the
other hand it went on with unimpaired vigour, and several important cases
were brought to trial in England. In one instance, at least, it made its
appearance in Ireland, this time far south, at Youghal. The extraordinary
tale of Florence Newton and her doings, which is related below, forms the
seventh Relation in Glanvill's _Sadducismus Triumphatus_ (London, 1726);
it may also be found, together with some English cases of notoriety, in
Francis Bragge's _Witchcraft further displayed_ (London, 1712). It is from
the first of these sources that we have taken it, and reproduce it here
verbatim, except that some redundant matter has been omitted, _i.e._ where
one witness relates facts(!) which have already been brought forward as
evidence in the examination of a previous witness, and which therefore do
not add to our knowledge, though no doubt they materially contributed to
strengthen the case against the unfortunate old woman. Hayman in his
_Guide to Youghal_ attributes the whole affair to the credulity of the
Puritan settlers, who were firm believers in such things. In this he is
correct no doubt, but it should be borne in mind by the reader that such a
belief was not confined to the new-comers at Youghal, but was common
property throughout England and Ireland.
The tale shows that there was a little covey of suspected witches in
Youghal at that date, as well as some skilful amateur witch-finders
(Messrs. Perry, Greatrakes, and Blackwall). From the readiness with which
the Mayor proposed to try the "water-experiment" one is led to suspect
that such a process as swimming a witch was not altogether unknown in
Youghal. For the benefit of the uninitiated we may briefly describe the
actual process, which, as we shall see, the Mayor contemplated, but did
not actually carry out. The suspected witch is taken, her right thumb tied
to her left great toe, and _vice versâ_. She is then thrown into the
water: if she _sinks_ (and drowns, by any chance!) her innocence is
conclusively established; if, on the other hand, she _floats_, her
witchcraft is proven, for water, as being the element in Baptism, refuses
to receive such a sinner in its bosom.
"Florence Newton was committed to Youghal prison by the Mayor of the
town, 24th March 1661, for bewitching Mary Longdon, who gave evidence
against her at the Cork Assizes (11th September), as follows:
"Mary Longdon being sworn, and bidden to look upon the prisoner, her
countenance chang'd pale, and she was very fearful to look towards
her, but at last she did, and being asked whether she knew her, she
said she did, and wish'd she never had. Being asked how long she had
known her, she said for three or four years. And that at Christmas the
said Florence came to the Deponent, at the house of John Pyne in
Youghal, where the Deponent was a servant, and asked her to give her a
piece of Beef out of the Powdering Tub; and the Defendant answering
her that she would not give away her Master's Beef, the said Florence
seemed to be very angry, and said, _Thou had'st as good give it me_,
and went away grumbling.
"That about a week after the Defendant going to the water with a Pail
of Cloth on her head she met the said Florence Newton, who came full
in her Face, and threw the Pail off her head, and violently kiss'd
her, and said, _Mary, I pray thee let thee and I be Friends; for I
bear thee no ill will, and I pray thee do thou bear me none_. And that
she the Defendant afterwards went home, and that within a few Days
after she saw a Woman with a Vail over her Face stand by her bedside,
and one standing by her like a little old Man in Silk Cloaths, and
that this Man whom she took to be a Spirit drew the Vail off the
Woman's Face, and then she knew it to be Goody Newton: and that the
Spirit spoke to the Defendant and would have her promise him to follow
his advice and she would have all things after her own Heart, to
which she says she answered that she would have nothing to say to him,
for her trust was in the Lord.
