CHAPTER XXVIII.

THE AUKATI LINE.

Manga-o-rongo--Mangatutu River--The encampment--A sumptuous

repast--The _kainga_--Surrounding scenery--Old warriors--The

tribes--The _Korero_--Arrival of Te Kooti--His wife--His

followers--A tête-à-tête--A song of welcome--_A haka_--Departure

from Manga-o-rongo--Waipa River--Valley of the Waipa--Our last

difficulty.

The nearest way for us to have reached civilization from Hengia would

have been to travel straight to Kihikihi; but there was great talk of a

native meeting to be held at Manga-o-rongo, a settlement situated at

some distance further south from where we were, and as it was stated

that Te Kooti and a large number of natives from all parts would be

there, I determined to attend the _korero_, as much as anything to see

the ex-rebel chief of whom I had heard so much, and afterwards pass to

Alexandra by way of the valley of the Waipa.

We left Hengia at daybreak with a party of natives, who were going in

the same direction as ourselves, and took a southerly course through

a district known as Wharepapa, and which led us in the direction of

the Rangitoto Mountains. As we approached the valley of the Mangatutu

River, the country became more undulating, until we gained the bed of

the stream, which wound in a remarkably serpentine course from the

Rangitoto Mountains. In the bed of the river the natives pointed out

several curious kinds of stone, in form not unlike the blade of an axe,

and which were formerly sharpened and used as tomahawks by the tribes

of the district. The country hereabouts fell rapidly from 500 to 300

feet, and gradually became of a lesser altitude as we went on. Crossing

the river, we continued our course through the open, fern-clad plains

known to the natives as Manutarere, passing on our right a rock which

rose like a rude monument from the centre of a circular basin of low

hills.

Beyond this point we passed through a native _kainga,_ known as

Patokatoka, and soon afterwards reached Manga-o-rongo. A large

encampment of natives was already formed, and great preparations were

being made for the gathering; pigs were being slaughtered by the dozen,

bevies of women and girls were busy at work with delicacies intended

for the feast, while mounted natives were riding to and fro in every

direction.

We rode into the _kainga_ with the natives who had accompanied us

from Hengia, and were received with loud shouts of _haeremai_ from

the women, who danced about and circled their arms in the air in the

wildest way.

When the _hongi_ had been performed, and a _tangi_ had been held--for

they wept here as they had done at Pouotepiki--we were invited to sit

down in a circle with the natives who had accompanied us, and soon

afterwards a number of women and girls, who came tripping along in

Indian file, singing a wild refrain, brought us pork and potatoes and

bread and _kumaras,_ in plaited flax baskets, each _hapu_ present

contributing according to custom, a certain quantity, so that in a

short time we had food enough around us to last us for a month. We ate

heartily of the good things placed before us, but we had great fights

over our banquet with the half-starved dogs assembled from all parts

of the country, and which became so audacious in their efforts to

obtain our luxuries, that we had to keep our whips going right and left

all the time.

[Illustration: NATIVE GIRL.]

We remained at Manga-o-rongo for three days, during which time we

had a good opportunity of examining the settlement and the general

features of the surrounding country. The _kainga_, composed for the

most part of a number of scattered _whares_ separated by broad patches

of cultivation, was situated in a deep, basin-like depression in the

upper valley of the Waipa, and upon the banks of a small river called

the Manga-o-rongo, one of the principal tributaries of the Waipa. The

scenery of the adjacent country was very attractive, the Rangitoto

Mountains forming a beautiful and conspicuous feature to the south.

The Rangitoto Mountains, the highest points of which attained to an

altitude of about 2500 feet, were clothed to their summits with a dense

vegetation, and flanked with lower hills covered with a luxuriant

growth of fern, while winding valleys and deep ravines stretched far

into the rugged fastnesses beyond. To the westward of the Rangitoto

ranges were the mountains of the Kuiti, where the deep green forests

were interspersed with wide stretches of open fern, which swept down

to the undulating hills at their base. On all other sides the country

around Manga-o-rongo was open, and presented a series of broad, rolling

plains, covered with low fern, and where the dark alluvial soil was of

the richest description.

We were given quarters in one of the principal _wharepunis_ in the

centre of the _kainga_, which was dotted around with _whares_, tents,

and other contrivances for the accommodation of the various hapus

attending the _korero_. In a large _whare_ close to our location were

about a dozen or so of old men, who had formed a kind of headquarters

of their own. They were all true-bred Maoris of the old school, of

Herculean build, and they appeared to be from eighty to ninety years

of age, and it occurred to me that one or two among them could have

counted their moons[73] even further back than that; and as they sat

squatting about in the sun, with their blankets wrapped round them,

their weazened, tattooed features looked remarkably grim, surmounted,

as they were in every case, by a thick growth of snow-white hair. Each

one of them wore a piece of greenstone in his left ear, and all had

wooden pipes, which they puffed at incessantly. It was remarkable to

observe the difference in physique between these old warriors--for

they had all been great fighting men during the war--and the younger

natives. Although there were many stalwart and powerful fellows among

the latter, in general they had not the same square build and muscular

frames of the old men, who appeared to be perfect and well-conserved

types of the primitive Maori race.

There were many representatives of the principal tribes of the

surrounding country in camp, and especially of the Waikatos and

Ngatimaniapotos; but, besides these, there were sections of the

Ngatiwhakatere, Ngatiraukawa, Ngatituwharetoa, Ngatihaua, and Ngatiawa.

All these various tribal divisions were represented by the principal

chiefs and notables, both men and women, and, when assembled together,

it was easy to trace their different physical characteristics.

There were many tall and powerfully-built men among the Waikatos

and Ngatimaniapotos, but the women of the two latter tribes were

not as sturdy in frame, nor as robust in appearance as those of the

Ngatituwharetoa tribe of Taupo. In fact, the natives of the latter

district were, all things considered, the finest tribes we had come

across during our journey, the chiefs, especially of this division of

the Arawas, being remarkable for their tall stature.

[Illustration: WOMAN OF THE WAIKATO TRIBE.]

The principal business of the meeting, which had brought the tribes

together, was to consider a petition of the Ngatimaniapoto to

Government, respecting the lands, and in which the chief Taonui, with

Wahanui, had taken a leading part. Another important question was

the settlement of certain tribal boundaries, and the consideration

of the claim of the Ngatihaua, to a large tract of country near to

the Rangitoto Mountains, and which they claimed to have acquired by

conquest over the Ngatiwhakatere, a _hapu_ of the Ngatiraukawa. At

this meeting the _kaingatautohe_, or debateable land, was formally

surrendered to the Ngatiwhakateres, the originally conquered tribe,

by the chief Hauauru, who claimed to be the direct descendant of the

warriors who conquered the Ngatiwhakateres, when the territory in

dispute was acquired.

On the second day after our arrival at Manga-o-rongo, there was great

excitement in camp as a body of about fifty horsemen, headed by a

woman, were seen galloping as hard as they could come across the plain

leading to the settlement. There were loud cries of _haeremai_ from the

women, and shouts of Te Kooti from the men as the ex-rebel chief and

his wife rode into camp at the head of a band of well-mounted though

wild-looking horsemen.

[Illustration: TE KOOTI.

(_From a Sketch by the Author_.)]

When the new arrivals had pitched the tents they had brought with them,

and were squatting in a circle round the hero of Poverty Bay, I went

into the camp, when Te Kooti saluted me with "_Tena koe, pakeha_," and

invited me to be seated. I took in his outward appearance at a glance.

He was a man apparently of about fifty years of age, over medium

height, of athletic form, broad shouldered and keenly knit, and with

a remarkably stern expression of countenance, which imparted to his

whole visage a hard and even a cruel look. His features, cast in the

true native mould, were strongly defined. His head was well formed,

with a high arched forehead, and his lips were well cut and firm, while

his quick, dark, piercing eyes had a restless glance about them as if

their owner had been kept all his life in a chronic state of nervous

excitement. He wore a moustache and long pointed beard, which, for the

apparent age of the man, appeared to be prematurely grey. There were

no tattoo marks about his face, but when he smiled in his sinister

way every line of his expressive features seemed to be brought into

play. Taken altogether, Te Kooti had a decidedly intelligent cast of

countenance, in which the traits of firmness and determination appeared

to be strongly marked.

[Illustration: TE KOOTI'S WIFE.]

His wife, who was apparently a few years younger than himself, was

a strongly built, gaunt woman, with a remarkably bold expression of

countenance, and I could well imagine that during the troubled times

of the war she must have proved a daring and willing helpmate to her

desperate lord.

The followers of Te Kooti, who sat around, were mostly men of over six

feet in height, powerful in build, and stern and savage-looking in

countenance, and with the same air of watchfulness about them as was

observable in the manner of Te Kooti, as if they, like their chief,

had been ever on the _qui-vive_ for their lives during their long

sojourn of outlawry in the fastnesses of the King Country.

The first question put to me by Te Kooti was to inquire where I had

come from, and when Turner explained to him the course of our journey

he replied, "They told me as soon as I arrived that a _pakeha_ was in

camp, and that he had travelled through the country; and I said, now

that he has been through and seen all, let him remain. I did many a

long journey," he continued, "during the war, but I never did a ride

like that on one horse. I was always careful to have plenty of horses."

I told him that I had seen the remains of his _pa_ at Te Perore, near

Tongariro, where one of his great battles was fought; and taking his

left arm out of a sling, he said, "This is what the _pakehas_ gave me

there," and he showed me how a rifle-ball had struck him between the

knuckle joints of the two first fingers, crippling them both. Ever

since he was wounded in this way, he has always made it a rule to hide

this hand as much as possible, and for that purpose he carries it

constantly in a sling. He asked me whether I came from England, and

when answered in the affirmative, he put many questions to me about the

country, and was especially anxious to know whether the Queen was still

alive, as he stated that he had often heard of her when at war with the

Europeans. He then said that the Maoris did not want that war, but the

_pakehas_ would fight, and the Maoris fought them. I remarked that it

was now time for the two races to be as one, and that all the troubles

of the past should be forgotten, and that the King Country should be

opened by roads and railways. "I do not object," said Te Kooti, "to

roads and railways; but," he continued, "we must hold the lands; it

will not do for the natives to lose everything." I pointed out that in

India a handful of _pakehas_ ruled over 200,000,000 of people, and that

roads and railways had been made in that country, and the natives had

benefitted. Te Kooti, without a moment's hesitation, replied, "In India

the _pakeha_ rules justly; here the governments have not treated the

Maoris fairly: one government has promised one thing and one another,

and they have all broken faith."

When I stated to him that since the formation of the colony one law and

one sovereign reigned from one end of New Zealand to the other, and

that that applied to the King Country as well as to any other part of

the island, he replied, "That may be so. But," he continued, "you have

your queen, and Tawhiao is our king. Whatever Tawhiao says, we must do."

