England and Scotland_, alluding to the encouragement of the yarn
trade, the author says: "This great improvement can be attested by
the industry of many young gentlewomen that have little or no
portion, by spinning one pound of fine lint, and then breaking it
into fine flax and whitening it. One gentlewoman told me herself
that, by making an ounce or two of it into fine bone lace, it was
worth, or she got, twenty pounds Scots for that part of it; and
might, after same manner, five or eight pounds sterling out of a
pound of lint, that cost her not one shilling sterling. Now if a law
were made not to import any muslin (her Grace the Duchess of
Hamilton still wears our finest Scots muslin as a pattern to
others--she who may wear the finest apparel) and Holland lace, it
would induce and stir up many of all ranks to wear more fine 'Scots
lace,' which would encourage and give bread to many young
gentlewomen and help their fortunes." Then, among the products of
Scotland by which "we may balance any nation," the same writer
mentions "our white thread, and making laces."
"On Tuesday, the 16th inst., will begin the roup of several sorts of
merchants' goods, in the first story of the Turnpyke, above the head
of Bells Wynd, from 9 to 12 and 2 till 5. 'White thread
lace.'"--_Edinburgh Courant._ 1706.
[1200] See Chap. XXV., Queen Anne.
[1201] _Edinburgh Advertiser._ 1764.
[1202] 1745. The following description of Lady Lovat, wife of the rebel
Simon, is a charming picture of a Scotch gentlewoman of the last
century:--
"When at home her dress was a red silk gown with ruffled cuffs and
sleeves puckered like a man's shirt, a fly cap of lace encircling
her head, with a mob cap laid across it, falling down on the cheeks;
her hair dressed and powdered; a lace handkerchief round the neck
and bosom (termed by the Scotch a _Befong_)--a white apron edged
with lace.... Any one who saw her sitting on her chair, so neat,
fresh, and clean, would have taken her for a queen in wax-work
placed in a glass case."--_Heart of Midlothian._
Sir Walter Scott, whose descriptions are invariably drawn from
memory, in his _Chronicles of the Canongate_, describes the
dressing-room of Mrs. Bethune Balliol as exhibiting a superb mirror
framed in silver filigree-work, a beautiful toilet, the cover of
which was of Flanders lace.
[1203] _Heart of Midlothian._
[1204] _Statistical Account of Scotland._ Sir John Sinclair. Edinburgh,
1792. Vol. ii., 198.
[1205] _Edinburgh Amusement._
[1206] 1755. Premium £2 offered. "For the whitest, best, and finest lace,
commonly called Hamilton lace, and of the best pattern, not under
two yards in length and not under three inches in breadth."
[1207] The Edinburgh Society did not confine their rewards to Hamilton
lace; imitation of Dresden, catgut lace, gold, silver, and even
livery lace, each met with its due reward.
1758. For imitation of lace done on catgut, for ruffles, a gold
medal to Miss Anne Cant, Edinburgh.
For a piece of livery lace done to perfection to J. Bowie, 2
guineas.
To W. Bowie for a piece of gold and silver lace, 2 guineas.
[1208] 1769. Pennant, in his _Tour_, mentions among the manufactures of
Scotland thread laces at Leith, Hamilton and Dalkeith.
[1209] In 1762, Dec. 9, a schoolmistress in Dundee, among thirty-one
accomplishments in which she professes to instruct her pupils, such
as "waxwork, boning fowls without cutting the back," etc.,
enumerates, No. 21, "True point or tape lace," as well as "washing
Flanders lace and point."
Again, in 1764, Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell advertise in their
boarding-school "lacework and the washing of blonde laces; the
pupils' own laces washed and got up at home. Terms £24."
At Miss Glen's boarding-school in the Trunk Close, 1768, young
ladies are taught "white and coloured seam and washing of
lace"--gratis.
These lady-teachers were not appointed in Scotland without giving
due proofs of their capacity. In 1758 the magistrates and council of
Aberdeen, being unanimous as to the "strict morality, Dresden work,
modesty, and catgut lace-making," etc., of Miss Betsey Forbes,
elected her to the office of schoolmistress of the city.
In _The Cottagers of Glenburnie_ a lady, Mrs. Mason, tells a long
story of the young laird having torn a suit of lace she was busied
in getting up.
