COMPLY; HOW TO SECURE A LICENSE.
On August 13, 1912, Congress enacted a "Wireless Law" to regulate radio
communication. The whole law may be found in the appendix of this book,
but briefly as far as the amateur is concerned it is as follows:
An amateur may not use transmitting apparatus which is sufficiently
powerful to send radio signals across any of the boundaries of the state
in which he is located and which can be detected by a sensitive
receiving set located just beyond the state boundary, nor can he use
apparatus which is powerful enough to interfere with the reception of
signals by others from beyond the state boundaries unless he has a
_license_.
An amateur may receive messages from anywhere at any time without a
license provided that his station is not also fitted with transmitting
apparatus.
In other words if the amateur possesses a receiving outfit only which is
in working order or if he has both transmitter and receptor and the
former is not powerful enough to send signals out of the state in which
he lives, or to interfere with the reception of messages by another when
the messages come from beyond the state boundary a _license_ is
unnecessary.
This is of course somewhat unfair for those living near the center of
large states for they may operate almost as they please with ordinary
instruments with no fear of the signals going beyond the border, while
those living within a few miles of another state must secure a license.
If an amateur has a license he may transmit messages beyond the state
border, but he must not employ a wave length greater than 200 meters or
a power input into the transmitter of more than 1 K.W. without special
permission.
[Illustration: Fig. 148. Experimental Amateur Station of W. Haddon,
Brooklyn, N. Y.]
If the amateur is within five nautical miles of an army or navy station
equipped with radio apparatus his power input must not be more than 1
K.W.
*Complying with Law.*—After a license is secured, or rather as a matter
of fact in order to secure it, the wave length must not be greater than
200 meters. In order to secure such a wave length the effective portion
of the aerial cannot usually be made greater than 115 feet in
consideration of the amount which the lead-in, helix and ground wire
add.
[Illustration: Fig. 149. Complete Receiving Outfit Consisting of
Receiving Transformer, Detector, Fixed Condenser, Loading Coil, Two
Variable Condensers, Potentiometer, Battery, Switches, etc.]
Such an aerial will serve well for transmitting purposes, but is too
short for receiving very long distances. If the amateur desires to pick
up long distance messages he must employ two aerials, a short one for
transmitting and a long one for receiving. If it is desirable to use the
long aerial for both transmitting and receiving its wave length may be
brought down to 200 meters or under, while transmitting by placing a
large glass plate condenser of the proper capacity in series with the
aerial. It may be short-circuited with a suitable switch when receiving.
The law also says that the transmitting wave must be pure, and must be
sharply tuned, which means that the wave must be of one length and not,
as is very often the case, composed of two or more waves of different
lengths.
In order to comply with this restriction, the use of an oscillation
helix or loosely coupled helix is necessary. A rotary or quenched gap is
also necessary in place of the ordinary spark gap.
The construction of all three of these instruments is described farther
on.
*How to Obtain a License.*—In order to obtain a license send to the
nearest Radio Inspector; Radio Inspectors are stationed at the Custom
Houses at the following cities: Boston, Mass.; New York, N. Y.;
Savannah, Ga.; Baltimore, Md.; Cleveland, Ohio; Chicago, Ill.; Seattle,
Wash.; New Orleans, La.; San Francisco, Cal.; and obtain a copy of The
Wireless Law, 8-6412, The Regulations Governing Radio Communication, The
Berlin International Radio-telegraphic Convention, and the necessary
Application Forms.
Look over the Wireless Law, the Regulations and the Berlin Convention
pamphlet, then fill out Form 756. This is an application for an
operator’s license.
[Illustration: Fig. 150. Receiving Outfit Consisting of Receiving
Transformer, Fixed Condenser and Detector.]
If the amateur is not already in possession of a certificate of skill as
an operator it will be necessary to find out, from the commandant at the
nearest one of the stations, listed on page 4 of the Regulations as
being the places where examinations are given, on what days the
examinations are held. If the amateur is able to pass the examination,
an _operator’s license_ will be issued. Then fill out Form 757 and
forward it to the Radio Inspector. If he thinks your station conforms to
the regulations without inspection the license will be issued; if not,
the license will be issued after inspection.
There are no fees to pay in connection with securing any of the
licenses.
APPARATUS REQUIRED IN MANY INSTANCES IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE
WIRELESS LAW.
*OSCILLATION HELIX*
The oscillation helix has almost become a necessity in order to comply
with the regulations of the Wireless Law regarding wave form, except in
those stations where a quenched gap is used.
[Illustration: Fig. 151. Amco Oscillation Helix.]
The wave emitted by many stations is not pure. It is composed usually of
two or three separate waves of different lengths instead of all the
energy being confined to oscillations of one period. It is possible to
tune such a wave in two or more places or "humps," as they are called,
on the tuning coil. It is obvious that a wave possessing such humps
cannot be closely tuned and is liable to interfere with the signals of
another station. This is one of the principal causes of interference.
The reason for this phenomenon is simple. The action of a transmitter is
to first charge a condenser. When the potential of the condenser rises
to sufficient value it discharges across the spark gap and sets up
oscillations in the _closed_ circuit. These oscillations immediately
induce oscillations in the _open_ circuit or aerial system and part of
the energy passes off into the ether as electro-magnetic waves. However,
the oscillations in the _aerial_ system do not immediately die away
after the oscillations in the closed circuit cease during the interim
until the next condenser discharge, but continue to surge and react upon
the dosed circuit to sufficient extent to induce therein currents which
surge back and forth long after the current from the condenser discharge
has died away.
We might call the oscillations due to the condenser discharge _primary
oscillations_ and those induced in the aerial thereby _secondary
oscillations_. Those which are then set up in the closed circuit by the
reaction of the _secondary_ currents are _tertiary_. This third train of
oscillations persist after the secondary currents have died away, and
induce another set of oscillations in the aerial which send out a second
set of electromagnetic waves differing in length from the first.