At this stage Te Kooti burst forth with a wild chant--a kind of song of

welcome, which was intended as a compliment to our visit. As Te Kooti

sang, his voice was singularly clear and mournful, and his intonation

very distinct, while every word, as it fell from his lips, appeared to

be uttered with the wild impulse of a fanatic. During this time his

followers, as they had in fact done all along, sat listening in mute

attention, as if anxious to hear the words of one whom they appeared to

look upon as a kind of deified man, or as one endowed with a charmed

life that had made him the hero of brave and extraordinary exploits,

which recalled to mind some of the most daring and bloody deeds of

Maori warfare, and as I listened to his wild refrain, and marked the

earnest yet animated expression of his features as he sang, I could

well realize the influence which such a man would exercise over the

superstitious minds of the Maoris, and yet when I recalled to mind his

remarkable career, his marvellous escape from the Chatham Islands with

his devoted band, his desperate and bloody raid upon the settlers of

Poverty Bay, and the series of daring achievements which rendered the

name of Te Kooti a terror and a menace during the war that followed, I

could not but help thinking that many of the Cæsars and Napoleons of

history must have been made of much the same stuff as this fanatical

Hauhau leader.

Our last night in the King Country was celebrated by a _haka_ in Te

Kooti's camp. Never had I seen anything so wild or so exciting. When

the moon was up we went to a secluded spot surrounded by forest, where

huge fires had been lit to assist the doubtful light of the Queen of

night. The spectators squatted about in a semicircle, the ex-rebel

chief taking up his position in the midst of his swarthy followers. At

a signal given about fifty men entered the arena and nearly as many

women. All were lightly clad; so lightly indeed that the costume of

our first parents had not been greatly encroached upon. At a signal

given from the leader the dancers formed themselves into ranks, and

the first step was made by striking the feet heavily upon the ground,

and, as the excitement produced by this movement gradually increased,

the limbs trembled from the feet upwards, until every muscle in the

body appeared to shake and twist, as if from the thrilling effects of

a galvanic current. Then they turned their bodies to the right with a

swinging jump, keeping the elbows close to the ribs and stretching out

the fore-part of the arm until the hands and fingers shook and trembled

as if strung together by wires. Then, they swung the body to the left

in the same attitude, and then, facing to the front, threw back their

heads, thrust out their tongues to the fullest extent in a menacing

way, and turned up their eyes until nothing but the whites could

be seen, and which, gleaming beneath the bright glow of the fires,

imparted to their distorted countenances a singularly ghastly look.

Next a wiry, tattooed savage jumped to the front with a loud yell,

thrusting out his tongue, and distorting his features until the blue

lines formed a quivering network over his face. He challenged the best

dancer in the throng, at which a woman appeared upon the scene, when

the pair performed a dance which no pen or pencil could describe. Then

they returned into the ranks, and another couple followed, and then a

third, and a fourth, until the whole crowd mingling together danced

and yelled in a marvellous yet diabolical way. The dark, streaming

hair of the women fell over their well-turned shoulders or swept round

their heads in a circle, as the dark syrens went through the most

extraordinary gyrations, with the rapidity of electrified humming-tops,

while the men, twirling their weapons furiously in the air, yelled

in a loud chorus which terminated in a long, deep, expressive sigh.

Again and again these movements were enacted with protruding tongues,

distorted faces, and fixed, staring eyes, time being marked by

striking the thigh with the open left hand, so as to produce a sound

which, mingling with the loud shouting of the furious dancers, added a

curious effect to the wild and boisterous scene.

It was a bright morning when we left Manga-o-rongo to do the last

stage of our eventful journey. Although our horses had rested for two

days, it was clear that they were utterly exhausted from their past

fatigues, while their legs were so swollen that we could hardly get

them to move along. Leaving the settlement, the whole broad valley of

the Waipa lay stretched before us in the form of a wide expanse of open

plain, through which the winding river, from which it derives its name,

meandered in the direction of the north.

The Waipa has its source on the southern side of Mount Pukeokahu, which

is situated a little to the eastward of Mount Rangitoto. It winds

round the western end of the Rangitoto ranges, and finally pursues

its way along the Waipa Valley. Besides receiving, however, a large

portion of the watershed of the Rangitoto Mountains, most of the

streams from the ranges of the Kuiti flow into it, while to the west

it is fed by numerous watercourses from the high coast ranges. Its

principal tributaries are the Mangapu, Manga-o-Rewa, and Mangawhero,

with the Puniu as the chief. Beyond the head of the river the watershed

falls towards the Mokau, south of which the country is open for a

considerable distance in the direction of the Tetaraka Plains, until

the great central belt of forest country is reached.

The whole wide valley of the Waipa lies very low, its altitude near the

margin of the stream being scarcely 100 feet above the level of the

sea; but the country rises gradually towards the west into undulating

fern-clad hills, which mount in a kind of terrace formation, one above

the other, until they reach the high wooded ranges which border the

West Coast. The plains of this valley are composed for the most part

of rich alluvial soil, which is everywhere covered with a dense growth

of low fern. Many native cultivations and settlements are dotted about

along the whole course of the river, and, taken altogether, this valley

is one of the most densely populated portions of the King Country.

From every point of view the scenery is most attractive, especially

when looking in the direction of the north, where the tall forms of

Pirongia, Maungatautari, and Kakepuku tower high above the surrounding

plains.

It was already night when we had nearly reached the end of our journey,

and just as we drew rein at a native _whare_ to inquire the best

point at which to cross the Waipa, my horse sank under me from sheer

exhaustion as I sat on his back. A little coaxing got "Charlie" on to

his legs again, and we hastened down to the banks of the Waipa to find

that the river was almost at high flood. There was a canoe at the ford,

but, as ill-luck would have it, it happened to be on the opposite side

of the stream. We shouted lustily, in the hope that some one would hear

us, and come and ferry us across, but there was no response but the

echo of our voices, and it seemed that we would have to pass another

night in the open, or swim our horses at the risk of our lives. The

night was bitterly cold, and we were naturally anxious to reach our

long looked-for goal, and, just as we were making preparations to swim

the river, voices were heard on the other side, and in a few moments

more the canoe shot across the water under the skilful guidance of

three young Maori girls. It did not take us long to unsaddle, and,

putting everything into the canoe with ourselves, we swam our exhausted

animals across, but not before "Tommy," by being swept under the frail

craft, by the force of the current, had nearly succeeded in upsetting

it in the centre of the rapid stream. Once on the opposite side,

we pressed upon our dark deliverers all the money we could muster,

and, entering the King's settlement at Whatiwhatihoe, we crossed the

_aukati_ line forming the northern boundary of the King Country, when

the moon was high, on the night of the 18th of May, after a journey,

which, taking all distances traversed into account, was not short of

600 miles.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 73: The Maoris count time by nights, moons, and stars. There

appears to have been a kind of division of the nights into decades, as

ten nights to the full moon, ten to its disappearing. The Maori year

begins with the first new moon after the star _Puanga_ is seen in the

morning, which is in May.]

APPENDIX.

POTATAU II.

The ancestry and tribal connections of Matutaera Te Pukepuke Te Paue Tu

Karato Te-a-Potatau Te Wherowhero Tawhiao, or Potatau II., render him

the most illustrious and influential chief in New Zealand. No Maori

chief is truly great unless he can trace his descent to some of those

who came in the first canoes from Hawaiki. Tawhiao can do this, his

ancestor being Hotonui, who came in the canoe Tainui, which made the

land at Kawhia. The ancestor, however, who makes the greatest figure in

the history of the family is Tapaue, who had a number of children who

did well in the world, and founded quite a number of tribes who exist

to this day. These children were--Te Rorokitua, who was the ancestor

of the Ngatipaoa, Te Putu, Tahau, Te Apa, Huiarangi, Ratua, Hikaurua.

The son of Te Putu was Tawhia, whose son was Tuata, whose son was Te

Rauanganga, whose son was Te Wherowhero, whose son was the present

Tawhiao. The name of Tawhiao's mother was Whakaawi, a woman of high

birth of the Ngatimahutu tribe.

Tawhiao's autobiographical narrative is as follows:--

"I was born at a place called Orongokoekoea, at Mokau. The whole of

the Waikatos had been driven from Waikato by the invasion of Hongi,

with his muskets, and the tribes had suffered greatly when the pa was

taken at Matakitaki. The whole of the Waikatos were living at Mokau

when I was born, from fear of Pomare. [The fall of Matakitaki took

place in 1823, and Tawhiao would probably be born a year or two later.]

We did not remain long at Mokau after the death of Pomare. We came

back to Haurua, Kopua, and other places. I lived at Honipaka, in the

Waipa. The Ngatitipa were at Haurau. Te Rauparaha had gone south long

before that time, in prosecution of his conquests at Cook's Straits.

Some of Rauparaha's people, however, the Ngatitoa and Ngatikoata,

came to Matakitaki, and were slain there. Te Waharoa was then living

at Horotiu, and did not move. The Ngapuhi did not attack him. Pomare

made peace with Takurua. Waikato heard that peace had been made. At

this time Te Wherowhero had gone to Taupo. Rauroha said to Pomare,

'Go back to your own country,' but Pomare would not consent. Rauroha

said, 'You have made peace with me; look at Matire.' [Matire Toha

was subsequently married to Kati, Te Wherowhero's brother, on the

peace-making between Waikato and Ngapuhi.] Te Wherowhero wished to go

to Pomare, but Te Kanawa resisted his desire, thinking there would be

treachery. Pomare insisted upon going up to Waikato. He was met in

battle by the Ngatitipa, the Ngatitamaoho. Te Aho, a son of Kukutai

shot Pomare's fingers off, and when his people discovered that Pomare

was wounded, they fled. The fight took place at Te Rore, on the Waipa,

and the Ngapuhi fled to Whaingaroa. The chase continued to Te Akau, and

as far as Awhitu. I remember when Matire Toha was brought to Waikato

to be married to Kati. I remember the great crowds that were assembled

at the time. Te Kihirini brought Matire to Waikato. She was very young

then. The first Europeans we saw were at Kawhia. The first I remember

was Captain Kent. The first missionaries in Waikato were Stack, Hamlin,

Williams, and Morgan. The missionaries told us that we should be burned

up unless we believed. I myself was baptized by the name Matutaera, at

Mangere, by Mr. Burrows.

"I remember a European coming to ask Te Wherowhero to sign the treaty

of Waitangi. That European was the missionary, Mr. Maunsell. [The Ven.

Archdeacon Maunsell.] The Maori he had with him was Tipene Tahatika.

Te Wherowhero said he would not sign. Mr. Maunsell remarked to Tipene,

'This ignorant old man, if he had signed, I would have given him a

blanket.' Te Wherowhero was then at Awhitu. Te Wherowhero's name was

afterwards put to the treaty, but it was written by Te Kahawai, not

by himself. I was at the great meeting at Remuera. That was when

Fitzroy was Governor. The principal speakers were Wetere te Kauae and

Te Katipa. Governor Fitzroy visited Kawhia. The Rev. Mr. Whiteley and

the missionaries had been there long before that time. When Sir George

Grey came, he visited Rangiawhia, Te Awamutu, and other settlements in

Waikato. He had thirty Maoris as his following. Sir George Grey pointed

out Mangere as a place for Te Wherowhero. He said to my father, 'Come

to Mangere, the land is for you.' I never attended any of the Mission

schools."