"That within a month after the said Florence had kiss'd her, she this
Defendant fell very ill of Fits or Trances, which would take her on a
sudden, in that violence that three or four men could not hold her;
and in her Fits she would be taken with Vomiting, and would vomit up
Needles, Pins, Horsenails, Stubbs, Wooll, and Straw, and that very
often. And being asked whether she perceived at these times what she
vomited? She replied, she did; for then she was not in so great
distraction as in other parts of her Fits she was. And that before the
first beginning of her Fits several (and very many) small stones would
fall upon her as she went up and down, and would follow her from place
to place, and from one Room to another, and would hit her on the head,
shoulders, and arms, and fall to the ground and vanish away. And that
she and several others would see them both fall upon her and on the
ground, but could never take them, save only some few which she and
her Master caught in their hands. Amongst which one that had a hole in
it she tied (as she was advised) with a leather thong to her Purse,
but it was vanish'd immediately, though the latter continu'd tied in a
fast knot.
"That in her Fits she often saw Florence Newton, and cried out against
her for tormenting of her, for she says, that she would several times
Stick Pins into her Arms, and some of them so fast, that a Man must
pluck three or four times to get out the Pins, and they were stuck
between the skin and the flesh. That sometimes she would be remov'd
out of the bed into another Room, sometimes she would be carried to
the top of the House, and laid on a board between two Sollar Beams,
sometimes put into a Chest, sometimes under a parcel of Wooll,
sometimes between two Feather-Beds on which she used to lie, and
sometimes between the Bed and the Mat in her Master's Chamber, in the
Daytime. And being asked how she knew that she was thus carried about
and disposed of, seeing in her Fits she was in a violent distraction?
She answered, she never knew where she was, till they of the Family
and the Neighbours with them, would be taking her out of the places
whither she was so carried and removed. And being asked the reason and
wherefore she cried out so much against the said Florence Newton in
her Fits? She answered, because she saw her, and felt her torturing
her.
"And being asked how she could think it was Florence Newton that did
her this prejudice? She said, first, because she threatened her, then
because after she had kiss'd her she fell into these Fits, and that
she saw and felt her tormenting. And lastly, that when the people of
the Family, by advice of the Neighbours and consent of the Mayor, had
sent for Florence Newton to come to the Defendant, she was always
worse when she was brought to her, and her Fits more violent than at
another time. And that after the said Florence was committed at
Youghal the Defendant was not troubled, but was very well till a
little while after the said Florence was removed to Cork, and then the
Defendant was as ill as ever before. And then the Mayor of Youghal,
one Mr. Mayre, sent to know whether the said Florence was bolted (as
the Defendant was told), and finding she was not, the order was given
to put her Bolts on her; which being done, the Deponent saith she was
well again, and so hath continued ever since, and being asked whether
she had such like Fits before the said Florence gave her the kiss, she
saith she never had any, but believed that with the kiss she bewitch'd
her, and rather because she had heard from Nicholas Pyne and others
that Florence had confessed so much.
"This Mary Longdon having closed her evidence, Florence Newton peeped
at her as it were betwixt the heads of the bystanders that interposed
between her and the said Mary, and lifting up both her hands together,
as they were manacled, cast them in a violent angry motion (as was
observed by W. Aston) towards the said Mary, as if she intended to
strike at her if she could have reached her, and said, _Now she is
down_. Upon which the Maid fell suddenly down to the ground like a
stone, and fell into a most violent Fit, that all the people that
could come to lay hands on her could scarce hold her, she biting her
own arms and shreeking out in a most hideous manner, to the amazement
of all the Beholders. And continuing so for about a quarter of an hour
(the said Florence Newton sitting by herself all that while pinching
her own hands and arms, as was sworn by some that observed her), the
Maid was ordered to be carried out of Court, and taken into a House.
Whence several Persons after that brought word, that the Maid was in a
Vomiting Fit, and they brought in several crook'd Pins, and Straws,
and Wooll, in white Foam like Spittle, in great proportion. Whereupon
the Court having taken notice that the Maid said she had been very
well when the said Florence was in Bolts, and ill again when out of
them, till they were again put on her, demanded of the Jaylor if she
were in Bolts or no, to which he said she was not, only manacled. Upon
which order was given to put on her Bolts, and upon putting them on
she cried out that she was killed, she was undone, she was spoiled,
why do you torment me thus? and so continued complaining grievously
for half a quarter of an hour. And then came in a messenger from the
Maid, and informed the Court the Maid was well. At which Florence
immediately and cholerickly uttered these words, _She is not well
yet!_ And being demanded, how she knew this, she denied she said so,
though many in Court heard her say the words, and she said, if she
did, she knew not what she said, being old and disquieted, and
distracted with her sufferings. But the Maid being reasonably well
come to herself, was, before the Court knew anything of it, sent out
of Town to Youghall, and so was no further examined.
