CULTIVATION OF THE MUSHROOM.
BY PROF. LAMBERT,
The American Spawn Co., St. Paul, Minn.
=GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.=--Commercially, and in a restricted sense, the
term "mushroom" is generally used indiscriminately to designate the
species of fungi which are edible and susceptible of cultivation. The
varieties which have been successfully cultivated for the market are
nearly all derived from _Agaricus campestris_, _Agaricus villaticus_,
_and Agaricus Arvensis_. They may be white, cream or creamy-white, or
brown; but the color is not always a permanent characteristic, it is
often influenced by surrounding conditions.
Mushrooms are grown for the market on a large scale in France and in
England. It is estimated that nearly twelve million pounds of fresh
mushrooms are sold every year at the Central Market of Paris. A large
quantity of mushrooms are canned and exported from France to every
civilized country. This industry has recently made remarkable progress
in the United States, and fresh mushrooms are now regularly quoted on
the markets of our large cities. They are sold at prices ranging from
twenty-five cents to one dollar and fifty cents per pound, according to
season, demand and supply.
[Illustration: Figure 498.--Mushroom Beds in a Cellar.]
=ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS.=--Mushrooms can be grown in any climate and in
any season where the essential conditions may be found, obtained or
controlled. These conditions are, _first_, a temperature ranging from 53
deg. to 60 deg. F., with extremes of 50 deg. to 63 deg.; _second_, an
atmosphere saturated (but not dripping) with moisture; _third_, proper
ventilation; _fourth_, a suitable medium or bed; _fifth_, good spawn. It
may be seen that in the open air, these conditions are rarely found
together for any length of time. It is therefore necessary, in order to
grow mushrooms on a commercial basis, that one or more of these elements
be artificially supplied or controlled. This is usually done in cellars,
caves, mines, greenhouses, or specially constructed mushroom houses. A
convenient disposition of the shelves in a cellar is shown in Figure
498. A large installation for commercial purposes is shown in Figure
500, and a specially constructed cellar is shown in Figure 499. Where
abandoned mines, natural or artificial caves are available, the required
atmospheric conditions are often found combined and may be uniformly
maintained throughout the year.
[Illustration: Figure 499.--Specially Constructed Mushroom Houses.]
[Illustration: Figure 500.--Mushroom Houses, Flat Beds.]
=TEMPERATURE.=--Within the limits prescribed, the temperature should be
uniform throughout the growth of the crop. When too cold, the
development of the spawn will be retarded or arrested. A high
temperature will favor the development of molds and bacteria which will
soon destroy the spawn or the growing crop. The cultivation of the
mushroom, as a summer crop, is therefore greatly restricted. As a fall,
winter or spring crop it may be grown wherever means are at hand to
raise the temperature to about 58 deg. F. Many florists are utilizing the
waste space under the benches for that purpose; they have the advantage
of being able to use the expended material of mushroom beds in growing
flowers.
=MOISTURE.=--Moisture is an important factor in the cultivation of the
mushroom, and demands intelligent application. The mushroom requires an
atmosphere nearly saturated with moisture, and yet the direct
application of water on the beds is more or less injurious to the
growing crop. It is therefore essential that the beds, when made,
contain the requisite amount of moisture, and that this moisture be not
lost by excessive evaporation. They should be protected from a dry
atmosphere or strong draughts. Where watering becomes necessary, it
should be applied in a fine spray around the beds with a view of
restoring the moisture to the atmosphere, and on the beds after the
mushrooms have been gathered.
=VENTILATION.=--Pure air is essential to a healthy crop. Provision
should therefore be made for a gradual renewal of the air in the
mushroom house. However, draughts must be avoided as tending to a too
rapid evaporation and cooling of the beds, an unfortunate condition
which cannot thereafter be entirely remedied.
=THE BEDS.=--The most common type of beds is known as the "flat bed." It
is made on the floor or on shelves as shown in the illustrations. It is
usually about 10 inches deep. Another type, principally used in France,
is known as the "ridge bed," and requires more labor than the flat bed.
The mushroom house and shelves, if used, should be frequently
disinfected and whitewashed in order to avoid danger from insects and
bacteria. The preparation of the beds and subsequent operations will be
shown in connection with the other subjects.
=PREPARATION OF THE MANURE.=--The best manure is obtained from horses
fed with an abundance of dry and nitrogenous food. The manure of animals
fed on greens is undesirable. Growers do not all follow the same method
of fermenting or composting the manure. When first unloaded, the manure
is left in its original state for a few days. It is then piled in heaps
about three feet deep and well pressed down. In this operation the
material should be carefully forked and well mixed, and wherever found
too dry, it should be lightly sprinkled. It is allowed to remain in that
condition for about six days when it is again well forked and turned. In
the latter operation it receives an additional light sprinkling; the dry
portions are turned inside in order that the whole mass may be
homogenous and uniformly moist, and the heap is again raised to about
three feet. About six days later the operation is repeated, and in about
three days the manure should be ready for the beds. It is then of a dark
brown color mixed with white, free from objectionable odor. It is
unctuous, elastic and moist, though not wet, and should not leave any
moisture in the hand.
Of course, the above rules are subject to modification according to the
condition of the manure, its age and previous handling.
=SPAWNING.=--The manure, having been properly composted, is spread
evenly on the floor or shelves and firmly compressed in beds about ten
inches in depth. The temperature of the bed is then too high for
spawning and will usually rise still higher. It should be carefully
watched with the aid of a special or mushroom thermometer. When the
temperature of the beds has fallen to about 75 deg. or 80 deg., they may
be spawned. The beds must be spawned when the temperature falls, never
when it rises. The bricks of spawn are broken into eight or ten pieces,
and these pieces are inserted from one to two inches below the surface,
about nine to twelve inches apart. The bed is then firmly compressed. An
advantage is found in breaking and distributing the spawn over the
surface of the bed a few days before spawning; this allows the mycelium
to absorb some moisture and swell to some extent. If the bed is in
proper condition it should not require watering for several weeks.
[Illustration: Figure 501.--Brick Spawn, Pure Culture.]
=CASING THE BEDS.=--As soon as the spawn is observed to "run," or from
eight days to two weeks, the beds are "cased" or covered with a layer of
about one inch of light garden loam, well screened. The loam should be
slightly moist, and free from organic matter. The beds should now be
watched and should not be allowed to evaporate or dry out.
=PICKING.=--Mushrooms should appear in from five to ten weeks after
spawning, and the period of production of a good bed ranges from two to
four months. In picking the mushrooms an intelligent hand will carefully
twist it from the soil and fill the hole left in the bed with fresh
soil. Pieces of roots or stems should never be allowed to remain in the
beds, otherwise decay might set in and infect the surrounding plants. A
good mushroom bed will yield a crop of from one-half to two pounds per
square foot. Mushrooms should be picked every day or every other day;
they should not be left after the veils begin to break.
For the market the mushrooms are sorted as to size and color, and packed
in one, two or five-pound boxes or baskets. Since they are very
perishable, they must reach the market in the shortest time.
=OLD BEDS.=--It is not practicable to raise another crop of mushrooms in
the material of an old bed, although this material is still valuable for
garden purposes. The old material should be entirely removed, and the
mushroom house thoroughly cleaned before the new beds are made. If this
precaution be omitted the next crop may suffer from the diseases or
enemies of the mushrooms.
[Illustration: Figure 502.--A Cluster of 50 Mushrooms on One Root, Grown
from "Lambert's Pure Culture Spawn" of the American Spawn Co., St. Paul,
Minn.]
=SPAWN.=--The cultivated mushroom is propagated from "spawn," the
commercial name applied to the mycelium; the term "spawn" includes both
the mycelium and the medium in which it is carried and preserved. Spawn
may be procured in the market in two forms, flake spawn and brick
spawn. In both forms the mycelium growth is started on a prepared medium
mainly consisting of manure and then arrested and dried. The flake spawn
is short-lived by reason of its loose form, in which the mycelium is
easily accessible to the air and destructive bacteria. It deteriorates
rapidly in transportation and storage and can only be used to advantage
when fresh. Growers, especially in the United States, have therefore
discarded it in favor of brick spawn, which affords more protection to
the mycelium and can be safely transported and stored for a reasonable
period.