In reference to the beginning of the New Zealand war, after Te

Wherowhero's death, and when Tawhiao had succeeded his father as king,

he narrates:--

"I was at Rawhitu, a few miles above Rangiriri, when I heard that the

soldiers had crossed the Mangatawhiri. Heta Tarawhiti and a few others

were with me. The Waikatos were then at Rangiriri and other places. I

warned them to avoid the soldiers. When I heard that the soldiers had

crossed the Mangatawhiri, I warned the Maoris to avoid the soldiers. I

told them they should not meet the soldiers on the line of the Waikato

river, but should go inland by Whangamarino to Paparata, and then to

the Kirikiri. [Apparently this was Tawhiao's military plan, instead

of constructing _pas_ on the river, like Meremere and Rangiriri.

If his advice had been taken, the line of our advance, would have

been threatened, and the settlements around Auckland placed in great

danger.] The next thing I heard was that a battle had been fought at

the Koheroa, and that the people I had sent to evade the soldiers had

also gone and fought at the Koheroa. Tapihana was the chief man whom I

had charged. I sent a message also to Mohi and Ihaaka (occupying the

settlement at Pukekohe, the Kirikiri and adjacent places), telling them

to come out from their villages. The engineer of the _pa_ at Rangiriri,

who directed its formation, was Te Wharepu. I told the people that

they should retire to the depth of the forest to evade the troops. The

others would not consent. Te Wharepu was the leader of the others. They

said, 'We will not agree; if our blood must be shed, let it be shed

on our own land at Waikato.' I was at the fight at Rangiriri. Wiremu

Tamehana and myself went to Rangiriri, and requested the people to

move away from that place. That was the object of both Thompson[74]

and myself in going. A dozen times I tried to persuade them to break

up from Rangiriri, but finding that our efforts were unsuccessful,

we left. The balls were then flying in all directions. I took refuge

behind a flax bush. A bullet passed close to me, and struck the bush.

I was not injured. I had a gun and cartridge-box. I saw some of my

people escaping. I told them to be swift, and move on. They said, 'You

must look after yourself; are you not in danger?' I said, 'No, I will

rest a while here.' I took off my coat and vest, and, after a while, I

succeeded in getting on board a canoe belonging to the Ngatitamaoho,

and in making my escape. Previously ten guns were levelled at me, and

a big gun also. Messengers had gone before, and told the people that I

was safe."

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 74: A native known as The King Maker.]

THE CHIEFS.

WIREMU TE WHEORO Te Morehu Maipapa comes from a distinguished

line of ancestors. From a woman of celebrity, named Hourua, after

whom the tribe was called, and whose worthy chief was that famous man

Wiremu Te Awatora, of Raglan. Then from the renowned ancestor Tapoue,

Te Wheoro becomes a near relative of Tawhiao, the present Maori King,

which circumstance accounts for the fact of his taking possession

of the Tiwai canoe, which conveyed the late Maori King, Potatau Te

Wherowhero, from Manukau to Ngaruawahia.

The father and mother of Te Wheoro resided in the earlier times at

their settlement, Kaniwhaniwha, on the Waipa River, but, as was the

custom, they would remove to other places, being interested in other

lands, thus verifying the old Maori proverb, "_Ka mete kainga tahi; ka

ora kaingarua_" (he that has but one home will be subject to failure;

he that has two homes will prosper). The name of Te Wheoro's father was

Te Kaingamata, and his mother's name was Ngapaoa of the Ngatihinetu

tribe of Rangiaowhia. Te Wheoro's grandfather was Te Whakaete, who

was acknowledged to have been of great power among the Waikatos. Te

Whakaete was killed at Maungatautari by the Ngatipukenga, a war party

on its way to Te Wairoa, east coast, and headed by the chief Naunau.

Te Wheoro's own settlement was at Te Kohekohe, Lower Waikato, and he

was always a faithful adherent of the Europeans. His valuable services

were brought into requisition by General Cameron when war was declared

against the Waikatos. The calamities which befell his people arising

out of the war must have greatly afflicted him, for he tried very

hard to divert war during the Civil Commissionership of Mr. Gorst,

M.P., in the Waikato, when Sir George Grey's _Runanga_ system was

introduced, and when the two Maori newspapers--the Government organ,

_Te Pihoihoi_, and the Maori King organ, _Te Hokioi_--were waging a

hostile war, which unhappily culminated in a breach of the peace,

Manga Maniapoto having instructed his partisans to seize the press and

type, which was duly carried out. Te Wheoro is called by the Maoris

"_he tangata rangatira_"(a man of noble extraction), and although he

is a Ngatihourua of Whaingaroa, a Ngatimahuta of Waikato-nui, and a

Ngatihinetu of Rangiaowhia, his particular tribe is the Ngatinaho,

the members of which acknowledge his chieftainship and _mana_, and

these people acted under him during the Waikato war. Of his fidelity,

friendship, and singular loyalty to Europeans before the war, during

the war, and subsequently up to the present time, abundant evidence may

be adduced both by Maoris and Europeans, while Government despatches

and military records simply corroborate facts well known to reliable

settlers. Te Wheoro is in great favour with the King party, and

besides being decorated with the New Zealand war-medal, and holding a

commission as Major in the Colonial forces, he is a member of the House

of Representatives for the Southern Maori Electoral district of the

North Island.

WAHANUI, the most influential chief of the Ngatimaniapoto

tribe, is a man of giant proportions, considerably over six feet in

height. His name in the Maori language signifies "broad," and was

given to him in reference to his enormous stature. He was educated at

the "Three Kings," and was originally intended for the Church, but

returning to the King Country, he took up his home at Te Kopua in the

centre of his tribe, where he has remained, watching over the interests

of his race. For many years he was the king's principal minister and

staunchest supporter. With a singularly dignified and courteous manner,

he displays a remarkable intelligence, which is heightened in no small

degree by a wonderful power of oratory which he usually employs with

remarkable effect at the councils of the native tribes. He is one of

the largest native land-owners, the territory of his tribe extending

over the most fertile portion of the King Country.

MANGA REWI, a chief of the Maniapoto tribe, descended from a

long line of ancestors, is a man of great intelligence, and, although

now aged, is one of the most influential and respected representatives

of his race. He has been throughout a strong supporter of the King

Movement, and during the war was one of the most valorous and daring of

Maori leaders.

PATARA TE TUHI belongs to the same tribe as Tawhiao, namely,

the Ngatimahuta, and is, besides, his brother-in-law. He is a clever

man, and being ready with his pen, he was selected by the Kingites to

edit the _Hokioi_, the newspaper which they established to advocate the

Kingite cause. This paper was printed by types and a press obtained

by the Maoris who went to Europe with Dr. Hochstetter and which was

given to them by the Archduke Maximilian, who afterwards had such an

unfortunate career in Mexico. This powerful organ came to an untimely

end, the printing-office having been smashed up by an armed party under

Rewi, and the plant thrown into the Waipa river.

WHITIORA WIRIMU TE KOMETE, a chief of the Waikato tribe,

is renowned for his bold defence of the Rangiriri _pa_ against the

imperial troops. He narrates his capture with ninety of his men as

follows:--

"A white flag was hoisted on board the steamer, at the Waikato river,

in consequence of which he ordered the flag of truce to be hoisted in

the Rangiriri _pa_, which act he supposed would have led to a parley;

but, to his great astonishment, General Cameron and fifty of his men

came into the _pa_, and commanded the Maoris to deliver up their arms.

We could easily have shot the fifty soldiers, including the General, if

we had known that their coming into the _pa_ was to deal treacherously

with us. We could have maintained our post in the _pa_, and we had made

up our minds to fight to the death. After admitting the soldiers into

the fortress we discovered for the first time we were prisoners."

PAORA TU HAERE is a chief of the Ngatiwhatua tribe.

HATI WIRA TAKAHI, chief of the Ngapuhi tribe.

PARATENE TE MANU, chief of the Ngatiwai tribe.

TUKUKINO, head chief of the Ngatitematera, was one of the

principal Hauhau leaders during the war, and one of the most active

obstructionists to European Settlement. He is at present one of the

most aged natives in New Zealand.

TE RAIA NGAKUTU TE TUMUHUIA, chief of the Ngatitematera tribe,

was the last of the New Zealand cannibals. He attacked a _pa_ at

Katikati, in 1842, belonging to the Ngatiterangi, defeated the powerful

chief Te Whanake, and feasted his own followers upon the slain.

TE KOOTI is well known as the great Hauhau leader during

the war. He is a man of singular intelligence, and still exercises a

widespread influence over the tribes. He was sent as a prisoner of war,

with other natives, to the Chatham Islands, and his escape from that

inhospitable region with his followers, together with his massacre

of the settlers at Poverty Bay, form one of the most remarkable and

stirring events connected with the campaign.

LIST OF THE NEW ZEALAND TRIBES, WITH THEIR LOCALITIES.

These tribes, which constitute the principal divisions of the Maori

race, are all subdivided into _hapus_, or tribal families, bearing

often a different appellation to that of the parent tribe, to which,

however, each _hapu_ claims a direct relationship.

Name of Tribe. Locality.

Aopouri and Rarawa North Cape to Hokianga.

Ngapuhi Bay of Islands.

Ngatiwhatua and Uriohau Manukau Kaipara and Waitemata.

Ngatitai Firth of Thames and Auckland.

Ngatipaoa Thames from Cape Colville to Katikati.

Ngatierangi Katikati to Maketu and inland.

Ngatiwhaka-aue Maketu and Lake Country.

Ngatiraukawa Otaki Arowhenua.

Waikato Valley of Waikato to Manukau.

Ngatimaniapoto Valley of Waipa to Mokau.

Ngatiawa West Coast from Mount Egmont to

Mount Taupiri, Waikanae, Wellington,

&c.

Te Whakatohea Bay of Plenty and inland.

Ngatipouri Cape Runaway and inland.

Ngatituwharetoa Lake Taupo and centre of North

Island.

Ngatitama From Mokau inland.

Taranaki West Coast near Mount Egmont.

Ngatiruanui Waitotara and inland.

Ngarauru Waitotara to Whanganui and inland.

Ngatihau Whanganui and inland.

Ngatiapa Rangitane, Whanganui River, and

inland.

Ngatitoa Near Wellington.

Ngatikahungunu Table Cape to Palliser Bay, and inland.

Te Urewera Taupo to Poverty Bay.

Whanauapanui Cape Runaway to Bay of Plenty and

inland.

Rangitane Admiralty Bay and vicinity.

Ngahitao South and Middle Island.

THE FLORA.

Synopsis of the principal _flora_ met with during the journey, arranged

alphabetically in accordance with native names.

TREES.

Hinau.--_Eloecarpus dentatus._ A graceful tree, 20 to 30 feet high;

blossoms with a white flower; produces an edible berry 1/2 inch

long, pulp astringent, stone deeply furrowed; bark furnishes a

black dye, common throughout the interior of the island; finest

specimens met with in the Teranga forest, west of Ruapehu, at an

altitude of about 2000 feet.

Horoeka.--_Aralia Crassifolia._ A small tree with a narrow leaf;

frequent in the forests of the Lake Country and other parts of

the interior.

