182, 183, 186 _n._, 192, 194, 196;
on bankruptcy frauds, 201;
on Sturges _vs._ Crowninshield, 218;
and Dartmouth College case, 276 _n._;
value of his _Register_, 309;
attack on M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland opinion, 309-12;
on Elkison case, 383, 384 _n._;
and Gibbons _vs._ Ogden, 445;
on Virginia and Nullification, 568, 572;
tribute to M., 590.
Niles, Nathaniel, and Burr, =3=, 68 _n._;
and Dartmouth College troubles, =4=, 227;
Jefferson on, 227.
_Niles' Register_, value, =4=, 309.
_See also_ Niles, Hezekiah.
Nimmo, James, Cohens _vs._ Virginia, =4=, 345.
Nobility, fear from Order of the Cincinnati, =1=, 292.
_See also_ Government.
Non-Importation Act (1806), =4=, 9;
M. and constitutionality, 118.
_See also_ Neutral trade.
Non-intercourse, act of 1809, =4=, 22;
Erskine incident, 22;
M. and constitutionality, 118;
South Carolina's proposed, with tariff States, 459, 538.
_See also_ Neutral trade.
Norbonne, Philip, practitioner before M., =4=, 237 _n._
Norfolk, Va., Dunmore's burning, =1=, 78;
tribute to M., =4=, 592.
North Carolina, hardships of travel, =1=, 263;
and State tariff acts, 311;
Granville heirs case, =4=, 154, 155;
tax on Bank of the United States, 207.
North River Steamboat Co. _vs._ Livingston, =4=, 448-51.
Norton, George F., and British debts, =1=, 226.
Norton, J. K. N., M.'s books possessed by, =1=, 186 _n._;
acknowledgment to, =4=, 528 _n._
Nullification, first hints, =4=, 384;
M.'s rebukes, 389, 459, 513;
movement, 555;
M. on movement, 556, 557;
Madison on, 556;
Jackson's Union toast, 557;
and warning, 558;
M. on doctrine and progress, 558, 559, 562;
and Tariff of 1832, 559, 560;
Convention and Ordinance, 560, 561;
popular excitement, 561;
Jackson's Proclamation, its debt to M.'s opinions, 562, 563;
M. on it, 563;
South Carolina and the proclamation, Jackson's inconsistencies,
564, 565;
military preparations, 566;
Jackson's recommendation of reduction of tariff, 567;
Virginia and mediation, M. on it, 567-73;
M. on Webster's speech against, 572;
suspension of ordinance, 573;
compromise Tariff, 574;
M. on virtual victory for, 574, 575;
M.'s resulting despondency on state of the country, 575-78.
_See also_ State Rights.
Oak Hill, acquired by M.'s father, =1=, 55;
as home for M.'s son, =4=, 74.
Oakley, Thomas J., counsel in Gibbons _vs._ Ogden, =4=, 423, 424, 427.
_Obiter dicta_, M.'s use, =4=, 121, 369.
Obligation of contracts. _See_ Contracts.
Occom, Samson, visit to England, =4=, 223.
Office. _See_ Civil service.
Ogden, Aaron, and Livingston steamboat monopoly, =4=, 409-411.
_See also_ Gibbons _vs._ Ogden.
Ogden, David B., counsel in Sturges _vs._ Crowninshield, =4=, 209;
practitioner before M., 237 _n._;
fees, 345 _n._;
counsel in Cohens _vs._ Virginia, 346, 376.
Ogden, George M. _See_ Ogden _vs._ Saunders.
Ogden, Peter V., and Burr conspiracy, arrested, =3=, 333, 334.
Ogden, Samuel G., trial, =3=, 436 _n._
Ogden _vs._ Saunders, obligation of future contracts not impaired by
insolvency laws, =4=, 480;
M.'s dissent, 481.
Ohio, cession of Western Reserve, =2=, 446;
tax on Bank of the United States, =4=, 207, 328;
legislative denunciation of M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland, 330-33;
and New York steamboat monopoly, 415 _n._
_See also_ Osborn _vs._ Bank.
Ohio River, Burr and plan for canal, =3=, 291 _n._;
first steamboat, =4=, 403 _n._;
development of steam transportation, 416.
Old Field Schools, =1=, 24.
Olmstead case, State defiance of Federal mandate, =4=, 18-21.
Opinions, M.'s rule on delivering, =3=, 16.
Orange County, Va., minute men, =1=, 69.
