Brantford. Ont. 23,132
Calgary, Alberta 43,704
Charlottet'n, P. E. I. 11,203
Chatham, Ont. 10,770
Edmonton, Alberta 24,900
Fort William, Ont. 16,499
Galt, Ont. 10,299
Glace Bay, N. S. 16,562
Guelph, Ont. 15,175
Halifax, N. S. 46,619
Hamilton, Ont. 81,969
Hull, Que. 18,222
Kingston, Ont. 18,874
Lachine, Que. 10,699
London, Ont. 46,300
Maisonneuve, Que. 18,684
Moncton, N. B. 11,345
Montreal, Que. 470,480
Moose Jaw, Sask. 13,823
New Westminster, B. C. 13,199
Ottawa, Ont. 87,062
Owen Sound, Ont. 12,558
Peterborough, Ont. 18,360
Port Arthur, Ont. 11,220
Quebec, Que. 78,190
Regina, Sask. 30,213
St. Catharines, Ont. 12,484
St. John, N. B. 42,511
St. Johns, Que. 6,500
St. Thomas, Ont. 14,054
Saskatoon, Sask. 12,004
Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. 10,984
Sherbrooke, Que. 16,405
South Vancouver, B. C. 16,126
Stratford, Ont. 12,946
Sydney, N. S. 17,723
Three Rivers, Que. 13,691
Toronto, Ont. 376,538
Vancouver, B. C. 100,401
Victoria, B. C. 31,660
Westmount, Que. 14,579
Windsor, Ont. 17,829
Winnipeg, Man. 136,035
=Law.=--Every one within the United States is amenable: first, to the
laws laid down by the Constitution of the United States; secondly,
to any laws which may be made by Congress; thirdly, to State laws;
fourthly, to county law; fifthly, to local ordinances passed by the
city or town. No local ordinance can be enforced if it is contrary
to the law of the State, and no State law holds if it is at variance
with the Constitution of the United States. The Supreme Court of each
State passes upon the constitutionality of all laws made within the
State, and the Supreme Court of the United States is the final Court
of appeal. A law made by Congress is not valid if it is declared
unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States, nor may any
State law be enforced if the Supreme Court of that State considers it
unconstitutional.
(Exclusive of the United States)
Leading Cities of the World
Alexandria, Egypt 383,934
Amsterdam, Neth. 564,186
Antwerp, Belgium 310,903
Bangkok, Siam 600,000
Barcelona, Spain 533,000
Belfast, Ireland 387,000
Berlin, Germany 2,040,148
Birmingham, Eng. 565,000
Bombay, India 776,000
Bordeaux, France 257,638
Bremen, Germany 214,861
Breslau, Germany 470,904
Bristol, England 378,000
Brussels, Belgium 630,000
Budapest, Hung. 812,728
Buenos Aires, Ar. 1,200,000
Cairo, Egypt 692,657
Calcutta, India 1,026,987
Canton, China 900,000
Changchau, China 500,000
Charlottenburg, Germany 239,559
Chingtu, China 1,000,000
Christiania, Nor. 229,101
Chungking, China 600,000
Constantinople, Turkey 1,125,000
Copenhagen, Den. 450,000
Damascus, Turkey in Asia 225,000
Dresden, Ger. 516,990
Dublin, Ireland 394,528
Edinburgh, Scot. 350,000
Florence, Italy 205,589
Fuchau, China 624,000
Genoa, Italy 234,710
Glasgow, Scot. 865,000
Hague, Netherlds. 256,719
Haidarabad, Ind. 448,446
Hangchau, China 600,000
Hamburg, Ger. 802,793
Hankau, China 870,000
Havana, Cuba 297,159
Hongkong, China 421,499
Hull, England 275,552
Kief, Russia 319,000
Kyoto, Japan 441,460
Lanchau, China 500,000
Leeds, England 456,787
Leicester, England 228,132
Leipzig, Germany 503,672
Lisbon, Portugal 356,009
Liverpool, Eng. 758,203
London, Eng. 4,866,480
Lyons, France 459,099
Madras, India 509,346
Madrid, Spain 539,835
Manchester, Eng. 710,687
Manila, Phil. Isl. 219,928
Marseilles, France 491,161
Melbourne, Aus. 538,000
Mexico, Mexico 450,000
Milan, Italy 593,938
Montreal, Canada 267,730
Moscow, Russia 1,359,254
Munich, Germany 538,983
Naples, Italy 563,540
Osaka, Japan 995,945
Palermo, Italy 309,694
Paris, France 2,714,068
Peking, China 1,600,000
Portsmouth, Eng. 201,975
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 900,000
Rome, Italy 560,726
St Petersburg, Russia 1,678,000
Santiago, Chile 400,000
Sao Paulo, Brazil 340,000
Shanghai, China 651,005
Sheffield, Eng. 470,948
Siangtan, China 850,000
Singan, China 875,000
Smyrna, Turkey in Asia 201,000
Stockholm, Swed. 337,460
Suchau, China 500,000
Sydney, Australia 550,600
Tientsin, China 750,000
Tokyo, Japan 2,221,458
Toronto, Canada 208,040
Trieste, Austria 205,130
Tunis, Tunis. 227,519
Vienna, Austria 2,021,052
Warsaw, Russia 756,426
Winnipeg, Canada 150,000
Wuchang, China 800,000
Yokohama, Japan 392,871
=Liquor and Wine Industry.=--The United States produces about
101,000,000 gallons of whisky, about 2,700,000 gallons of rum, about
3,400,000 gallons of gin, 24,500,000 gallons of alcohol, and about
14,000,000 gallons of commercial alcohol,--a total of about 175,500,000
gallons. The United States produces over 2,000,000 gallons of malt
liquors and nearly 57,000,000 gallons of wine annually.
