COMING OF THE BRITISH
We now come to the arrival of the British on the Continent. In using the
term British, it is expressly intended to comprise the united forces of
the British Isles.
On August 3, 1914, the British Government practically gave up hope that
war with Germany could be avoided, though it would appear to have
lingered until the ultimatum to Germany to vacate Belgian soil remained
unanswered. On that day the army was mobilized at Aldershot.
On August 5, 1914, Lord Kitchener was recalled at the outset from a
journey to Egypt, and appointed Minister of War. No more fortunate
selection than this could have been made. Above all else, Lord
Kitchener's reputation had been won as an able transport officer. In the
emergency, as Minister of War, the responsibility for the transport of a
British army oversea rested in his hands. On August 5, 1914, the House
of Commons voted a credit of $100,000,000, and an increase of 500,000
men to the regular forces. Upon the same day preparations went forward
for the dispatch of an expeditionary army to France.
The decision to send the army to France, instead of direct to a landing
in Belgium, would seem to have been in response to an urgent French
entreaty that Great Britain mark visibly on French soil her unity with
that nation at the supreme crisis. For some days previously British
reluctance to enter the war while a gleam of hope remained to confine,
if not prevent, the European conflagration, had created a feeling of
disappointment in France.
The British expeditionary army consisted at first--that is previous to
the Battle of the Marne--of two and a half army corps, or five
divisions, thus distributed: First Corps, Sir Douglas Haig; Second
Corps, General Smith-Dorrien; Fourth Division of the Third Corps,
General Pulteney. The Sixth Division of the Third Corps and the Fourth
Corps under General Rawlinson were not sent to France till after the end
of September, 1914. It contained besides about one division and a half
of cavalry under General Allenby. A British division varies from 12,000
to 15,000 men (three infantry brigades of four regiments each; three
groups of artillery, each having three batteries of six pieces; two
companies of sappers, and one regiment of cavalry). The force totaled
some 75,000 men, with 259 guns. The whole was placed under the command
of Field Marshal Sir John French, with Lieutenant General Sir Archibald
Murray, Chief of Staff.
Field Marshal French was sixty-two and was two years younger than Lord
Kitchener. His responsibilities were great, how great no one at the
beginning of the war realized his capabilities for the developing scope
of the task untried, but as a serious and courageous officer he fully
merited the honors he had already won.
By August 7, 1914, Admiral Jellicoe was able to guarantee a safe passage
for the British army across the English Channel. A fortunate
mobilization of the British Grand Fleet in the North Sea for maneuvers
shut off the German Grand Fleet from raiding the Channel. There was
nothing to criticize in the manner in which the Expeditionary Army was
thrown into France. Its equipment was ready and in all details fully
worthy of German military organization. From arms to boots--the latter
not long since a scandal of shoddy workmanship--only the best material
and skill had been accepted. Its transport proved the genius of Lord
Kitchener in that brand of military service. The railways leading to the
ports of embarkation, together with passenger steamships--some of them
familiar in American ports--were commandeered as early as the 4th of
August.
During the night of August 7, 1914, train after train filled with troops
steamed toward Southampton, and some other south-coast ports.
Complements were also embarked at Dublin, Avonmouth, and the Bristol
Channel. In the middle of the night citizens of small towns along the
route were awakened by the unceasing rumble of trains. They had no
conception of its import. They did not even realize that war had
actually burst upon the serenity of their peaceful lives. Each transport
vessel was placed in command of a naval officer, and guarded in its
passage across the channel by light cruisers and torpedo destroyers. The
transport of the whole Expeditionary Army was completed within ten days,
without the loss of a man and with a precision worthy of all military
commendation. But such secrecy was maintained that the British public
remained in ignorance of its passage until successfully accomplished.
American correspondents, however, were not yet strictly censored, so
that their papers published news of it on August 9.
On Sunday, August 9, 1914, two British transports were observed making
for the harbor of Boulogne. The weather was all that could be wished,
the crossing resembled a bank-holiday excursion. For some days
previously the French had taken a gloomy view of British support. But
French fishermen returning from Scotland and English ports maintained
confidence, for had not British fishermen told them the French would
never be abandoned to fall a prey to the enemy.