The oscillations which take place after the initial surge in the closed
and open circuits are naturally somewhat weak. By using an oscillation
helix in which the primary and secondary are separated from each other
it is possible to eliminate the third and fourth trains of oscillations
and all others having a tendency to follow, by placing the circuits
apart so that the weak oscillations are not strong enough* to react
across the intervening space. The immediate oscillations set up by the
condenser discharge are strong enough to act across the space and set up
powerful oscillations in the aerial.
[Illustration: Fig. 152. Details of Oscillation Helix Construction.]
A hot wire ammeter placed in the aerial circuit of a transmitter
employing an oscillation transformer will not indicate as much current
as if placed in the same position in a circuit using an ordinary helix;
but in spite of the fact, a transmitter using an oscillation helix will
send farther because the energy is concentrated in waves of one length.
The construction of one type of oscillation helix has already been
outlined on page 92. The form shown in Fig. 152 has no special
advantages over the other but is preferred by many experimenters.
It is of the "pancake" type, so-called because of the flat form of the
windings which are made in the shape of a spiral of brass ribbon set in
a slotted frame.
The dimensions of the helix are clearly apparent from the drawing. The
primary is composed of seven turns of brass ribbon 1/2 inch wide and
1/16 inch thick. The secondary should have from 10 to 15 turns of ribbon
3/8 x 1/16. The coils may be slid back and forth on the brass rod so
that the distance between them is variable. Connection is made to the
coils by means of suitable clips. A clip similar to that shown on page
92, but made to snap on a flat ribbon instead of a round wire, will
serve the purpose.
*QUENCHED SPARK GAP.*
A "quenched" gap is made up of a number of brass or copper disks
accurately turned to a true surface and separated by mica or rubber
rings about .01 inch thick. The spark discharge takes place in the
air-tight space at the center of the disks, inside of the mica rings.
The quenched gap has several advantages over other forms. It is
practically noiseless and the nuisance of a crashing discharge may be
avoided by its use.
The large surface offered to the spark by the disks cools the spark and
quickly stops the oscillations in the closed circuit, and thereby leaves
the open circuit and aerial system free to vibrate in its own period and
therefore radiates _pure_ waves. By pure wave a wave of one length is
meant.
A quenched gap cannot be used on a set of over 1 K.W. power without
artificial cooling by an air blast.
[Illustration: Fig. 153. Quenched Gap.]
[Illustration: Fig. 154. Quenched Gap.]
Fig. 154 shows an efficient form of quenched gap for use in stations up
to 1 K.W. in power.
The disks are shown in detail in Fig. 155. They are cast out of copper
and then turned perfectly true and smooth in a lathe. After surfacing,
the discharge surface should be heavily silver plated and buffed smooth.
[Illustration: Fig. 155. Details of Disk and Ring.]
The disks are piled on a marble base with a mica ring between each. They
are clamped down by a strong set screw mounted on a heavy brass yoke.
Enough pressure should be brought to bear to force the plates tightly
together and make them air tight.
[Illustration: Fig. 156. Explanatory Drawing of Quenched Gap.]
The number of disks required is governed by the voltage of the charging
condenser. Generally speaking it is one section of .01-inch gap for each
thousand volts delivered by the secondary of the transformer. It is very
important to secure just the proper number of disks. If properly
adjusted, the quenched gap will give one discharge for each alternation
of the current and produce a musical tone.
The quenched gap is placed in the same position in the transmitting
circuit as any other form of gap.
*ROTARY GAPS.*
Rotary gaps are divided into two general classes, the synchronous gap
and the non-synchronous gap.
The former usually consists of one or more stationary electrodes and a
rotating member made like a star wheel with projecting spokes. This
rotary member is attached directly to the shaft of the alternator or
motor generator and arranged so that a spoke always comes opposite a
stationary member at the exact moment that the maximum of potential is
obtained in the condenser. Such an arrangement permits one discharge for
each alternation of the current and produces a pure musical note easily
distinguished in the telephone receivers at a distant station.
In the non-synchronous rotary gap the wheel is driven at a high rate of
speed without any regard to synchronism with the alternations of the
current.
The rotary gap shown in Fig. 157 is of the non-synchronous type.
[Illustration: Fig. 157. Amco Rotary Gap.]
The rotating member is cast from an alloy of equal parts of zinc and
aluminum. It is necessary to first make a wooden pattern from which the
casting may be made. The details of the wheel are shown in Fig. 158. The
casting must be placed in a lathe chuck and turned true. It is mounted
on a hard rubber disk 2 7/8 inches in diameter and 1/4 of an inch thick.
The disk serves to insulate the revolving electrodes from the motor
shaft. The "rotor" is mounted upon the shaft by means of a small brass
bushing which passes through the center of the disk.
[Illustration: Fig. 158. Details of Revolving Parts of Rotary Gap.]
The motor must be well built and capable of running at high speed. A
"Juno" motor will be found very satisfactory. When running free its
speed is about 4500 r.p.m. With the rotor in place the speed is about
3600 r.p.m.
The motor should be mounted on a heavy marble base capable of absorbing
any little vibration that the gap may be subject to when running at high
speed.
The stationary electrodes are made in the same manner as those for an
ordinary gap and consists of two flanged zinc electrodes mounted upon
threaded brass rods supported by two hexagonal standards. The axis of
the electrodes should be the same height above the base as that of the
motor shaft.
The rotor should be carefully balanced so that it is practically free
from vibration by boring small holes in the back face so as to make the
weight on opposite sides equal.
[Illustration: Fig. 159. Details of Rotary Gap.]
The motor may be driven by a battery or from the same source that
supplies the transformer, in series with two or three suitable lamps. A
motor wound to run directly from the 110-volt line or a higher potential
must have its fields wound with very fine wire and is apt to give
trouble through "burn-outs," due to "kick back." When the motor is
operated on batteries or is wound for running in series with a lamp the
danger is lessened.
A rotary gap is placed in the transmitting circuit in the same position
as any other gap. Its use will result in a wonderful increase in the
transmitting range of almost any station, for not only will the amount
of energy passing through the aerial be raised, but the clear musical
tone given off is more plainly distinguishable at a greater distance in
the receiving station than a spark of the ordinary sort.