"The Fit of the Maid being urged by the Court with all the
circumstance of it upon Florence Newton, to have been a continuance of
her devilish practice, she denied it, and likewise the motion of her
hands, and the saying, _Now she is down_, though the Court saw the
first, and the words were sworn to by one Roger Moor. And Thomas
Harrison swore that he had observed the said Florence peep at her, and
use that motion with her hands, and saw the Maid fall immediately
upon that motion, and heard the words, _Now she is down_, uttered.
"Nicholas Stout was next produced by Mr. Attorney-General, who being
sworn and examined, saith, That he had often tried her, having heard
say that Witches could not say the Lord's Prayer, whether she could or
no, and she could not. Whereupon she said she could say it, and had
often said it, and the Court being desired by her to hear her say it,
gave her leave; and four times together after these words, _Give us
this day our daily bread_, she continually said, _As we forgive them_,
leaving out altogether the words, _And forgive us our trespasses_,
upon which the Court appointed one near her to teach her the words she
left out. But she either could not, or would not, say them, using only
these or the like words when these were repeated, _Ay, ay, trespasses,
that's the word_. And being often pressed to utter the words as they
were repeated to her, she did not. And being asked the reason, she
said she was old and had a bad memory; and being asked how her memory
served her so well for other parts of the Prayer, and only failed her
for that, she said she knew not, neither could she help it.
"John Pyne being likewise sworn and examined, saith, That about
January last [1661] the said Mary Longdon, being his Servant, was much
troubled with small stones that were thrown at her [&c., as in the
Deponent's statement, other items of which he also corroborated]. That
sometimes the Maid would be reading in a Bible, and on a sudden he
hath seen the Bible struck out of her Hand into the middle of the
Room, and she immediately cast into a violent Fit. That in the Fits he
hath seen two Bibles laid on her Breast, and in the twinkling of an
eye they would be cast betwixt the two Beds the Maid lay upon,
sometimes thrown into the middle of the Room, and that Nicholas Pyne
held the Bible in the Maid's hand so fast, that it being suddenly
snatch'd away, two of the leaves were torn.
"Nicholas Pyne being sworn, saith, That the second night after that
the Witch had been in Prison, being the 24th [26?] of March last, he
and Joseph Thompson, Roger Hawkins, and some others went to speak
with her concerning the Maid, and told her that it was the general
opinion of the Town that she had bewitched her, and desired her to
deal freely with them, whether she had bewitched her or no. She said
she had not _bewitched_ her, but it may be she had _overlooked_ her,
and that there was a great difference between bewitching and
overlooking, and that she could not have done her any harm if she had
not touch'd her, and that therefore she had kiss'd her. And she said
that what mischief she thought of at that time she kiss'd her, that
would fall upon her, and that she could not but confess she had
wronged the Maid, and thereupon fell down upon her knees, and prayed
God to forgive her for wronging the poor Wench. They wish'd that she
might not be wholly destroyed by her; to which she said, it must be
another that would help her, and not they that did the harm. And then
she said, that there were others, as Goody Halfpenny and Goody Dod, in
Town, that could do these things as well as she, and that it might be
one of these that had done the Maid wrong.
"He further saith, That towards Evening the Door of the Prison shook,
and she arose up hastily and said, _What makest thow here this time a
night?_ And there was a very great noise, as if some body with Bolts
and Chains had been running up and down the Room, and they asked her
what it was she spoke to, and what it was that made the noise; and she
said she saw nothing, neither did she speak, and if she did, it was
she knew not what. But the next day she confess'd it was a Spirit, and
her Familiar, in the shape of a Greyhound.
