Revolution In Prices.—Its Influence On The National Resources.
The ulterior consequences of such a revolution in prices would contribute
to the real wealth of a people only in the sense that they would place
such a people in a way, with less sacrifice, to employ the precious metals
on a large scale in ministering to the luxuries of life. This small
advantage itself would be counterbalanced by the depreciation of the
metallic stock, and especially by the necessity of henceforth devoting a
larger quantity of gold and silver to the purposes of circulation.(872)
But such a revolution would produce a sudden reverse in the distribution
of a nation’s wealth among its constituent members. All those who, by
virtue of contracts antecedently made, have payments to effect, are
benefited to the extent of the difference between the old and the actual
price, while those who are to receive such payments lose to the same
extent.(873) Therefore, those engaged in industrial enterprises improve
their condition, because they immediately increase(874) the prices of
their own productions; and, for a time at least, continue the use of
capital borrowed from others, of land leased or rented etc. at the old
prices.(875)
Besides, at the beginning, and before a corresponding depreciation of its
value has taken place, an increase of money produces as a rule a low rate
of interest (§ 185), and an itch to buy on the part of the public. All
this may serve as a powerful stimulant to production on a large
scale.(876) Those most certain to suffer loss are officials(877) with a
fixed salary, and so-called annuitants, creditors of the nation and of
individuals. Even bankers, too, have no means to fix the value of their
wares which they see disappearing, so to speak under their eyes.(878) Of
land owners, those who are in debt gain, that is especially the poorer,
and the more speculative among them.(879) On the other hand, owners of
large estates who have alienated their tithe-rights, or right to
vassal-service etc. for capital, or for fixed sums to be paid at regular
intervals, that is, in a great many places the great mass of the nobility,
undergo a not insignificant social fall.
The condition of those who earned a living by manual labor no doubt
deteriorated in the sixteenth century, as may be inferred from the
extraordinary activity of public charity in that period.
Between 1500 and 1550, silver purchased, in Orleans, from 4.1 to 4.5 times
as much common labor as it does now, while silver, as compared with the
average price of twenty-seven commodities, has grown cheaper in the ratio
of only from 2.6 to 2.7:1. (_Mantellier._) It was impossible for this
class to raise the price of their wares as rapidly as that of the medium
of circulation declined, because they could not wait, nor hold back their
commodity even for a moment. (§ 164.)(880) This would, indeed, be very
different in our day. Wages, because of the facilities, both physical and
moral, which have everywhere been placed in the way of emigration, were
necessarily one of these articles which rose soonest in price, as compared
with money.(881) Lastly, the state itself profits by the diminished
thing-value, that is, real value of its public debt;(882) but it loses, at
the same time, on all taxes, duties etc., which are not estimated at a
certain percentage of the value of the articles taxed.(883) As a rule,
therefore, it would need to impose new taxes. Now, the parliamentary right
to impose taxes, however extensive it may juridically be, is, ordinarily,
of great importance in practice only when there is question of increasing
the existing burthen. Hence, this right, wherever it exists, is brought
into the utmost activity by a revolution in prices.(884)(885)
However, the new additions of gold and silver to the already existing
supply may not immediately produce a corresponding depreciation of the
value of the precious metals. If the first receivers of the additional
supply of money exchange it rapidly for other goods, it will probably
bring them the former value in exchange of the metal. Not until it has
passed into a third or fourth person’s hands is the depreciation apt to be
perceptible. It is, therefore, in this case, a great advantage to be the
first hand. The world-threatening power of Spain, in the seventeenth
century, was very essentially promoted by the American gold and silver
mines;(886) nor is it a matter of less significance to-day, that the great
mineral wealth of the world belongs to Siberia, California and Australia;
that is, especially to Russia and to countries colonized by Great Britain.
Further, as to the classes into which a nation is divided, it was only the
crown, the Church and a comparatively small number of officials, soldiers
and officers who controlled Spanish America;(887) and who can tell how the
absolute monarchy of Spain was strengthened by this fact? In the
seventeenth century, on the other hand, it is principally manufacturers
and merchants, and more especially yet, workmen, who reap the immediate
advantages of new discoveries of gold.