=Literature.=--Literature is not, and probably never will be,
satisfactorily defined. Broadly speaking, it is any form of written
or printed words upon any subject. More specifically defined, the
term "literature" would apply to essays, poetry, stories, and other
works of fiction of the grade acceptable to the best magazines and
book publishers. Works of history may be called literature, and
scientific works come under this classification; but historical writers
are usually called historians, and scientific writers are known as
scientists. Story writers are usually classified as novelists, and
newspaper writers as journalists. A book, commonly, if not technically,
speaking, is a volume usually bound in board covers and containing one
hundred or more pages, but it may be a book if there are only a dozen
pages with covers of paper.
=Magnetic Poles.=--The magnetic poles are not, as most people suppose,
identical with the geographical poles, the north magnetic pole being
south of the geographical North Pole, and the south magnetic pole
being north of the geographical South Pole. The north magnetic pole is
located at about 77° 59´, and the south at about 72° 23´.
=Mammoth Cave.=--Mammoth Cave, probably the best known of similar
freaks of Nature, is located in Kentucky, and has a length of nine
miles. It contains many avenues, chambers, domes, lakes, rivers, and
waterfalls. Echo River, inside of the cave, is 3/4 of a mile in length,
from a few feet to 200 ft. wide, and has a depth of from 10 to 30 ft.
It is well filled with fish, none of which have eyes.
=Meat Industry.=--There are, in the United States, about 1650 slaughter
houses employing nearly 110,000 people with about $4,000,000 capital
invested. The annual product of the meat industry is not far from
$1,400,000,000.
=Medicine Chests.=--Every one should maintain a medicine chest or shelf
containing simple remedies, but these should never be selected without
the advice of a physician. Thousands of persons injure themselves by
self-dosing. When in the slightest doubt, visit or call your doctor.
Most ailments can be prevented or cured by a skillful physician, but
if allowed to run they may result seriously or fatally. Do not take
chances with yourself.
=Microscope.=--The first microscope is said to have been invented by
a Dutchman in 1590, but its invention has been attributed to Galileo
in 1610. The microscope has been perfected until a millionth part of a
grain of blood may be detected by means of the spectrum lens.
=Mineral Industry.=--The minerals mined in the United States every year
have a value of about $904,000,000.
=Mining Industry.=--Nearly 1,140,000 men are engaged in the mines of
the United States, over 90 per cent of whom are wage earners.
=Moon.=--The moon is the earth's only satellite. It circles around the
earth every 27 days, 7 hours, and 43.2 minutes, on the average; but
because its motion is common with the earth around the sun, the mean
duration of the lunar month is 29 days, 12 hours, 44.05 minutes. The
distance from the earth to the moon is from 238,850 to 252,820 miles,
although at times the moon is only 216,477 miles from the earth. The
moon's diameter is 2,162 miles. The surface of the moon contains about
14,685,000 square miles, or about four times the area of Europe. The
moon, although very much smaller than the planets, exerts a stronger
attractive force on the earth because of its nearness. The moon is,
unscientifically speaking, drawing everything on the earth towards it,
while at the same time the earth is exerting the same attractive force
upon the moon. Because of this, the oceans, being composed of water,
which is easily movable, respond and move with the moon, causing the
tides. This same attractive force is brought to bear upon the earth
itself, but because it is of greater density it is not perceptibly
affected. Theoretically, every lake and pond has a tide, but the
motion of the water is too slight to be measured. The moon is supposed
to possess neither atmosphere nor water. Thousands of ages ago the
lunar surface was subjected to terrible volcanic actions which forced
the land into ridges, some of them supposed to exceed 20,000 feet in
height, and rents and depressions of corresponding depths. The surface
of the moon appears to be desolate and to be unfitted to support any
form of life.