Oratory, court, and woman auditors, =4=, 133, 134.
Orders in Council on neutral trade, =4=, 6, 7.
_See also_ Neutral trade.
Orr, Thomas, Osborn _vs._ Bank, =4=, 329, 330.
Orr _vs._ Hodgson, =4=, 165 _n._
Osborn, Ralph. _See_ Osborn _vs._ Bank.
Osborn _vs._ Bank of the United States, facts, =4=, 327-30;
compromise proposed by Ohio, 332;
defiance of Ohio, 333;
argument, 385;
M.'s opinion, 385-94;
original jurisdiction of National Courts, 385-87;
and Eleventh Amendment, protection of Federal agents from State
agents, 387-91;
tax on business of bank void, 391, 392;
courts and execution of law, 392;
general satisfaction of parties on the record, 393;
Johnson's opinion, 394;
resulting attack on Supreme Court, 394-96;
Jackson denies authority, 530-32.
Osmun, Benijah, and Burr, =3=, 365, 366.
Oswald, Eleazer, and _Centinel_ letters, =1=, 335 _n._, 338;
and Ratification in Virginia, 402, 434, 435.
Otis, Harrison Gray, and slavery (1800), =2=, 449;
on Washington streets (1815), =3=, 4;
on traveling conditions, 5 _n._;
on speculation, 557 _n._;
and Story, =4=, 98;
and bankruptcy laws, 201.
Otsego, N.Y., conditions of travel (1790), =1=, 257.
Paine, Robert Treat, on X. Y. Z. Mission, =2=, 356.
Paine, Thomas, on militia, =1=, 84;
relief bill, 213;
on government as an evil, 288;
popularity of _Common Sense_, 288 _n._;
on American and French revolutions, =2=, 2 _n._;
and key of the Bastille, 10;
_Rights of Man_, influence in United States, 12-14;
Jefferson's approbation, 14, 15, 16 _n._;
J. Q. Adams's reply, 15-19;
disapproves of excesses, 25 _n._, 27;
on the King and early revolution, 31 _n._;
on Republican Party and France, 223;
and X. Y. Z. Mission, 254.
Palmer, William P., anecdote on M., =4=, 63 _n._
Paper money, depreciation and confusion during Revolution and
Confederation, =1=, 167, 168, 295-97;
counterfeiting, 297, =4=, 195;
post-bellum demand, =1=, 297, 299;
Continental, in debate on Ratification, 429, 440, 441;
and impairment of obligation of contracts, =3=, 557, 558 _n._,
=4=, 214;
flood and character of State bank bills, 176-79, 181, 184, 187, 192;
popular demand for more, 186, 199;
local issues, 187;
depreciation, 192;
endless chain of redemption with other paper, 193;
reforms by second Bank of the United States, 197-99.
_See also_ Briscoe _vs._ Bank; Craig _vs._ Missouri money.
Paris, in 1797, =2=, 247.
Parker, Richard E., verdict in Burr trial, =3=, 514.
Parsons, Theophilus, Ratification amendments, =1=, 348.
Parton, James,
on Administration's knowledge of Burr's plans, =3=, 318 _n._;
on Jefferson and trial of Burr, 390 _n._;
biography of Burr, 538 _n._
Partridge, George, accident, =3=, 55 _n._
"Party," as term of political reproach, =2=, 410 _n._
Paterson, William, and Chief Justiceship, =2=, 553;
charge to grand jury, =3=, 30 _n._;
sedition trials, 31, 32;
and declaring acts void, 117, 611, 612;
and Judiciary Act of, 1789, 128;
Ogden-Smith trial, 436 _n._
Paulding, James K., on M., =4=, 77.
Pawles Hook, Lee's surprise, =1=, 142.
Peace of 1783, and land titles, =4=, 147, 148, 153.
_See also_ British debts; Frontier posts; Slaves.
Pearsall _vs._ Great Northern Railway, =4=, 279 _n._
Peck, Jedediah, trial, =3=, 42 _n._
Peck, John. _See_ Fletcher _vs._ Peck.
Peele, W. J., on M., =4=, 66 _n._
Pegram, Edward, grand juror on Burr, =3=, 413 _n._
Pendleton, Edmund, as judge, =1=, 173;
on M.'s election to Council of State, 209;
candidacy for Ratification Convention, 359;
in the Convention: President, 368;
and impeachment of authority of Framers, 373;
characterized, 385;
on failure of Confederation, 386;
in debate, 427, 428, 445;
on Judiciary, 445.