Until recently the manufacturer of spawn was compelled to rely entirely
upon the caprice of nature for his supply. The only method known
consisted in gathering the wild spawn wherever nature had deposited it
and running the same into bricks or in loose material, without reference
to variety. Neither the manufacturer nor the grower had any means of
ascertaining the probable nature of the crop until the mushrooms
appeared.
[Illustration: Figure 503.--Agaricus villaticus.]
=PURE CULTURE SPAWN.=--The recent discovery of pure culture spawn in
this country has made possible the selection and improvement of
varieties of cultivated mushrooms with special reference to their
hardiness, color, size, flavor and prolificness, and the elimination of
inferior or undesirable fungi in the crop. The scope of this article
precludes a description of the pure culture method of making spawn. It
is now used by the large commercial growers and has in many sections
entirely superseded the old English spawn and other forms of wild spawn.
As now manufactured it resembles much in appearance the old English
spawn (see Figure 501). Some remarkable results have been obtained by
the use of pure culture spawn. We illustrate a cluster of fifty
mushrooms on one root grown by Messrs. Miller & Rogers, of Mortonville,
Pa., from "Lambert's Pure Culture Spawn" produced by the American Spawn
Company, of St. Paul, Minn. (Figure 502). Several promising varieties
have already been developed by the new method, and can now be reproduced
at will. Figure 503 is a good illustration of _Agaricus villaticus_, a
fleshy species in good demand. Figure 504 shows a bed of mushrooms grown
from pure culture spawn in a sand rock cave, using the flat bed.
[Illustration: Figure 504.--A Mushroom Cave, Showing One of the Test
Beds of the American Spawn Co., St. Paul, Minn.]
=HOW TO COOK MUSHROOMS.=--To the true epicure there are but four ways of
cooking mushrooms--broiling, roasting, frying them in sweet butter and
stewing them in cream.
In preparing fresh mushrooms for cooking, wash them as little as
possible, as washing robs them of their delicate flavor. Always bear in
mind that the more simply mushrooms are cooked the better they are. Like
all delicately flavored foods, they are spoiled by the addition of
strongly flavored condiments.
=Broiled Mushrooms.=--Select fine, large flat mushrooms, and be sure
that they are fresh. If they are dusty just dip them in cold salt water.
Then lay on cheese cloth and let them drain thoroughly. When they are
dry cut off the stem quite close to the comb. Or, what is better,
carefully break off the stem. Do not throw away the stems. Save them for
stewing, for soup or for mushroom sauce. Having cut or broken off the
stems, take a sharp silver knife and skin the mushrooms, commencing at
the edge and finishing at the top. Put them on a gridiron that has been
well rubbed with sweet butter. Lay the mushrooms on the broiling iron
with the combs upward. Put a small quantity of butter, a little salt and
pepper in the center of each comb from where the stem has been removed
and let the mushrooms remain over the fire until the butter melts. Then
serve them on thin slices of buttered and well browned toast, which
should be cut round or diamond shape.
Serve the mushrooms just as quickly as possible after they are broiled,
as they must be eaten when hot. So nourishing are broiled mushrooms that
with a light salad they form a sufficient luncheon for anyone.
=Fried Mushrooms.=--Clean and prepare the mushrooms as for broiling. Put
some sweet, unsalted butter in a frying pan--enough to swim the
mushrooms in. Stand the frying pan on a quick fire, and when the butter
is at boiling heat carefully drop the mushrooms in and let them fry
three minutes, and serve them on thin slices of buttered toast.
Serve a sauce of lemon juice, a little melted butter, salt and red
pepper with fried mushrooms.
=Stewed Mushrooms.=--Stewed mushrooms after the following recipe make
one of the most delicious of breakfast dishes: It is not necessary to
use large mushrooms for stewing--small button ones will do. Take the
mushrooms left in the basket after having selected those for broiling,
and also use the stems cut from the mushrooms prepared for boiling.
After cleaning and skinning them put them in cold water with a little
vinegar, and let them stand half an hour. If you have a quart of
mushrooms, put a tablespoonful of nice fresh butter in a stewpan and
stand it on the stove. When the butter begins to bubble drop the
mushrooms in the pan, and after they have cooked a minute season them
well with salt and black pepper. Now take hold of the handle of the
stewpan and, while the mushrooms are gently and slowly cooking, shake
the pan almost constantly to keep the butter from getting brown and the
mushrooms from sticking. After they have cooked eight minutes pour in
enough rich, sweet cream to cover the mushrooms to the depth of half an
inch, and let them cook about eight or ten minutes longer. Serve them in
a very hot vegetable dish. Do not thicken the cream with flour or with
anything. Just cook them in this simple way. You will find them
perfect.
GLOSSARY.
Abortive, imperfectly developed.
Aberrant, deviating from a type.
Acicular, needle-shaped.
Aculeate, slender pointed.
Acuminate, terminating in a point.
Acute, sharp pointed.
Adnate, gills squarely and firmly attached to the stem.
Adnexed, gills just reaching the stem.
Adhesion, union of different organs or tissues.
Adpressed, pressed into close contact, as applied to the gills.
Agglutinated, glued to the surface.
Alveolate, honey-combed.
Alutaceous, having the color of tanned leather.
Anastomosing, branching, joining of one vein with another.
Annual, completing growth in one year.
Annular, ring-shaped.
Annulate, having a ring.
Annulus, the ring around the stem of a mushroom.
Apex, in mushrooms the extremity of the stem next to the gills.
Apical, close to the apex.
Apiculate, terminating in a small point.
Appendiculate, hanging in small fragments.
Applanate, flattened out or horizontally expanded.
Arachnoid, cobweb-like.
Arculate, bow-shaped.
Areolate, pitted, net-like.
Ascus, spore case of certain mushrooms.
Ascomycetes, a group of fungi in which the spores are produced in sacs.
Ascospore, hymenium or sporophore bearing an ascus or asci.
Atomate, sprinkled with atoms or minute particles.
Atro (ater, black), in composition "black" or "dark."
Atropurpureous, dark purple (purpura, purple).
Aurantiaceous, orange-colored (aurantium, an orange).
Aureous, golden-yellow.
Auriculate, ear-shaped.
Azonate, without zones or circular bands.
Badious, bay, chestnut-color, or reddish-brown.
Basidium (pl. basidia), an enlarged cell on which spores are borne.
Basidiomycetes, the group of fungi that have spores borne on a basidium.
Bifid, cleft or divided into two parts.
Booted, applied to the stem of mushrooms when inclosed in a volva.
Boss, a knob or short rounded protuberance.
Bossed, furnished with a boss or knob, bulbate.
Byssus, a fine filamentous mass.
Caespitose, growing in tufts.
Calyptra, applied to the portion of volva covering the pileus.
Campanulate, bell-shaped.
Cap, the expanded, umbrella-like receptacle of a common mushroom.
Capillitium, spore-bearing threads, often much branched, found in
puffballs.
Carnose, flesh-color.
Cartilaginous, hard and tough.
Castaneous, chestnut-color.
Ceraceous, wax-like.
Cerebriform, brain-shaped.
Cespitose, growing in tufts.
Cilia, marginal hair-like processes.
Ciliate, fringed with hair-like processes.
Cinereous, light bluish gray or ash gray.
Circumscissile, breaking at or near the middle on equatorial line.
Circinate, rounded.
Clavate, club-shaped, gradually thickened upward.
Columella, a sterile tissue rising column-like in the midst of the
Capillitium.
Concrete, grown together.
Continuous, without a break, one part running into another.
Cordate, heart-shaped.
Coriaceous, of a leathery or a cork-like texture.
Cortex, outer or rind-like layer.
Cortina, the web-like veil of the genus Cortinarius.
Cortinate, with a cortina.
Costate, with a ridge or ridges.
Crenate, notched, indented or escalloped at the edge.
Cryptogamia, applied to the division of non-flowering plants.
Cyathiform, cup-shaped.
Cyst, a bladder-like cell or cavity.