"He further saith, That he and Mr. Edward Perry and others for Trial
of her took a Tile off the Prison, went to the place where the Witch
lay, and carried it to the House where the Maid lived, and put it in
the fire until it was red-hot, and then dripped some of the Maid's
water upon it, and the Witch was then grievously tormented, and when
the water consumed she was well again.
"Edward Perry being likewise sworn, deposeth, That he, Mr. Greatrix,
and Mr. Blackwall went to the Maid, and Mr. Greatrix and he had read
of a way to discover a Witch, which he would practise. And so they
sent for the Witch, and set her on a Stool, and a Shoemaker with a
strong Awl endeavoured to stick it into the Stool, but could not till
the third time. And then they bade her come off the Stool, but she
said she was very weary and could not stir. Then two of them pulled
her off, and the Man went to pull out his Awl, and it dropped into his
hand with half an Inch broke off the blade of it, and they all looked
to have found where it had been stuck, but could find no place where
any entry had been made by it. Then they took another Awl, and put it
into the Maid's hand, and one of them took the Maid's hand, and ran
violently at the Witch's hand with it, but could not enter it, though
the Awl was so bent that none of them could put it straight again.
Then Mr. Blackwall took a Launce, and launc'd one of her hands an Inch
and a half long, and a quarter of an Inch deep, but it bled not at
all. Then he launc'd the other hand, and then they bled.
"He further saith, That after she was in Prison he went with Roger
Hawkins and others to discourse with the Witch about the Maid, and
they asked what it was she spoke to the day before, and after some
denial she said it was a Greyhound which was her Familiar, and went
out at the Window; and then she said, _If I have done the Maid hurt I
am sorry for it_. And being asked whether she had done her any hurt
she said she never did _bewitch_ her, but confess'd she had
_overlooked_ her, at that time she kiss'd her, but that she could not
now help her, for none could help her that did the mishap, but others.
Further the Deponent saith, That meeting after the Assizes at Cashel
with one William Lap [who suggested the test of the tile, &c.].
"Mr. Wood, a Minister, being likewise sworn and examined, deposeth,
That having heard of the stones dropped and thrown at the Maid, and of
her Fits, and meeting with the Maid's Brother, he went along with him
to the Maid, and found her in her Fit, crying out against Gammer
Newton, that she prick'd and hurt her. And when she came to herself he
asked her what had troubled her; and she said Gammer Newton. And the
Deponent saith, Why, she was not there. _Yes_, said she, _I saw her by
my bedside_. The Deponent then asked her the original of all, which
she related from the time of her begging the Beef, and after kissing,
and so to that time. That then they caused the Maid to be got up, and
sent for Florence Newton, but she refused to come, pretending she was
sick, though it indeed appeared she was well. Then the Mayor of
Youghall came in, and spoke with the Maid, and then sent again and
caused Florence Newton to be brought in, and immediately the Maid fell
into her Fit far more violent, and three times as long as at any other
time, and all the time the Witch was in the Chamber the Maid cried out
continually of her being hurt here and there, but never named the
Witch: but as soon as she was removed, then she cried out against her
by the name of Gammer Newton, and this for several times. And still
when the Witch was out of the Chamber the Maid would desire to go to
Prayers, and he found good affections of her in time of Prayer, but
when the Witch was brought in again, though never so privately,
although she could not possibly, as the Deponent conceives, see her,
she would be immediately senseless, and like to be strangled, and so
would continue till the Witch was taken out, and then though never so
privately carried away she would come again to her senses. That
afterwards Mr. Greatrix, Mr. Blackwall, and some others, who would
need satisfy themselves in the influence of the Witch's presence,
tried it and found it several times.