[1210] _Edinburgh Advertiser._
[1211] 1774. "Several punds of badly-spun yarn was burnt by the stamp
master in Montrose." This announcement constantly occurs.
[1212] About this period a Mr. Brotherton, of Leith, seems to have made a
discovery which was but a prelude to the bobbin net. It is thus
described in the _Weekly Magazine_ of 1772:--"A new invention has
lately been discovered by Mr. Brotherton, in Leith, for working
black silk lace or white thread lace on a loom, to imitate any
pattern whatever, and the lace done in this way looks fully as well
as if sewed, and comes much cheaper. It is done any breadth, from
three inches to three-quarters of a yard wide."
[1213] In 1775 Dallas, Barclay & Co., advertise a selling off of fine
point, Brussels thread, blond, and black laces of all kinds, silver
double edged lace, etc.--_Edinburgh Advertiser._
1775. "Black blonde and thread laces, catguts of all sorts, just
arrived from the India House in London in the
Canongate."--_Caledonian Mercury._
"Fashions for January; dresses trimmed with Brussels point or
Mignonette."--_Ibid._ Same year.
[1214] "Madame Puteau carries on a lace manufacture after the manner of
Mechlin and Brussels. She had lately twenty-two apprentices from the
Glasgow Hospital.... Mrs. Puteau has as much merit in this branch as
has her husband in the making of fine thread. This he manufactures
of such a fineness as to be valued at £10 the pound
weight."--_Essays on the Trade, Commerce, Manufactures, Fisheries,
etc., of Scotland._ David Loch. 1778.
[1215] "If you look at the wardrobes of your grandmother, you will perceive
what revolutions have happened in taste of mankind for laces and
other fineries of that sort. How many suits of this kind do you meet
with that cost amazing sums, which are now, and have long since
been, entirely useless. In our own day did we not see that in one
year Brussels laces are most in fashion and purchased at any price,
while the next perhaps they are entirely laid aside, and French or
other thread laces, or fine sewings, the names of which I know not,
highly prized."--_Observations on the National Industry of
Scotland._ Anderson. 1778.
[1216] Lace-making at Hamilton is now a thing of the past, replaced in the
nineteenth century by a tambour network for veils, scarfs and
flounces.
[1217] _Essay on the Dress of the Early Irish._ J. C. Walker. 1788.
[1218] _The Image of Irelande_, by Jhon Derricke. 1578.
[1219] In 1562. See Camden. _Hist. Eliz._
[1220] Henry VIII. 1537. Against Irish fashions. Not "to weare any shirt,
smock, kerchor, bendel, neckerchour, mocket, or linen cappe colored
or dyed with saffron," and not to use more than seven yards of linen
in their shirts or smocks.
[1221] 4 Edw. IV., Harl MSS. No. 1419. _b.-g._ 494.
[1222] That lace ruffs soon appeared in Ireland may be proved by the effigy
on a tomb still extant in the Abbey of Clonard, in which the Dillon
arms are conspicuous, and also by paintings of the St. Lawrence
family, _circ._ 1511, preserved at Howth Castle.
In the portrait at Muckruss of the Countess of Desmond she is
represented with a lace collar. It was taken, as stated at the back
of the portrait, "as she appeared at the court of King James, 1614,
and in y^e 140th year of her age." Thither she went to endeavour to
reverse the attainder of her house.
[1223] At the end of the last century there lived at Creaden, near
Waterford, a lady of the name of Power, lineal descendant of the
kings of Munster, and called the Queen of Creaden. She affected the
dress of the ancient Irish. The border of her coif was of the finest
Irish-made Brussels lace; her jacket of the finest brown cloth
trimmed with gold lace; her petticoat of the finest scarlet cloth
bordered with a row of broad gold lace; all her dress was of Irish
manufacture.
[1224] _Gentleman's and Citizen's Almanack_, by G. Watson. Dublin, 1757.
[1225] "The freedom of the city of Dublin was also conferred upon her,
presented in due form in a silver box as a mark of esteem for her
great charities and constant care of the Foundling children in the
city workhouse."--_Dublin Freeman's Journal_, July 30th, 1765.
[1226] _Gentleman's and Citizen's Almanack_, by Samuel Watson. 1773.