Cystidium (pl. cystidia), sterile cells of the hymenium, bladder-like.
Deciduous, of leaves falling off.
Decurrent, as when the gills of a mushroom are prolonged down the stem.
Dehiscent, a closed organ opening of itself at maturity.
Deliquescent, melting down, becoming liquid.
Dendroid, shaped like a tree.
Dentate, toothed.
Denticulate, with small teeth.
Dichotomous, paired, regularly forked.
Dimidiate, halved, applied to gills not entire.
Disc (disk), the hymenial surface, usually cup-shaped.
Discomycetes, Ascomycetes with the hymenium exposed.
Dissepiments, dividing walls.
Distant, applied to gills which are not close.
Discrete, distinct, not divided.
Echinate, furnished with stiff bristles.
Effused, spread over without regular form.
Emarginate, when the gills are notched or scooped out at junction
with stem.
Ephemeral, lasting but a short time.
Epidermis, the external or outer layer of the plant.
Epiphytal, growing upon another plant.
Eccentric, out of the center; stem not attached to center of pileus.
Exoperidium, outer layer of the peridium.
Exotic, foreign.
Explanate, flattened or expanded.
Farinaceous, mealy.
Farinose, covered with a mealy powder.
Falcate, hooked or curved like a scythe.
Fasciculate, growing in bundles.
Fastigiate, bundled together with a sheath.
Ferruginous, rust-colored.
Fibrillose, clothed with small fibers.
Fibrous, composed of fibers.
Filiform, thread-like.
Fimbriated, fringed.
Fissile, capable of being split.
Fistular, fistulose, with the stem hollow or becoming hollow.
Flabelliform, fan-shaped.
Flaccid, soft and flabby.
Flavescent, turning yellow.
Flexuose, wavy.
Flocci, threads as of mold.
Floccose, downy.
Flocculose, covered with flocci.
Free, said of gills not attached to the stem.
Friable, easily crumbling.
Fugacious, disappearing quickly.
Fuliginous, sooty-brown or dark smoke-color.
Furcate, forked.
Furfuraceous, with bran-like scales or scurf.
Fuscous, dingy, brownish or brown tinged with gray.
Fusiform, spindle-shaped.
Gasteromyces, Basidiomycetes, in which the hymenium is inclosed.
Gelatinous, jelly-like.
Genus, a group of closely related species.
Gibbous, swollen at one point.
Gills, plates radiating from the stem on which the basidia are borne.
Glabrous, smooth.
Glaucous, with a white bloom.
Gleba, the spore-bearing tissue, as in puffballs and phalloids.
Globose, nearly round.
Granular, with a roughened surface.
Gregarious, growing in numbers in the same vicinity.
Habitat, the natural place of growth of a plant.
Hirsute, hairy.
Host, the plant or animal on which a parasitic fungus grows.
Hyaline, transparent, clear like glass.
Hygrophanous, looking watery when moist and opaque when dry.
Hygrometric, readily absorbing water.
Hymenium, the fruit-bearing surface.
Hymenophore, the portion which bears the hymenium.
Hypha, one of the elongated cells or threads of the fungus.
Imbricate, overlapping like shingles.
Immarginate, without a distinct border.
Incarnate, flesh-color.
Indehiscent, not opening.
Indigenous, native of a country or a place.
Indurated, hardened.
Indusium, a veil beneath the pileus.
Inferior, the ring low down on the stem of Agarics.
Infundibuliform, funnel-shaped.
Innate, adhering by growth.
Involute, edges rolled inward.
Isabelline, color of sole leather, brownish-yellow.
Laccate, varnished or coated with wax.
Lacerate, irregularly torn.
Laciniate, divided into lobes.
Lacunose, pitted or having cavities.
Lamella (lamellae), gills of a mushroom.
Lanate, wooly.
Leucospore, white spore.
Livid, bluish-black.
Luteous, yellowish.
Maculate, spotted.
Marginate, having a distinct border.
Micaceous, covered with glistening scales, mica-like.
Micron, one-thousandth of a millimeter, nearly .00004 of an inch.
Mycelium, the delicate threads from germinating spores, called spawn.
Nigrescent, becoming black.
Obconic, inversely conical.
Obovate, inversely egg-shaped.
Obese, stout, plump.
Ochraceous, ochre-yellow, brownish-yellow.
Pallid, pale, undecided in color.
Papillate, covered with soft tubercles.
Paraphyses, sterile cells found among the reproductive cells of
some plants.
Parasitic, growing on and deriving support from another plant.
Pectinate, toothed like a comb.
Peridium, the outer covering of a puffball, simple or double.
Perithecia, bottle-like receptacles containing asci.
Peronate, used when the stem has a distinct stocking-like coat.
Persistent, inclined to adhere firmly.
Pileate, having a cap or pileus.
Pileolus (pl. pileoli), a secondary pileus, arising from the primary
one.
Pileus (pileus, a hat), the cap-like head of a fungus.
Pilose, covered with hairs, furry.
Pore, the opening of the tubes of a polyporus.
Pruinose, covered with a frost-like bloom.
Pubescent, downy.
Pulverulent, covered with dust.
Pulvinate, cushion-shaped.
Putrescent, soon decaying.
Punctate, dotted with points.
Reflexed, bent backwards.
Reniform, kidney-shaped.
Repand, bent or turned up or back.
Resupinate, attached to the matrix by the back.
Reticulate, marked with cross-lines, like the meshes of a net.
Revolute, rolled backward or upward.
Rimose, cracked or full of clefts.
Rimulose, covered with small cracks.
Ring, a part of the veil adhering to the stem of Agarics.
Rubescent, tending to a red-color.
Rubiginous, rust-color.
Rufescent, reddish in color.
Rugose, wrinkled.
Rufous, brownish-red.
Sapid, agreeable to the taste.
Saprophyte, a plant that lives on decaying animal or vegetable matter.
Scrobiculate, marked with little pits or depressions.
Serrate, saw-toothed.
Sinuate, wavy margin of gills or sinus where they reach the stem.
Spathulate, in the form of a spathula.
Spawn, the popular name for mycelium, used in growing mushrooms.
Spores, the reproductive bodies of mushrooms.
Sporophore, name given to the basidia.
Squamose, having scales.
Squamulose, covered with small scales.
Squarrose, rough with scales.
Stigmata, the slender supports of the spores.
Stipitate, having a stem.
Striate, streaked with lines.
Strigose, covered with lines sharp and rigid.
Strobiliform, pineapple-shaped.
Stuffed, stem filled with different material from the walls.
Sulcate, furrowed.
Tawny, nearly the color of tanned leather.
Terete, top-shaped.
Tesselated, arranged in small squares.
Tomentose, downy, with short hairs.
Trama, the substance between the plates of gills.
Truncate, cut squarely off.
Tubercle, a small wart-like excrescence.
Turbinate, top-shaped.
Umbillicate, having a central depression.
Umbo, the boss of a shield, applied to the central elevation of cap.
Umbonate, having a central boss-like elevation.
Uncinate, hooked.
Undulate, wavy.
Vaginate, sheathed.
Veil, a partial covering of stem or margin of pileus.
Veliform, a thin veil-like covering.
Venate or veined, intersected by swollen wrinkles below and on the
sides.
Ventricose, swollen in the middle.
Vernicose, shining as if varnished.
Verrucose, covered with warts.
Villose, villous, covered with long, weak hairs.
Viscid, covered with a shiny liquid which adheres to the fingers;
sticky.
Viscous, gluey.
Volute, rolled up in any direction.
Volva, a universal veil.
Zoned, zonate, marked with concentric bands of color.
AUTHORITIES.
It is customary to write, after the name of the plant, the name, or an
abbreviation of it, of the person who gave the name. Below will be found
a brief history and the name in full of each abbreviation.
Atk. Prof. Geo. F. Atkinson, at the head of the Botanical
Department of Cornell University and an authority on
Mycology.
Afz. Adam Afzelius, a Swedish Botanist, 1750-1836; a pupil
of Linnaeus.
Ban. Miss Banning of Maryland, a student of Mycology.
Batsch Augustus Batsch, a German Botanist and Mycologist,
1761-1802.