=Mortality.=--About 15 people out of every thousand of the population
of the United States die during each year. The percentage of male
deaths is somewhat larger than that of female, due to accidents. The
annual death rate per thousand is: 13.7 in Los Angeles, 15 in San
Francisco, 17 in Denver, 19 in Washington, D. C., 14.6 in Chicago,
14.3 in Indianapolis, 15.5 in Louisville, 20.2 in New Orleans, 18.7
in Baltimore, 16.8 in Boston, 14.0 in Detroit, 10.7 in Minneapolis,
11.4 in St. Paul, 14.4 in Kansas City, 15.8 in St. Louis, 14.7 in
Omaha, 16 in New York, 16.5 in Cincinnati, 12.9 in Cleveland, 16.4 in
Philadelphia, 15.8 in Pittsburgh, 20.1 in Memphis.
=Mortgages.=--A mortgage is a bill-of-sale from the owner of property
to another competent to hold property. The one giving the mortgage
is called the mortgagee, and the one to whom it is made is known as
the mortgagor. A mortgage differs from a bill-of-sale in that the
mortgagor cannot obtain ownership of the property mortgaged, unless the
amount involved is not paid him at the expiration of the mortgage, or
the interest is not met. All mortgages must be registered. Mortgaged
property cannot be moved, altered, or changed without the consent of
the mortgagor. The property, unless it is land, should be insured, and
the insurance policy made payable to the mortgagor in case of loss by
fire, but the mortgagor can collect only that part of the insurance
money which represents the amount of the mortgage. Should the mortgagee
fail to pay interest at the period stated in the mortgage, or should
he be unable or refuse to liquidate the mortgage at its expiration,
the mortgagor cannot seize the property except by act of law. It must
be advertised and sold at auction. If the mortgaged property brings
a price lower than the face of the mortgage, the mortgagor loses the
difference, and has to bear the expense of foreclosure. If more than
the face of the mortgage is realized, the mortgagee is entitled to
what is received, less the face of the mortgage and the expenses of
foreclosure.
=Natural Gas.=--A gas generated underground, and due to chemical action
beneath the earth's surface. It is found in various parts of the world,
and is used for fuel and illuminating, largely for the former.
=Naturalization.=--Any foreigner or alien, except those of the
Mongolian or Brown Race, may become a citizen of the United States, and
be entitled to every privilege granted to natural-born citizens, except
that he cannot become President or Vice-President of the United States.
An alien cannot make application for naturalization or citizenship
until he is 18 years of age, and he cannot apply for his Second or
Final Paper of Naturalization until he has lived in the United States
for at least five years, and he must make his Declaration of Intention
two or more years before he applies for his Second or Final Paper. The
applicant must be a resident of the State in which he makes petition
for naturalization not less than one year, and have lived at least
four years additional in the same State, or in some other State. He
must make application to the United States District Court in the State
in which he lives. The cost of becoming naturalized is less than
$5.00. A married woman does not have to be naturalized if her husband
has become a citizen of the United States, and the children of the
naturalized parents become citizens at 21 years of age without taking
out naturalization papers. Full particulars regarding the process
of naturalization are very plainly and explicitly stated in a book
entitled "How to Obtain Citizenship," by Nathaniel C. Fowler, Jr.
=Newspapers.=--A newspaper is a periodical issued as often as once a
week, and contains the news of the day, either local or general, or
both. The majority of newspapers are of four or eight pages, but often
the number of pages run as high as 24, or even 72, and occasionally
100 pages are issued at a time. In the United States and Canada,
there are published over 2,600 daily newspapers, about 75 tri-weekly,
a little less than 650 semi-weekly, considerable more than 17,000
weekly. Of other periodicals, about 60 are published every two weeks,
somewhat less than 300 semi-monthly, more than 3,000 monthly, about 80
bi-monthly, and less than 250 quarterly. Periodicals published less
often than once a week are not considered newspapers, although they may
contain news.