[1227] "The Lady Arabella Denny died 1792, aged 85; she was second daughter
of Thomas Fitzmaurice, Earl of Kerry. The Irish Academy, in
acknowledgment of her patriotic exertions, offered a prize of 100
guineas for the best monody on her death. It was gained by John
Macaulay, Esq."--_Dublin Freeman's Journal_, July 20th, 1766.
[1228] Wakefield writes in 1812: "Lace is not manufactured to a large
extent in Ireland. I saw some poor children who were taught weaving
by the daughters of a clergyman, and Mr. Tighe mentions a school in
Kilkenny where twelve girls were instructed in the art. At
Abbey-leix there is a lace manufacture, but the quantity made is not
of any importance."--_Account of Ireland. Statistical and
Political._ Edw. Wakefield. 1812.
[1229] _Pall Mall Gazette_, May 8th, 1897.
[1230] Walker was a man of literary and artistic tastes, and educated for
the Church, but, marrying the daughter of a lace-manufacturer, he
set up in that business in Essex, working for the London wholesale
trade. He removed next to Limerick, where he continued till 1841,
when he sold the business, but his successor becoming bankrupt, he
never received the purchase money, and died 1842, his ingenuity and
industry ill-rewarded. In some work (we have lost the reference) it
is stated that "Coggeshall, in Essex, made a tambour lace, a sort of
medium between lace and embroidery." Could this be Walker's
manufacture?
[1231] In 1855 the number of workers employed numbered 1,500. In 1869 there
were less than 500. In 1869 Mrs. Palliser writes of the tambour lace
industry: "The existing depression of the trade has been partly
caused by the emigration of girls to America and the colonies, while
glove-making and army clothing employ the rest; and indeed the
manufacture aiming only at cheapness had produced a lace of inferior
quality, without either novelty or beauty of design, from which
cause Limerick lace has fallen into disrepute."
[1232] No account of Limerick lace would be complete which does not make
some reference to the work of the Sisters of Mercy at Kinsale, Co.
Cork, where so much is now being done to revive those industries
which were originally started with the object of coping with the
famine of 1846. This revival is largely due to Mr. A. S. Cole, who
originally suggested the establishment of an art class in connection
with South Kensington, with Mr. Brennar, of the Cork School of Art,
as its master. The studio is in connection with the workroom, which
secures constant touch between the designing, alteration, and
adaptation of patterns and their execution. (_Pall Mall Gazette_,
May 8th, 1897.)
[1233] Various schools have been established throughout Ireland. Lady de
Vere taught the mistress of a school on her own demesne at Curragh,
Co. Limerick, the art of making application flowers, giving her own
Brussels lace as patterns. The work was so good as soon to command a
high price, and the late Queen of the Belgians actually purchased a
dress of it at Harding's, and took it back with her to Brussels, The
fabric is known by the name of "Irish" or "Curragh point."
The school set up at Belfast by the late Jane Clarke exhibited in
1851 beautiful imitations of the old Spanish and Italian points;
amongst others a specimen of the fine raised Venetian point, which
can scarcely be distinguished from the original. It is now in the
Vict. and Albert Museum (1869).
[1234] From the tradition that a Jesuit procured the first Venetian lace
pattern used in Ireland.
[1235] It was in the famine period that the Rector of Headford, Co. Galway,
brought about a revival of the pillow lace, which was known to a few
women in the county--taught, according to the tradition, by a
soldier from foreign parts at some unknown date. This work is now
reviving, thanks to the energetic care of Mrs. Dawson.
[1236] Mr. A. S. Cole gives the following classification of Irish laces:--
There are seven sorts of Irish lace.
1. Flat needle-point lace.
2. Raised needle-point lace.
3. Embroidery on net, either darning or chain-stitch.
4. Cut cambric or linen work in the style of guipure or appliqué
lace.
5. Drawn thread-work in the style of Reticella, and Italian cut
points.
6. Pillow lace in imitation of Devon lace.
7. Crochet.
[1237] _History of Machine-Wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufacture._ W.
Felkin. London, 1867.
[1238] See GERMANY.
[1239] An open stitch on stockings, called the "Derby rib," had been
invented by Jedediah Strutt, in 1758.