Berk. Rev. J. M. Berkeley, a leading Mycologist of England.
Bolt. James Bolton, a prominent Botanist of Halifax.
Bosc. Louis Bosc, an early American Botanist, 1759-1828.
Barl. J. B. Barla, a French Mycologist.
Bull. Pierre Bulliard, one of the first French Mycologists,
1742-1790.
Curt. Rev. M. A. Curtise, State Botanist of North Carolina.
D. C. Augustin P. de Candolle, a Swiss Botanist, 1778-1841.
Dill. Johann Jakob Dillenius, an eminent German Botanist.
Ellis J. B. Ellis, Newfield, New Jersey, an eminent Mycologist.
Fr. Elias Magnus Fries (pron. Freece), a Swedish Botanist
and Mycologist, 1794-1878.
Gill. C. C. Gillet, a French Botanist.
Herbst The late Dr. William Herbst, Trexlertown, Pa., an
authority on Mycology.
Hoffn. Hoffman, a German Mycologist.
Holmsk. Theodor Holmskiold, a Danish Mycologist, 1732-1794.
Huds. William Hudson, an eminent English Botanist, 1730-1795.
Jung. Franz W. Junghuhn, a prominent German Botanist, 1812-1864.
Kauff. Dr. C. H. Kauffman, Botanical Department Michigan
University.
Lasch William Lasch, a German Mycologist.
Lenz Harald Othmar Lenz, a German Botanist.
Lk. Heinrich Friedrich Link, a prominent German Mycologist.
Lloyd C. G. Lloyd, Cincinnati, Ohio, one of the finest
mycologists of the present day.
Lev. Joseph Henri Leveille, a French Mycologist.
Let. Jean Baptiste Louis Letellier, a French Mycologist.
L. or Linn. Carl von Linnaeus, a Swedish Botanist who is the author
of the Linnaean classification and who adopted the
binomial nomenclature, viz.: the generic name which is
the substantive, or a word used as such, and the
specific name, an adjective, 1707-1778.
Mass. George Massee, an English Botanist, Principal Assistant,
Royal Gardens, Kew; author of several works on Mycology.
Morg. Prof. A. P. Morgan, Preston, Ohio, a well-known Botanist
and an authority on Mycology.
Mont. Montagne, a French Botanist and Mycologist.
Pk. Dr. Charles Horton Peck, the State Botanist of New York;
an eminent authority on Mycology and Botany generally.
Pers. Christian Hendrik Persoon, a German Botanist,
1755-1837.
Rav. W. H. Ravenel, leading Mycologist of South Carolina.
Roze Ernest Roze, a French Mycologist.
Schw. Rev. Louis David de Schweinitz, Bethlehem, Pa., a
pioneer American Mycologist.
Schroet. Schroeter, a German Botanist and Mycologist.
Schaeff. Jacobi C. Schaeffer, a German Botanist, 1718-1790.
Scop. Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, an Italian Botanist,
1725-1788.
Schum. Schumacher, a German Botanist and Mycologist.
Sacc. P. A. Saccardo, an Italian Botanist, the author of
Sylloge Fungorum, a work of several volumes written
in Latin, describing over forty thousand species.
Sow. James Sowerby, an English Botanist.
Vahl. Martin Vahl, a Norwegian Botanist, 1749-1804.
Vitt. Carlo Vittadini, an Italian Mycologist.
Wulf. Wulfen, a German Botanist.
REFERENCES CONSULTED.
Atkinson's Studies of American Fungi.
Cooke's Hand-book of British Fungi.
Massee's European Fungus Flora.
McIlvaine's One Thousand American Fungi.
Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms--W. H. Gibson.
Herbst's Fungal Flora of the Lehigh Valley.
Berkeley's Outlines of British Fungology.
The Mushroom Book--Nina L. Marshall.
Morgan's North American Fungi.
Lloyd's Mycological Notes.
Peck's Reports of New York.
Kellerman's Mycological Bulletins.
Kauffman's Genus Cortinarius.
Longyear's Michigan Mushrooms.
Cooke's British Fungi.
Minnesota Plant Diseases--Freeman.
CORRECTIONS.
Clitocybe metachroa, page 95.
Boletus parvus, page 361.
Polyporus Berkeleyi, page 392.
Tricholoma resplendens, page 600. This page of the manuscript was used
in making the sample pages and for some reason was not replaced, which
will account for its coming out of order.
_Tricholoma resplendens. Fr._
THE SHINING TRICHOLOMA. EDIBLE.
[Illustration: Figure 504.--Tricholoma resplendens. Entire plant white.]
Resplendens means shining brightly.
The pileus is fleshy, convex, then nearly plane, even, bare, viscid,
white, sometimes hyaline-spotted or yellowish on the disk, shining when
dry, margin straight. Flesh white, taste mild, odor pleasant.
The gills are nearly free when young, then emarginate, somewhat crowded,
rather thick, entire, white.
The stem is solid, bare, subbulbose, even, white, dry. The spores are
8x4u.
The caps are two to four inches broad; the stem is two to four inches
long.--_Peck._
This is a beautiful plant, entirely white, smell and taste pleasant, and
found in Poke Hollow and in the woods along Ralston's Run, near
Chillicothe.
This plant is found very generally over the United States.
INDEX TO GENERA.
Agaricus, 307
Amanita, 20
Amanitopsis, 43
Anellaria, 345
Armillaria, 56
Bolbitius, 346
Boletinus, 381
Boletus, 350
Bovista, 550
Bovistella, 552
Bulgaria, 516
Calvatia, 531
Calostoma, 562
Calocera, 474
Catastoma, 558
Cantharellus, 198
Chlorosplenium, 515
Claudopus, 256
Clavaria, 461
Claviceps, 573
Clitocybe, 88
Clitopilus, 247
Collybia, 107
Coprinus, 331
Corticium, 452
Cortinarius, 290
Craterellus, 450
Crepidotus, 279
Crucibulum, 520
Cyclomyces, 430
Cyathus, 517
Daedalea, 426
Didymius, 578
Discina, 511
Dictyophora, 526
Eccilia, 252
Entoloma, 243
Epichloe, 573
Exidia, 481
Favolus, 429
Fistulina, 384
Flammula, 284
Fomes, 417
Galera, 275
Ganoderma, 404
Geaster, 563
Gloeoporus, 431
Gomphidius, 349
Grandinia, 449
Guepinia, 484
Gyromitra, 494
Hebeloma, 272
Heliomyces, 152
Helotium, 514
Helvella, 497
Hirneola, 482
Hydnum, 432
Hygrophorus, 204
Hymenochaete, 457
Hymenula, 484
Hypholoma, 323
Hypocerea, 573
Hypomyces, 498
Inocybe, 268
Irpex, 447
Lachnocladium, 475
Laccaria, 106
Lachnea, 510
Lactarius, 164
Lentinus, 226
Lenzites, 231
Leotia, 501
Lepiota, 46
Leptoglossum, 499
Leptonia, 254
Lycogala, 577
Lycoperdon, 541
Macropodia, 507
Marasmius, 136
Merulius, 423
Mitremyces, 561
Morchella, 485
Mucronella, 432
Mutinus, 526
Mycena, 118
Myriostomav, 571
Naucoria, 281
Nidularia, 521
Nolanea, 255
Nectrea, 573
Nyctalis, 204
Oomyces, 573
Omphalia, 130
Otidea, 511
Panaeolus, 339
Panus, 222
Paronia, 573
Paxillus, 287
Peziza, 503
Phallus, 522
Phlebia, 448
Pholiota, 257
Pilosace, 319
Piptoporus, 409
Pleurotus, 153
Pluteolus, 274
Pluteus, 235
Podaxon, 560
Polyporus, 388
Polysaccum, 561
Polystictus, 414
Psathyrella, 346
Psilocybe, 328
Radulum, 432
Reticularia, 578
Russula, 182
Sarcoscypha, 512
Secotium, 560
Schizophyllum, 232
Scleroderma, 555
Sclerotina, 510
Sparassis, 459
Spathularia, 500
Sphaerobolus, 517
Stemonitis, 580
Stereum, 455
Strobilomyces, 380
Stropharia, 322
Thelephora, 453
Torrubia, 576
Trametes, 422
Tremella, 477
Tremellodon, 479
Tricholoma, 60
Trogia, 235
Typhula, 474
Urnula, 514
Verpa, 492
Volvaria, 238
Xylaria, 579
INDEX TO SPECIES.