*"KICK BACK."*
The oscillations taking place in the closed circuit and aerial system of
a wireless transmitter continue to surge after the current in the
condenser has dropped below a certain value, and react upon the primary
winding of the coil or transformer by induction and produce high
voltage, high frequency currents termed "kick back," in wireless
telegraph parlance.
"Kick back," wherever it exists to an appreciable extent, is liable to
damage insulation and cause possible "burn-outs." The "kick-back"
preventers illustrated in the accompanying diagrams will be found an
efficient method of avoiding this danger.
[Illustration: Fig. 160. Methods of Preventing "Kick Back."]
The first method shows an ordinary pressed telephone condenser of about
two microfarads capacity connected directly across the A. C. mains near
the transformer terminals, in series with two 6-ampere fuses. The
condenser is shunted by a small spark gap made of needle points with a
very small space, about .005 of an inch, between them.
The second method is an elaboration of the first and shows two sets of
condensers in series with fuses and bridged by spark gaps with a
"ground" through a third condenser connected between. This second method
is the best and is often used to prevent delicate instruments, such as a
voltmeter, from the effects of "kick back."
A proper "kick-back" preventer is part of the Fire Insurance
Underwriters requirements for a wireless telegraph station.
Receiving Apparatus.
*THE VARIOMETER.*
A variometer is a tuning device in which two coils of wire are placed in
series and connected so that the turns can be made to oppose one
another. One coil is movable and by turning it the currents flowing
through the adjacent coils oppose each other and decrease the
self-induction of the whole and consequently the period of the circuit.
[Illustration: Fig. 161. Variometer.]
The accompanying illustration shows the constructive details of an
efficient form of variometer.
The coils are wound around two cardboard cylinders. One cylinder is 6
inches in diameter and the other 5 inches. Both are 2 inches long. The
large cylinder is wound with twenty-five turns of No. 22 B. S. gauge
single silk covered wire wound in two sections so as to leave a space
3/8 inch wide in the center. The small cylinder is wound in the same
manner with the same size of wire but contains thirty turns so as to
make the length of wire in each of the coils practically equal.
The space in the center of each of the coils allows a supporting rod to
pass through without interfering with the wire. The shaft is a piece of
5/16 _brass_ rod about 7 1/2 inches long. The upper end is provided with
a knob and a pointer. The large coil is mounted on the under side of a
wooden cover made to fit a containing case of the proper size to receive
the variometer and of a style similar to that ordinarily used to enclose
a variable condenser.
The shaft passes through the larger coil, at two points diametrically
opposite, but should not fit tightly. It also passes through the smaller
coil but is fastened to the latter by means of a cross bar so that when
the knob is turned the coil will revolve also. The coils are connected
by means of a piece of braided wire or flexible conductor, long enough
so as not to interfere with the movement of the inner coil.
The outside terminals of the coils terminate in binding posts mounted on
the top of the case. When making a variometer be careful not to employ
any iron or steel in its construction, not even iron screws.
The variometer is placed in the receiving circuit by connecting it in
series with the aerial before it reaches the tuning coil or loose
coupler.
*NEW CRYSTAL DETECTORS.*
*Silicon Detector.*—The silicon detector is always interesting because
it was one of the first mineral rectifiers to come into extended use.
The photograph shown below illustrates one of the latest forms of the
silicon detector.
[Illustration: Fig. 162. Silicon Detector.]
The large cup supported by the left-hand standard contacts several
pieces of fused silicon embedded in fusible alloy. The right-hand
standard supports a movable "offset" cup the same as that used on the
Perikon type of Detector. A small piece of _arsenic_ is mounted in this
cup and may be brought to bear against any portion of any of the silicon
crystals.
*Pyron Detector.*—The Pyron detector is not new, but the photograph
shows a very simple and efficient form in which a fine wire is brought
to bear against a crystal of iron pyrites mounted in a small cup.
[Illustration: Fig. 163. Pyron Detector.]
*Galena Detector.*—Although _galena_ is named in the list of sensitive
minerals on page 132 it has come into such extensive use as a detector
since the first edition of this book to be worthy of special attention.
Galena detectors are often spoken of as "cat-whisker" detectors because
of the long fine wire used to secure a delicate contact with the
mineral.
The mineral is usually placed in a cup and held in position by imbedding
in fusible alloy or clamped with a set screw. The best surface of the
mineral should be selected by testing previous to imbedding it in the
cup. Contact is made with the surface of the mineral by means of a piece
of No. 30 phosphor bronze wire mounted on the end of a short brass rod
fitted with an adjusting screw so that by turning or twisting the
surface of the mineral may be "searched" and the tension varied.
[Illustration: Fig. 164. Galena Detector.]
Such an arrangement is illustrated in Fig. 164. The base is a hard
rubber block 3 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 1/2. The binding posts are of the type
commonly used on electrical instruments. One of the posts is pivoted by
placing a spring washer under the head of the screw which holds the post
to the base. A short piece of brass rod fitted with a hard rubber knob
passes through the wire hole in the post. A piece of No. 30 phosphor
bronze wire is soldered to the end of the rod. By twisting the post and
sliding the rod any portion of the mineral surface may be selected.
Twisting the rod varies the tension of the contact.
The galena detector is connected in the receiving circuit in the same
manner as other detectors of the mineral type.
*THE AUDION.*
*The Audion*—is finding favor in many amateur wireless stations, because
of its almost entire lack of adjustment and of the loud clear signals
which it gives even when used for long distance work.
The illustration shows the latest form of audion, the plate and the grid
both being on the same side of the filament.
The filament of an audion is usually lighted by means of a six-volt
storage battery. A small battery rheostat placed in series with the
battery serves to regulate the amount of current flowing through the
filament. Only one filament is used at a time, the other being saved as
a reserve in case the first burns out.
[Illustration: Fig. 165. Audion.]