"Richard Mayre, Mayor of Youghall, sworn, saith, That about the 24th
of March last he sent for Florence Newton and examined her about the
Maid, and she at first denied it, and accused Goodwife Halfpenny and
Goodwife Dod, but at length when he had caused a Boat to be provided,
and thought to have tried the Water-Experiment on all three, Florence
Newton confessed to overlooking. Then he likewise examined the other
two Women, but they utterly denied it, and were content to abide any
trial; whereupon he caused Dod, Halfpenny, and Newton to be carried to
the Maid; and he told her that these two Women, or one of them, were
said by Gammer Newton to have done her hurt, but she said, _No, no,
they are honest Women, but it is Gammer Newton that hurts me, and I
believe she is not far off_. [She was then brought in privately, with
the usual result.] He further deposeth that there were three Aldermen
in Youghall, whose children she had kiss'd, as he had heard them
affirm, and all the children died presently after.
"Joseph Thompson being likewise sworn, saith [the same as Nicholas
Pyne relative to the Greyhound-Familiar.]
"Hitherto we have heard the most considerable Evidence touching
Florence Newton's witchcraft upon Mary Longdon, for which she was
committed to Youghall Prison, 24th March 1661. But April following she
bewitched one David Jones to death by kissing his hand through the
Grate of the Prison, for which she was indicted at Cork Assizes, and
the evidence is as follows:
"Elenor Jones, Relict of the said David Jones, being sworn and
examined in open Court what she knew concerning any practice of
Witchcraft by the said Florence Newton upon the said David Jones her
Husband, gave in Evidence, That in April last the said David, having
been out all Night, came home early in the Morning, and said to her,
_Where dost thou think I have been all Night?_ To which she answered
she knew not; whereupon he replied, _I and Frank Beseley have been
standing Centinel over the Witch all night_. To which the said Elenor
said, _Why, what hurt is that?_ _Hurt?_ quoth he. _Marry I doubt it's
never a jot the better for me; for she hath kiss'd my Hand, and I have
a great pain in that arm, and I verily believe she hath bewitch'd me,
if ever she bewitch'd any Man._ To which she answered, _The Lord
forbid!_ That all that Night, and continually from that time, he was
restless and ill, complaining exceedingly of a great pain in his arm
for seven days together, and at the seven days' end he complained that
the pain was come from his Arm to his Heart, and then kept his bed
Night and Day, grievously afflicted, and crying out against Florence
Newton, and about fourteen days after he died.
"Francis Beseley being sworn and examined, saith, That about the time
aforementioned meeting with the said David Jones, and discoursing with
him of the several reports then stirring concerning the said Florence
Newton, that she had several Familiars resorting to her in sundry
shapes, the said David Jones told him he had a great mind to watch her
one Night to see whether he could observe any Cats or other Creatures
resort to her through the Grate, as 'twas suspected they did, and
desired the said Francis to go with him, which he did. And that when
they came thither David Jones came to Florence, and told her that he
heard she could not say the Lord's Prayer; to which she answered, She
could. He then desir'd her to say it, but she excused herself by the
decay of Memory through old Age. Then David Jones began to teach her,
but she could not or would not say it, though often taught it. Upon
which the said Jones and Beseley being withdrawn a little from her,
and discoursing of her not being able to learn this Prayer, she called
out to David Jones, and said, _David, David, come hither, I can say
the Lord's Prayer now_. Upon which David went towards her, and the
said Deponent would have pluckt him back, and persuaded him not to
have gone to her, but he would not be persuaded, but went to the Grate
to her, and she began to say the Lord's Prayer, but could not say
_Forgive us our trespasses_, so that David again taught her, which she
seem'd to take very thankfully, and told him she had a great mind to
have kiss'd him, but that the Grate hindered her, but desired she
might kiss his Hand; whereupon he gave her his Hand through the Grate,
and she kiss'd it; and towards break of Day they went away and parted,
and soon after the Deponent heard that David Jones was ill. Whereupon
he went to visit him, [and was told by him that the Hag] had him by
the Hand, and was pulling off his Arm. And he said, _Do you not see
the old hag How she pulls me? Well, I lay my Death on her, she has
bewitch'd me._ About fourteen days languishing he died."
