AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS UNDER TURKISH RULE
This cursory account of the methodical extermination of Christianity
at the hands of the Turk should convince any one that he now has no
intention of allowing it to be revived and propagated in his domains
in foreign schools. An earlier chapter gave an account of the aid and
support, both moral and financial, furnished American missionary and
philanthropic institutions by the Greeks during their occupation of
the Smyrna region, and at Saloniki. The following statement of their
treatment under Turkish rule is from the pen of Dana K. Getchell, well
known in missionary circles:
“In 1914, when the World War began, Anatolia College, Marsovan,
Turkey, had an enrollment of four hundred twenty-five students
and the Girls’ School had about three hundred; a total of about
one thousand individuals all together were on the American
premises, including professors’ families, servants and their
families and the American colony. At the close of 1914, the
Americans had just finished the building of a large hospital
which was occupied by the Turks before the American doctor had
the opportunity of moving in.
“In 1915, the Armenian deportation took place in the early
spring of that year. Out of our faculty of fifteen native
teachers and a servant list of fifteen more, twenty of these
individuals, men, were deported and, as far as the college
authorities knew, were killed, as they have never been heard
from since.
“Our college steward, during this time, went to the market for
his usual work and never returned. A noted Turkish lawyer of
the city, at that time connected with the college, informed me
that if I would go with him to a certain spot in a vineyard
near the city he would show me the well into which this man’s
body was thrown. He was perfectly in sympathy with this deed
that was committed.
“During the month of June, 1915, I escorted a party of ten
American ladies and children to Constantinople, via Angora, the
Black Sea route having been closed. While in Constantinople, I
learned of the deportation of the Armenians in the interior,
especially from Marsovan and vicinity. I worked for days to
get permission from Talaat Pasha to return to Marsovan but his
excuse was that ‘things were doing’ in the interior and it was
not a good time for foreigners to be traveling. Later, upon
hearing that more than four hundred Armenians had crowded into
the American premises, information was taken to Talaat and his
promise received that no Armenian within the American premises
should be deported. Upon the strength of this promise, I sent
a telegram to my associates in Marsovan, and having received
permission to travel in those days, I hastened back to my work.
Upon my arrival in Marsovan, I found that the first great
deportation of those sheltered in the American premises had
taken place the day before.
“Two days later, the Turkish gendarmes and police came to our
premises and demanded the girls, forty-nine in number, from
the American school. These demands were persisted in and on
that day, by the order of the Turkish Government, all these
girls were started on the road to Sivas, a journey of six days
interior from Marsovan. Two of the American teachers, Miss
Willard and Miss Gage, by persistence, secured permission to
follow these girls one day after they had started on their
journey and overtook them just as they were entering Sivas,
six days later. By working with the _vali_ of the province for
days, permission was finally given to these American ladies for
all these girls to return to the Girls’ School at Marsovan.
“At the beginning of the deportations in 1915, Marsovan was
inhabited by twelve thousand Armenians. When the deportations
were finished scarcely one thousand of that nationality
could be found in the city. This complete destruction of the
Armenians in this city is only an example of what took place
throughout the Vilayet of Sivas.
“In January, 1916, the Greek deportations from the Black Sea
began. These Greeks came through the city of Marsovan by
thousands, walking for the most part the three days’ journey
through the snow and mud and slush of the winter weather.
Thousands fell by the wayside from exhaustion and others came
into the city of Marsovan in groups of fifty, one hundred
and five hundred, always under escort of Turkish gendarmes.
Next morning these poor refugees were started on the road and
destruction by this treatment was even more radical than a
straight massacre such as the Armenians suffered before.
“In 1917, in the dead of winter, a second deportation of
Armenians from the Black Sea coast began and the same treatment
was undergone by those who were obliged to flee from their
homes.
“On May 16, the fifteen Americans, men, women and children
were obliged to undergo this hardship—to leave their homes
and property—for this long overland journey. On that date the
American premises were occupied by Turkish soldiers and the
buildings all taken over as a base hospital.
“Six weeks later four of this group returned to Marsovan by
permission from Talaat Pasha, with the understanding that
they would be able to occupy their homes and use the school
buildings for educational purposes. The buildings, with the
exception of the houses, which were obtained with great
difficulty, were never returned but were in constant use by the
Turkish military authorities up to the time of the Armistice,
March, 1919.
“The treatment of Americans and American property throughout
Turkey was the same as that experienced by the Americans in
Marsovan. The schools and colleges in Sivas, Cæsarea, Harput,
Aintab and other places were closed and for the most part
the American workers were sent out of the country. Since the
Armistice, this same treatment of Americans throughout the
interior has continued. The schools have not been allowed to
open and property to the value of many thousands of dollars has
continually been occupied by Turks.”
In December of 1914, Turkish soldiers seized the American mission
property of Afion Kara Hissar and occupied the church, school and
pastor’s house for a period of four years, leaving the buildings with
doors, windows and roofs wrecked and generally defiled with human offal.
The Turks pulled the Cross down from the church and put the Crescent up
in its place. In 1919, the Turks seized these buildings again and housed
soldiers in them.