The higher voltage necessary to operate an audion is supplied by a
battery consisting of fifteen flashlight batteries, each flashlight
battery being composed of three separate cells. The batteries are
connected to an eight-point switch so that throwing the switch on the
first point will connect five sets of batteries. The second point places
five more in circuit and each additional point one set only. It is also
a good plan to connect a four-point switch and three separate cells of
battery in series with the eight-point switch so that they may be added
to the circuit one at a time and the potential varied more closely than
the steps on the eight-point switch permit. The maximum voltage of such
a battery is approximately 56 volts.
The diagram in Fig. 166 shows exactly how an audion is connected. The
wires _A_ and _B_ are the terminals leading to the tuning coil or loose
coupler. It is not necessary that the telephone receivers used with an
audion be wound to a high resistance in order to secure good results.
[Illustration: Fig. 166. Audion Circuit.]
The audion is placed in operation by turning the rheostat until the
filament lights brightly. Then adjust the voltage of the high potential
battery until the signals are clearest. If the voltage is too high the
audion will become filled with a bluish light and the voltage should be
immediately reduced. The signals will be loudest when the filament is
brilliantly lighted. No more current should be passed through the
filament than is necessary to render the signals plain, for if "forced"
its life will be limited to only a few hours.
[Illustration: Fig. 167. Rotary Variable Condenser.]
*APPENDIX.*
[PUBLIC No. 264.]
[S. 6412.]
An Act to Regulate Radio Communication.
_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled._ That a person, company, or
corporation within the jurisdiction of the United States shall not use
or operate any apparatus for radio communication as a means of
commercial intercourse among the several States, or with foreign
nations, or upon any vessel of the United States engaged in interstate
or foreign commerce, or for the transmission of radiograms or signals
the effect of which extends beyond the jurisdiction of the State or
Territory in which the same are made, or where interference would be
caused thereby with the receipt of messages or signals from beyond the
jurisdiction of the said State or Territory, except under and in
accordance with a license, revocable for cause, in that behalf granted
by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor upon application therefor; but
nothing in this Act shall be construed to apply to the transmission and
exchange of radiograms or signals between points situated in the same
State: _Provided_, That the effect thereof shall not extend beyond the
jurisdiction of the said State or interfere with the reception of
radiograms or signals from beyond said jurisdiction; and a license shall
not be required for the transmission or exchange of radiograms or
signals by or on behalf of the Government of the United States, but
every Government station on land or sea shall have special call letters
designated and published in the list of radio stations of the United
States by the Department of Commerce and Labor. Any person, company, or
corporation that shall use or operate any apparatus for radio
communication in violation of this section, or knowingly aid or abet
another person, company, or corporation in so doing, shall be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by
a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, and the apparatus or device
so unlawfully used and operated may be adjudged forfeited to the United
States.
SEC. 2. That every such license shall be in such form as the Secretary
of Commerce and Labor shall determine and shall contain the
restrictions, pursuant to this Act, on and subject to which the license
is granted; that every such license shall be issued only to citizens of
the United States or Porto Rico or to a company incorporated under the
laws of some State or Territory or of the United States or Porto Rico,
and shall specify the ownership and location of the station in which
said apparatus shall be used and other particulars for its
identification and to enable its range to be estimated; shall state the
purpose of the station, and, in case of a station in actual operation at
the date of passage of this Act, shall contain the statement that
satisfactory proof has been furnished that it was actually operating on
the above-mentioned date; shall state the wave length or the wave
lengths authorized for use by the station for the prevention of
interference and the hours for which the station is licensed for work;
and shall not be construed to authorize the use of any apparatus for
radio communication in any other station than that specified. Every such
license shall be subject to the regulations contained herein, and such
regulations as may be established from time to time by authority of this
Act or subsequent Acts and treaties of the United States. Every such
license shall provide that the President of the United States in time of
war or public peril or disaster may cause the closing of any station for
radio communication and the removal therefrom of all radio apparatus, or
may authorize the use or control of any such station or apparatus by any
department of the Government, upon just compensation to the owners.
SEC. 3. That every such apparatus shall at all times while in use and
operation as aforesaid be in charge or under the supervision of a person
or persons licensed for that purpose by the Secretary of Commerce and
Labor. Every person so licensed who in the operation of any radio
apparatus shall fail to observe and obey regulations contained in or
made pursuant to this Act or subsequent Acts or treaties of the United
States, or any one of them, or who shall fail to enforce obedience
thereto by an unlicensed person while serving under his supervision, in
addition to the punishments and penalties herein prescribed, may suffer
the suspension of the said license for a period to be fixed by the
Secretary of Commerce and Labor not exceeding one year. It shall be
unlawful to employ any unlicensed person or for any unlicensed person to
serve in charge or in supervision of the use and operation of such
apparatus, and any person violating this provision shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of
not more than one hundred dollars or imprisonment for not more than two
months, or both, in the discretion of the court, for each and every such
offense: _Provided_, That in case of emergency the Secretary of Commerce
and Labor may authorize a collector of customs to issue a temporary
permit, in lieu of a license, to the operator on a vessel subject to the
radio ship Act of June twenty-fourth, nineteen hundred and ten.
SEC. 4. That for the purpose of preventing or minimizing interference
with communication between stations in which such apparatus is operated,
to facilitate radio communication, and to further the prompt receipt of
distress signals, said private and commercial stations shall be subject
to the regulations of this section. These regulations shall be enforced
by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor through the collectors of customs
and other officers of the Government as other regulations herein
provided for.
The Secretary of Commerce and Labor may, in his discretion, waive the
provisions of any or all of these regulations when no interference of
the character above mentioned can ensue.
The Secretary of Commerce and Labor may grant special temporary licenses
to stations actually engaged in conducting experiments for the
development of the science of radio communication, or the apparatus
pertaining thereto, to carry on special tests, using any amount of power
or any wave lengths, at such hours and under such conditions as will
insure the least interference with the sending or receipt of commercial
or Government radiograms, of distress signals and radiograms, or with
the work of other stations.
In these regulations the naval and military stations shall be understood
to be stations on land.
REGULATIONS.
NORMAL WAVE LENGTH.