Pendleton, Nathaniel, and Yazoo lands, =3=, 549, 555.
Pennsylvania, during the Revolution, =1=, 85;
hardships of travel, 258, 259;
Jefferson on social characteristics, 279;
tariff, 310 _n._, 311 _n._;
calling of Ratification Convention, 326;
election of delegates, 327-29;
precipitancy in Ratification Convention, 329-32;
address of minority, 333, 334, 342;
continued opposition after Ratification, 334-38;
and Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, =3=, 105 _n._;
Olmstead case, =4=, 18-21;
legislative censure of M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland, 333.
Pennsylvania, University of, honorary degree to M., =4=, 89.
People, character of masses under Confederation, =1=, 253, 254;
community isolation, 264, =4=, 191;
responsible for failure of Confederation, =1=, 307;
basis of Federal Government, =4=, 292, 352.
_See also_ Democracy; Government; Nationalism.
Perkins, Cyrus, and Dartmouth College case, =4=, 260 _n._
Perkins, Nicholas, and Burr conspiracy, =3=, 367-69, 372.
Peters, Richard [1], and common-law jurisdiction, =3=, 25, 28 _n._;
sedition trial, 33;
impeachment contemplated, 172 _n._;
on United States and Napoleonic War, =4=, 6 _n._;
Olmstead case, 18-21;
death, 238 _n._
Peters, Richard [2], escort for M.'s body, =4=, 588.
Phi Beta Kappa, M. as member, =1=, 158;
Jacobin opposition, =2=, 37.
Philadelphia, march of Continental army through (1777), =1=, 92;
capture by British, 98-102;
during British occupation, 108-10;
Jacobin enthusiasm, =2=, 31;
luxury, 85 _n._;
and M.'s return from X. Y. Z. Mission, 344-51;
tributes to M. as Chief Justice, =4=, 521, 588.
Philadelphia _Aurora_. _See_ _Aurora_.
Philadelphia _Federal Gazette_, on Publicola papers, =2=, 19.
Philadelphia _Gazette of the United States_. _See_ _Gazette_.
Philadelphia _General Advertiser_, on French Revolution, =2=, 28 _n._;
on Neutrality Proclamation, 94 _n._
Philadelphia _Independent Gazette_, and Ratification, =1=, 328.
_Sec also_ Oswald.
Philadelphia _National Gazette_. _See_ _National Gazette_.
Philips, Josiah, attainder case, =1=, 393, 398, 411.
Phillips, Isaac N., on treason, =3=, 403 _n._
Physick, Philip S., operates on M., =4=, 520;
and M.'s final illness, 587.
Pichegru, Charles, and 18th Fructidor, =2=, 240, 241, 245 _n._
Pickering, John, impeachment, =3=, 111, 143, 164-68;
witnesses against, rewarded, 181.
Pickering, Timothy, on hardships of travel, =1=, 257 _n._;
on Jefferson and Madison, =2=, 79;
and Gerry at Paris, 366, 369;
on M.'s views on Alien and Sedition Acts, 394;
on M.'s election (1799), 417;
on M. in Jonathan Robins case, 471;
dismissed by Adams, 486, 487;
_Aurora's_ attack, 489 _n._, 491 _n._;
on M. as his successor, 492;
on M. and Jefferson-Burr contest, 539;
and secession, =3=, 98, 151, 281, 289, =4=, 13 _n._, 30, 49;
on Giles, =3=, 159 _n._;
on impeachment programme, 160;
on Pickering impeachment, 168 _n._;
on Chase impeachment, 173;
at trial of Chase, 183 _n._;
on M.'s biography of Washington, 233;
on Adams's Burr Conspiracy report, 543 _n._;
as British partisan, =4=, 2 _n._;
on Embargo, 13, 14;
and M., 27, 473;
on election of 1812, 47;
and Story, 98;
and Story and Dartmouth College case, 257 _n._;
on Massachusetts Constitutional Convention (1820), 471;
on slavery, 473.
Pickett, George, bank stock, =2=, 200.
Pinckney, Charles, on campaign virulence (1800), =2=, 530;
reward for election services, =3=, 81 _n._;
in Federal Convention, on declaring acts void, 116 _n._
Pinckney, Charles C.,
appointment to French mission, =2=, 145, 146, 223;
not received, 224;
at The Hague, 231;
accused of assisting Royalist conspiracy, 246 _n._;
and "millions for defense" slogan, 348;
toast to, 349 _n._;
candidacy (1800), 438;
Hamiltonian intrigue for, 517, 528 _n._, 529 _n._;
and Chief Justiceship, 553.
