A lover of nature feels the fascination of the ferns though he may know
little of their names and habits. Beholding them in their native haunts,
adorning the rugged cliffs, gracefully fringing the water-courses, or
waving their stately fronds on the borders of woodlands, he feels their
call to a closer acquaintance. Happy would he be to receive instruction
from a living teacher: His next preference would be the companionship of a
good fern book. Such a help we aim to give him in this manual. If he will
con it diligently, consulting its glossary for the meaning of terms while
he quickens his powers of observation by studying real specimens, he may
hope to learn the names and chief qualities of our most common ferns in a
single season.
Our most productive period in fern literature was between 1878, when
Williamson published his "Ferns of Kentucky," and 1905, when Clute
issued, "Our Ferns in Their Haunts." Between these flourished D.C. Eaton,
Davenport, Waters, Dodge, Parsons, Eastman, Underwood, A.A. Eaton, Slosson,
and others. All their works are now out of print except Clute's just
mentioned and Mrs. Parsons' "How to Know the Ferns." Both of these
are valuable handbooks and amply illustrated. Clute's is larger, more
scholarly, and more inclusive of rare species, with an illustrated key to
the genera; while Mrs. Parsons' is more simple and popular, with a naive
charm that creates for it a constant demand.
We trust there is room also for this unpretentious, but progressive,
handbook, designed to stimulate interest in the ferns and to aid the
average student in learning their names and meaning. Its geographical
limits include the northeastern states and Canada. Its nomenclature follows
in the main the seventh edition of Gray's Manual, while the emendations
set forth in _Rhodora_, of October, 1919, and also a few terms of later
adoption are embodied, either as synonyms or substitutes for the more
familiar Latin names of the Manual, and are indicated by a different type.
In every case the student has before him both the older and the more recent
terms from which to choose. However, since the book is written primarily
for lovers of Nature, many of whom are unfamiliar with scientific terms,
the common English names are everywhere given prominence, and strange to
say are less subject to change and controversy than the Latin. There is
no doubt what species is meant when one speaks of the Christmas fern, the
ostrich fern, the long beech fern, the interrupted fern, etc. The use of
the common names will lead to the knowledge and enjoyment of the scientific
terms.
A friend unfamiliar with Latin has asked for pointers to aid in pronouncing
the scientific names of ferns. Following Gray, Wood, and others we have
marked each accented syllable with either the grave (`) or acute (´)
accent, the former showing that the vowel over which it stands has its long
sound, while the latter indicates the short or modified sound. Let it be
remembered that any syllable with either of these marks over it is the
accented syllable, whose sound will be long or short according to the slant
of the mark.
We have appropriated from many sources such material as suited our purpose.
Our interest in ferns dates back to our college days at Amherst, when we
collected our first specimens in a rough, bushy swamp in Hadley. We found
here a fine colony of the climbing fern (_Lygodium_). We recall the slender
fronds climbing over the low bushes, unique twiners, charming, indeed, in
their native habitat. We have since collected and studied specimens of
nearly every New England fern, and have carefully examined most of the
other species mentioned in this book. By courtesy of the librarian, Mr.
William P. Rich, we have made large use of the famous Davenport herbarium
in the Massachusetts Horticultural library, and through the kindness of
the daughter, Miss Mary E. Davenport, we have freely consulted the larger
unmounted collection of ferns at the Davenport homestead, at Medford,[1]
finding here a very large and fine assortment of _Botrychiums_, including a
real _B. ternatum_ from Japan.
[Footnote 1: Recently donated to the Gray Herbarium.]
For numerous facts and suggestions we are indebted to the twenty volumes of
the _Fern Bulletin_, and also to its able editor, Mr. Willard N. Clute. To
him we are greatly obligated for the use of photographs and plates, and
especially for helpful counsel on many items. We appreciate the helpfulness
of the _American Fern Journal_ and its obliging editor, Mr. E.J. Winslow.
To our friend, Mr. C.H. Knowlton, our thanks are due for the revision of
the checklist and for much helpful advice, and we are grateful to Mr.
S.N.F. Sanford, of the Boston Society of Natural History, for numerous
courtesies; but more especially to Mr. C.A. Weatherby for his expert and
helpful inspection of the entire manuscript.
The illustrations have been carefully selected; many of them from original
negatives bequeathed to the author by his friend, Henry Lincoln Clapp,
pioneer and chief promoter of school gardens in America. Some have been
photographed from the author's herbarium, and from living ferns. A few
are from the choice herbarium of Mr. George E. Davenport, and also a few
reprints have been made from fern books, for which due credit is given. The
Scott's spleenwort, on the dedication page, is reprinted from Clute's "Our
Ferns in Their Haunts."