=New York Stock Exchange.=--A single seat, carrying with it membership
in the New York Stock Exchange, has been sold for as much as $96,000,
and the lowest price recorded is $49,500.
=Nicknames of States.=--Alabama, "Cotton State"; Alaska, "Eldorado of
the North"; Arkansas, "Bear"; California, "Golden Land"; Colorado,
"Centennial State"; Connecticut, "Nutmeg"; Delaware, "Blue Hen" and
"Diamond State"; Florida, "Gulf" and "Flowery State"; Georgia, "Cracker
State"; Indiana, "Hoosier State"; Iowa, "Hawkeye"; Kansas, "Prairie";
Kentucky, "Blue Grass State"; Louisiana, "Creole State"; Maine, "Pine
Tree State"; Maryland, "Old Line State"; Massachusetts, "Old Bay
State"; Michigan, "Lake State"; Minnesota, "Gopher State"; Mississippi,
"Bayou State"; Missouri, "Bullion State"; Montana, "Mountain State";
Nebraska, "Black Water State"; Nevada, "Silver State"; New Hampshire,
"Granite State"; New Jersey, "Red Mud State"; New York, "Empire State";
North Carolina, "Old North State"; North Dakota, "Cyclone State";
Ohio, "Buckeye State"; Oklahoma, "Boomer State"; Oregon, "Beaver
State"; Pennsylvania, "Keystone State"; Rhode Island, "Little Rhody";
Tennessee, "Old Franklin State"; South Carolina, "Palmetto State";
South Dakota, "Blizzard State"; Texas, "Lone-Star State"; Utah, "Mormon
State"; Vermont, "Green Mountain State"; Virginia, "Old Dominion"; West
Virginia, "Panhandle State"; Wisconsin, "Badger State".
=Nitroglycerine.=--Nitroglycerine is made of common glycerine mixed
with strong nitric and sulphuric acids, and is extremely explosive
and dangerous. It has to be exploded by concussion or shock, and not
by fire. It is used for blasting and other purposes, and occasionally
is taken in very small doses as a medicine, but never should be used
medicinally except by the advice of a physician who should be present
when it is taken.
=Notes.=--A note should be signed in ink, but a pencil signature is
good in law. A note is not payable on demand unless it so states. A
note may be payable to order or to bearer. If payable to order, and
transferred, it must be endorsed. The endorser of a note is liable for
its payment, if the maker of it does not pay it. Each signer of a joint
note is liable for the full amount. Notes do not bear interest unless
so stated. "Value received" should be written in every note, but it is
not essential.
=Ocean Ownership.=--The ocean is common property, and no one has any
legal title to it, except that each country has jurisdiction over the
sea within three miles of the shore, but these three miles are usually
reckoned from promontories, and not necessarily from the coast-line,
so that a nation may have control of a vast area of water and several
hundred miles from shore.
=Old Time Ships.=--The glory of the American merchant service, so
far as sailing vessels are concerned, has passed into history.
Comparatively few sailing vessels, save coasting schooners, ply the
seas, as steam has taken the place of sail. The majority of old ship
captains are either dead or commanding ocean liners or coastwise
steamers. In the old days, sailing clipper ships made the trip from
New York to San Francisco in one hundred days, while the voyage of
ordinary ships was two or three times as long. The old ship "Lightning"
sailed from Boston to Liverpool at a greater speed than that obtained
by any steamship of its day, the vessel often logging over 500 miles
in 24 hours, and it made the trip in a little less than 14 days.
The "James Baines" sailed from Boston to Liverpool in 12 days and 6
hours, and broke the sailing record between these two ports. The same
vessel made the trip from Liverpool to Melbourne, Australia, in 63
days and returned in 69 days. The "Red Jacket" sailed from New York
to Liverpool in 13 days, 1 hour, and 25 minutes. The "Flying Cloud"
and "Andrew Jackson" sailed from New York to San Francisco in 89 days,
and the "Sea Witch" made the trip from Canton, China, to New York in
74 days, 14 hours. These early clipper ships were quite small, many
of them not being over 200 tons. The first large clipper ship was the
"Ann McKim," which was 43 ft. long, and 493 tons burden. Subsequent
sailing vessels of enormous size were built, the "John Bertram" having
a tonnage of 1080, the "Gamecock" 1,320, the "Staghound" 1,535, the
"Flying Cloud" 1,783, the "Staffordshire" 1,817, the "Sovereign of the
Seas" 2,421 tons, and the "Great Republic" 4,555 tons.