_See also_ Elections (1800); X. Y. Z. Mission.
Pinckney, Thomas, on Gerry, =2=, 364.
Pindall, James, on Bank of the United States, =4=, 289.
Pinkney, William, Canning's letter, =4=, 23;
as practitioner before M., 95;
counsel in _Nereid_ case, 131, 140;
character, 131-33;
influence of woman auditors on oratory, 133, 134, 140 _n._;
Conkling's resemblance, 133 _n._;
M. on, 141, 287;
Story on _Nereid_ argument, 142 _n._;
counsel in Dartmouth College case, 259-61, 274;
counsel in M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland, 284;
argument, 287;
fees, 345 _n._;
argument in Cohens _vs._ Virginia, 346;
counsel in Gibbons _vs._ Ogden, 413;
death, 423.
Pinto, Manuel, _Nereid_ case, =4=, 135.
Piracy, M. on basis, =2=, 467.
Pitt, William, and Burr, =3=, 289.
Pittsburgh, first steamboat, =4=, 403 _n._
Platt, Jonas, opinion in Gibbons _vs._ Ogden, =4=, 412.
Pleasants, James, grand juror on Burr, =2=, 413 _n._
Plumer, William, on Washington (1805), =3=, 6;
on drinking there, 9;
on Jefferson and popularity, 19 _n._;
on Bayard, 79 _n._;
on Randolph, 83 _n._;
on repeal of Judiciary Act, 93;
on Louisiana Purchase, 148 _n._, 150;
on Giles, 159 _n._;
on impeachment plan, 160;
on Pickering impeachment, 167 _n._, 168 _n._;
on Chase impeachment and trial, 171 _n._, 173, 179 _n._, 181 _n._,
192 _n._, 205 _n._, 217 _n._, 220;
on Burr, 180, 182 _n._, 183 _n._, 219 _n._, 274 _n._, 279 _n._, 470;
on M. as witness, 196;
on not celebrating Washington's birthday, 210 _n._;
joins Republican Party, 222 _n._;
on M.'s biography of Washington, 269;
on Swartwout, 321 _n._, 333 _n._;
on Burr conspiracy, 338 _n._, 341;
on arrest of Bollmann, 343 _n._;
on Jefferson's personal rancor, 384 _n._;
on trial of Burr, 526;
on Adams's Burr conspiracy report, 543 _n._;
on Embargo and secession threats, =4=, 24 _n._;
on Federalists as aristocracy, 55;
Governor of New Hampshire, and Dartmouth College affairs, 230, 232.
Pocket veto, Randolph on, as impeachable offense, =3=, 213.
Poetry, M. and, =1=, 41, =4=, 79, 80.
Police power, as offset to obligation of contracts, =4=, 279;
and commerce clause, 436, 437, 457, 459.
_See also_ New York _vs._ Miln.
Politics,
machine in Virginia, =1=, 210, 217 _n._, =2=, 56 _n._, =4=, 146,
147, 485-88;
share in Ratification in Virginia, =1=, 252, 356, 357, 381, 402;
Federal Constitution and parties, =2=, 75;
abuse, 396;
influence of newspapers, =3=, 10;
period of National egotism, 13;
effect of Republican rule, 15 _n._;
Randolph on government by, 464 _n._
_See also_ Elections, Federalist Party; Republican Party.
Poole, Simeon, testimony in Burr trial, =3=, 490.
Poor whites of colonial Virginia, =1=, 27.
Pope, John, M. and his poems, =1=, 44, 45.
Pope, John, of Smith committee, =3=, 541 _n._
Popularity, Jefferson's desire, =3=, 19 _n._
Population, density (c. 1787), =1=, 264;
character of Washington, =3=, 8.
Portraits of M., =4=, 85 _n._, 522 _n._
Posey, Thomas, and Ratification, =1=, 392 _n._
Potomac River, company for improvement, =1=, 217, 218.
Potter, Henry, Granville heirs case, =4=, 154.
Powell, Levin, slandered, =1=, 290 _n._;
on House's reply to Adams's address (1799), =2=, 434;
on M. in Jonathan Robins case, 475 _n._
Practice and evidence, M.'s opinion on, =3=, 18.