abietina (Clavaria), 465
abortivus (Clitopilus), 249
abruptus (Agaricus), 311
abscondens (Pleurotus), 162
acerbum (Tricholoma), 70
acervata (Collybia), 117
acetabulum (Peziza), 503
acuminatum (Secotium), 560
acuminatum (Lycoperdon), 549
acutesquamosa (Lepiota), 55
adiposa (Pholiota), 259
Adirondackensis (Clitocybe), 95
adusta (Russula), 183
adustus (Polyporus), 402
adustum (Hydnum), 444
aegerita (Pholiota), 266
aeruginosa (Stropharia), 322
aeruginosum (Heliotium), 515
aeruginosum (Chlorosplenium), 515
aetites (Mycena), 125
alba (Amanitopsis), 44
albellum (Tricholoma), 83
albellus (Polyporus), 407
albipes (Russula), 187
albida (Tremella), 478
alboflava (Omphalia), 135
alboater (Boletus), 373
alboviolaceus (Cortinarius), 295
album (Tricholoma), 72
alkalina (Mycena), 123
alutacea (Russula), 186
alveolatus (Boletus), 363
ambigua (Daedalea), 426
ambusta (Collybia), 114
Americana (Lepiota), 50
Americanus (Boletus), 373
amethystina (Clitocybe), 106
amethystina (Clavaria), 464
amianthinus (Lepiota), 54
ammophila (Psilocybe), 330
androsaceus (Marasmius), 138
angusticeps (Morchella), 489
anomalus (Marasmius), 145
appendiculata (Armillaria), 60
appendiculatum (Hypholoma), 325
applicatus (Pleurotus), 161
Archeri (Geaster), 565
argyraceum (Tricholoma), 77
arcularius (Polyporus), 406
armillatus (Cortinarius), 301
asterophora (Nyctalis), 204
arvensis (Agaricus), 310
asper (Geaster), 566
aspera (Amanita), 39
Atkinsonianus (Cortinarius), 302
atramentarius (Coprinus), 333
atrata (Collybia), 113
atratoides (Collybia), 116
atroviridus (Lactarius), 175
atrotomentosus (Paxillus), 288
atrosquamosum (Tricholoma), 77
aurantia (Peziza), 507
aurantius (Hypomyces), 499
aurantium (Scleroderma), 555
aurantiacus (Cantharellus), 200
aurea (Clavaria), 462
aurevella (Pholiota), 264
auricula-Judae (Hirneola), 482
auripes (Boletus), 370
autumnalis (Cortinarius), 294
Badhami (Lepiota), 50
badia (Peziza), 503
Berkeleyi (Poylporus), 392
betulina (Lenzites), 231
betulinus (Polyporus), 408
bicolor (Boletus), 352
biformis (Polystictus), 411
bispora (Morchella), 490
Blackfordae (Hydnum), 443
bolaris (Cortinarius), 296
Boltoni (Bolbitius), 346
bombycina (Volvaria), 238
borealis (Lysurus), 526
botrytes (Clavaria), 462
bovinus (Mutinus), 528
bovista (Plumbea), 552
brevis (Clitopilus), 253
brevipes (Cantharellus), 202
brumalis (Polyporus), 405
brunnea (Gyromitra), 497
bulbigera (Armillaria), 59
caelata (Calvata), 537
caerulescens (Cortinarius), 292
Caesarea (Amanita), 40
caesius (Polvporus), 410
caespitosa (Omphalia), 132
calceolum (Tricholoma), 68
calopus (Marasmius), 145
calostoma (Lycoperdon), 563
campanella (Omphalia), 130
campanulatus (Panaeolus), 342
campestris (Agaricus), 307
Canadensis (Favolus), 430
candicans (Clitocybe), 100
candidus (Marasmius), 142
caninus (Mutinus), 527
cantharellus (Craterellus), 451
cantharellus (Hygrophorus), 208
capitata (Torrubia), 576
caperata (Pholiota), 260
capitata (Cordyceps), 575
capillaris (Mycena), 122
caprinus (Hygrophorus), 213
caput-Medusae (Hydnum), 437
caput-ursi (Hydnum), 437
carbonaria (Flammula), 285
carneo-grisae (Eccilia), 252
carneus (Irpex), 447
cartilaginea (Tricholoma), 78
castaneus (Boletus), 379
castaneus (Cortinarius), 305
cavipes (Boletinus), 382
Cecilia (Agaricus), 46
cepa (Scleroderma), 558
cepaestipes (Lepiota), 54
ceraceus (Hygrophorus), 218
cervinus (Pluteus), 237
chlorocephala (Leotia), 502
chlorophanus (Hygrophorus), 208
chrysenteron (Boletus), 354
chrysites (Tricholoma), 77
chrysorrheus (Lactarius), 181
cibarius (Cantharellus), 198
cinereus (Lactarius), 173
cinerea (Clavaria), 470
cinereum (Didymius), 579
cinereum (Corticium), 453
cinereus (Hygrophorus), 206
cinereus (Cantharellus), 452
cinereus (Lactarius), 173
cinerascens (Tricholoma), 71
cincinnata (Inocybe), 271
cinnabarinum (Calostoma), 563
cinnabarinus (Cortinarius), 203
cinnabarinus (Cantharellus), 203
cinnabarinus (Polyporus), 409
cinnabarinus (Metremyces), 562
cinnamoneus (Cortinarius), 297
cinnamoneus (Polystictus), 414
circinatus (Polyporus), 402
circinatus (Pleurotus), 163
circumscissum (Catastoma), 559
circumscissa (Bovista), 559
cirrhata (Collybia), 341
citrinum (Heliotium), 514
clavata (Spathularia), 500
clavipes (Clitocybe), 94
clypeatum (Entoloma), 247
coccinea (Peziza), 504
coccineus (Hygrophorus), 209
cohaerens (Marasmius), 140
cohaerens (Mycena), 141
cochleatus (Lentinus), 229
coliformis (Myriostoma), 571
collinitus (Cortinarius), 293
colorea (Collybia), 115
columbetta (Tricholoma), 68
comatus (Coprinus), 332
commune (Schizophyllum), 233
compactum (Stereum), 457
comtulus (Agaricus), 313
conchatus (Panus), 223
conchoides (Gloeoporus), 431
Condolleanum (Hypholoma), 325
confluens (Collybia), 114
confragosa (Daedalea), 428
conica (Nolanea), 255
conicus (Hygrophorus), 209
conica (Morchella), 487
corraloides (Hydnum), 438
corium (Merulius), 426
cornea (Calocera), 474
coronata (Clavaria), 469
cornucopoides (Craterellus), 451
corrugata (Hymenochaete), 458
corrugis (Lactarius), 178
corticola (Mycena), 125
cossus (Hygrophorus), 207
cothurnata (Amanita), 37
craniiformis (Calvatia), 537
crassipes (Morchella), 491
craterium (Urnula), 514
crenulata (Amanita), 36
cretaceus (Agaricus), 316
crispa (Trogia), 234
crispa (Galera), 278
crispa (Sparassis), 460
crispula (Clavaria), 470
cristatella (Lepiota), 52
cristata (Helephora), 454
cristata (Clavaria), 468
croceocolor (Cortinarius), 304
crustuliniforme (Hebeloma), 273
cruciatum (Lycoperdon), 545
Curtisii (Polyporus), 403
Curtisii (Hymenochaete), 458
Curtisii (Ganoderma), 404
curvipes (Pholiota), 264
cuticularis (Polyporus), 402
cyanescens (Boletus), 357
cyanoxantha (Russula), 188
cyathiformis (Calvatia), 535
cyathiformis (Clitocybe), 105
cyphellaeformis (Pleurotus), 162
dealbata (Clitocybe), 104
deceptivus (Lactarius), 166
delica (Russula), 182
delectans (Marasmius), 151
deliciosa (Morchella), 487
deliciosus (Lactarius), 179
densifolia (Russula), 197
dichrous (Polyporus), 431
digitaliformis (Verpa), 492
disseminata (Psathyrella), 347
distans (Lactarius), 174
ditopoda (Clitocybe), 99
dryophila (Collybia), 110
dubius (Craterellus), 452
dulcamara (Inocybe), 271
duplicatus (Phallus), 424
