GLASS.
Vessels with painted figures—Vessels with Greek
letters—Drinking-horns of glass—Cut glass.
Nothing perhaps can give us a better idea of the refined taste of some
of the Northmen than the beautiful glass objects which have been found
in different parts of the country. Many of these are evidently of Greek,
some perhaps of Roman, origin. In the museums of Italy, Greece, or
Russia no such exquisite bowls are found, which after having been
painted they seem to have been baked or subjected to heat in order that
they might retain their colour.
[Illustration:
Fig. 628.—2½ inches high; diameter across top, 3 inches; across
bottom, 1–7/10ths of an inch. A blue panther, with grey or brown
contours and dots, attacks a brown stag; on the other side of which
is a brown lioness. Between the animals are circles of dots, brown
and yellow by turns, with a brown spot in their middle.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 629.—3½ inches high; 3–9/10th inches diameter. A brown bull, with
a blue band with brown dots, attacks a brown bear. To the left a man
in yellow coat and green breeches, holding a whip in one hand, in
the other a blue shield; to the right a stag, being torn by a lion,
both brown.
These two vessels were found in a field, Nordrup, Zeeland, in a grave
3 feet 4 inches under the ground. It contained a skeleton, and,
besides the two vessels, a Roman bronze vessel and bronze sieve, a
gold finger-ring, a silver fibula, forty-one beads of glass and
glass mosaic, a clay vessel, and fragments of two clay vessels.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 630.—4 inches high, 3¾ inches in diameter across top. In a mound,
Viborg amt, Jutland.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 631.—Fragment of glass vessel, with gladiator and shield of blue
tint, the gloves and shoulders are brown. Arm and legs of the other
gladiator flesh colour. Thorslunde.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 632.—Fragments of glass bowl found in a grave by Thorslunde,
Fyen. ⅗ real size. The wolf is greyish upon light yellow ground. The
arm and legs are of a brown tint, the dots yellow and brown. These
lay alongside remains of skeletons which seem to have been buried in
sitting posture; some of the designs are raised.
]
Glass, as we have seen, has been found in the later bronze age: the
ancient name for _amber_ in the North was _gler_,[176] which was well
known by the stone age people; but we are aware that glass was unknown
to them.
[Illustration:
Fig. 633.—Fragment of a glass bowl of a green tint, ⅗ real size, found
in a grave mound by Thorslunde.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 634.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 635.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 636.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 637.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 638.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 639.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 640.
Border of the vase.
]
Besides the glass vessels of Roman or Greek workmanship others of
inferior quality, as is the case in every country, have been found; some
of these, which are generally of a bluish green, yellow or white tint,
are cut, some ornamented with thread patterns in relief.
[Illustration:
Fig. 641.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 642.
Fragments of what must have been a magnificent glass vase of a dark
blue colour; the figures in relief are of an opaque white and
represented most probably some mythological subject. Sölberg, Lower
Eker, Norway.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 643.—Glass drinking-horn. Norway.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 644.—Thin greenish glass vessel, open at both ends. ¼ real size.
Varpelev.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 645.—Amethyst-coloured glass bowl. ¼ real size. Varpelev.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 646.—Glass drinking-horn, length 8 inches, diameter of mouth 2½
inches; very rare in the North. ¼ real size. Bavenhöi.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 647.—Vessel or goblet of greenish glass, ornamented with fillets.
¼ real size. Bavenhöi.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 648.—Glass vessel. ⅓ real size. With white and blue ornamented
threads, found with beads, and bronze pans and sieves, in a woman’s
skeleton grave. Ringsted, Zeeland.
Glass with thread-like lines have been found in a stone coffin, Roman,
near Dusseldorf.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 649.—Dark blue glass bowl mounted with silver, on which was
inscription in Greek letters, ΕΥΤΥΧΩΣ (with good luck). ½ real size.
Above the head of the skeleton in the grave, but more or less
damaged by the large stone, were at least six glass vessels and
fragments of clay urns. Varpelev.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 650.—Vessel of greenish white glass with representations of
various animals, found broken in many pieces. ⅔ real size. Bavenhöi.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 651.—Animals represented on this glass vessel. Lion, yellow and
brown; bear, dark brown with light yellow outlines; animal with fore
part of body missing, probably an ox. ⅓ real size. Bavenhöi.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 652.—Portion of glass vessel, much damaged. ½ real size. Two
lions, light yellow, blue outlines, a double cross in the middle.
Bavenhöi.[177]
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 653.—Vessel of whitish green glass, ornamented in various colours
which have been burnt on the vessel itself. The colour of the four
letters D.V.B.P. represented on the cup has been destroyed by the
effects of time, as has also that of the beak, wings and legs of the
bird. This, however, perfectly resembles the bird on the opposite
side of the cup, which is better preserved, and on which the wing is
light yellow with dark brownish outlines, the beak and legs red. ⅔
real size. Varpelev.[178]
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 654.—General design of vase. ⅖ real size.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 655.—Glass cup, funnel shape. Bjorko, Södermanland.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 656.—Glass cup, ¼ real size, found in a round tumulus, with a
large bronze vase with two arms, the bronze ornamentation of a
wooden bucket, &c., &c. Norway.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 657.—Glass vessel. ½ real size. Norway.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 658.—Glass vessel. ¼ real size. Norway.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 659.—Found deep in a stone circle. The cup or glass covered an
urn of clay with burnt bones and some glass beads, etc. ½ real size.
Upland.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 660.—In a stone cist, with a skeleton, some arrow-heads of bone,
and a clay urn, etc., etc. ¼ real size. Oland.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 661.—Glass vessel found in a stone cist containing a skeleton,
with a clay vessel, an iron knife, and bronze mounting for two
drinking-horns. ⅓ real size. Gotland.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 662.—Tumbler of thick green glass. ½ real size. Varpelev.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 663.—Glass vessel found in a mound with unburnt skeleton. Norway.
]