The proposition under which our Christian schools may now operate in
Turkey is about as follows: Will you please let us repair our buildings
at our own expense with money raised in America, and reopen them in those
places where enough human beings remain to furnish a few pupils, and
educate Turkish boys in English, arithmetic, etc., if we give our solemn
word that we will not teach them any Christianity?
Much consolation is derived in certain quarters from the fact that no
religious education of any kind is permitted in Turkish schools, and
it is argued that the measure is not aimed particularly at Christian
institutions. People who obtain comfort from this feature of the case are
evidently not aware that the Turk is familiar with all the different ways
of skinning a cat. They do not give him credit for the peculiar brand of
intelligence which he certainly possesses. At any rate, the result is the
same, in so far as the continuation of foreign evangelical work in Turkey
is concerned.
The above is a very moderate and unprejudiced account of what has been
done, in part, to the American educational institutions in Turkey, but
gives no idea of the actual ferocity shown to students and teachers and
the material damage wrought.
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I was talking recently to a prominent clergyman, friend of the one-time
president of one of the greatest missionary colleges in Turkey, who made
the following statement:
“Some time ago, I was talking with the President of one of
the American Colleges in Turkey who told me of the frightful
treatment of the people in the town where he was located. He
told me the college was closed and the professors, their wives
and families driven out and some sixty or seventy of them were
put to death. The tears streamed down his cheeks as he said: ‘I
can see those dear, good people at this moment, as they were
marched away by the heartless Turk.’”
Regarding the conditions under which the American missions are now
operating in Turkey, Samuel M. Zwemer says, (1924):
“Recent regulations regarding foreigners in Turkey and the
prohibition of Christian teaching to Moslem children in Mission
schools do not indicate a larger degree of liberty under
Islamic Nationalist Government, but rather a recrudescence of
the old spirit.”
If the reverend gentleman had said, “A continuance of the steadfast and
unalterable policy,” he would have been nearer the truth.
Doctor James L. Barton, Secretary of the American Board of Commissioners
for Foreign Missions, of Boston, Massachusetts, has an interesting
article in the _Homiletic Review_ of January, 1924, on _The Present
Status of Missionary and Educational Work in Turkey_.
Doctor Barton is very eminent in missionary work, to which he has devoted
the best part of his life, and he is naturally anxious to save as much as
possible of the ruins of the magnificent edifice which the Mission Board
built up in Turkey with millions of American money, and to keep going
somehow. Here are some quotations from Doctor Barton’s article:
“Some of the American schools have been closed because of the
exchange of populations approved by the Lausanne Conference,
as, for instance, Euphrates College at Harput, Central Turkey
College at Aintab, Teachers’ College at Sivas, and the College
at Van, all in the Eastern section of Turkey are no longer
in operation. These were conducted almost if not wholly for
Christian students, that is, Armenians for the most part, but
with a few Greeks and Syrians. Under the deportations the
country was almost wholly depopulated of this part of its
inhabitants. The teachers were deported or left the country
so that these institutions are to-day closed. Central Turkey,
which was at Aintab, however, is aiding some work in Aleppo,
which is in the French mandate, to which a large number of the
people of Aintab have fled, but the constituency of the other
institutions are scattered far and wide.
“Anatolia College, which was at Marsovan, is in practically the
same condition, although it had many Turkish students, but its
teachers are scattered.”
This is a very carefully worded statement and does full justice to the
doctor’s well-deserved reputation for diplomatic ability. There is
nothing in it that might in any way offend the Turks. The general subject
of the extermination of the Armenians and Greeks, and the massacre of
a million of the former, the real reason of the closing of most of
the schools, is obscured by reference to the “Exchange of populations
approved by the Lausanne Conference.”
The teachers of Anatolia College are “scattered.” This is doubtless
a correct expression to apply to people, many of whom have suffered
martyrdom and are in Heaven, along with many of the teachers of other
colleges. Let us breathe the pious wish that they are not too widely
“scattered” up there, as they will certainly long to get together and
talk over their experiences. Continuing, the doctor says:
“Just at the present time in the absence of regulations, the
schools are hampered in their religious teaching. The Turks
have given orders that there shall be no religious instruction
and for the present there is nothing in the form of direct
instruction during school hours and none of the students can
be required to take Biblical studies or be present where
religious instruction is given. Under present circumstances,
it seems wise to those who are conducting schools in the Near
East to comply with these regulations until a more substantial
understanding can be reached and the educational system of the
country be put on a sound basis.”
If by a “sound basis” the doctor means—and he can not mean anything
else—the permission of the Turkish Government to convert Turks in
Turkey to Christianity, he will wait a long time. The “sound basis,” to
arrive at which the Turks have been shedding rivers of Christian blood,
has already been achieved. And in the meantime, some of the Christian
missionaries have accepted to cease preaching Christ. It is about time
for the cock to crow. Doctor Barton continues:
“It is well known by Turks as well as by foreigners that Turkey
needs what these institutions can give, in order to enable her
to organize her present administrations on a basis that would
give her a worthy place in the sisterhood of nations.”