dura (Pholiota), 258
ebulbosus (Coprinus), 336
eburneus (Hygrophorus), 206
edulis (Boletus), 356
edulis var. clavipes (Boletus), 359
elata (Calvatia), 540
elastica (Helvella), 497
elegans (Mutinus), 529
elegans (Polyporus), 407
emetica (Russula), 193
epichysia (Omphalia), 130
ephemerus (Coprinus), 339
epidendrum (Lycogala), 577
epileucus (Polyporus), 408
epiphyllus (Marasmius), 151
epipterygia (Mycena), 129
epimyces (Panaeolus), 341
equestre (Tricholoma), 61
erinaceum (Hydnum), 435
erythropus (Typhula), 475
erythropus (Boletus), 378
esculenta (Gyromitra), 494
esculenta (Helvella), 494
esculenta (Morchella), 486
Europeus (Favolus), 430
eutheles (Inocybe), 272
evernius (Cortinarius), 304
eximia (Pilosace), 319
eximius (Pluteus), 238
eximius (Boletus), 362
fagineus (Marasmius), 148
fasciatum (Stereum), 456
fascicularis (Hypholoma), 327
fastibile (Hebeloma), 273
felleus (Boletus), 364
fennicum (Hydnum), 444
ferrugineum (Hydnum), 441
ferruginea (Stemonites), 581
fibula (Omphalia), 134
fillius (Flammula), 286
filopes (Mycena), 124
fimbriata (Tremella), 479
fimbriatus (Geaster), 569
fimetarius (Coprinus), 339
fimicolus (Panaeolus), 342
fistulina (Hepatica), 386
flaccida (Clitocybe), 101
flaccida (Lenzites), 232
flava (Clavaria), 461
flavida (Flammula), 284
flavida (Spathularia), 500
flaviceps (Hygrophorus), 209
flavipes (Hygrophorus), 209
flavus (Hygrophorus), 208
flavobrunneum (Tricholoma), 81
flavodiscus (Hygrophorus), 210
flavovireus (Polyporus), 399
floccosus (Cantharellus), 200
floccosa (Peziza), 511
floccosa (Sarcoscypha), 512
foenisecii (Psilocybe), 328
foetens (Russula), 186
foetidus (Marasmius), 139
foetens (Heliomyces), 134
fomentarius (Fomes), 417
formosa (Clavaria), 467
fragilis (Bolbitius), 346
fragilis (Russula), 192
fraxineus (Fomes), 421
frondosus (Polyporus), 390
Frostiana (Amanita), 27
Frostii (Boletus), 376
fuligineus (Hygrophorus), 212
fulva (Amanitopsis), 44
fumescens (Tricholoma), 75
fumidellum (Tricholoma), 74
furcata (Russula), 194
fusca (Stemonites), 580
fusus (Flammula), 286
fusiformis (Clavaria), 472
galericulata (Mycena), 120
gambosum (Tricholoma), 86
geaster (Scleroderma), 558
gelatinosum (Tremellodon), 481
gemmatum (Lycoperdon), 543
geophylla, var. violacea (Inocybe), 270
gigantea (Calvatia), 531
giganteum (Lycoperdon), 533
giganteus (Polyporus), 395
gilva (Clitocybe), 101
gilvus (Polyporus), 414
glabellum (Lycoperdon), 542
glutinosum (Hebeloma), 273
gracilis (Boletus), 366
graminum (Marasmius), 146
grande (Tricholoma), 81
garnosa (Lepiota), 52
granularis (Pluteus), 238
granulatus (Boletus), 352
granulosa (Lepiota), 52
granulosa (Grandinia), 449
granulosa (Exidia), 481
grammopodium (Tricholoma), 63
graveolens (Polyporus), 405
graveolens (Tricholoma), 80
graveolens (Hydnum), 447
grayanum (Entoloma), 244
Greenii (Cyclomyces), 430
grisea (Entoloma), 245
griseus (Boletus), 372
griseus (Lactarius), 174
griseus (Polyporus), 391
griseo pallida (Cyphella), 162
haematosperma (Lepiota), 50
haematopa (Mycena), 122
halophilus (Agaricus), 317
hamadryas (Naucoria), 281
Hardii (Stropharia), 321
hariolarum (Collybia), 108
hemispherica (Peziza), 510
hemispherica (Lachnea), 510
Herbstii (Sparassis), 459
herpeticus (Cortinarius), 292
heteroclitus (Polyporus), 400
heteroclita (Pholiota), 263
heterogeneum (Lycoperdon), 563
hepatica (Fistulina), 386
Herculea (Cordyceps), 574
hiemalis (Mycena), 126
hirta (Psathyrella), 348
hirsutus (Polystictus), 413
hirsutum (Stereum), 456
hispidus (Polyporus), 401
hygrometricus (Geaster), 564
hypnorum (Galera), 275
ianthina (Mycena), 129
ignarius (Fomes), 420
illudens (Clitocybe), 91
imbricatum (Hydnum), 435
imbricatum (Tricholoma), 73
immaculata (Collybia), 113
inaequalis (Clavaria), 472
incana (Leptonia), 254
incarnatum (Corticium), 453
incarnata (Typhula), 475
incertum (Hypholoma), 323
indecisus (Boletus), 358
indigo (Lactarius), 167
ingrata (Collybia), 108
infundibuliformis (Cantharellus), 203
infundibuliformis (Clitocybe), 90
inquinans (Bulgaria), 516
insulsus (Lactarius), 171
integra (Russula), 191
involutus (Paxillus), 287
Iris (Mycena), 128
Kunzei (Clavaria), 470
Kellermani (Galera), 277
laccata (Clitocybe), 105
laccata (Laccaria), 106
lacera (Inocybe), 269
laciniata (Thelephora), 454
lachnophylla (Collybia), 141
lachrymabundum (Hypholoma), 325
lacrymans (Merulius), 426
lacteum (Corticium), 452
lacteus (Irpex), 447
lacteus (Polyporus), 410
lactifluorum (Hypomyces), 499
lacunosa (Helvella), 498
lascivum (Tricholoma), 70
laevis (Panus), 226
laterarium (Tricholoma), 67
lateritia (Galera), 276
Laurae (Hygrophorus), 213
Leaiana (Mycena), 127
Lecomtei (Lentinus), 224
lepida (Russula), 187
lepideus (Lentinus), 228
leporina (Peziza), 511
leporina (Otidea), 511
leporinus (Hygrophorus), 206
leucophaeus (Fomes), 417
leucocephalum (Tricholoma), 74
leucomelas (Polyporus), 391
levis (Panus), 226
lilacina (Calvatia), 535
lignyotus (Lactarius), 173
livida (Amanitopsis), 44
lignatilis (Pleurotus), 164
lilacinus (Cortinarius), 296
lixivium (Tricholoma), 65
longipes (Marasmius), 146
Loveiana (Volvaria), 341
lubrica (Leotia), 501
lucidus (Polyporus), 403
luridus (Boletus), 378
lutescens (Tremella), 477
lutescens (Helotium), 515
luteum (Leptoglossum), 499
maculata (Collybia), 112
maculatescens (Tricholoma), 79
magnivelaris (Amanita), 28
mammosus (Geaster), 569
mappa (Amanita), 35
marginatus (Hygrophorus), 218
marginata (Pholiota), 265
maxima (Reticularia), 578
media (Clitocybe), 88
medulla-panis (Polyporus), 407
mellea (Armillaria), 57
var. flava, 58
var. obscura, 58
var. exanulata, 58
var. radicata, 58
var. glabra, 58
var. bulbosa, 58
melaleucum (Tricholoma), 69
mesenterica (Tremella), 477
metachroa (Clitocybe), 95
micaceus (Coprinus), 335
micropus (Hygrophorus), 213
Micheneri (Lachnocladium), 476
militaris (Cordyceps), 574
militaris (Torrubia), 574
miniatus (Hygrophorus), 215
miniatus sphagnophilus (Hygrophorus), 217
minimus (Geaster), 565
mollis (Crepidotus), 280
monadelpha (Clitocybe), 102
Morgani (Lepiota), 50
Morgani (Geaster), 565
Morgani (Boletus), 374
Morrisii (Cortinarius), 300
mucida (Clavaria), 473
multiceps (Clitocybe), 93
muscaria (Amanita), 23
muscoides (Clavaria), 463
