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Notes.
INEDITED LETTER FROM THE EARL OF SHAFTESBURY, AUTHOR OF THE
"CHARACTERISTICS," TO LE CLERC, RESPECTING LOCKE.
[We are indebted to our valued correspondent JANUS DOUSA, for a
transcript of the following important letter--the original of which is
preserved in the Remonstrant Library of Amsterdam--and for which our
correspondent acknowledges his obligations to the great kindness of
Prof. des Amories van der Hoven.]
"St. Giles's, in Dorset, Feb. 8-13. 1705.
"Sir,--Having once writt to you in my own Language, I continue to use the
same Privilege. I am sorry that I am in no better a condition to acquit my
self of my Promise to you. My Recovery has been so slow, that I am scarce
yet got up: and I have been unable to hold any Correspondance with my
Friends in Town. Mr. King promisd to send me the Papers I mention'd to you
of Mr. Lock's; who, it seems, had begun some Memoires of his own relating
to my G^d Father. These however imperfect, yet as being Mr. Lock's own I
should have been glad to send you with what supplement I could make myself:
But Mr. King's Engagements in the Publick affaires has made him delay this
so long, that according to the account you have given me of the shortness
of your Time, I must wayt no longer: but content my self with giving you
what I can out of my own head, without other Assistance.
"Mr. Lock came into my Grandfathers Family in the summer of the year 1666,
recommended by his Friend[1] Mr. Bennet of y^e town of Shaftesbury. The
occasion of it was thus. My Grandfather had been ill for a great while
after a Fall, by w^{ch} his Breast was so bruised that in time it came to
an Imposthumation (?) within, and appeard by a swelling under his stomach.
Mr. Lock was at that time a student in Physick at Oxford: and my
Grandfather taking a journey that way to drink the Waters (having Mr.
Bennett in y^e Coach with him), He had this young Physician presented to
him: who tho' he had never practic'd Physick; yet appear'd to my
Grandfather to be such a Genius that he valew'd him above all his other
Physicians, the great men in practice of those times. Accordingly on his
advice and allmost solely by his Direction my G^d Father underwent an
Operation w^{ch} sav'd his Life, and was the most wonderfull of the kind
that had been heard of, till that time. His Breast was layd open, the
matter discharg'd, and an Orifice ever afterwards kept open by a silver
pipe: an Instrument famouse {98} upon Record, in the Writings our Popish
and Jacobite Authors, who never faild to reproach him with this Infirmity.
"After this Cure, Mr. Lock grew so much in esteem with my Grand-Father that
as great a Man as he had experienc'd him in Physick; he look'd upon this
but as his least part. He encourag'd him to turn his Thoughts another way.
Nor would he suffer him to practice Physick except in his own Family and as
a kindness to some particular Friend. He put him upon the studdy of the
Religiouse and Civil affaires of the Nation with whatsoever related to the
Business of a Minister of State: in w^{ch} he was so successfull, that my
G^d Father begun soon to use him as a Friend, and consult with him on all
occasions of that kind. He was not only with him in his Library and Closet,
but in company with the Great Men of those times, the Duke of Buckingham,
Lord Hallifax and others, who being men of Witt and Learning, were as much
taken with him. For together with his seriouse, respectfull and humble
Character, he had a mixture of Pleasantry and a becoming Boldness of
Speech. The Liberty he could take with these great Men was peculiar to such
a Genius as his. A pleasant Instance of it runs in my Mind: tho' perhaps
the relation of it may not be so pleasing to another.
"At an appointed Meeting of two or three of these Great-Men at my G^d
Father's House, more for Entertainment and good company than for Business,
it happen'd that after a few Compliments the Cards were called for, and the
Court-Fashion prevailing, they were engag'd in Play before any Conversation
was begun. Mr. Lock sate by as a spectator for some time. At least taking
out his Table-Book, he began to write something very busily: till being
observd by one of the Lords, and ask'd what he was meditating; My Lords
(sayd he) I am improving my self the best I can in your Company: for,
having impatiently wayted this Honour of being present at such a meeting of
the wisest Men and greatest Witts of the Age, I thought I could not do
better than to write your Conversation: and here I have it, in substance,
all that has pass'd for this hour or two. There was no need of Mr. Lock's
writing much of the Dialogue. The great men felt the ridicule, and took
pleasure in improving it. They quitted their Play, and fell into a
Conversation becoming them: and so passed the remainder of the Day.