Kahikatea.--_Podocarpus dacrydioides._ The white pine, growth 50

to 120 feet; found on the swampy lands and river-banks; berry

edible, wood soft; largest trees seen in Valley of Whanganui.

Karaka.--_Corynocarpus loevigatus._ A beautiful tree, 30 to 40 feet

high, with glossy ovate leaves and oblong berries, which, when

ripe, are of a bright red colour. The natives affirm that this

tree was brought by their ancestors from Hawaiki. Seen near

Tauranga and in Lake Country.

Karamu.--_Coprosma lucida._ A handsome tree with dark, shining

ovate leaves; growth 20 to 30 feet; berries small, bright red,

and edible; foliage eaten readily by cattle and horses; widely

distributed all over the central portion of North Island, especially

in forests of Kaimanawa Mountains and Western Taupo; grows

up to altitude of 3000 feet.

Mahoe.--_Melicytus ramiflorus._ A bushy tree; growth 15 to 30 feet;

frequent in forests of the interior; foliage eaten by cattle.

Makomako.--_Aristotelia racemosa._ A small tree, 10 to 20 feet high;

bark black; bears a small berry; bark used by natives to produce

a black dye; plentiful in forests of Whanganui.

Manoa.--_Dacrydium Colensoi._ Growth 10 to 50 feet; leaves an inch

in length, those of the upper branches overlapping each other;

wood very hard, formerly much prized by natives for the manufacture

of spears and clubs; frequent in valley of Manganui

a-te-Ao.

Mataii.--_Podocarpus spicata._ Growth 80 to 100 foot; berries edible;

common in all the forests of the interior; finest trees found in

Valley of Whanganui.

Miro.--_Podocarpus ferruginea._ Growth 60 to 120 feet; produces a

red berry, the favourite food of the wood-pigeon; frequent

throughout the interior; finest specimens met with in forests

west of Ruapehu, at altitude of about 2000 feet.

Nikau.--_Areca Sapida._ A beautiful and graceful palm, with ringed

trunk, and bright green pinnate leaves 4 to 6 feet long, the sole

representative of its genus in New Zealand; the pulp of the top

portion of the stem is edible, and when young is a favourite

article of food with the natives; very frequent in the forests of

the interior, but appeared to attain its greatest growth and

development in the damp marly soil of the Valley of the Whanganui.

Pohutukawa.--_Metrosideros tormentosa._ A grand, wide-spreading

tree, with gnarled trunk and twisting branches, growth 30 to 50

feet; bears in the month of December a large crimson flower;

inner bark used by the natives for diarrhoea; wood hard and

red; grows usually near the sea, but also inland at Lake Tarawera

at altitude of over 1000 feet.

Pukatea.--_Atherosperma Novæ Zelandiæ._ A straight-growing tree,

with a buttressed trunk, growth 50 to 150 feet; grows to a large

size in the forests west of Ruapehu, at an altitude of about 2000

feet.

Rata.--_Metrosideros robusta._ A gigantic tree from 60 to 160 feet in

height, base of trunk often exceeds 40 feet in circumference;

blooms with a crimson flower; the trunk gives life to innumerable

parasitical plants; wood hard, but not durable; inner bark

powerful astringent, used by natives for diarrhoea; frequent in

all the forests of the interior, the largest trees found being on

the eastern side of Mount Pirongia and in the dense low-lying

forests of the Valley of Whanganui.

Rewarewa.--_Knightia excelsa._ A handsome tree, growth 80 to 100

feet; bears large clusters of red flowers; frequent in the Lake

Country.

Rimu.--_Dacrydium cupressinum_, the red pine. A noble tree, growth

from 80 to 150 feet; branches pendulous; wood red, heavy, and

handsome. This tree attains to its largest size in the Terangakaika

Forest, west of Mount Ruapehu, where it flourishes in great

abundance at an altitude varying from 2000 to 2500 feet.

Tanekaha.--_Phyllocladus trichomanoides._ A celery-leaved pine,

producing a tough timber-growth, from 20 to 30 feet; the bark

affords a red dye which is fast becoming a valuable article of

export for the purpose of colouring kid gloves; frequent in

forests of Western Taupo and Te Toto ranges.[75]

Tawa--_Nesodaphne Tawa._ A fine tree, growth 60 to 80 feet; leaves

lance-shaped; produces an edible berry; common throughout

the interior.

Ti.--_Cordyline Australis._ Growth 10 to 30 feet; leaves uniform, from

2 to 3 feet long; flowers white and drooping; root edible; frequent

throughout the interior, grows at an altitude of 3000 feet;

frequent on Rangipo table-land.

Towai.--_Fagus fusca._ One of the most beautiful of New Zealand

trees, growth 80 to 140 feet; leaves 1 to 1-1/4 long, deeply

serrate; forms dense forests on the Kaimanawa Mountains and other

parts of interior; attains to its greatest growth on the western

slopes of Mount Ruapehu, where it grows at an altitude of over

4000 feet.

Totara.--_Podocarpus totara._ A fine forest tree; growth from 60 to

100 feet; met with in all parts of the interior.

SHRUBS, FLOWERS, AND PLANTS.

Anata.--A buttercup.

Hanea.--A cress.

Harakeke.--_Phormium tenax._ A New Zealand flax; flowers dark

red; leaves long, drooping and narrow; the seeds may be used

as a substitute for coffee; the root is employed by the natives as

a purgative and worm medicine; the gum is applied to wounds

and sores; the fibre of the leaf is used for rope-making and the

manufacture of paper. Common throughout the interior in

swampy places; growth from 4 to 8 feet.

Heruna.--_Polygonum adpressum._

Kaikaiatua.--_Rabdothamnus solandri._ A plant.

Kokota.--_Epilobium minuta._ A small willow-herb.

Korikori.--A species of ranunculus.

Koromiko.--_Veronica salcifolia._ A common shrub, with lilac or

white flowers, lanceolate leaves; frequent all over interior; grows

luxuriantly around southern and western region of Lake Taupo.

A decoction of the leaves is valuable in dysentery. The foliage

is eaten readily by cattle.

Koropuku.--A plant with a red berry, common in the vicinity of

Tongariro.

Koru.--A blue and white flower.

Kotukutuku.--_Fuchsia excorticata._ A spreading tree-like shrub,

leaves ovate lanceolate; bears a purple berry, yields a dye of the

same colour; met with in all parts of interior.

Kowhitiwhiti.--Watercress.

Kalakuta.--A white flower.

Manuka.--_Leptospermum ericoides._ A tree-like shrub, widely distributed

all over interior; finest specimens met with in the

Geyser Valley, Wairakei.

Mataroa.--A flax-plant.

Matuakumara.--A plant.

Nahui.--_Alternanthera denticulata._

Nene.--_Dracophyllum latifolium._

Outatoranga.--_Pimelia arenaria._

Panahi.--_Convolvulus._

Panara.--Taupo primrose.

Papataniwhaniwha.--_Lagenophora Forsteri._ A plant like a daisy.

Pototara.--_Cyothodes oxydrus._--A plant with a small white fragrant

flower, found growing on Rangipo table-land.

Piripiri whata.--_Carpodetus serratus._

Poipapa.--_Chenopodium triandrum._

Poroporo.--An edible nightshade with a white flower.

Puatea.--A yellow daisy.

Puwha.--_Sonchus oleraceus._ Sowthistle, much used by the natives

as a vegetable.

Rengarenga.--_Anthropodium cirrhatum._ A lily.

Rongotainui.--A flax used for cordage and fishing-lines.

Taihinu.--A white flower found at Taupo.

Taretu.--A plant with blue berries.

Tataramoa.--_Rubus australis._ A climbing bramble, armed with

prickles, branches pendulous, leaves coriaceous; berry, red or

amber-coloured; known to the colonists as the "bush lawyer;"

found in all the forests of the interior; most frequent in Valley

of Whanganui.

Tikupenga.--_Cordyline stricta._

Titirangi.--_Veronica speciosa._

Totaratara.--A small shrub with a white flower.

Tupapa.--_Lagenophora Forsteri._ Native daisy.

Tutu.--_Coriaria ruscifolia._ A frequent shrub with glossy leaves

and pendulous clusters of purple fruit, the seeds of which are

poisonous as well as the foliage; produces a black dye.

Waewaekaka.--_Gleichenia hecystophylla._

Wharangi.--_Melicope ternata._ A broad-leaved, poisonous shrub,

very common in the forests of the Whanganui and Western

Taupo.

CREEPING, CLIMBING, AND PARASITIC PLANTS.

(_Common throughout the interior._)

Aka.--_Metrosideros buxifolia._

Kareao.--_Rhipogonum scandens._ A climbing wiry vine, the "supple

Jack" of the colonists; leaves three to five inches long, linear,

ovate; often grows in entangled masses, abundant in all the

forests; largest specimens found in the swampy forests of the

Whanganui. A decoction of the root forms a good substitute

for sarsaparilla.

Kiekie.--_Freycientia Banksii._ A plant producing an edible flower

and fruit.

Kohia.--_Parsiflora tetrandra._ A climbing plant.

Kowharawhara.--_Astelia Banksii._ A parasitical broad-leaved grass,

growing in tufts on trees, bearing an edible berry.

Kowhaia.--_Edwardsia microphilla._ A passion-flower; colour, green

and orange, with fragrant fruit.

Mawhai.--_Sicyos Australis._ A creeping plant.

Patangatanga.--_Freycientia Banksii._

Pikiarero--_Clematis_, bearing a beautiful white flower.

Puawananga.--_Clematis indivisa_, bearing a white flower.

FERNS.

Hiaue.--Creeping _lycopodium._

Huruhuruwhenua.--_Asplenium lucidum._

Kiokio.--_Polypodium._

Kopakopa.--_Trichomanes._ A round-leaved fern.

Korokio.--The smallest tree-fern.

Kotote.--A small-leaved fern.

Kurakura.--A small kind of _lycopodium_.

Maerere.--A small-leaved fern.

Makaka.--_Adianthum._

Mangapowhatu.--_Polytrichum cyphoma._

Mangemange.--_Lycopodium articulatum._ A creeping fern.

Mokimoki.--Long-leaved fern.

Mouku.--An edible fern.

Ngutu-Karkariki.--Parrot's bill fern, so called from the form of its

foot-stalk; the fronds are plume-shaped.

Panaka.--_Asplenium._ A very graceful fern.

Para Marattia.--_Salicina._ A large fern.

Paretau.--_Asplenium obliquum._ A large-leaved fern.

Puaka rimu.--The tree _lycopodium._

Raorao.--_Pteris esculenta._ A common edible fern, the root of which

formed at one time the principal food of the Maori.

Raumanga.--_Polypodium._ A broad-leaved fern.

Tapui kotuku.--Creeping _lycopodium_.

Tarakupenga.--Creeping _lycopodium_.

Waewaekoukou.--_Lycopodium volubile._ A running fern.

Ti Taranaki.--A fern growing on the plains, having its fructification

on a separate stalk.

TREE FERNS.

CYATHEA.

Tote.--_C. dealbata._ The "silver-tree fern;" growth, 10 to 20 feet;

trunk slender and black; fronds lanceolate, 8 to 12 feet long,

dark green above, silvery white below. Abundant in the interior;

finest specimens seen in forests of the Lake Country.