mutabilis (Pholiota), 263
mycetophila (Tremella), 478
myriadophylla (Collybia), 115
nardosmia (Armillaria), 59
naucina (Lepiota), 48
naucinoides (Lepiota), 48
nebularis (Clitocybe), 88
nebulosa (Peziza), 512
nidulans (Claudopus), 256
nigrellus (Boletus), 372
nigripes (Marasmius), 152
nigripes (Heliomyces), 152
nigricans (Russula), 184
niveus (Hygrophorus), 220
Noveboracensis (Clitopilus), 252
var. brevis (Clitopilus), 252
nudum (Tricholoma), 86
oakesii (Corticium), 453
obbata (Clitocybe), 101
obliquus (Polyporus), 404
Ohiensis (Trametes), 423
Ohiensis (Bovistella), 553
occidentalis (Peziza), 512
ochroleucus (Cortinarius), 299
ochropurpurea (Clitocybe), 97
ochrophylla (Russula), 187
ochraceum (Hydnum), 445
odorata (Peziza), 505
odora (Clitocybe), 90
olivaceo-stramineus (Cortinarius), 291
oniscus (Omphalia), 132
orcellus (Clitopilus), 249
oreades (Marasmius), 136
orirubens (Tricholoma), 77
ornatipes (Boletus), 371
ostreatus (Pleurotus), 153
ovalis (Galera), 279
ovatus (Coprinus), 337
paedidum (Tricholoma), 64
pallida (Fistulina), 387
pallida (Thelephora), 454
pallidus (Boletus), 362
pallidus (Hygrophorus), 206
pallidifolia (Clitocybe), 106
palmata (Thelephora), 454
paludosella (Naucoria), 282
papilionaceus (Panaeolus), 345
panaeolum (Tricholoma), 67
parasiticus (Boletus), 368
parvus (Boletus), 361
parvula (Volvaria), 242
pascua (Nolanea), 255
pascuense (Hebeloma), 274
pediades (Naucoria), 281
pelianthina (Mycena), 128
pedicellatum (Catastoma), 559
pellucidula (Amanita), 28
pelliculosa (Mycena), 129
penarius (Hygrophorus), 221
perennius (Polystictus), 415
pergamenus (Polystictus), 417
pergamenus (Lactarius), 166
peronatus (Marasmius), 148
perplexum (Hypholoma), 327
perplexus (Polyporus), 400
personatum (Tricholoma), 84
petaloides (Pleurotus), 157
Petersii (Peziza), 505
phalloides (Amanita), 20
phyllophila (Clitocybe), 104
picipes (Polyporus), 388
pictus (Boletinus), 381
pila (Bovista), 550
pinicola (Fomes), 419
piperatus (Lactarius), 165
pisiformis (Nidularia), 421
pisocarpium (Polysaccum), 561
pistillaris (Clavaria), 471
pithyophila (Clitocybe), 99
placomyces (Agaricus), 315
placorrhiza (Typhula), 475
platyphylla (Collybia), 109
plumbea (Bovista), 552
polita (Eccelia), 253
polymorpha (Xilaria), 579
popinalis (Clitopilus), 252
porosus (Boletinus), 383
porphria (Amanita), 23
porreus (Marasmius), 145
portentosum (Tricholoma), 86
praecox (Pholiota), 257
pratensis (Hygrophorus), 206
prasiosmus (Marasmius), 145
procera (Lepiota), 46
prolifera (Mycena), 120
prunulus (Clitopilus), 248
prunuloides (Entoloma), 245
pseudo-pura (Mycena), 129
pseudo-boletus (Ganoderma), 404
pubescens (Polyporus), 410
pulcherrimum (Lycoperdon), 541
pulcherrimum (Hydnum), 446
punctiformis (Hymenula), 484
puniceus (Hygrophorus), 215
pura (Mycena), 128
purpurascens (Cortinarius), 291
purpurium (Stereum), 457
purpurina (Russula), 196
pusilla (Volvaria), 242
pusillum (Lycoperdon), 549
pyriforme (Lycoperdon), 547
pyriodora (Inocybe), 272
pyxidata (Omphalia), 133
pyxidata (Clavaria), 464
quletii (Hygrophorus), 222
quinquepartitum (Tricholoma), 67
quercina (Daedalea), 427
racemosa (Collybia), 341
radiata (Phlebia), 448
radicans (Boletus), 367
radicata (Amanita), 33
radicata (Collybia), 108
radicatus (Polyporus), 400
ramealis (Marasmius), 149
Ravenelii (Dictyophora), 526
Ravenelii (Phallus), 524
regalis (Lactarius), 169
resinosus (Polyporus), 403
recutita (Amanita), 23
repanda (Peziza), 508
repandum (Hydnum), 433
resplendens (Tricholoma), 600
reticulatus (Pluteolus), 275
retipes (Boletus), 371
retirugis (Panaeolus), 339
rhodopolium (Entoloma), 244
rhodoxanthus (Paxillus), 289
rimosa (Inocybe), 272
rimosus (Fomes), 418
Rodmani (Agaricus), 308
rosea (Hygrophorus), 209
roseipes (Russula), 191
rotula (Marasmius), 143
rubeolarius (Boletus), 378
rubellus (Merulius), 424
rubescens (Amanita), 38
rubescens (Trametes), 422
rubiginosa (Hymenochaete), 458
rubra (Russula), 195
rudis (Panus), 224
rufescens (Polyporus), 406
rugosa (Mycena), 120
rugosum (Stereum), 457
Russelli (Boletus), 375
Russula (Tricholoma), 70
saccata (Calvatia), 541
saccatus (Geaster), 569
saccharinus (Marasmius), 150
saepiaria (Lenzites), 232
salignus (Pleurotus), 156
salmonea (Entoloma), 245
sambucum (Corticium), 453
sanguinolentum (Stereum), 457
sapidus (Pleurotus), 159
saponaceum (Tricholoma), 77
Satanus, (Boletus), 380
scaber (Boletus), 351
scaber (Inocybe), 269
Schumacheri (Tricholoma), 81
Schweintzii (Thelephora), 454
scorodonius (Marasmius), 144
scrobiculatus (Lactarius), 170
scrobiculatum (Hydnum), 443
scutellata (Peziza), 509
scutellata (Trametes), 423
sebacea (Thelephora), 455
sejunctum (Tricholoma), 82
semilibera (Morchella), 490
semiglobata (Stropharia), 320
semihirtipes (Marasmius), 145
semi-sanguineus (Cortinarius), 298
semivestitum (Lachnocladium), 476
semiorbicularis (Naucoria), 281
semitosta (Peziza), 507
semitosta (Macropodia), 507
separans (Boletus), 369
separans (Lycoperdon), 546
separata (Anellaria), 345
septentrionale (Hydnum), 440
serotinoides (Pleurotus), 161
serotinus (Pleurotus), 161
serotinus (Hygrophorus), 221
serifluus (Lactarius), 178
serrulata (Leptonia), 255
sericeum (Stereum), 456
setosa (Mycena), 122
siccus (Marasmius), 146
silvaticus (Agaricus), 313
silvicola (Agaricus), 309
sinuosus (Craterellus), 452
solidipes (Panaeolus), 344
solitaria (Amanita), 29
sordidum (Tricholoma), 62
sordidus (Hygrophorus), 220
spadicea (Psilocybe), 329
spadiceum (Stereum), 455
spathularia (Guepinia), 484
spathularia (Xylaria), 579
speciosus (Boletus), 356
speciosus (Hygrophorus), 211
spectabilis (Pholiota), 265
sphagnophilus (Hygrophorus), 217
spinulosa (Clavaria), 466
spinulifera (Collybia), 141
spongiosipes (Hydnum), 440
spreta (Amanita), 43
spumosa (Flammula), 286
squalida (Flammula), 286
squamosus (Polyporus), 395
squarrosa (Pholiota), 268
squarrosoides (Pholiota), 266
squarrulosum (Tricholoma), 78
stannea (Mycena), 124
stercoraria (Stropharia), 322
stercoreus (Cyathus), 519
Stevensoni (Peziza), 505
stipitaria (Collybia), 112
striata (Calocera), 474
striatus (Cyathus), 517
striatula (Clitocybe), 106
strangulata (Amanitopsis), 46
striaepes (Boletus), 366