This concludes the account of Florence Newton's trial, as given by
Glanvill; the source from which it was taken will be alluded to shortly.
It would seem that the witch was indicted upon two separate charges, viz.
with bewitching the servant-girl, Mary Longdon, and with causing the death
of David Jones. The case must have created considerable commotion in
Youghal, and was considered so important that the Attorney-General went
down to prosecute, but unfortunately there is no record of the verdict. If
found guilty (and we can have little doubt but that she was), she would
have been sentenced to death in pursuance of the Elizabethan Statute,
section 1.
Many of the actors in the affair were persons of local prominence, and can
be identified. The "Mr. Greatrix" was Valentine Greatrakes, the famous
healer or "stroker," who also makes his appearance in the tale of the
haunted butler (see p. 164). He was born in 1629, and died in 1683. He
joined the Parliamentary Army, and when it was disbanded in 1656, became a
country magistrate. At the Restoration he was deprived of his offices, and
then gave himself up to a life of contemplation. In 1662 the idea seized
him that he had the power of healing the king's-evil. He kept the matter
quiet for some time, but at last communicated it to his wife, who jokingly
bade him try his power on a boy in the neighbourhood. Accordingly he laid
his hands on the affected parts with prayer, and within a month the boy
was healed. Gradually his fame spread, until patients came to him from
various parts of England as well as Ireland. In 1665 he received an
invitation from Lord Conway to come to Ragley to cure his wife of
perpetual headaches. He stayed at Ragley about three weeks, and while
there he entertained his hosts with the story of Florence Newton and her
doings; although he did not succeed in curing Lady Conway, yet many
persons in the neighbourhood benefited by his treatment. The form of words
he always used was: "God Almighty heal thee for His mercy's sake"; and if
the patient professed to receive any benefit he bade them give God the
praise. He took no fees, and rejected cases which were manifestly
incurable. In modern times the cures have been reasonably attributed to
animal magnetism. He was buried beside his father at Affane, co.
Waterford.[33] Some of his contemporaries had a very poor opinion of him;
Increase Mather, writing in 1684, alludes contemptuously to "the late
miracle-monger or Mirabilian stroaker in Ireland, Valentine Greatrix,"
whom he accuses of attempting to cure an ague by the use of that
"hobgoblin word, _Abrodacara_."
John Pyne, the employer of the bewitched servant-girl, served as Bailiff
of Youghal along with Edward Perry in 1664, the latter becoming Mayor in
1674; both struck tradesmen's tokens of the usual type. Richard Myres was
Bailiff of Youghal in 1642, and Mayor in 1647 and 1660. The Rev. James
Wood was appointed "minister of the gospel" at Youghal, by the
Commonwealth Government, at a salary of £120 per annum; in 1654 his
stipend was raised to £140, and in the following year he got a further
increase of £40. He was sworn in a freeman at large in 1656, and appears
to have been presented by the Grand Jury in 1683 as a religious
vagrant.[34]
Furthermore, it seems possible to recover the name of the Judge who tried
the case at the Cork Assizes. Glanvill says that he took the Relation from
"a copy of an Authentick Record, as I conceive, every half-sheet having W.
Aston writ in the Margin, and then again W. Aston at the end of all, who
in all likelihood must be some publick Notary or Record-Keeper." This man,
who is also mentioned in the narrative, is to be identified with Judge Sir
William Aston, who after the establishment of the Commonwealth came to
Ireland, and was there practising as a barrister at the time of the
Restoration, having previously served in the royalist army. On 3rd
November 1660 he was appointed senior puisne Judge of the Chief Place, and
died in 1671.[35] The story accordingly is based on the notes taken by the
Judge before whom the case was brought, and is therefore of considerable
value, in that it affords us a picture, drawn by an eye-witness in full
possession of all the facts, of a witch-trial in Ireland in the middle of
the seventeenth century.