When the two advance British transports steamed into view, "Les
Anglais," at last everyone cried. At once a hugely joyful reversion of
feeling. The landing of the British soldiers was made a popular ovation.
Their appearance, soldierly bearing, their gentleness toward women and
children, their care of the horses were showered with heartfelt French
compliments. Especially the Scotch Highlanders, after their cautious
fashion, wondered at the exuberance of their welcome. For the brave
Irish, was not Marshal MacMahon of near-Irish descent and the first
president of the Third Republic? The Irish alone would save that
republic. Women begged for the regimental badges to pin on their
breasts. In turn they offered delicacies of all kinds to the soldiers.
For the first time in a hundred years the British uniform was seen on
French soil. Then it represented an enemy, now a comrade in arms. The
bond of union was sealed at a midnight military mass, celebrated by
English-speaking priests, for British and French Catholic soldiers at
Camp Malbrouch round the Colonne de la Grande Armee. The two names
recalled the greatest of British and French victories--Blenheim,
Ramillies, and Oudenarde, Ulm, Austerlitz, and Jena.
Meanwhile, officers of the French General Staff had journeyed to London
to confer with the British General Staff regarding the camping and
alignment of the British troops. Meanwhile, also, the British reserves
and territorials were called to the colors. The latter comprised the
militia, infantry and artillery, and the volunteer yeomanry cavalry,
infantry and artillery. The militia was the oldest British military
force, officered to a great extent by retired regular army men, its
permanent staffs of noncommissioned officers were from the regular army,
and it was under the direct control of the Secretary of State for War.
The volunteer infantry, artillery, and yeomanry cavalry were on a
somewhat different basis, more nearly resembling the American militia,
but the British militia were linked with regular-line battalions. The
reserves, militia and volunteers, added approximately 350,000
well-trained men for immediate home defense.
On Sunday, August 17, 1914, it was officially announced that the whole
of the British Expeditionary Army had landed in France. Conferences
between the British and French General Staffs resulted in the British
army being concentrated first at Amiens. From that point it was to
advance into position as the left wing of the united French and British
armies, though controlled by their separate commanders.
The French Fifth Army had already moved to hold the line of the River
Sambre, with its right in touch with Namur. Cavalry patrols had been
thrown forward to Ligny and Gembloux, where they skirmished with uhlans.
Charleroi was made French headquarters. It was the center of extensive
coal-mining and steel industry. Pit shafts and blast furnaces dominated
the landscape. Historically it was the ground over which Bluecher's
Fourth Army Corps marched to the support of the British at Waterloo. Now
the British were supporting the French upon it against their former
ally.
On Thursday, August 20, 1914, the British took up their position on the
French left. Their line ran from Binche to Mons, then within the French
frontier stretched westward to Conde. From Mons to Conde it followed the
line of the canal, thus occupying an already constructed barrier.
Formerly Conde was regarded as a fortress of formidable strength, but
its position was not held to be of value in modern strategy. Its forts,
therefore, had been dismantled of guns, and its works permitted to fall
into disuse. But the fortress of Maubeuge lay immediately in rear of the
British line. In rear again General Sordet held a French cavalry corps
for flank actions. In front, across the Belgian frontier, General
d'Amade lay with a French brigade at Tournai as an outpost.
Before proceeding to British headquarters, General French held a
conference with General Joffre, Commander in Chief of all the French
armies. Until the outbreak of the war, General Joffre was practically
unknown to the French people. He was no popular military idol, no
boulevard dashing figure. But he had seen active service with credit,
and had climbed, step by step, with persevering study of military
science into the council of the French General Staff. As a strategist
his qualities came to be recognized as paramount in that body. A few
years previously he had been intrusted with the reorganization of the
French army, and his plans accepted. Therefore, when war with Germany
became a certainty, it was natural the supreme command of the French
army should fall to General Joffre.