[1240] By Rev. William Lee, of Calverton (Nottinghamshire). The romantic
story is well known; but whether actuated, as usually stated, by
pique at the absorbing attention paid to her knitting by a lady,
when he was urging his suit--or, as others more amiably affirm, by a
desire to lighten the labour of his wife, who was obliged to
contribute to their joint support by knitting stockings--certain it
is that it was he who first conceived the idea of the
stocking-frame, and completed it about 1589. His invention met with
no support from Queen Elizabeth, so Lee went to France, where he was
well received by Henry IV.; but the same year Henry was
assassinated, and the Regent withdrawing her protection, Lee died of
grief and disappointment. The arms of the Framework Knitters'
Company (Fig. 162) are a stocking-frame, having for supporters
William Lee in full canonicals and a female holding in her hand
thread and a knitting-needle. After Lee's death his brother returned
to England, where Lee's invention was then appreciated.
Stocking-making became the fashion, everyone tried, it, and people
had their portraits taken with gold and silver needles suspended
round their necks.
[1241] Vandyke had also appended the chain to his stocking-frame, and the
zigzags formed by the ribs of his stockings were called "Vandyke,"
hence the term now generally applied to all indented edges.
[1242] Mechlin net was disused in 1819 from its too great elasticity.
[1243] The "bobbins" on which the thread is wound for the weft consist of
two circular copper plates riveted together, and fixed upon a small
carriage or frame which moves backwards and forwards like a weaver's
shuttle.
[1244] The Old Loughboro' employed sixty movements to form one mesh--a
result now obtained by twelve. It produced 1,000 meshes a
minute--then thought a wonderful achievement, as by the pillow only
five or six can be obtained. A good circular machine now produces
30,000 in the same time.
The quality of bobbin net depends upon the smallness of the meshes,
their equality in size, and the regularity of the hexagons.
[1245] Bobbin net is measured by the "rack," which consists of 240 meshes.
This mode of counting was adopted to avoid the frequent
disagreements about measure which arose between the master and the
workmen in consequence of the elasticity of the net. The exchange of
linen to cotton thread was the source of great regret to the Roman
Catholic clergy, who by ecclesiastical law can only wear albs of
flax.
[1246] This association was formed by Ludlam, or General Ludd, as he was
called, a stocking-frame worker at Nottingham in 1811, when prices
had fallen. The Luddites, their faces covered with a black veil,
armed with swords and pistols, paraded the streets at night, entered
the workshops, and broke the machines with hammers. A thousand
machines were thus destroyed. Soon the net-workers joined them and
made a similar destruction of the bobbin net machines. Although many
were punished, it was only with the return of work that the society
disappeared in 1817.
[1247] Heathcoat represented Tiverton from 1834 to 1859, colleague of Lord
Palmerston.
Steam power was first introduced by Mr. J. Lindley in 1815-16, but
did not come into active operation till 1820; it became general
1822-23.
[1248] McCulloch.
[1249] The most extraordinary changes took place in the price of the
finished articles. Lace which was sold by Heathcoat for 5 guineas a
yard soon after the taking out of his patent can now be equalled at
eighteenpence a yard; quillings, as made by a newly-constructed
machine in 1810, and sold at 4s. 6d., can now be equalled and
excelled at 1½d. a yard; while a certain width of net which brought
£17 per piece 20 years ago is now sold for 7s. (1843). Progressive
value of a square yard of plain cotton bobbin net:
£ s. s. d.
1809 5 0 1830 2 0
1813 2 0 1833 1 4
1815 1 10 1836 0 10
1818 1 0 1842 0 6
1821 0 12 1850 0 4
1824 0 8 1856 0 3
1827 0 4 1862 0 3
_Histoire du Tulle et des Dentelles mécaniques en Angleterre et en
France_, par S. Ferguson fils. Paris, 1862.
"Bobbin net and lace are cleaned from the loose fibres of the cotton
by the ingenious process of gassing, as it is called, invented by
the late Mr. Samuel Hall, of Nottingham. A flame of gas is drawn
through the lace by means of a vacuum above. The sheet of lace
passes to the flame opaque and obscured by loose fibre, and issues
from it bright and clear, not to be distinguished from lace made of
the purest linen thread, and perfectly uninjured by the
flame."--_Journal of the Society of Arts._ Jan., 1864.
[1250] In 1826 Mr. Huskisson's reduction of the duty on French tulle caused
so much distress in Leicester and Nottingham, that ladies were
desired to wear only English tulle at court; and in 1831 Queen
Adelaide appeared at one of her balls in a dress of English silk
net.