Ponga.--_C. medullaris._ The "black fern;" trunk very stout, 12 to

40 feet high, and covered with matted fibres; fronds very

numerous, from 10 to 15 feet long; deep green above, pale

below; abundant throughout the interior.

_C. Cunninghamii._ Trunk, 12 to 15 feet high; fibrous at

base; fronds, 20 to 30 in a crown, 6 to 9 feet long; bright

green; frequent in the Lake Country.

FLORA OF TONGARIRO AND RUAPEHU.

The _flora_ of Tongariro and the surrounding region partakes of an

alpine character, and is both varied and beautiful. Indeed, not only

are many of the mountains forming the group clothed with a dense and

attractive vegetation, but where the forests spread down to the plains,

the trees and shrubs are often so disposed by Nature as to form perfect

gardens, which appear to have been artificially planted. During the

exploration of both Tongariro and Ruapehu, I had an opportunity of

examining the varied growth of trees, shrubs, and plants; and although

I was unable, under the circumstances, to make a very extensive

botanical collection, I secured some of the choicest specimens of

mountain plants, and afterwards obtained their native names from the

Maoris.

Houhou.--_Panax Colensoi_ is an abundant plant in hilly districts.

Huripo.--A tall shrub, common around Tongariro, and remarkable

for its foetid smell.

Manao.--_Pittosporum fasciculatum_ is found in both islands.

Monao.--_Cyathodes acerosa_ is plentiful throughout the whole country.

Papauma.--_Griselima littoralis_ is a plentiful tree, especially in the

high interior districts.

Patotara.--_Leucopogon Colensoi_ is a common mountain plant found in

both islands.

Peki Peki.--_Clemisia spectabilis_ is an alpine plant, abundant on the

open mountains of the South Island, but is seldom found in the north.

Purea.--_Cassinia fluvida_ is a plentiful mountain plant on both islands.

Rimu.--_Dacrydium laxifolium_ is abundant on the high mountains.

It is the smallest known pine in the world.

Taubinu.--_Olearia nummularifolia_ is plentiful on the mountains of

the South Island, but is found less frequently in the north.

Toatoa.--_Phylloctadus Alpinus_ is a sub-alpine tree, frequently met

with in both islands.

Towai.--_Fagus fusca._ This is the largest and by far the most

attractive tree growing in the vicinity of the high mountains

of this portion of the island. It is somewhat stunted around

Tongariro, but attains to colossal size on the western slopes

of Mount Ruapehu.

Tumigi.--_Leucopogon fasciculatus_ is a shrub having small, thick

leaves, with white underneath. It is very plentiful at Tongariro.

Tutu.--_Coriaria mystifolia_ is common in mountains and dry places.

Waewaekohu.--_Gleichenia dicarpa_ is a widely distributed mountain

plant.

The _Gnaphalium bellidioides_ is a mountain plant met with in both

islands. This plant was the last sign of vegetable life on Tongariro,

where it grew up to an altitude of 6000 feet. I also found it growing

on Ruapehu, with the _Ligusticum aromaticum_, at an altitude of

7000 feet, where both these plants likewise formed the last sign of

vegetation. It is worthy of remark that the natives could give no names

for these latter species.

GRASSES.

Kakaho.--_Arundo Australis._ A tall grass or reed, very common

around Lake Taupo.

Karetu.--_Torresia redolens._ A sweet-smelling grass.

Kopoupou.--_Scripus lacustrina._ A rush, frequent in the Lake

Country.

Kurikuri.--A grass with a prickly flower-head, Western Taupo.

Mata.--A reed-like grass.

Matarauriki.--A tussock grass, Rangipo table-land.

Mouka.--A wide-leaved grass.

Ngawha.--Native bulrush, frequent in Lake Country.

Oioi.--_Leptocarpus fasciculus._ A common rush.

Otaota.--A thin grass.

Parakerake.--A fine grass, frequent at Taupo and Rangipo table-land.

Pouaka.--A fine grass, emitting, when bruised, a foetid smell;

found at Western Taupo.

Pureirei.--A swamp-grass.

Raupo.--_Typha latifolia._ A flag-rush, common everywhere in swamps

and banks of rivers; used by natives for building.

Tarareke.--A flax-grass.

Tarapuarere.--A flowering grass.

Toetoekiwi.--A low, rush-like grass, frequent in swamps.

Toetoe.--_Epicacris pauciflora._ A handsome cutting grass, common in

swampy places.

Tupari.--A broad-leaved grass.

Tutaikuri.--A swamp-grass, the native couch.

Wi.--A fine grass, frequent around Lake Taupo.

Wiwi.--A small swamp-rush.

MOSSES, FUNGI, AND LICHENS.

Hakekakeka.--A brown, edible fungus.

Harori.--A white, edible fungus.

Haroritui.--A tree-fungus.

Hawai.--A tree-fungus.

Karerarera.--A slimy plant.

Karengo.--A slimy plant, growing on stones in the water.

Koukou.--A tree-moss.

Kokirikiri wetu.--A globular fungus.

Kopura.--A scented moss, frequent in forests of Whanganui.

Maru.--Stag's-horn moss.

Pukurau.--_Lycopodon fontainesii_. A fungus.

Tikitiwhenua.--A toad-stool.

THE FAUNA.

The almost total absence of land mammalia forms one of the most

remarkable features in the _fauna_ of New Zealand. Of this class New

Zealand can boast of only two genera: the bat--_pekapeka_ of the

natives, two species--and a small indigenous rat, the _kiore_, now

almost extinct. The author met with one or two specimens of the latter

animal at Ruakaka, in the King Country, but there, as in other parts of

the island, it has been mostly exterminated by the Norwegian or grey

rat. The _kararehe_, a native dog, the origin of which is uncertain,

has entirely passed away. Its remains, however, have been found with

those of the _moa_ in the limestone caves of the South Island. The

natives claim to have brought the _kiore_ with them on their migration

from Hawaiki, and it is likely that they may have imported the dog

at the same time, as a reference to it is made in connection with

their earliest traditions. Of the maritime mammalia both whales and

seals were formerly very numerous on the coast of the islands. There

are known to be eight kinds of whales, and three of seals. The total

absence of serpents and tortoises is again another notable feature.

BIRDS.

By far the most attractive part of the New Zealand _fauna_ is the

birds, which include some of the most beautiful species of the

feathered tribe. Of these the following are among the most remarkable:--

Hihipopokero.--_Turdus albifrons._ A small brown bird with a white head.

Hioi.--_Ptilocinctatis._ A ground-lark, very common on the plains of

the interior of North Island.

Huia.--Genus _Melliphagus._ A black bird, about the size of a jay; it

has two little fleshy lappets under the beak: its tail feathers,

tipped with white, are much prized by the Maories as ornaments

for the hair.

Hurukiwi.--A wild duck.

Kahu.--_Falcon harpe._ A large hawk.

Kaiaia.--A sparrow-hawk.

Kaka.--_Nestor, meridionalis._ A largo greenish-brown parrot. The

author found this bird to be very common in the forests of the

Whanganui, where its harsh note was the first sound to break the

morning stillness. This family of parrots is characterized by an

aquiline or overlapping beak.

Kakapo.--_Strigaps habroptilus._ A ground-parrot; colour, green and

yellow; it does not fly, although it has wings, but hops from branch

to branch; it is nocturnal in its habits.

Kakariki.--_Platycerus Novæ Zealandiæ._ A pretty, green parrot.

Karewarewa.--_Falco brunnea._ A quail-hawk.

Katatai.--_Ralus assimilus._ A kind of rail.

Kauau.--_Graculus carunculatus._ A shag or cormorant.

Kea.--A large parrot, common in the South Island. It was formerly a

vegetarian, but in recent times it has developed a strong taste for

flesh, and has wrought great destruction among sheep flocks. The fat

surrounding the kidney appears to be its chief delight. Planting its

strong claws into the woolly loins of the live sheep, it, by the aid

of its powerful beak, pierces through those parts of the flesh and

fat around the kidney, which it greedily devours, while the animal

is powerless to resist its attacks.

Kereru.--_Columbus spadicea._ A wood-pigeon.

Kiwi.--Fam. _Struthionidæ._ (See Wingless Birds.)

Kohihi.--_Endynamys taitensis._ A bird.

Kohaperoa.--A bird of passage, the New Zealand cuckoo; it is a handsome

bird, spotted like the sparrow-hawk.

Kokako.--The New Zealand crow.

Kororeke.--The New Zealand quail.

Koriniako.--Genus _Melliphagus._ The bell-bird, one of the sweetest

songsters.

Kotare.--_Halcyon vagrans._ The king-fisher.

Kotuku.--_Ardea flavirostris._ A large white crane.

Koukou.--A small nocturnal owl, the "morepork" of the colonists.

Kuruengo.--The shoveller, a duck of Lake Taupo.

Mata.--A swamp-sparrow, a small brown bird with long tail feathers.

Matuku.--_Botaurus melanotus._ A bittern.

Mirmiro.--_Miro albifrons._ A small, graceful bird.

Moa.--Fam. _Struthionidæ._ (See Wingless Birds.)

Moakeroa.--A black bird with red bill and feet.

Ngirungiru.--_Petroica macrocophala._ A tomtit.

Parera.--_Anas superciliosa._ A wild duck.

Pihana.--A little black and white bird.

Pihoihoi.--The New Zealand ground-lark.

Piwakawaka.--_Rhipidura flabellifera._ The fantail fly-catcher, a small

graceful bird with a spreading tail.

Poaka.--_Himantopis._ Pied stilt.

Popokatea.--_Orthornyx heteroalytus._ The New Zealand canary bird.

Poporoihewa.--A snipe-like bird.

Puetoeto.--A bird living in swamps.

Pukeko.--_Porophyrino melanotus._ The swamp-hen; red bill and feet,

back black, breast bright blue.

Putaugitange.--_Casarca variegata._ The paradise-duck.

Riroriro.--Fam. _Luscindæ._ A small wren.

Ruru.--_Strigidæ Athene._ An owl.

Takupu.--A white gull.

Tarapunga.--A small gull, frequenting Lake Taupo.

Tatarihuka.--A small bird, held sacred by the Maories.

Tatariki.--Fam. _Luscindæ._ A small bird.

Tewakawaka.--Fam. _Rhipidura fuliginosa._ The black fantail.

Titi.--_Palecanoides urinatrix._ The mutton-bird.

Toetoe.--_Certhiparus Novæ Zealandiæ._ A small bird.

Totoara.--The robin.

Tui.--_Prosthemadera Novæ Zealandiæ._ The parson-bird. A beautiful

black bird, the size of a thrush; plumage a lustrous blue-black,

irradiated with green hues, pencilled with silver-grey, and white

delicate hair-feathers under the throat, suggestive of a parson's

tie. It has a melodious, clear note, and mocks other birds. It is

easily domesticated, and may be taught to talk.

Weka.--_Ralus Australis._ A large rail, the wood-hen, frequently met

with on the high land of the interior.

Wio.--The blue mountain duck.

