NEW LIGHT ON THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES
(1914-1915)
In 1915, the time of the vast extermination of Armenians, Consul Jesse
B. Jackson was stationed at Aleppo, and greatly distinguished himself by
the aid which he gave these unfortunate people. As Consul Jackson was
in these horrible scenes, it would be interesting to read his reports,
if they were obtainable, but unfortunately they are not. Quotation can
fortunately be made from the account, here published for the first
time, of a native-born American citizen who was at Aleppo and was an
eye-witness of the things which he describes:
“The forerunner of events in which the unfortunate Armenians
were to be massacred and forced to undergo the most severe
hardships occurred at Zeitun, a town situated about five days’
journey north of Aleppo, in February, 1915, when, with great
reluctance, the Armenians were made to submit to disarmament by
the Turks. Following the Zeitun incident, similar action was
taken in Aintab, Alexandretta, Marash, Urfa, etc.
“Shortly after the disarmament of the Armenians in the
above-mentioned places, the deportations began, which were so
destructive to the Armenian race and were carried out on orders
from the Turkish officials in Constantinople.
“Throughout the terrible days of the deportation, Consul
Jackson was repeatedly called upon to render assistance and
to use every effort to prevent the deportation of any one in
Aleppo. This, during the time when he represented fifteen
different countries and was protecting their various interests.
(This was during the war, of course, before Turkey severed
relations with the United States.) It can be readily seen that
his position was a very delicate one, and every move on his
part had to be made with the utmost care in order not to call
down upon him and especially his assistants, the displeasure of
the Turkish authorities.
“While Consul Jackson was endeavoring to the best of his
ability to stop a massacre in Aleppo, news began to leak in
of the terrible atrocities that were occurring in connection
with the deportations from Sivas, Harput, Trebizonde, Bitlis,
Diarbekir, Mardin, Cæsarea, Konia, Adana, Mersina and other
cities and towns in the district.
“Gradually small numbers sent away from the above mentioned
towns began to arrive in Aleppo, relating the harrowing details
of the deportations, or the actual killing of relatives and
friends, or the unbelievable brutalities of the gendarmes
toward young girls, and more attractive women, or the carrying
off by Turks and Kurds of beautiful girls and countless other
atrocious crimes committed against them.
“One of the most terrible sights ever witnessed in Aleppo was
the arrival, early in August, 1915, of some five thousand
terribly emaciated, dirty, ragged and sick women and
children, three thousand on one day and two thousand the
following day. These people were the only survivors of the
thrifty and prosperous Armenians of the province of Sivas,
carefully estimated to have been originally over three hundred
thousand souls. And what became of the balance? From the most
intelligent of those that reached Aleppo, it was learned that
in early spring of 1915 the men and boys over fourteen years
old had been called to the police stations in that province
on different mornings stretching over a period of several
weeks and had been sent off in groups of from one thousand to
two thousand each, tied together with ropes and that nothing
had ever been heard of them thereafter. Their fate has been
recorded in the annals of God, so it is needless to dwell
thereon here. These survivors related the most harrowing
experiences that they endured en route, parting from their
homes as they did before Easter, traveling perhaps a thousand
miles and reaching Aleppo in August, about four months
afterward, afoot, without sufficient food, and even denied
drink by the brutal gendarmes when they came to the wells by
the wayside. Hundreds of the prettiest women and girls had been
stolen by the Turkish tribes who came among them every day.”
Of the fate of the men and boys over fourteen, who were carried away
and never heard of again, many corroborating accounts were received at
Smyrna. It is certain that they were killed, the Turks chopping many of
them to death with axes, to save ammunition.
As we are still dealing with the systematic extermination of Christians
previous to the burning of Smyrna by the Turks, a few pages will be
devoted to the destruction of the Armenian nation, the most horrible
crime in the history of the human race in its details of lust and
savagery and suffering, as well as in extent, and which definitely
outlaws its perpetrators from the society of human beings and from the
fellowship of civilized nations, until such time as full repentance is
convincingly shown and an honest effort made, in so far as possible, to
make reparation.
There have probably been destructive movements that have cost more lives
than that of the extermination of the Christians by the Turks. Tamerlane,
for instance, swept over vast stretches of country, killing and burning
for the mere love of destruction. He spared neither Mussulman nor
Christian. But there were features of fiendish cruelty and long-drawn-out
suffering in the Ottoman persecution of the Christians that did not
characterize the methods of Tamerlane.