First. Every station shall be required to designate certain definite
wave length as the normal sending and receiving wave length of the
station. This wave length shall not exceed six hundred meters or it
shall exceed one thousand six hundred meters. Every coastal station open
to general public service shall at all times be ready to receive
messages of such wave lengths as are required by the Berlin convention.
Every ship station, except as hereinafter provided, and every coast
station open to general public service shall be prepared to use two
sending wave lengths, one of three hundred meters and one of six hundred
meters, as required by the international convention in force:
_Provided_, That the Secretary of Commerce and Labor may, in his
discretion, change the limit of wave length reservation made by
regulations first and second to accord with any international agreement
to which the United States is a party.
OTHER WAVE LENGTHS.
Second. In addition to the normal sending wave length all stations,
except as provided hereinafter in these regulations, may use other
sending wave lengths: _Provided_, That they do not exceed six hundred
meters or that they do exceed one thousand six hundred meters: _Provided
further_, That the character of the waves emitted conforms to the
requirements of regulations third and fourth following.
USE OF A "PURE WAVE"
Third. At all stations if the sending apparatus, to be referred to
hereinafter as the "transmitter," is of such a character that the energy
is radiated in two or more wave lengths, more or less sharply defined,
as indicated by a sensitive wave meter, the energy in no one of the
lesser waves shall exceed ten per centum of that in the greatest.
USE OF A "SHARP WAVE."
Fourth. At all stations the logarithmic decrement per complete
oscillation in the wave trains emitted by the transmitter shall not
exceed two-tenths, except when sending distress signals or signals and
messages relating thereto.
USE OF "STANDARD DISTRESS WAVE."
Fifth. Every station on shipboard shall be prepared to send distress
calls on the normal wave length designated by the international
convention in force, except on vessels of small tonnage unable to have
plants insuring that wave length.
SIGNAL OF DISTRESS.
Sixth. The distress call used shall be the international signal of
distress: dot dot dot, dash dash dash, dot dot dot.
USE OF "BROAD INTERFERING WAVE" FOR DISTRESS SIGNALS.
Seventh. When sending distress signals, the transmitter of a station on
shipboard may be tuned in such a manner as to create a maximum of
interference with a maximum of radiation.
DISTANCE REQUIREMENT FOR DISTRESS SIGNALS.
Eighth. Every station on shipboard, wherever practicable, shall be
prepared to send distress signals of the character specified in
regulations fifth and sixth with sufficient power to enable them to be
received by day over sea a distance of one hundred nautical miles by a
shipboard station equipped with apparatus for both sending and receiving
equal in all essential particulars to that of the station first
mentioned.
FOR DISTRESS SIGNALS.
Ninth. All stations are required to give absolute priority to signals
and radiograms relating to ships in distress; to cease all sending on
hearing a distress signal; and, except when engaged in answering or
aiding the ship in distress, to refrain from sending until all signals
and radiograms relating thereto are completed.
REDUCED POWER FOR SHIPS NEAR A GOVERNMENT STATION.
Tenth. No station on shipboard, when within fifteen nautical miles of a
naval or military station, shall use a transformer input exceeding one
kilowatt, nor, when within five nautical miles of such a station, a
transformer input exceeding one-half kilowatt, except for sending
signals of distress, or signals or radiograms relating thereto.
INTERCOMMUNICATION.
Eleventh. Each shore station open to general public service between the
cost and vessels at sea shall be bound to exchange radiograms with any
similar shore station and with any ship station without distinction of
the radio systems adopted by such stations, respectively, and each
station on shipboard shall be bound to exchange radiograms with any
other station on shipboard without distinction of the radio systems
adopted by each station respectively.
It shall be the duty of each such shore station, during the hours it is
in operation, to listen in at intervals of not less than fifteen minutes
and for a period not less than two minutes, with the receiver tuned to
receive messages of three hundred meter wave lengths.
DIVISION OF TIME.
Twelfth. At important seaports and at all other places where naval or
military and private or commercial shore stations operate in such close
proximity that interference with the work of naval and military stations
can not be avoided by the enforcement of the regulations contained in
the foregoing regulations concerning wave lengths and character of
signals emitted, such private or commercial shore stations as do
interfere with the reception of signals by the naval and military
stations concerned shall not use their transmitters during the first
fifteen minutes of each hour, local standard time. The Secretary of
Commerce and Labor may, on the recommendation of the department
concerned, designate the station or stations which may be required to
observe this division of time.
GOVERNMENT STATIONS TO OBSERVE DIVISION OF TIME.
Thirteenth. The naval or military stations for which the above mentioned
division of time may be established shall transmit signals or radiograms
only during the first fifteen minutes of each hour, local standard time,
except in case of signals or radiograms relating to vessels in distress,
as hereinbefore provided.
USE OF UNNECESSARY POWER.
Fourteenth. In all circumstances, except in case of signals or
radiograms relating to vessels in distress, all stations shall use the
minimum amount of energy necessary to carry out any communication
desired.
GENERAL RESTRICTIONS ON PRIVATE STATIONS.
Fifteenth. No private or commercial station not engaged in the
transaction of bona fide commercial business by radio communication or
in experimentation in connection with the development and manufacture of
radio apparatus for commercial purposes shall use a transmitting wave
length exceeding two hundred meters, or a transformer input exceeding
one kilowatt, except by special authority of the Secretary of Commerce
and Labor contained in the license of the station: _Provided_, That the
owner or operator of a station of the character mentioned in this
regulation shall not be liable for a violation of the requirements of
the third or fourth regulations to the penalties of one hundred dollars
or twenty-five dollars, respectively, provided in this section unless
the person maintaining or operating such station shall have been
notified in writing that the said transmitter has been found, upon tests
conducted by the Government, to be so adjusted as to violate the said
third and fourth regulations, and opportunity has been given to said
owner or operator to adjust said transmitter in conformity with said
regulations.
SPECIAL RESTRICTIONS IN THE VICINITIES OF GOVERNMENT STATIONS.
Sixteenth. No station of the character mentioned in regulation fifteenth
situated within five nautical miles of a naval or military station shall
use a transmitting wave length exceeding two hundred meters or a
transformer input exceeding one-half kilowatt.
