When I visited the Nena Sahib, I saw this miscreant, who has since
so distinguished himself as a soldier and a general, and has recently
been captured and hanged. He was not called Tantia Topee at Bhithoor,
but "Bennie," simply. He was not a servant exactly--at all events
not a menial servant; but one of those numerous "hangers-on" of Nena
Sahib who repaid by flattery the favours they received in the shape
of board, lodging, and presents. The name of "Tantia Topee," so a
native gentleman in India informs me, was an assumed one; and I will,
therefore, speak of the hero as "Bennie," whom I remember sufficiently
well to describe him. I had not the least idea when I gave him a
general letter of recommendation, that he would fill so many pages of
Indian history, and give brigades and divisions of British troops such
trouble and vexation before they succeeded in catching him.
Bennie was not more than thirty, and at the time of his execution his
age could not have exceeded forty years. I question even if he were so
old as that, though he may have looked older. He was a man of about
the middle height--say five feet eight--rather slightly made, but very
erect. He was far from good-looking. The forehead was low, the nose
rather broad at the nostrils, and his teeth irregular and discoloured.
His eyes were expressive and full of cunning, like those of most
Asiatics; but he did not strike me as a man of eminent ability. There
were a few men amongst Nena Sahib's flatterers who were really clever
men, but they were not Mahrattas; and my impression is that Bennie
was not a Mahratta, but a member of some obscure family in the Upper
Provinces of India, under British rule. Like the rest of the tribe
of flatterers who surrounded Nena Sahib, Bennie was obsequious and
cringing to every European who visited Bhithoor. This demeanour, of
course, was not the offspring of respect, but prompted rather by the
impression that it might tend to some advantage.
There are many persons in India, natives especially, who are of
opinion that Nena Sahib did not dictate the atrocities that were
committed at Cawnpore; but that they were committed by order of the
various adventurers, such as Bennie, who became powerful the moment
that Nena Sahib consented to rebel and raise his standard. Asiatics
are frequently placed in the awkward position of being responsible
for the acts of their retainers--acts that they not only do not
sanction, but forbid. This was the case with Moolraj, the Governor of
Mooltan. From the first, and to the day of his death, he declared (and
his declaration was supported by the very strongest circumstantial
evidence) that so far from giving an order to his turbulent soldiery
to kill or attack Messrs. Vans Agnew and Anderson, he did all in his
power to shield them from harm. Indeed the verdict of the camp which
condemned him, rather inconsistently, brought in a verdict of "Guilty;
but a victim of circumstances."
That Nena Sahib well deserves the fate that is in store for him,
whenever he is captured, there can be no species of doubt; but, in the
absence of some proof, I should be sorry--especially after the letters
I have read on the subject--to attribute to the man that fiendish
treachery and horrible massacre which took place at Cawnpore in July,
1857. Nena Sahib had seen so much of English gentlemen and ladies, and
was personally (if not intimately) acquainted with so many of the
sufferers that it is only fair to suppose, when he ordered boats to
be got ready, he was sincere in his desire that the Christians should
find their way to Calcutta, and that what ensued was in violation of
his orders, and the act of those who wished to place for ever between
Nena Sahib and the British Government an impassable barrier, so far as
peace and reconciliation were concerned. No one knew better than Nena
Sahib that, in the event of the British becoming again the conquerors
of India, the very fact of his having spared the lives of those who
surrendered, would have led to the sparing of his own life, and hence
the promise he made to Sir Hugh Wheeler. One friend (a gentleman of
great experience) writing from India on this subject, says:--
"In my opinion it was the Mahommedan soldiery who insisted on that
awful measure. Having so many helpless Christians in their absolute
power, they could not resist the temptation of sacrificing them, for
their _faith's sake_."
It is to be regretted that previous to hanging "Tantia Topee," some
statement was not extracted from him touching what took place at
Cawnpore. Of course, it could not have been relied upon _per se_, but,
as evidence, confirmatory or contradictory, of other statements made
by other miscreants, who may yet fall into our power, it would not
have been _entirely_ valueless. I do not mean to say that the culprit
should have been allured to confess by any promise, or insinuation,
that his life would be spared if he spoke the truth. That is, I would
not have breathed the word of promise to his ear, and then have broken
it to the hope; nor would I have subjected him to any _corporeal_
torture. Nevertheless, I would have had "out of him" something like
"the truth"--if not "the whole truth, and nothing but the truth,"
and so would Sir John Lawrence, or Mr. Wingfield, now at Lucknow, or
Mr. Dampier, or Major Elwall, and a score of ex-Thuggee officers now
living. It is a sad mistake to hang this sort of people in a hurry; or,
for the matter of that, to hang them at all. They have not that dread
of death that Europeans have, but almost invariably meet their fate
without exhibiting the faintest fear. There are punishments which, to
their minds, are far more terrible. They are not as "cowards who die
a thousand deaths in dreading one which must come at last." They are
rather cowards who die a thousand deaths in dreading one _life_ which
they long to end. I was never more impressed with the truth of this
than when, with the permission of Lord Dalhousie, I had an interview
with Moolraj in his cell at Lahore; he was then under the charge of Dr.
(now Sir John) Logie, who is "in attendance" on the Maharajah Dulleep
Singh. The constant cry of the wretched captive was, "Ah, let them take
my life by one blow; but not draw it out of me by slow degrees!" As far
as I can recollect, it was not then decided whether his life should be
spared or not.
I would treat culprits like Tantia Topee, Nena Sahib, Bahadoor Khan,
the Nawab of Bandah, &c., much in the same way as the convicts of
Norfolk Island were treated in former days--make death the first favour
for which they should crave, and the last which should be granted unto
them; but with this difference, that if they murdered each other, the
hope of ending their days for the deed should be a vain one. To hang
such men is to frustrate the end and real object of all punishment,
which is to deter others from the commission of the same offence. When
such men are exterminated they are speedily forgotten, and their end
is not regarded as an example for the prevention of evil; but so long
as they are living, and suffering what to them is far worse than death,
the case is otherwise. Be it known, however, that I am not an advocate
for the abolition of capital punishment in _this_ country for the crime
of murder. The gallows, judiciously used, is, in my humble judgment, a
very wholesome terror.