Wiorau.--A small grey duck, frequenting the forest streams.

SEA BIRDS.

The sea birds inhabiting the coasts of New Zealand are fairly numerous,

and among them are two small kinds of penguin.

Hawe.--A large gull, the tail-feathers of which are highly prized by

the natives.

Hoiho.--_Eudyptes antipodes._ A small penguin, inhabiting the coasts of

the South Island.

Kao.--A gull frequenting the shores at night.

Karoro.--A gull.

Kawan.--_Graculus carruculatus._ A shag or cormorant.

Kuaka.--A small sea bird.

Pekeha.--A gull.

Pitoitoi.--A small sea bird.

Taiko.--A gull.

Takahikahi.--A sea-shore bird.

Takupu.--A white gull.

Tara.--_Lula Australis._ A sea swallow.

Tarapunga.--A small, graceful gull, inhabiting Lake Taupo; very

numerous in the vicinity of Tokanu.

Titipu.--A gull.

Torea.--_Hæmatopus picatus._ The oyster-catcher; has red legs and beak.

Toroa.--_Diomedia exulans,_ The albatross.

WINGLESS BIRDS.

The almost extinct family of the _Struthionidæ_, or wingless birds, of

New Zealand, forms one of the most interesting features in the _fauna_

of the country. All the members of this genus are wholly different from

the common types of birds. They are remarkable for short rudimentary

wings, entirely unfit for flight, and for bones nearly devoid of air

cells; the leg muscles are of unusual strength and thickness; the feet

are powerful and long, with three toes, while the plumage is composed

of light, shaggy feathers, almost resembling hair. Before its period

of extinction, the largest member of this family, known by tradition

to the natives as the _moa_, was the giant of the feathered tribe,

the height of the several species of this bird, as computed from its

remains, being as follows:---

Feet. Inches.

Dinornis Giganteus 11 0

" Robustus 8 6

" Elephantopus 6 8

" Casuarinus 5 6

" Crassus 5 0

" Didiformus 4 8

Although the remains of all those birds are of extraordinary

proportions, the _Dinornis elephantopus_, or elephant-footed _moa_,

is distinguished by the singularly massive construction of its leg

bones. The sole remaining representative of these colossal birds is the

_apteryx_ or _kiwi_ of the natives. Of this genus there are several

species. The _Apteryx Australis_ was the first made known to science,

in 1812. The _Apteryx Mantelli_ differs from the former kind in its

smaller size, shorter toes, and longer bill and less developed wings,

while its plumage is of a somewhat darker colour. The _Apteryx Owenii_

is slightly smaller than the former species, with a greyish plumage.

During his journey through the interior the author found the _kiwi_ to

be yet common in the Kaimanawa Mountains, the forests of the Whanganui,

in the mountainous districts of Western Taupo, and at Mount Pirongia.

REPTILES.

In New Zealand the lizards are represented by eleven species, five of

which belong to the neat genus _Naultinus_.

Kakariki.--_Naultinus elegans._ A beautiful green lizard, now rarely

found.

Kakawariki.--_Naultinus punctatus._ A green lizard with yellow spots on

the back.

Mokonui.--A large lizard, said by the natives to be common on the Upper

Whanganui.

Tuatara.--_Halteria punctata._ A great fringed lizard, about eighteen

inches long. It is now only found on the small island of Karewha,

in the Bay of Plenty.

Around Lake Taupo the author found small brown lizards, about two

inches long; and at Pangarara, near Tongariro, lizards eight inches

long, of a dark-brown colour.

INSECTS.

The insect life of New Zealand is represented by many curious forms.

Anule.--A large caterpillar.

Aweto.--A caterpillar which feeds on the _kumara_.

Hara.--A large centipede, nearly six inches long.

Hataretare.--Slug-snail.

Hawate.--Caterpillar.

Heire.--Maggot.

Hotete.--_Sphæria Robertsi._ The vegetating caterpillar.

Howaka.--A cerambyx.

Huhu.--A boring grub.

Huhu.--A moth.

Hurangi.--A fly.

Kukaraiti.--A grasshopper.

Kapapa.--A large cerambyx.

Kapokapowai.--A dragon-fly.

Katipo.--A venomous spider, one kind red and one black, with a red spot

on the back.

Keha.--A flea.

Kekeriru.--_Cimex nemoralis._ A large black wood-bug.

Kekerewai.--A small green beetle.

Kihikihi.--A grasshopper.

Kiriwhenua.--A garden bug.

Kopi.--Chrysalis.

Kowhitiwhiti.--A small grasshopper.

Kurikuri.--A grub which turns into a green, bronzed beetle.

Kutu.--Louse.

Mokoroa.--A large caterpillar.

Mumatana.--A large brown beetle.

Naenae.--Mosquito.

Namu.--Sand-fly.

Ngata.--Leech.

Ngaungau.--Midge.

Papapapa.--Small brown beetle.

Pepeaweto.--The grub which begets the _hotete_, or vegetating

caterpillar.

Pepeatua.--Butterfly.

Pepeturia.--Large green moth.

Puawere.--Spider.

Purehurehu.--Large butterfly.

Puwerewere.--Spider.

Rango.--Large meat-fly.

Tarakihi.--Locust.

Titiwai.--Small luminous earthworm.

Toke.--A very long worm.

Kokoriro.--Large red _weta_.

Weta.--_Deinacrida heteracantha._ A beetle two and a half inches in

length.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 75: Mr. G.W. Griffin, United States' Consul at Auckland,

whose valuable reports upon the various commercial products of New

Zealand have been recently printed by authority of the New Zealand

Government, is the author of a very interesting paper upon the economic

uses of this tree.]

A BRIEF REFERENCE TO THE MAORI LANGUAGE.

The Maori alphabet is composed of fourteen letters, namely:--

_Consonants._

H, K, M, N, P, R, T, W, NG.

_Vowels._

A, E, I, O, U.

_Diphthongs._

aa, ae, ai, ao, au, ee, ei, ii, oo, ou, uu.

_Vowels._ _Sound._[76]

a as _a_ in f_a_ther

e as _a_ in f_a_re.

i as _ee_ in sl_ee_p.

o as _o_ in m_o_le.

u as _oo_ in sh_oo_t.

_Consonants._ _How named._

h _ha._

k _ka._

m _ma._

n _na._

p _pa._

r _ra._

t _ta._

w _wa._

ng _nga._

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

_The Article._

_Te_ is the definite article, _nga_ is its plural; as, _te whare_, the

house; _nga whare_, the houses.

The indefinite articles are _he_ and _tetahi_, a, an, or some; the

plural of _tetahi_ is _etahi_, as _he kuri_, a dog; _tetahi hoe_, a

paddle; _etahi waka_, canoes or some canoes.

_The Noun._

The noun has two numbers, the singular and the plural, the plural being

formed by the article _nga_ prefixed to the singular; as, _Te tamaiti_,

the child; _nga tamaiti_, the children.

_Adjectives._

The adjective does not precede the noun, as in English, but is placed

immediately after it; as, _he rakau roa_, a tree long.

_Pronouns._

The personal pronouns are:--

{1st person, _ahau_ or _au_, I.

Singular {2nd " _koe_, thou.

{3rd " _ia_, he, she, or it.

{1st person, _tatau_ or _matou_, we.

Plural {2nd " _koutou_, ye.

{3rd " _ratou_, they.

_Possessive Pronouns._

_Tahu_, mine or my.

_Ta taua_, _ta maua_, _ta tatou_, or _ta matou_, ours.

_Tau_, thine or thy.

_Ta korua_, or _ta koutou_, yours.

_Tana_, his.

_Ta raua_, or _ta ratau_, theirs.

_Relative Pronouns._

In the Maori there is no distinct form.

_Demonstrative Pronouns._

_Singular._ _Plural._

_Tenei_, this. Enei or _anei_.

_Tena_, that (next). _Ena._

_Tera_, that (farther off). _Era._

_Taua_, that (before mentioned). _Ana._

_Ia_, that.

_Interrogative Pronouns._

There are three, viz.:--

_Wai_, who; _Aha_, what; _tehea_ or _ehea_, which.

_Verbs._

These are of three kinds, active, neuter, and causative, each of which

admits of the passive voice.

The passive is formed by adding to the active one of the following

terminations:--_a_, _ia_, _tia_, _hia_, _kia_, _ria_, _na_, _ina_,

_ngia_.

The causative verb is formed by the prefix _whaka_.

_Tenses._

The present tense is formed by _ka_ before the verb, or by _e_ before

and _ana_ after it.

The past tense is formed by the prefix _i_.

The future tense is formed by the prefix _ka_, _e_, and _tera_.

_Adverbs._

_Ae_, yes, affirmation.

_Kahore_, no, not, on the contrary.

_Ekore_, not.

_Au_ or _aua_, I do not know.

_Inakaura_, a little while ago.

_Inapo_, last night.

_Inanahi_, yesterday.

_Inaoake_, day before yesterday.

_Aianei_, to-day, now, presently.

_Pea_, perhaps, indeed, of course.

_Ko_, then, thither.

_Konei_, here, this place, this time.

_Ake_, upwards, onwards.

_Atu_, onwards, away.

_Iho_, downwards, up above, from above.

_Mai_, hither.

_Tua_, behind, rather.

_Mua_, before.

_Roto_, within, the inside place, inland.

_Waho_, without, the outside.

_Puku_, secretly, without speaking.

_Niamata_, in former times.

_Meake_, soon, presently.

_Ahea_, when, at what time.

_Pehea_, how, in what way.

_Oti_ else, in question, then.

_Ata_, gently, deliberately.

_Marie_, quietly.

_Hanuga_, besides, not.

_Kau_, only, alone.

_Ki_, very.

_Ara_, namely.

_Prepositions._

_E_, by.

_O_, of, belonging to.

_Whaka_, towards, in the direction of.

_To_, up to, as far as.

_U_, according to.

_Kei_, at, on, in, with.

_Hei_, for, at; of time or place, to.

_No_, from, belonging to.

_Mo_, for, because of, on account of.

_Roto_, inside, within.

_Waho_, outside, without.

_Tua_, other side.

_Tata_, near.

_Conjunctions._

_A_, and, as far as, there.

_Koia_, therefore.

_Oti_, or _Otira_, but, at the same time.

_Ahakoa_, although, nevertheless.

_Hoki_, also, for, because.

_Notema_, because.

_Interjections._

_Na_, or _nana_, behold! see!

_E_, or _O_! oh!

_Aue_, alas!

_Taukiri_, exclamation of surprise.

_Numerals._

_Tahi_, one.

_Rua_, two.

_Toru_, three.

_Wha_, four.

_Rima_, five.

_Ono_, six.

_Whitu_, seven.

_Waru_, eight.

_Iwa_, nine.

_Tekau_, or _nga huru_, ten

_Tekau ma tahi_, eleven.

_Tekau ma rua_, twelve.

_Tekau ma toru_, thirteen.

_Tekau ma wha_, fourteen.

_Tekau ma rima_, fifteen.

_Tekau ma ono_, sixteen.

_Tekau ma whitu_, seventeen.

_Tekau ma waru_, eighteen.