SHIP STATIONS TO COMMUNICATE WITH NEAREST SHORE STATIONS.
Seventeenth. In general, the shipboard stations shall transmit their
radiograms to the nearest shore station. A sender on board a vessel
shall, however, have the right to designate the shore station through
which he desires to have his radiograms transmitted. If this can not be
done, the wishes of the sender are to be complied with only if the
transmission can be effected without interfering with the service of
other stations.
LIMITATIONS FOR FUTURE INSTALLATIONS IN VICINITIES OF GOVERNMENT
STATIONS.
Eighteenth. No station on shore not in actual operation at the date of
the passage of this Act shall be licensed for the transaction of
commercial business by radio communication within fifteen nautical miles
of the following naval or military stations, to wit: Arlington,
Virginia; Key West, Florida; San Juan, Porto Rico; North Head and
Tatoosh Island, Washington; San Diego, California; and those established
or which may be established in Alaska and in the Canal Zone; and the
head of the department having control of such Government stations shall,
so far as is consistent with the transaction of governmental business,
arrange for the transmission and receipt of commercial radiograms under
the provisions of the Berlin convention of nineteen hundred and six and
future international conventions or treaties to which the United States
may be a party, at each of the stations above referred to, and shall fix
the rates therefor, subject to control of such rates by Congress. At
such stations and wherever and whenever shore stations open for general
public business between the coast and vessels at sea under the
provisions of the Berlin convention of nineteen hundred and six and
future international conventions and treaties to which the United States
may be a party shall not be so established as to insure a constant
service day and night without interruption, and in all localities
wherever or whenever such service shall not be maintained by a
commercial shore station within one hundred nautical miles of a naval
radio station, the Secretary of the Navy shall, so far as is consistent
with the transaction of governmental business, open naval radio stations
to the general public business described above, and shall fix rates for
such service, subject to control of such rates by Congress. The receipts
from such radiograms shall be covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous
receipts.
SECRECY OF MESSAGES.
Nineteenth. No person or persons engaged in or having knowledge of the
operation of any station or stations shall divulge or publish the
contents of any messages transmitted or received by such station, except
to the person or persons to whom the same may be directed, or their
authorized agent, or to another station employed to forward such message
to its destination, unless legally required so to do by the court of
competent jurisdiction or other competent authority. Any person guilty
of divulging or publishing any message, except as herein provided,
shall, on conviction thereof, be punishable by a fine of not more than
two hundred and fifty dollars or imprisonment for a period of not
exceeding three months, or both fine and imprisonment, in the discretion
of the court.
PENALTIES.
For violation of any of these regulations, subject to which a license
under sections one and two of this Act may be issued, the owner of the
apparatus shall be liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars, which may
be reduced or remitted by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, and for
repeated violations of any of such regulations, the license may be
revoked.
For violation of any of these regulations, except as provided in
regulation nineteenth, subject to which a license under section three of
this Act may be issued, the operator shall be subject to a penalty of
twenty-five dollars, which may be reduced or remitted by the Secretary
of Commerce and Labor, and for repeated violations of any such
regulations, the license shall be suspended or revoked.
SEC. 5. That every license granted under the provisions of this Act for
the operation or use of apparatus for radio communication shall
prescribe that the operator thereof shall not wilfully or maliciously
interfere with any other radio communication. Such interference shall be
deemed a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof the owner or operator,
or both, shall be punishable by a fine of not to exceed five hundred
dollars or imprisonment for not to exceed one year, or both.
SEC. 6. That the expression "radio communication" as used in this Act
means any system of electrical communication by telegraphy or telephony
without the aid of any wire connecting the points from and at which the
radiograms, signals, or other communications are sent or received.
SEC. 7. That a person, company, or corporation within the jurisdiction
of the United States shall not knowingly utter or transmit, or cause to
be uttered or transmitted, any false or fraudulent distress signal or
call or false or fraudulent signal, call, or other radiogram of any
kind. The penalty for so uttering or transmitting a false or fraudulent
distress signal or call shall be a fine of not more than two thousand
five hundred dollars or imprisonment for not more than five years, or
both, in the discretion of the court, for each and every such offense,
and the penalty for so uttering or transmitting, or causing to be
uttered or transmitted, any other false or fraudulent signal, call, or
other radiogram shall be a fine of not more than one thousand dollars or
imprisonment for not more than two years, or both, in the discretion of
the court, for each and every such offense.
SEC. 8. That a person, company, or corporation shall not use or operate
any apparatus for radio communication on a foreign ship in territorial
waters of the United States otherwise than in accordance with the
provisions of sections four and seven of this Act and so much of section
five as imposes a penalty for interference. Save as aforesaid, nothing
in this Act shall apply to apparatus for radio communication on any
foreign ship.
SEC. 9. That the trial of any offense under this Act shall be in the
district in which it is committed, or if the offense is committed upon
the high seas or out of the jurisdiction of any particular State or
district the trial shall be in the district where the offender may be
found or into which he shall be first brought.
SEC. 10. That this Act shall not apply to the Phillippine Islands.
SEC. 11. That this Act shall take effect and be in force on and after
four months from its passage.
Approved, August 13, 1912.
LIST OF WORKS
ON
ELECTRICAL SCIENCE
PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY
D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY,
*25 Park Place, New York.*
*ABBOTT, A. V. The Electrical Transmission of Energy.*
A Manual for the Design of Electrical Circuits. _Fifth Edition,
enlarged and rewritten._ With many Diagrams, Engravings and
Folding Plates. 8vo., cloth, 675 pp Net, $5.00
*ARNOLD, E. Armature Windings of Direct-Current Dynamos.*
Extension and Application of a general Winding Rule. Translated
from the original German by Francis B. DeCress. Illustrated. 8vo.
cloth, 124 pp $2.00
*ASHE, S. W. Electricity Experimentally and Practically Applied.*
_Second Edition._ 422 illustrations. 12mo., cloth, 375 pp. Net,
$2.00
*ASHE, S. W., and KEILEY, J. D. Electric Railways Theoretically and
Practically Treated.*
Illustrated. 12mo., cloth.