"When my G^d Father, from being Chancellor of the Exchequer, was made High
Chancellor (w^{ch} was in the year 1672) he advanc'd Mr. Lock to the Place
of Secretary for the Clergy: and when my G^d Father quitted the Court and
began to be in Danger from it, Mr. Lock now shard with him in Dangers, as
before in Honours & Advantages. He entrusted him with his secretest
negotiations, and made use of his assistant Pen in matters that nearly
concerned the State, and were fitt to be made publick, to raise that spirit
in the Nation which was necessary against the prevailing Popish Party.
"It was for something of this kind that got air, and out of great
Tenderness to Mr. Lock that my Grandfather in the year 1674 sent him abroad
to travell: an Improvement w^{ch} my G^d father was gladd to add to those
he had allready given him. His Health servd as a very just Excuse: he being
consumptive as early in his Life as that was. So that having travelld thro'
France he went[2] to Montpelier and there stayd for some time. He returnd
again to my G^d Fathers in the year 1678, and remaind in his Family till
the year 1682: w^{ch} was the year that my G^d Father retird into Holland
and there dyed. Mr. Lock who was to have soon followd him thither, was not
prevented in the voyage, by this Death: but found it safest for him to
retire thither, and there lived (at our good Friend Mr. Furly's of
Rotterdam) till the happy Revolution of King William, w^{ch} restord him to
his native Country and to other Publick offices of greater Note, w^{ch} by
fresh Meritts he deserv'd: witness his then Publishd Books of Government,
Trade and Coin: by w^{ch} he had as considerably servd the State, as he had
done the Church and Protestant Interest by his defence of Toleration and
support of the Revolution-Principles.
"But of this part of his Life, you need no Information.
"Thus far I have made mention of Mr. Lock as to his station in Publick
affaires, under my Grandfather. Now as to his Service in private affaires,
and the Concerns of a Family, w^{ch} was, in every respect, so happy in
him, that he seem as a good Guardian Angel sent to bless it.
"When Mr. Lock first came into the Family, my Father was a youth of about
fifteen or sixteen. Him my Grandfather entrusted wholly to Mr. Lock for
what remain'd of his Education. He was an only Child, and of no firm
Health: w^{ch} induc'd my G^d Father, in concern for his Family to think of
marrying him as soon as possible. He was too young and unexperienc'd to
chuse a Wife for himself: and my Grandfather too much in Business to chuse
one for him. The affair was nice, for tho' my Grandfather requir'd not a
great Fortune, he insisted on good Blood, good Person and Constitution, and
above all, good Education, and a Character as remote as possible from that
of Court- or Town-bred Lady. All this was thrown upon Mr. Lock, who being
allready so good Judge of Men, my Grand Father doubted not of his equal
{99} Judgment in Women. He departed from him, entrusted and sworn, as
_Abraham's_ Head-servant[3] _that ruled over all that he had_, and went
into a far-Country (the North of England) _to seek for his Son a Wife_
whome he as successfully found. Of Her, I and six more of us, Brothers &
Sisters, were born; in whose Education Mr. Lock govern'd according to his
own Principles (since publishd by him) and with such success that we all of
us came to full years, with strong healthy Constitutions: my own the worst;
tho' never faulty till of late. I was his more peculiar Charge: being as
eldest son, taken by my Grandfather, & bred under his immediate Care: Mr.
Lock having the absolute Direction of my Education, and to whome next my
immediate Parents as I must own the greatest Obligation, so I have ever
preserved the highest Gratitude & Duty.
"I could wish that my Time and Health would permit me to be longer in this
Account of my Friend and Foster-Father, Mr. Lock. If I add any thing as you
desire, concerning my Grandfather himself, it must have a second place:
this being a subject more selfish and in w^{ch} I may justly suspect my
self of Partiality: of w^{ch} I would willingly be free: and think I truly
am so in this I now send you. But I fear least this (such as it is) should
come too late, and therefore hasten to conclude with repeated Assurances of
my being your Oblig'd Friend and humble Servant
"SHAFTESBURY.