Reference will be made to the most notable official collections of
evidence on the subject, and two important documents, reports of American
eye-witnesses, will be given. These latter have never before been
published. One of the fullest and most reliable sources of information
on the Armenian massacres is the official publication of the British
Parliament, 1915, entitled _The Treatment of the Armenians_, containing
documents presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden, Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs, by Viscount Brice. A copy can be found in the Library
of Congress, at Washington. These documents really constitute a large
volume, giving evidence from all sources as to the Armenian butcheries
and extermination by slow torture. Much of the testimony here given is so
revolting, and so outrages all human feelings and sensibilities, that one
refrains from quoting from it.
Lord Grey, then British Secretary of State, on receiving these documents,
wrote to Viscount Bryce:
“My Dear Bryce: It is a terrible mass of evidence, but I feel
that it ought to be published and widely studied by all who
have the broad interests of humanity at heart. It will be
valuable, not only for the immediate information of public
opinion as to the conduct of the Turkish Government toward
this defenseless people, but also as a mine of information for
historians in the future.
(Signed) GREY OF FALLODEN.”
Various opinions of distinguished people are given as to the credibility
of this evidence. Among others, Gilbert Murray, the famous scholar and
poet, says:
“The evidence of these letters and reports will bear any
scrutiny and overpower any scepticism.”
An expert on the matter of evidence, Moorfield Storey, formerly President
of the American Bar Association, writes cautiously but conclusively:
“In my opinion, the evidence which you print is as reliable as
that upon which rests our belief in many of the universally
accepted facts of history, and I think it establishes beyond
any reasonable doubt the deliberate purpose of the Turkish
authorities practically to exterminate the Armenians, and their
responsibility for the hideous atrocities which have been
perpetrated upon that unhappy people.”
Other works to be consulted in this connection, filled with corroborating
and overwhelming testimony are: _Beginning Again at Ararat_, by Doctor
Mabel E. Elliott; _Shall This Nation Die_, by Reverend Joseph Naayem; and
most convincing of all, the _Secret Report on the Massacres of Armenia_,
by Doctor Johannes Lepsius, German missionary and President of the German
Orient Mission. Doctor Lepsius’ explanation of the necessity for the
secrecy of his report, which was made to his “friends of the mission,” is
illuminating:
“Dear Friends of the Mission: The following report which I am
sending to you absolutely confidentially, has been printed as a
manuscript. It can not, either as a whole or in part, be given
to the public, nor utilized. The censor can not authorize,
during the war, publications concerning events in Turkey. Our
political and military interests oblige us with imperious
demands. Turkey is our ally. In addition to having defended
her own country, she has rendered service to us ourselves by
her valiant defense of the Dardanelles. Our fraternity of arms
with Turkey imposes, then, obligations, but it does not hinder
us from fulfilling the duties of humanity. But, if we must be
quiet in public, our conscience does not, however, cease to
speak. The most ancient people of Christianity is in danger of
being wiped out, in so far as it is in the power of the Turks;
six-sevenths of the Armenian people have been despoiled of
their possessions, driven from their firesides, and, in so far
as they have not accepted Islam, have been killed or deported
into the desert. The same fate has happened to the Nestorians
of Syria, and a part of the Greek Christians have suffered.”
Doctor Lepsius prepares his report in the manner of a true German
scholar. It is detailed, exhaustive and authoritative.
A prominent foreign official, not a German, has already been mentioned,
who was constrained to keep silent as to Turkish atrocities. How strong
the Turk is! He can do what he pleases, can break all the laws of God
and man, and everybody, for some reason or other, must keep quiet about
it. A redeeming feature of German complicity in the Armenian horrors
was the acquittal by a German court of the Armenian who wreaked justice
upon Talaat Bey. It is said that the testimony of German missionaries
influenced the court to render that judgment.
The heart-rending and harrowing details of the wholesale murder of the
Armenians can be drawn out indefinitely. Suffice it to say that, in
addition to actual and repeated killings on a grand scale, the plan of
doing to death by the slow torture of deportation is one of the most
devilish that depraved and fiendish brains have ever conceived.
A fresh contribution to the subject confirmatory of all that has hitherto
been written is the report of Walter M. Geddes, of the MacAndrews and
Forbes Company, of New York, which was handed to me by Mr. Geddes a short
time before his unfortunate death in Smyrna. Mr. Geddes being dead, no
fear exists of prejudicing him with the Turks by using his name. It is
perhaps the most remarkable account of a great historic massacre by slow
torture that has ever been written, and derives its vividness of detail
from the fact that the writer describes the things that he actually saw.
[Illustration: Ancient Aqueduct Crossing Meles River at Smyrna.]