*Vol. I. Rolling Stock.*
_Second Edition._ 285 pp Net, $2.50
*Vol. II. Substations and Distributing Systems.*
296 pp Net, $2. 50
*ATKINSON, A. A. Electrical and Magnetic Calculations.*
For the use of Electrical Engineers and others interested in the
Theory and Application of Electricity and Magnetism. _Fourth
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*ATKINSON, PHILIP. The Elements of Dynamic Electricity and Magnetism.*
_Fourth Edition._ Illustrated. 12mo., cloth, 405 pp. $2.00
- *Elements of Electric Lighting,* including Electric Generation,
Measurement, Storage, and Distribution. _Tenth Edition_, fully
revised and new matter added. Illustrated. 12mo., cloth, 280 pp
$1.50
- *Power Transmitted by Electricity and Applied by the Electric
Motor,* including Electric Railway Construction. Illustrated.
_Fourth Edition_, fully revised and new matter added. 12mo., cloth,
241 pp. $2.00
*AUSTIN, E. Single-Phase Electric Railways.*
346 illustrations 8 x 11, cloth, 308 pp Net, $5.00
*AYRTON, HERTHA. The Electric Arc.*
Illustrated. 8vo., cloth, 479 pp Net, $5.00
*BAKER, J. T. The Telegraphic Transmission of Photographs.*
63 illustrations. 12mo., cloth, 155 pp Net, $1.25
*BARHAM, G. B. Development of the Incandescent Electric Lamp.*
25 illustrations, 2 plates, 5 x 8 cloth. 206 pp $2.00
*BEDELL, FREDERICK. Direct and Alternating Current Manual.*
With directions for testing and a discussion of the theory of
electrical apparatus. _Second Edition, greatly enlarged_.
Assisted by C. A. Pierce. Illustrated. 6 x 9, cloth, 373 pp Net,
$2.00
*BLAINE, ROBERT G. The Calculus and Its Applications.*
A practical treatise for beginners especially engineering
students. 79 illustrations. 12mo., cloth, 330 pp Net, $1.50
*BONNEY, G. E. The Electro-Plater’s Hand Book.*
A Manual for Amateurs and Young Students of Electro-Metallurgy.
_Fifth Edition, enlarged._ 61 Illustrations. 12mo., cloth, 208 pp
$1.20
*BOTTONE, S. R. Magnetos For Automobilists; How Made and How Used*
A handbook of practical instruction on the manufacture and
adaptation of the magneto to the needs of the motorist. _Second
Edition, enlarged_. 52 illustrations. 12mo., cloth, 118 pp Net,
$1.00
*BROADFOOT, S. K. Motors, Secondary Batteries and Accessory Apparatus.*
16 illustrations. 16mo., cloth. 100pp. (Installation Manuals
Series) Net, 0.75
*BROUGHTON, H. H. Electric Canes.*
Their design, construction and application. 600 illustrations and
plates. 120 tables, 6 x 9, cloth, 848 pp Net, $9.00
*CHILD, C. D. Electric Arcs.*
Experiments upon arcs between different electrodes in various
environments and their explanation. 58 illustrations. 5 x 7,
cloth, 203 pp Net, $2.00
*COLLIS, A. G. High and Low Tension Switchgear Design.*
94 illustrations and folding plates, 6 x 9, cloth, 233 pp Net,
$3.50
- *Switchgear and The Control of Electric Circuits.* 47 illustrations.
4 1/2 x 6 1/2, cloth, 85 pp. (Installation Manuals Series) Net, 0.50
*COMSTOCK, D. F., and TROLAND, L. T. The Nature of Matter and
Electricity.*
An outline of modern views. Illustrated. 5 x 7, cloth, 200 pp
Net, $2.00
*COOPER, W. R. Primary Batteries: their Theory, Construction, and Use*
_New Edition in Press_
*CRAIG, J. W., and WOODWARD, W. P. Questions and Answers About
Electrical Apparatus.*
Third edition revised and enlarged. Illustrated. 4 x 6 Leather,
256 pp Net, $1.50
*CRAMP, W. Continuous Current Machine Design.*
137 illustration. 8vo., cloth, 240 pp Net, $2.50
*CREED Y, F. Single-Phase Commutator Motors.*
98 illustrations, 6 x 9, cloth, 120 pp Net, $2.00
*CROCKER, F. B. Electric Lighting.*
A Practical Exposition of the Art for the use of Electricians,
Students, and others interested in the Installation or Operation
of Electric Lighting Plants.
- *Vol. I. The Generating Plant*. _Seventh Edition, entirely revised_.
Illustrated. 8vo., cloth, 482 pp $3.00
- *Vol. II. Distributing System and Lamps.* _Sixth Edition_.
Illustrated 8vo., cloth, 505 pp.
*CROCKER, F. B., and ARENDT, M. Electric Motors: Their Action, Control,
and Application.*
_Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged_. 169 illustrations. 6 1/4
x 9 1/4, cloth, 315 pp Net, $2.50
*CROCKER, F. B., and WHEELER, S. S. The Management of Electrical
Machinery.*
Being a _thoroughly revised and rewritten edition_ of the
authors’ "Practical Management of Dynamos and Motors." _Eighth
Edition._ Illustrated. 16mo., cloth, 232 pp Net, $1.00
*CUSHING, H. C., Jr. Standard Wiring for Electric Light and Power*
Illustrated. 16mo., leather, 156 pp $1.00
*CUSHING, H. C., Jr. and HARRISON, N. Central Station Management.*
5 1/2 x 7 1/4 cloth, 417 pp Net, $2.00
*DAVIES, F. H. Electric Power and Traction.* Illustrated. 8vo., cloth
293 pp. (Van Nostrand’s Westminster Series.) Net, $2.00
- *Foundations and Machinery Fixing.* 52 illustrations. 16mo., cloth,
146 pp. (Installations Manuals Series) Net, $1.00
*DEL MAR, W. A. Electric Power Conductors.*
_Second edition revised._ 69 illustrations. 5 1/2 x 8, cloth, 330
pp Net, $2.00
*DEVEY, R. G. Mill and Factory Wiring.*
126 illustrations. 16mo., cloth, 209 pp. (Installation Manuals
Series) Net, $1.00
*DINGER, Lieut. H. C. Handbook for the Care and Operation of Naval
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_Second Edition._ 124 Illustrations. 16mo., cloth, 302 pp Net,
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*DUNCAN, W. G. and PENMAN, D. Electrical Equipment of Collieries.*
157 illustrations, 6 1/2 x 8 3/4, cloth, 329 pp Net, $4.00
*DWIGHT, H. B. Transmission Line Formulas for Electrical Engineers and
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27 illustrations. 2 folding plates, 12mo, cloth, 143 pp Net,
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*DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY:*
Its Modern Use and Measurement, chiefly in its application to
Electric Lighting and Telegraphy, including: 1. Some Points in
Electric Lighting, by Dr. John Hopkinson. 2. On the Treatment of
Electricity for Commercial Purposes, by J. N. Shoolbred. 3.