stricta (Clavaria), 464
stricta (Calocera), 474
strigosus (Panus), 223
strobillaceus (Strobilomyces), 380
styptus (Panus), 223
stypticus (Panus), 223
strobiliformis (Amanita), 33
suaveolens (Trametes), 423
subdulcis (Lactarius), 176
subcostatum (Entoloma), 245
subditopoda (Clitocybe), 99
suberosus (Piptoporus), 409
subochracea-Burtii (Inocybe), 270
subochracea (Inocybe), 270
subsericeus (Polystictus), 415
subincarnatum (Lycoperdon), 545
sublateritium (Hypholoma), 326
subluteus (Boletus), 368
subterraneum (Catastoma), 559
subrufescens (Agaricus), 316
subrufescens (Hygrophorus), 222
subtomentosus (Boletus), 353
subvilis (Clitopilus), 251
Sullivantii (Boletus), 360
sulphurus (Polyporus), 398
sulphureum (Tricholoma), 65
tabescens (Clitocybe), 104
terginus (Marasmius), 145
temperata (Volvaria), 242
tenera (Galera), 276
var. pilosella (Galera), 276
tenerum (Scleroderma), 556
terreum (Tricholoma), 76
terriferum (Tricholoma), 74
torminosus (Lactarius), 164
torulosus (Panus), 225
tornata (Clitocybe), 95
transmutans (Tricholoma), 61
tremellosus (Merulius), 425
trivialis (Lactarius), 170
turmalis (Cortinarius), 291
triplex (Geaster), 567
tuberosa (Collybia), 341
tuberosa (Peziza), 510
tuberosa (Sclerotinia), 510
tulipifera (Irpex), 448
ulmarius (Pleurotus), 157
umbellatus (Polyporus), 390
umbellifera (Omphalia), 132
umbonata (Volvaria), 241
umbrinum (Lycoperdon), 542
umidicola (Cortinarius), 303
unicolor (Pholiota), 262
unicolor (Daedalea), 428
unifactum (Tricholoma), 83
urens (Marasmius), 138
uvidus (Lactarius), 180
vaginata (Amanitopsis), 43
variabilis (Claudopus), 256
variata (Russula), 190
varius (Cortinarius), 292
vellereus (Lactarius), 181
velutipes (Collybia), 118
velutipes (Spathularia), 501
velutipes (Marasmius), 140
velutinus (Geaster), 570
venosa (Peziza), 511
venosa (Discina), 511
versutus (Crepidotus), 279
versicolor (Polystictus), 413
versicolor (Stereum), 455
verrucosus (Cyathus), 518
vermicularis (Clavaria), 469
vermiculosus (Boletus), 376
verna (Amanita), 27
verrucosum (Scleroderma), 556
versipeles (Boletus), 365
vesca (Russula), 189
vesiculosa (Peziza), 508
vialis (Lenzites), 232
villaticus (Agaricus), 592
violaceus (Cortinarius), 296
virescens (Russula), 190
virgineus (Hygrophorus), 219
virosa (Amanita), 23
viscidus (Gomphidius), 349
vitrea (Mycena), 125
volemus (Lactarius), 178
volvacea (Volvaria), 242
volvatus (Polyporus), 411
vulgaris (Mycena), 129
vulgaris (Polyporus), 409
vulgare (Crucibulum), 520
vulgare (Scleroderma), 555
vulpinus (Lentinus), 226
Wrightii (Lycoperdon), 546
zanthopus (Didymius), 578
zephira (Mycena), 129
zonata (Collybia), 112
zonatum (Hydnum), 441
Transcriber's Notes:
Replacements for non-ASCII characters use the base character.
ae ligature is ae.
a grave is a.
multiply sign is x.
degree symbol is deg.
micro symbol is u
fractional half is .5
fractional three quarter is .75
Images have been moved from original locations to correspond with their
respective descriptions.
Accents are not always consistently used, especially in headings,
illustrations and indexes. These were left as in the original.
Page 3
myselium
Changed to: mycelium
Page 18
Veril arachnoid
Changed to: Veil arachnoid
Page 23
Lotos-eaters
Unchanged: Acceptable old spelling.
Page 50
L. h[oe]matosperma
Changed to: L. haematosperma
Page 78
Tricholoma cartilaginea
Changed to: Tricholoma cartilagineum
Page 95
Clitocybe metachora. Fr.
Changed to Clitocybe metachroa. Fr.
Pages 99, 140, 153, 161, 339, 345, 453 and 511.
cinerous
Changed to: cinereous
Pages 120, 245, 262, 278 and 325.
companulate
Changed to: campanulate
Pages 124 and 410.
tenaceous
Changed to: tenacious
Page 128
Pileus is small, convex, expanded, obtuse, slightly viscid, striate,
quite [blue?] when young, growing brownish with blue fibrils.
Missing word after quite may be 'blue'. Added.
Page 130
These plants have a wide distribution and [are?] found on branches,
among moss and dead leaves.
Missing word 'are' added.
Page 148
Fagineus means belonging to beach.
Changed to: Fagineus means belonging to beech.
Page 148
The stem is short, hollow, pub scent,
Changed to: The stem is short, hollow, pubescent,
Page 182
The stem is solid, blunt, pub scent,
Changed to: The stem is solid, blunt, pubescent,
Page 192
minutely echmulate,
Changed to: minutely echinulate,
Page 281
myselium
Changed to: mycelium
Page 286
Its dingy appearance, slender habit, more uniform and darker color of
the pileus, and darker color of the lamellae.
Sentence has no verb. It appears to be a comparison to the before
mentioned F. spumosa. No change.
Page 296
whitish, tinged with lilacs.
Changed to: whitish, tinged with lilac.
Page 319
The plants in figure [259?] were found in Haynes' Hollow and
photographed by Dr. Kellerman.
Added figure number, assuming it to be the figure pertaining to this
article.
Page 349
long to 1 1-5 lines
Meaning unknown: May be 1 1/5 or 1 1/2 lines? Unchanged.
Page 392
Polyporus Berkelyi
Changed to Polyporus Berkeleyi
Page 417 obsoletely zoned, purverulent
Changed to: obsoletely zoned, pulverulent
Page 475
It is a small plant resembling, in minature,
Changed to: It is a small plant resembling, in miniature,
Page 508
sessible, at first
Changed to: sessile, at first
Page 513
Asci are cylindrical; spores spindle-shaped, straight or bow-shaped,
rough, 35-8;
Dimensions don't make sense. It may be 35x8, as this is spindle-shaped.
Unchanged.
Page 559
Caulogossum/Cauloglossum
Both spellings used; unchanged.
Page 604
clavata (Spathularia),
Changed to: clavata (Spathularia), 500
Page referring to Spathularia.
Several instances of porus, which I think mean porous, are unchanged as
the use is consistent throughout.
The suffixes 'ceus' and 'ceous' are used interchangably, sometimes
within the same paragraph.
Sometimes numbers like 1-1000 and 1-800 may mean 1\1000 and 1\800
respectively.
Measurements are apparently taken from various sources and use several
standards, like mm., mc., MM., cm., lines, inches and u. Sometimes the
units of measurement are lacking and I assume they are u for spore
sizes. None are changed.
End of Project Gutenberg's The Mushroom, Edible and Otherwise, by M. E. Hard