=Palmistry.=--The study of the lines of the palm, which the ancients
believed indicated character and future. Palmistry is to-day practiced
by three classes of people: (1) professional palmists, most of whom
are charlatans; (2) as a diversion; (3) by superstitious people who
believe in it. A scientific study of the subject does not furnish any
evidence that the lines of the hand have any special significance, and
no scientific person gives them any credence.
=Partnership.=--A partnership is an agreement, usually written, between
two or more persons, for the doing of business or for the carrying out
of any contract or for the accomplishment of any work. The partners
may have equal ownership, or it may be unevenly divided. In the equal
partnerships, each partner has the same financial interest and share in
the profits, and also the same right of control. In other partnerships,
the financial investment or interests are unevenly divided; and the
one who holds more than half interest controls the business, unless
otherwise provided for in the partnership agreement. Partners may be
in name only, and not own any of the property. Active partners are
those who give practically all of their time to the conducting of the
business. Silent partners are not likely to take any active part in the
management of the business, but they may control it, if their financial
interest is sufficient. Under common law, no partner has a right to
engage in any other business which would injure the partnership, unless
permitted to do so by the other partners. The acts of one partner bind
all of the rest. If one partner commits fraud in the name of the firm,
the others are financially responsible, although they may have had no
knowledge of his action. The partnership or business may or may not
be liable for the private debts of any one partner. Usually a partner
cannot be held for more than his interest in the firm. Partnerships
may be dissolved by mutual agreement or by judicial act, and it is
usual to publish the dissolution of partnership in one or more of the
local newspapers, and to send notices of it to the trade. A limited
partnership does not hold any partner or the concern itself liable for
more than the amount of the property in the business, but a partnership
will not be considered limited unless it is publicly announced.
Patent Medicines
It has been said, and with some degree of truth, that Americans are
self-dosers, and that they are prone to attempt to cure themselves,
even of serious diseases, without consulting a physician.
The sale of patent medicines is enormous, although I think it is
diminishing in volume, due to the exposures which have appeared in many
periodicals, and to the better education of the people.
A patent medicine, technically speaking, is a concoction or drug, or
combination of drugs, claimed to be a remedy or cure for a specific
ill or for all of the ills that the human flesh is heir to. It is
manufactured in large quantities, and bottled or put up with attractive
labels, with more or less directions given for its use. Many of the
patent medicines are either absolutely ineffective or are positively
dangerous. Many of them contain a large percentage of alcohol, which
acts as a transient tonic, and produces an exhilaration which the
sufferer is likely to consider beneficial. The effect of the alcohol
soon wears off, and the taker is much worse for having swallowed it.
Other patent medicines contain cocaine and other dangerous drugs,
which never should be taken without the advice of a physician. The
effect of some patent medicines is likely to be immediate and to appear
to be efficacious. Some patent medicines, however, are made of pure
drugs, and are really valuable. I am, however, opposed to the use of
patent medicines, even of those which are carefully and scientifically
compounded.
It is obvious that the layman cannot diagnose his trouble, and the
label on the bottle, or the pamphlet accompanying it, is likely to
confuse him, and in many cases makes him feel that he is suffering from
an ailment or disease which does not exist.
Headache powders, cough medicines, tonics of all kinds, soothing syrup
for babies, should be conscientiously avoided, unless prescribed by a
physician. They are likely to contain dangerous drugs, and may have no
medicinal properties at all.
Because a certain medicine has worked well with one person should
not be taken as evidence that another can take it to his advantage.
Similar symptoms may exist, and yet the root of the trouble be entirely
different.
Even if every patent medicine were pure and scientifically compounded,
I would advise against their use, unless recommended by a physician,
who is likely to diagnose correctly the trouble and to apply the right
remedy.
Physicians are not infallible, but every reputable physician is a
graduate of a medical school, a reader of current medical magazines,
and is constantly in touch, by experience, with other physicians and
with human ailments. Even if he is not an expert, his close proximity
to disease makes him far more reliable than the label on the medicine
bottle.
I would advise no one to place himself in the hands of any physician
who is not a member of one of the great medical associations,
maintained by both the allopathic and homeopathic schools.
These associations will not admit into membership any one who has not
been properly instructed, and who is not reliable. Any physician of
standing, and with a sufficient knowledge of the human body, can obtain
membership in these associations, and those who are not members may be
looked upon with suspicion, although it is quite likely that some of
them are reliable; but as they are outside of the associations, they
cannot have the facilities of consultation and experience, which are
given to those in regular standing in an association.