Electric-Light Arithmetic, by R. E. Day, M.E. _Fourth Edition._
Illustrated. 16mo., boards, 166 pp. (No. 71 Van Nostrand’s
Science Series.) 50 cents
*ECK, J. Light, Radiation and Illumination.*
Translated from the German of Paul Hogner. 59 illustrations. 5
1/2 x 8, cloth, 100 pp. Net, $2.50
*ECCLES, W. H. Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony.*
Illustrated. 5 x 8 1/2 half leather, 418 pp Net, $4.50
*EDDY, L. C. Laboratory Manual of Alternating Currents.*
21 illustrations, 5 1/2 x 8, cloth, 26 pp Net, 50 cents
*EDLER, R. Switches and Switchgear.*
Translated by Ph. Laubach. 335 illustrations. 6 1/2 x 9, cloth,
412 pp Net, $4.00
*EDGCUMBE, K. Industrial Electrical Measuring Instruments.*
Illustrated. 8 vo., cloth, 227 pp.
*ENGINEERING AS A CAREER.*
By Prominent Engineers. Edited by C. E. Drayer and F. H. Newell.
5 1/4 x 7 1/2, 226 pp. Paper 75 cents, cloth $1.00
*EWING, J. A. Magnetic Induction in Iron and other Metals.*
_Third Edition, revised_. Illustrated. 8vo., cloth, 393 pp Net,
$4.00
*FISHER, H. K. C., and DARBY, W. C. Students’ Guide to Submarine Cable
Testing.*
_Fourth Edition, enlarged._ Illustrated. 8vo., cloth, 252 pp Net,
$3.50
*FLEMING, J. A., Prof. The Alternate-Current Transformer in Theory and
Practice.*
*Vol. I.: The Induction of Electric Currents.*
_Fifth Issue._ Illustrated. 5vo., cloth, 641 pp: Net, $5.00
*Vol. II.: The Utilization of Induced Currents.*
_Third Issue._ Illustrated. 8vo., cloth, 587 pp Net, $5.00
- *Propagation of Electric Currents in Telephone and Telegraph
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- *Handbook for the Electrical Laboratory and Testing Room.* Two
Volumes. Illustrated. 8vo., cloth, 1160 pp. Each vol Net, $5.00
*FOSTER, H. A. With the Collaboration of Eminent Specialists. Electrical
Engineers’ Pocket Book.*
A handbook of useful data for Electricians and Electrical
Engineers. With innumerable Tables, Diagrams, and Figures. The
most complete book of its kind ever published, treating of the
latest and best Practice in Electrical Engineering. _Seventh
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*FOWLE, F. F. The Protection of Railroads from Overhead Transmission
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35 illustrations. 12mo., cloth, 76 pp Net, $1.50.
*FREUDEMACHER, P. W. Electrical Mining Installations.*
36 illustrations. 16mo., cloth, 192 pp. (Installation Manuals
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*FRITH, J. Alternating Current Design.*
27 illustrations. 6 x 9, cloth, 131 pp Net, $2.00
*GARRARD, C. C. Electric Switch and Controlling Gear.*
423 illustrations, 5 3/4 x 8 3/4, cloth, 656 pp Net, $6.00
*GANT, L. W. Elements of Electric Traction for Motormen and Others.*
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*GERHARDI, C. H. W. Electricity Meters; their Construction and
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*GOLDSMITH, RUDOLF. The Alternating Current Commutator Motor. The
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In one volume. 247 illustrations. 5 1/4 x 8 3/4, cloth Net, $3.00
*GORE, GEORGE. The Art of Electrolytic Separation of Metals (Theoretical
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*HALLER, G. F. and CUNNINGHAM, E. T. The Tesla High Frequency Coil; its
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*HAUSMANN, E. Telegraph Engineering. A Manual for Practicing Telegraph,
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192 Illustrations. cloth, 416 pp Net, $3.00
*HAY, ALFRED. An Introductory Course of Continuous-Current Engineering.*
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*HEATHER, H. J. Electrical Engineering for Mechanical and Mining
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183 illustrations. 5 x 8, cloth, 344 pp Net, $3.50
*HEAVISIDE, O. Electromagnetic Theory. Two Volumes with Many Diagrams.*
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*HOBBS, W. R. P. The Arithmetic of Electrical Measurements.*
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*HOUSTOUN, R. A. Studies in Light Production.*
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*HUTCHINSON, R. W., Jr. Long-Distance Electric Power Transmission:*
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*INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LIGHTING.*
A Practical Description of the Edison System, by H. Latimer. To
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*INDUCTION COILS: How Made and How Used.*
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*JONES, HARRY C. The Electrical Nature of Matter and Radioactivity.*
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*KAPPER, F. Overhead Transmission Lines and Distributing Circuits.*
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*LARNER, E. T. The Principles of Alternating Currents for Students of
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*LODGE, OLIVER J. Signalling Across Space Without Wires:*
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