"P.S. If after what I have said I dare venture a Word to you as to my
Grandfather's Apology for the one and only thing I repine at in his whole
Life (I mean the unhappy Words you mention _delenda est Carthago_), It must
be this: That the Publick would not insist on this as so ill, and
injuriouse; if they considered the English Constitution and manner of those
times in w^{ch} the Prince more lofty in Prorogative and at greater
distance from his People than now of days, used but a few Words to his
Parlement; and committed the rest to his Keepers or Chancellor, to speak
his sence for him (as he expresses it in y^e conclusion of his own speech)
upon w^{ch} my Grandfather, the then Chancellor, and in his Chancellor's
Place[4], spoke of King's sence, as the King's mouth; in y^e same manner as
the Speaker of the House of Peers or Commons, speaks the House's sence, as
_the House's mouth_ (for so he is esteemd and calld) whatsoever may be his
own private sence; or tho' he may have deliver'd his own Opinion far
contrary.
"Such was my Grandfather's Call: who was far from delivering his Vote or
Opinion in this manner, either as a Councillor or Peer, or in his Place in
Parlement: where he carryed on a direct opposite Interest: he being
allready in open Enmity with the Duke of York and his Party that carryed on
that Warr, in so much that he was at that very time suspected of holding a
Correspondence with Holland in favour of the Commonwealth-Party in England.
However it be, it is no small Comfort to me that that wise Commonwealth of
Holland, the Parent and Nursing-Mother of Liberty, thought him worthy of
their Protection when he was a sufferer for the common Cause of Religion
and Liberty: and he must ever remain a noble Instance of the Generosity of
that State, and of that potent Head of it, y^e City of Amsterdam; where
yourself and other Great Men have met with a Reception y^t will redound to
their Honour.
"My Grandfather's _turning short upon the Court_ (as[5] Sir William Temple
expresses it) had only this plain reason for it; that he discoverd the King
to be a Papist, through that disguise of an _Esprit fort_, w^{ch} was a
character his Vices and over fondness of Witt made him affect and act very
naturally. Whatever Complyances my Grandfather, as a States-man, might make
before this discovery, to gain the King, from his Brother and y^e French
Party, he broke off all, when by the Duke of Buckingham's means, he had
gaind this secret. For my Grandfather's Aversion and irreconcileable Hatred
to Popery, was (as Phanaticisme,) confessd by his greatest Enemyes to be
his Master-Passion. Nor was it ever said that the King left him: but He the
King, for nothing was omitted afterwards by that Prince to regain him; nor
nothing to destroy him, when that was found impossible----
"But I must end: least I fail this Post."
The superscription is:
"A Monsieur
Monsieur LE CLERC
sur le Keiser Gracht
pres de l'Eglise Arminienne
a Amsterdam"
[Footnote 1: "A Gentleman of a Sound Protestant Family allways in great
Friendship with ours. Both Father and Son were members of Parlement for
that Town, and were Stewards to my G^d Father." (_In a marginal note._)]
[Footnote 2: "It was there (as I take it) that Mr. Lock came so
particularly well acquainted with My Lord Pembrock, that great Ornament and
Pillar of our Nation. He was then Mr. Herbert, a younger Brother only."
--(_In a marginal note_.)]
[Footnote 3: "Gen. c. 24." (_In a marginal note._)]
[Footnote 4: The Speech was an Act of Councill examind beforehand in the
Cabinet.
"Mr. Lock saw the first Coppy of it, w^{ch} was very different; and after
it was alter'd in the Cabinet, my Grandfather complain'd to Mr. Lock and a
Relation of his whome Mr. Lock introducd into y^e family.
"The same Person has left me a written account of that affaire; and so
great was my Grandfather's Concern and Trouble, that He who of all Men alas
esteemd y^e most ready in speaking was forcd to desire Mr. Lock to stand at
his Elbow with the written Coppy to prompt him in Case of failure in his
Repetition." (_In a marginal note._)]
[Footnote 5: "It is my Grandfathers Misfortune to have S^r Will^m Temple, a
valewable Author, very unfavourable to him: there having been a great
Quarrel between them on a slight occasion of my Grandfather's having stopt
his Gift of Plate after his Embassy; a Custome w^{ch} my Grandfather as
Chancellor of ye Exchequer thought very prejudicial." (_In a marginal
note._)]
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