_Tekau ma iwa_, nineteen.

_Rua tekau_, twenty.

_Rua tekau ma tahi_, twenty-one.

_Toru tekau_, thirty.

_Toru tekau ma tahi_, thirty-one.

_Wha tekau_, forty.

_Wha tekau ma tahi_, forty-one.

_Rima tekau_, fifty.

_Rima tekau ma tahi_, fifty-one.

_Ono tekau_, sixty.

_Whitu tekau_, seventy.

_Waru tekau_, eighty.

_Iwa tekau_, ninety.

_Ko tahi rau_, one hundred.

_Ko tahi rau ma tahi_, one hundred and one.

_Rua rau_, two hundred.

_Toru rau_, three hundred.

_Wha rau_, four hundred.

_Rima rau_, five hundred.

_Ono rau_, six hundred.

_Whitu rau_, seven hundred.

_Waru rau_, eight hundred

_Iwa rau_, nine hundred.

_Ko tahi mano_, one thousand.

_Ko tahi mano ma tahi_, one thousand and one.

_Rua mano_, two thousand.

_Ordinal Numbers._

_Te tahi_, or _tuatahi_, the first.

_Te rua_, or _tuarua_, the second.

_Te tekau_, the tenth.

_Te tekau ma tahi_, the eleventh.

_Te rua tekau_, the twentieth.

_Te toru tekau_, the thirtieth.

_Te rau_, the hundredth.

_Te rua o nga rau_, the two hundredth.

_Useful Verbs._

To be able, _ahei_.

To add, _hono_.

To assemble, _huihui_.

To ask, _inoi_.

To believe, _whakapono_.

To boil, _koropupu_.

To burn, _tahu_.

To call, _karanga_.

To carry, _kawe_.

To be calm, _aio_.

To clean, _horoi_.

To clear, _para_.

To count, _tatau_.

To curse, _kanga_.

To cut off, _tope_.

To cut (in two), _pounto_.

To desire, _hiahia_.

To dig, _ko_.

To dive, _ruku_.

To divide, _wehewehe_.

To drive, _whiu_.

To drink, _inu_.

To eat, _kai_.

To enter, _tomo_.

To entrap, _reti_.

To exchange _hokohoko_.

To fetch, _tiki_.

To fell (timber), _tua_.

To fish, _hi_.

To float, _taupua_.

To gather, _kohikohi_.

To go, _haere_.

To be healed, _mahu_.

To hear, _rongo_.

To hide, _huma_.

To imitate, _whakatau_.

To jest, _hangarau_.

To kill, _patu_.

To lead, _arabi_.

To light, _whakamarama_.

To light up, _hopai_.

To listen, _whakarongo_.

To look, _rimi_.

To make, _hauga_.

To measure, _wharite_.

To murder, _kohuru_.

To pay, _utu_.

To plant, _whakato_.

To play, _takaro_.

To plunder, _muru_.

To pray, _muru_.

To run, _oma_.

To rest, _okioki_.

To see, _kite_.

To sell, _hoko_.

To sew, _tui_.

To shine, _tiaho_.

To sing, _waiata_.

To speak, _ki_.

To stop, _whakamutu_.

To be able, _ahei_.

To sow, _rui_.

To swim, _kaukoe_.

To take, _tango_.

To teach, _ako_.

To undo, _wewete_.

To watch, _mataara_.

To wash, _horoi_.

To work, _mahi_.

To understand, _mohio_.

_Useful Nouns._

Abyss, _torere_.

Anger, _riri_.

Boundary, _rohe_.

Bridge, _arawhata_.

Canoe, _waka_.

Carving, _whakairo_.

Child, _tamahiti_.

Council, _runanga_.

Dance, _haka_.

Daylight, _awatea_.

Dog, _kuri_.

Door, _tatau_.

Dust, _nehu_.

Egg, _hua_.

Eel, _koiro_.

Feather, _how_.

Fence, _taiepa_.

Firewood, _ahi_.

Floor-mat, _takapau_.

Ford, _kauranga_.

Girdle, _tatua_.

Hand, _ringaringa_.

Heat, _pukaka_.

Hatchet, _patiti_.

Jealousy, _hae_.

Lake, _roto_.

Landing-place, _tauranga_.

Man, _tangata_.

Mind, _hinengaro_.

Plain, _raorao_.

Precipice, _pari_.

Proverb, _whakatauki_.

Priest, _ariki_.

Rope, _whakaheke_.

Row, _rarangi_.

Seaside, _tatahi_.

Ship, _kaipuke_.

Shoal, _tahuna_.

Skin, _hiako_.

Sky, _rangi_.

Smoke, _auahi_.

Song, _waiata_.

Spear, _tao_.

Speech, _reo_.

Sport, _takaro_.

Spring of water, _puna_.

Steam, _korohu_.

Summit, _teitei_.

Tree, _rakau_.

Valley, _wharua_.

Verandah, _whakamahau_.

Water, _wai_.

Waterfall, _wairere_.

Woman, _wahine_.

Year, _tau_.

_Useful Adjectives._

Abundant, _ranea_.

Afraid, _wehi_.

Aged, _kaumatua_.

Ashamed, _whakama_.

Bad, _kino_.

Bald, _pakira_.

Black, _pango_.

Blind, _matapo_.

Brave, _maia_.

Bright, _kanapa_.

Broad, _whanui_.

Calm, _marino_.

Carved, _whakairo_.

Concealed, _huna_.

Conceited, _whakahihi_.

Confused, _porauraha_.

Damp, _maku_.

Dark, _pouri_.

Deep, _hohonu_.

Deceitful, _hangarau_.

Dry, _maroke_.

Fat, _momona_.

False, _horihori_.

Good, _pai_.

Great, _Nui_.

Hard, _pakeke_.

Heavy, _toimaha_.

High, _teiti_.

Hot, _wera_.

Idle, _mangere_.

Light, _mama_.

Loose, _korokoro_.

Narrow, _whaiti_.

Near, _tutata_.

New, _hou_.

Noisy, _turituri_.

Open, _tuwhera_.

Playful, _takaro_.

Quarrelsome, _pakani_.

Quick, _kakama_.

Quiet, _marie_.

Red, _whero_.

Ripe, _pakari_.

Round, _porotaka_.

Salt, _mataitai_.

Shallow, _pakupaku_.

Sharp, _koi_.

Short, _poto_.

Slippery, _pahekeheke_.

Slow, _ngoikore_.

Small, _iti_.

Soft, _ngawari_.

Sour, _kawa_.

Strong, _kaha_.

Tall, _roa_.

Tame, _rarata_.

Thick, _matotoru_.

Thin, _heroki_.

Timid, _wehi_.

True, _pono_.

Uncooked, _kaimata_.

Wasteful, _maumau_.

Weak, _iwikore_.

Wet, _maku_.

White, _ma_.

Winding, _awhiowhio_.

Wild, _maka_.

Wearisome, _hoha_.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 76: It may be set down as a general rule, to which there are,

however, some few exceptions, that Maori words are always accented

on the _first_ syllable, but compound words, or words which have the

dissyllabic root doubled, have a secondary accent on the second portion

of the word.]

INDEX.

Alexandra, 17, 44.

Amnesty Act, The, 10.

Animals introduced by the Maories, 71.

_Aotea_ canoe, The, 70.

AOTEA Harbour, 44.

AOTEAROA, Meaning of, 33

Apteryx, The, 317.

_Arawa_ canoe, The, 70.

ARAWAS, The, 68.

Area of the King Country, 1.

ARIKI KAPAKAPA, 62.

Ascent of Pirongia, 36.

---- Ruapehu, 199, 237.

---- Tongariro, 179.

Atea-Amuri, 112.

AUCKLAND, 46.

Aukati, The, 1, 44, 328.

Australasian volcanoes, The, 195.

Bathing at the hot springs, 58.

---- at Te Koutu, 67.

----, the pleasures of, 98.

Bay of Plenty, The, 48.

Big Geyser, The, 121.

Birds, 358.

Birds, Measurements of, 318.

Botany, 350.

Boundaries of the King Country, 1.

Bridal Veil Fall, The, 244.

Bryce, Mr., 10.

Cambridge, 44.

Cameron, General, 6.

---- at the Gate Pa, 51.

Camp of TAWHIAO, The, 20.

---- on Ruapehu, 210.

Canoes, The seven, 70.

Caterpillar, The vegetating, 83.

Chemical constituents of the springs, 63.

Coast-line of the King Country, 2.

Coffee-pot, The, 64.

CONFISCATIONS, The, 7.

Crater lakes, 147,

---- of Te Tarata, 97.

---- of Tongariro, The, 191.

Cream Cups, 64.

Crown of Ruapehu, The, 221.

Davis, Mr. C.O., 68.

Descent of Tongariro, 195.

Devil's Hole, The, 102.

Discoverer of New Zealand, The first Maori, 70.

Dismal Swamp, 268.

Distribution of the tribes, 349.

Eagle's Nest, The, 119.

Earliest discoverers, The, 68.

Entomology, 364.

EXPLORERS OF THE KING COUNTRY, 4.

Fauna, 358.

Ferns, 354.

Flora, 350.

Flute of Tutanekai, 76.

Fungi, 357.

Gas in the pools, 120.

Gate Pa, The, 51.

Genealogy of Tawhiao, 343.

Generations, The Maori, 71.

Geology of the King Country, 3.

---- of Pirongia, 40.

---- of the Taupo region, 140.

Geysers, 49, 62, 100, 109, 111, 116, 162.

Giant Rocks, The, 219.

Glacier on Ruapehu, The, 247.

Glowworms, The, 82.

Grasses, 357.

Greenstone, The, 22.

Grey, Sir George, 9, 15, 47.

Hamilton, 44.

Hapurangi, 110.

Hariki Kapakapa, 109.

HATI WIRA TAKAHI, 37.

Hauhaus, The, 276.

Haurungaroa Mountains, The, 305.

Haurungatahi, 287.

Hawaiki, The fatherland of, 69.

Hemo Gorge, The, 110.

Hengia, 326.

HIKURANGI, The meeting at, 7.

Hinemoa, The legend of, 78.

Hinepareoterangi, 273.

HOCHSTETTER'S EXPLORATION, 4, 304.

HONE TE WETERE, 23.

Hongi, The, 309.

Horohoro, 110.

Horomatangi, 166.

Horses, Our, 135.

Horseshoe Fall, The, 242.

Hot springs, 56, 98, 101, 107, 109, 111, 117, 162, 193, 297.

Hotete, The, 83.

Huata, A, 292.

Huka Falls, The, 116, 125.

Hurakia Mountains, The, 305.

Hursthouse affair, The, 135.

Hurutirangi, 76.

Hymn of the Hauhaus, 280.

Insects, 364.

Jade ornaments, 22.

Kahakaharoa, 316.

KAHOTAWA Spring, The, 66.

Kai, 102.

Kaimanawa Mountains, The, 229.

Kainga, A, 329.

Kakaramea Ranges, The, 161.

Kakariki Geyser, The, 102.

Kakepuku, 18.

Karangahape, 306.

Karioi, 254.

Karioi, Mount, 44.

KAWAU, 47.