When Jesus appeared to the Eleven, as they sat at meat after the
Crucifixion, He enjoined them: “Go ye into all the world and preach the
gospel to every creature. He that believeth and is baptized shall be
saved. But he that believeth not shall be damned.”
He said nothing about educating foreigners so that they could put their
administrations on a sound basis. This is a laudable object but should be
done and paid for by the foreigners themselves.
I am informed that the distinguished and erudite Rabbi Stephen Wise, of
New York, has estimated the entire value of the American Mission property
now existing in Turkey as being not more than ten million dollars. His
has been one of the most eloquent voices raised in behalf of the martyred
Christians in the Near East.
I wish it distinctly understood that nothing I have said is meant in any
way as a reflection on American missionaries in general. I have known
so many noble men and women consecrated to spreading the doctrines of
the Master in foreign lands that I am incapable of saying or thinking
anything derogatory of this saintly band of pioneers, or of their work.
I have already described the gallant conduct of the missionary girls and
men at Smyrna, and the same story has been repeated over and over in many
dark corners of the globe in times of stress and danger.
I am not in sympathy with the policy of certain missionaries with regard
to Turkey, and I believe that the utter failure of Christianity to direct
the policy of governments, as shown in this sad narrative, renders any
campaign in Moslem countries a well-nigh hopeless task. I am convinced,
also, that an examination of our private lives and conduct, will convince
any one that the conversion of Americans is a more crying need than that
of Mohammedans.
What America needs, and what Europe needs, is a great spiritual
awakening. Christ is all right. He is unutterably wonderful and lovely.
Let us all unite under His banner, and then think about advancing into
foreign lands.
The ruin wrought to our missionary institutions in Turkey, which has
inspired so much caution with regard to the fate of the remainder, is
epitomized in the following table issued in 1923 by the American Board of
Foreign Missions:
Missionary Churches: 90% closed.
American Colleges: Work suspended in six out of eight.
Hospitals: One-half operating.
College Heads: Two dead, one deported, three refused permission
to return.
Village Schools: (Estimated at 1000). Abandoned.
High Schools: Only three out of forty-one now open.
Property loss: Estimated at $2,880,000.
Native workers: Two-thirds dead; others in exile.
Constituency: 95% dead or deported or enslaved in harems.
American Workers: Fifty deported.
This chapter can have no more appropriate ending than the following
quotation from the pen of the Reverend Ralph Harlow, formerly Missionary
to Turkey, and now Professor of Biblical Literature and Comparative
Religion at Smith College, Massachusetts:
“One hundred years or more ago, our fathers sent forth to Asia
Minor the first American missionary. For all these years our
churches have carried on the glorious task of awakening and
renewing among the peoples of that land, loyalty to the person
and principles of Jesus Christ. Schools and colleges, hospitals
and churches have been built. A host of men and women have come
to love, generation by generation, the people of that land. It
was the land that gave our faith birth; it was its cradle; it
planted the seed from which the church sprang in the blood of
the martyrs.
“To-day the Turkish Government announces that in the future
there will be no Christians in that land, and that no
Protestant missionary work will be permitted.
“For five hundred years, the Christians of Asia Minor have been
the objects of persecution, while Christian civilization has
stood by and looked on. In more recent years the barbarity of
that persecution has shocked the conscience of humanity. In the
’eighties came the Bulgarian horrors; in the ’nineties came the
Armenian atrocities; in 1909 Adana ran red with the blood of
slaughtered thousands and echoed to the wail of countless women.
“In each case the Turk was restored to power; in each case
lengthy promises of good conduct to his Christian subjects were
extracted.
“From 1915 to 1918 came that series of atrocities such as the
world of our day had hardly the emotions and conscience to
comprehend, even amid the horror of the other cruelties of
those other years. Those of us who were in the land at that
time, who saw these things with our own eyes, have never told
half of the truth of those dark hours. The Allied nations swore
by all that was sacred, by the crosses of their fallen dead,
that these things should not again be possible. One million
five hundred thousand is a conservative estimate of the lives
struck down in lust and torture. America sent in workers and
dollars to the relief of the starving and tattered fragments of
the people who survived the blast.
“The man most responsible for all this horror was Talaat Bey.
What is the attitude of the government of Mustapha Khemal
to Talaat and his methods? When Talaat died the government
at Angora held a service in his honor. The _Yeni_ gun, the
official organ of the Nationalist party, came out with great
mourning bands of black. In the editorial were these sentences:
‘Talaat wrote the most glorious pages in Turkish history. Let
the eyes that do not weep become blind. Let the heart that does
not ache cease to beat.’ Khemal has followed in the footsteps
of Talaat. Massacres, deportations, cruelty, outrage and
terror, have marked the reign of the Nationalist government.
The Smyrna tragedy has taken place in hundreds of villages on
a smaller scale. The innocence of childhood, the sacredness of
womanhood, the tears of mothers, the cries of the helpless,
make no appeal at all to the armies or the courts of this
government.”