[1251] John Hindres, in 1656, first established a stocking-frame in France.
[1252] The net produced was called "Tulle simple et double de Lyon et de
Vienne." The net was single loops, hence the name of "single press,"
given to these primitive frames.
[1253] In 1801 George Armitage took a "point net" machine to Antwerp, and
made several after the same model, thus introducing the manufacture
into Belgium. He next went to Paris, but the wholesale contraband
trade of Hayne left him no hope of success. He afterwards went to
Prussia to set up net and stocking machines. At the age of
eighty-two he started for Australia, where he died, in 1857, aged
eighty-nine.
[1254] The great difficulty encountered by the French manufacturers
consisted in the cotton. France did not furnish cotton higher than
No. 70; the English ranges from 160 to 200. The prohibition of
English cotton obliged them to obtain it by smuggling until 1834,
when it was admitted on paying a duty. Now they make their own, and
are able to rival Nottingham in the prices of their productions. A
great number of Nottingham lace-makers have emigrated to Calais.
[1255] The Caen blond first suggested the idea.
[1256] The first net frame was set up at Brussels in 1801. Others followed
at Termonde, 1817; Ghent, 1828; Sainte Fosse, etc.
[1257] D. Wyatt.
[1258] Mr. Ferguson, the inventor of the bullet-hole, square net (tulle
carré), and wire-ground (point de champ ou de Paris), had
transferred his manufacture, in 1838, from Nottingham to Cambrai,
where, in partnership with M. Jourdan, he made the "dentelle de
Cambrai," and in 1852 the "lama" lace, which differs from the
Cambrai inasmuch as the weft (_trame_) is made of mohair instead of
silk. Mr. Ferguson next established himself at Amiens, where he
brought out the Yak, another mixed lace.
[1259] The first patents were:--
1836. Hind and Draper took out one in France, and 1837 in England.
1838. Ferguson takes a patent at Cambrai under the name of his
partner Jourdan.
1839. Crofton.
1841. Houston and Deverill, for the application of the Jacquard to
the Leaver machine. The great manufactures of Nottingham and Calais
are made on the Leaver Jacquard frame.
The first patterned net was produced, 1780, by E. Frost, the
embroidery made by hand.
[1260] Cantor Lectures on the Art of Lace-Making. A. S. Cole. 1880.
[1261] "The machines now in use are the Circular, Leaver, Transverse Warp
and Pusher. Out of 3,552 machines computed to be in England in 1862
2,448 were at Nottingham."--_International Exhibition, Juror's
Report._
[1262] _Daphne lagetta._
[1263] He makes a paste of the plant which is the usual food of the
caterpillar, and spreads it thinly over a stone or other flat
substance; then with a camel's-hair pencil dipped in olive oil he
draws upon the coating of paste the pattern he wishes the insects to
leave open. The stone being placed in an inclined position, the
caterpillars* are laid at the bottom, and the animals eat and spin
their way up to the top, carefully avoiding every part touched by
the oil, but devouring the rest of the paste.--_Encyclopædia
Britannica._
* _Phalæna pandilla._
[1264] Two interesting papers were published in the _Gazette des Beaux
Arts_ for 1863 and 1864, entitled, "Essai bibliographique sur les
anciens dessins de dentelles, modèles de tapisseries, patrons de
broderies et publiés le xvi. et le xvii. siècle," &c, by the Marquis
Girolamo d'Addo, of Milan.
[1265] Cambridge University Library.
[1266] Paris, Bibliothèque Nat. Gravures, L. h. 13 d.*
[1267] Bib. Nat. V. 1897.*--Genoa. Cav. Merli, 1528 (?).
[1268] Paris, Bib. de l'Arsenal. 11,952.*
[1269] Oxford, Bib. Bodleian.
[1270] Milan, Cavaliere Bertini.
[1271] Venice, Library of St. Mark.
[1272] Bib. Nat. Grav. L. h. 13. e.*
[1273] Bib. de l'Arsenal. 11,951.*
[1274] Silvestre, _Marques Typographiques des Imprimeurs en France, depuis
1470_. Paris, 1853-61.
[1275] Quoted in Cat. Cappi, of Bologna, 1829.
[1276] Quoted in Cat. Cappi, of Bologna, 1829.
[1277] _Ibid._
[1278] _Ibid._
[1279] Cat. Bib. Heber., part vi., p. 258. No. 3,514.