KAWHIA Harbour, 43.

Ketetahi, 299.

Kihikihi, 44.

King's address, The, 33.

Kings of the Maories, The, 343.

Kiriohinekai, The, 124.

Kiwi, The, 317.

Korero at Manga-o-Rongo, 329.

----, The, at Whatiwhatihoe, 27.

Kuiti Mountains, The, 331.

_Kurahaupo_ canoe, The, 70.

Kuruaro, 76.

Kuwharua, 301.

Lake Country, The, 46.

Lament for Te Heuheu, 165.

---- of Te Kooti, 279.

Land Court, The, 313.

Language, The, 364.

Legend of the Huka Falls, 130.

---- Rotua, The, 282.

---- Tongariro, The, 181.

Lichens, 357.

Lizard, A gigantic, 319.

Lizards, 364.

Love song, A, 80.

McLean, Sir Donald, 9.

Mamanui, 233.

Mammalia, 358.

MANAWAPOU, RUNANGA at, 5.

Mangakara, The, 307.

Mangakino, The, 321.

Mangakowiriwiri, 320.

Manganui-a-te-Ao, The, 270, 284.

Manga-o-Rongo, 329.

MANGA REWI, 23, 25, 347.

Mangatotara, The, 267.

Mangatuku, The, 267, 329.

MANGOREWA Gorge, The, 54.

Manuka-trees at Wairakei, 119.

Manutarere, 329.

Maories, The, 11.

----, their cheerfulness, 322.

----, cause of their decay, 291.

----, fatherland of the, 69.

----, their language, 364.

----, their life, 133.

----, their mode of fighting, 292.

----, murder of a girl, 231.

----, their origin, 68.

----, their numbers, 11.

----, a typical speech, 33.

----, tribes of the, 71.

_Mata-Atua_ canoe, The, 70.

MATENE TE WHIWI, 5.

MAUNGAKAWA, 44.

MAUNGATAUTARI, 44.

Maunsell, Archdeacon, 344.

Mere, use of the, 294.

----, sketch of a, 311.

Mineral wealth of the Kaimanawas, 236.

Moa, 317.

Moffat, the murder of, 273.

Mohi, 311.

Mokaikai, The, 326.

Mokia, Island of, 77.

Morning on Ruapehu, 214.

Moss, Mr. F.J., 41.

Mosses, 357.

Motuoapa, 159.

Motutaiko, 166.

Motutere, 158.

Murimotu Plains, The, 253.

Napier mail, The, 256,

Natives Reserves Act, The, 9.

New Zealand War, The, 6, 51, 345.

Ngahapu, 100.

NGAPUHI, a chief of the, 40.

Ngatihau legend, 130.

NGATIPROA, chief of the, 39.

NGATIRUANUI, The, 5.

NGATITEMATERA, a chief of the, 42.

NGATITOA, a chief of the, 38.

Ngatituwharetoa, The, 130, 164, 333.

Ngatiwhakaue, The, 68.

Ngatoroirangi, 181, 255.

Ngatokorua Pa, 281.

Ngauruhoe, 182.

Ngongotaha, 65.

Ohinemutu, 56.

Okarewa, 307.

Onetapu Desert, The, 232.

Orakeikorako, 111.

Origin of the Maories, 68.

Ornithology, 358.

Oropi, 53.

Oruapuraho Valley, The, 315.

Paeroa Mountains, The, 111.

Pakihi, 265.

Pangarara, 177

PAORA TU HAERE, 34.

PARATENE TE MANU, 40.

Parekura, 283.

Patara te Tuhi, 347.

Pehi Hetau Turoa, 288.

PIG, Tragedy of a, 61.

Pihanga Mount, 169.

Pink Terrace, The, 105.

Piritana, The, 82.

PIRONGIA, 3, 18.

----, ascent of, 36.

Plants of New Zealand, 352.

---- introduced by the Maories, 71.

POHAERE, 20.

Pohaturoa, 112.

Point Victoria, 227.

Political State of the King Country, 3.

POTATAU I., 6.

POTATAU II., 6.

Pouotepiki, 308.

Pukaki, 71.

Pukeakikiore, 306.

PUKEROA, 56.

Pumice plains, The, 114.

Puniu, The, 325.

Puruohutaiki, 71.

Putauaki, 91.

Rangihewa, 88.

Rangipo table-land, The, 169.

Rangariri Pa, 345, 348.

Rangitanua, 264.

Rangitauaiti, 264.

Rangitoto, 47.

---- Ranges, The, 331.

Rangituku, 306.

RATA Trees, The, 41.

Rauporoa Forest, The, 82.

Reptiles, 364.

Rivers of Lake Taupo, The, 142.

ROTOHIKO HAUPAPA, 60.

Rotoiti Lake, 62.

Rotokakahi, 84.

Rotomahana, 94, 103.

Roto Ngaio, 155.

ROTORUA, Lake, 56.

Rotua, The legend of, 282.

Ruakaka, 269.

RUAPEHU, 3, 287.

----, first ascent of, 199.

----, second ascent of, 237.

----, flora of, 355.

Runanga at Pouotepiki, 310.

---- at Te Ruapeka, 71.

Salute, The, 309.

Sheep station at Karioi, 254.

Shrubs, 352.

Silica formations at Te Otukapurangi, 106.

---- at Te Tarata, 95.

Skeleton buried in a tree, 77.

Sophia the guide, 89.

Sowthistle as food, The, 313.

Springs, Hot, 56, 98, 101, 107, 109, 111, 117, 162, 193, 297.

Stations of the tribes, 349.

Stone axes, 329.

Storm on Ruapehu, 211.

Struthious birds, heights of, 318.

Sulphur Cups, The, 64.

---- Point, 63.

---- pools, 123.

Summit of Ruapehu, The, 223.

Sunrise on Ruapehu, 213.

Tahuatahi, 118.

_Tainui_ canoe, The, 70.

_Takitumu_ canoe, The, 70.

Tama te Kapua, 73.

---- Turaki, 282.

Tangi, The, 309.

TAPU, its meaning, 4.

Tapuwaeharuru, 136.

TARANAKI, 3.

---- confiscation, The, 7.

Tarawera, Lake, 87.

----, Mount, 91.

Taupo, Lake, 139, 304.

TAURANGA, 48.

---- Taupo, 159.

TAWHIAO, King, 9, 15, 20, 343.

Te Ana Taipo, 102.

Te Ariki, 92.

Tehatepe, 156.

Te Hau, 178.

Te Henga, 169.

TE HEUHEU, 5, 6, 164, 297.

Te Heuheu of Tokanu, 310.

Te Huka, 102.

Te Kaina Valley, The, 308.

Te Karapiti, 125.

Te Kauhanga, 63.

TE KAUWHANGA, 64.

Te Kohae Point, 156.

TE KOOTI, 7, 14, 278, 334, 348.

TE KOPUA, Meeting at, 9.

Te Koutu, 65.

Te Kupe, 70.

Te Mahuki's outbreak, 136.

Temple at Te Ruapeka, 71.

TE NGAKAU, 23.

Te Otukapurangi, 105.

Te Pakaru Plain, The, 301.

Te Pareoterangi, 272.

Te Pirori, 162.

Te Porere, 299.

Te Poroporo, 157.

Te Pupunitanga, 64.

TE RAIA NGAKUTU, 43, 348.

Terangakaikha Forest, The, 261.

Terania, 307.

Terekirike, 118.

Terraces, The, 94.

TE RUAPEKA, 57, 68.

Te Takapo, 103.

Te Tarata, 94.

Tetauranga, 325.

Te Tihoi Plains, The, 319.

Te Tokapo, 100.

Te Toto Ranges, The, 324.

TE TUHI, 30.

Te Wairoa, 85.

Te Whakataratara, 104.

Te Whatapohu, 102.

TE WHEORO, Major, 22, 28, 346.

TE WHEU, 259.

TE WHITI, 14, 278.

Thorny plant, A, 230.

Tikitapu, 84.

Tikitere, 62.

Time, Maori method of reckoning, 332.

Titiraupenga, 3, 320.

_Tokomaru_ canoe, The, 70.

Tokanu, 161.

TONGARIRO, 3, 7, 179, 296.

----, flora of, 355.

Towai, Mount, 286.

Trachytic lava bed, 240.

Traditions of the Maories, 68.

Tree ferns, 355.

Trees, 350.

---- in the pumice, 177.

---- in the Terangakaikha Forest, 261.

Tribes of the Maories, 70.

---- at Manga-o-Rongo, 332.

---- on the Whanganui, 276.

---- and their localities, 349.

TUATARA, The, 49.

TUKUKINO, 42, 348.

TUPUHI Spring, The, 65.

Turner, Mr. J.A., 134.

Tutanekai, 76.

TU TAWHIAO, 22.

Twin Waterfalls, The, 246.

Uenuku, 277.

Uenukukopako, 76.

Upper Waikato, The, 143, 160, 174, 249.

Vegetating caterpillar, The, 83.

Victoria Point, 227.

View from Ruapehu, The, 225.

Vocabulary, 364.

Volcanic origin of the rocks, 144.

Volcanoes in Australasia, 195.

Wahanui, 23, 347.

Waihaha, The, 316.

Waihohonu Valley, The, 186.

Waihora, The, 319.

Waikanapanapa, 101.

Waikato, The, 115, 146, 151.

----, The Upper, 143, 160, 174, 249.

---- confiscation, The, 6.

Waikite Geyser, The, 65.

Waikomiko, The, 319.

Waimarino, The, 287.

Waipa River, The, 2, 339.

Waipapa, 324.

Waipahihi, The, 154.

Waipari, The, 325.

Wairakei, 115.

Wairoa, The, 85.

Waitahanui, The, 154.

Waitangi, The treaty of, 344.

Water-shed, A curious, 249.

Weapons, 292.

Whakarewarewa, 64.

WHAKARI, 48.

Whakarra, 76.

Whakatira, 76.

Whale, Legend of the, 74.

WHANGA Ranges, The, 44.

Whangaehu, The, 237.

Whanganui River, The, 2.

---- ----, source of the, 296.

---- tribes, The, 276.

Whangapipiro, 63.

Wharangi shrub, The, 269.

WHARES at Ohinemutu, The, 57.

WHATIWHATIHOE, Meeting at, 10, 19.

Whistling Geyser, The, 119.

White Island, 48.

---- Terrace, The, 95.

WHITIORA, 23, 348.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED,

ST. JOHN'S SQUARE.

[Illustration:

SKETCH MAP

OF

EXPLORATIONS

MADE IN THE

KING COUNTRY

BY

J.H. KERRY-NICHOLLS

1883]

Transcibers note:

The folowing printers errors have been corrected;

turqoise/turquoise

varions/various

puposes/purposes

The following place/proper names have been corrected on the advise of

proofreaders and after cross-referencing within the text and on-line.

tangate to tangata

Kamianawa to Kaimanawa

Perongia to Pirongia

Tuatard to Tuatara

Te Motopuke to Te Motupuke

Kakaramia Ranges to Kakaramea Ranges

Other possible errors, because of doubt, have been left unaltered.

We hope our kiwi cousins will forgive us.