[1280] Paris, Bib. Sainte-Geneviève. V. 634.* Bound in one volume with the
three following. (Nos. 16, 17, and 18.)--Catalogue de Livres
provenant de la Bibliothèque de M. L. D. D. L. V. (Duke de La
Vallière). Paris, 1763. T. xi., No. 2,204.
[1281] Bib. Ste. Geneviève. V. 634.*--Bib. de l'Arsenal. No. 11,953.*--Cat.
d'Estrées. Paris, 1740-46. No. 8,843.3.
[1282] Bib. Ste. Geneviève. V. 634.*--Bib. de l'Arsenal. No. 11,953.*--Cat.
d'Estrées. No. 8,843. 1.
[1283] Bib. Ste. Geneviève. V. 634.*--Bib. de l'Arsenal. No. 11.953.*
[1284] Paris, Bib. Baron Jérôme Pichon.*
[1285] Bib. Nat. Grav. L. h. 4.*
[1286] Bib. Nat. Grav. L. h. 4. a.*--Catalogo ragionato dei libri posseduti
dal Conte di Cicognara. Pisa, 1821. No. 1,818.
[1287] Library V. and A. Museum.--Venice, Lib. St. Mark,--Milan, Bib.
Marquis d'Adda.
[1288] Milan, Bib. Marquis G. d'Adda.
[1289] Rome, Bib. Prince Massimo.
[1290] Bib. de l'Arsenal. 11,954 (with D. de Sera).*
[1291] Genoa, Cav. Merli.
[1292] Quoted by Cav. Merli.
[1293] Florence. M. Bigazzi.
[1294] Paris, Bib. Nat. Milan, Bib. Belgiosa and Marquis d'Adda.
[1295] Bib. de l'Arsenal. 11,953.*--Bologna, Bib. Comm.--Cat. d'Estrées.
8843. No. 2.
[1296] Mr. E. Arnold.
[1297] Royal Library, Munich.
[1298] Cat. Cicognara. 1583. No. 4.
[1299] Bib. de l'Arsenal. No. 11,953.*--Mr. E. Arnold.
[1300] Florence, M. Bigazzi.
[1301] Cat. Cicognara. 1583. No. 1. Bound in one volume, with six others.
[1302] _Ibid._ 1583. No. 5.
[1303] Cat. Cicognara. 1583. No. 6.
[1304] _Ibid._ 1583. No. 7.
[1305] Cat. Cicognara. No. 17
[1306] _Ibid._ 1583. No. 3.
[1307] Bib. de l'Arsenal. 11,953.*
[1308] Bib. de l'Arsenal. 11,953.*--Mrs. Stisted. Bagni di Lucca.
[1309] Bib. Nat. V. 1901.*--Bib. de l'Arsenal. 11,973.*--Cat. d'Estrées.
[1310] Bib. Nat. V. 1901.*--Bib. de l'Arsenal. 11,973.*--Cat. d'Estrées.
[1311] Trezola, in the Riviera dialect, signifies a plait-tresse. "Porta i
capei in trezola." ("She wears her hair plaited.")
[1312] Bib. de l'Arsenal. 11,955 _bis_,* with _Vera Perfettione_ and
_Fiori_ of F. Franceschi, and _Corona_ of Vecellio.
[1313] Quoted by Willemin.
[1314] Quoted in Art. "Tricot et Travaux des Dames."
[1315] Bib. M. d'Adda.
[1316] Dresden, New Museum for Art and Industry. Communicated by Mr.
Gruner.
[1317] Bib. de l'Arsenal. 11,954.*
[1318] Milan. Bib. Marquis Girolamo d'Adda.
[1319] Bib. Rouen. No. 1313. Both Parts in one vol.*
[1320] We have received notice of there being a copy of the original
edition at Turin, in the Library of the University.
[1321] Bib. Nat. Grav. L. h. 2.* (with Part I.): "Ex Bibliotheca
illustrissimi Johannis d'Estrées Cameracensis Archiepiscopi
designati quam Monasterio St. Germani à Pratis legavit. Anno 1718."
[1322] Brussels, Bib. Roy. M. Alvin, Conservateur en Chef.
[1323] Bib. Ste. Geneviève. V. 634.*--Bib. Nat. Grav. L. h. 2. b.*