Precedents, M.'s neglect of legal, =2=, 179, =4=, 409.
Preparedness, M. on need, =1=, 414, 415, 437, =2=, 403, 476-80, 531;
ridiculed, =1=, 425;
utter lack (1794), =2=, 109.
_See also_ Army.
Prescott, William, on Dartmouth College case, =4=, 275 _n._
President, Ratification debate on office and powers, =1=, 390, 442;
question of title, =2=, 36;
M. on, as sole organ of external relations, 470.
_See also_ Elections; Subpoena; and Presidents by name.
Press, freedom of, Franklin on license, =1=, 268-70;
M. on liberty and excess, =2=, 329-31;
Martin on license, =3=, 204, 205.
_See also_ Alien and Sedition Acts; Newspapers.
Prices, at Richmond (c. 1783), =1=, 177-81;
board in Washington (1801), =3=, 7.
Priest, William, on speculation, =3=, 557.
Princeton University, honorary degree to M., =4=, 89.
Prisoners of war, treatment, =1=, 115.
Privateering, Genêt's commissions, =2=, 28;
_Unicorn_ incident in Virginia, 103-06.
Prize law, Amelia case, =3=, 16, 17.
_See also_ Admiralty; International law.
Property, demand for equal division, =1=, 294, 298;
M.'s conservatism on rights, =4=, 479, 503.
Prosperity, degree, at period of Confederation, =1=, 273, 274, 306.
Public debt, problem under Confederation, =1=, 233-35;
unpopularity, 254;
spirit of repudiation, 295, 298, 299;
resources under Confederation, 306;
in Ratification debate, 396, 416, 425, 440;
funding and assumption of State debts, =2=, 59-64;
financial and political effects of funding, 64-68, 82, 85, 127.
_See also_ Debts; Finances; Paper money.
Public lands, Jefferson on public virtue and, =1=, 316;
State claims, =3=, 553;
Foot resolution, =4=, 553 _n._
_See also_ Yazoo; Land.
Publicists, lawyers as, =4=, 135.
Publicola papers, =2=, 15-18;
replies, 18, 19.
Punch, recipe, =4=, 77.
Punishments, cruel, =3=, 13 _n._
Putnam, ----, arrest in France, =2=, 283.
_Quarterly Review_, on insolvency frauds, =4=, 203 _n._
Quincy, Josiah, on Jefferson and popularity, =3=, 19 _n._;
on resolution against Minister Jackson, =4=, 24;
on admission of Louisiana and secession, =4=, 27;
and Localism, 28.
Quoit (Barbecue) Club, M. as member, =2=, 182-85, =4=, 76-78;
memorial to M., 592.
Railroads, influence of Dartmouth College case and Gibbons _vs._ Ogden
on development, =4=, 276, 277, 446.
Raleigh, M. on circuit at, =3=, 101, 102, =4=, 65, 66.
Rambouillet Decree, =4=, 122.
Ramsay, David, biography of Washington, =3=, 225 _n._
Ramsay, Dennis, Marbury _vs._ Madison, =3=, 110.
Randall, Benjamin, in Ratification Convention, =1=, 340.
Randall, Henry S., on M. as Secretary of State, =2=, 494;
on M., =4=, 154.
Randolph, David M., as witness in Chase trial, =3=, 191, 192.
Randolph, Edmund, ancestry, =1=, 10;
as lawyer, 173;
transfers practice to M., 190;
Hite _vs._ Fairfax, 191, 192;
in the Legislature, 203;
importance of attitude on Ratification, 360-63, 378-82;
secret intention to support it, 363;
in the Convention: characterized, 376;
disclosure of support of Ratification, 376-79;
suppresses Clinton's letter, 379-81, 477;
effect on reputation, 382;
ascription of motives, in Washington's Cabinet, 382 _n._;
in Convention debate, 392, 393, 397, 406, 461, 470;
and Philips case, 393 _n._;
personal explanations, 393 _n._, 476;
Henry on change of front, 398;
answers Henry's taunt, 406;
Mason's denunciation, 423;
on Fairfax grants, 458 _n._;
on opposition after Ratification, =2=, 46 _n._;
and first amendments, 59;
Fauchet incident, resignation from Cabinet, 146, 147;
on Richmond meeting on Jay Treaty, 151, 152;
as orator, 195;
on weakness of Supreme Court, =3=, 121 _n._;
counsel for Burr, 407;
on motion to commit Burr for treason, 417;
on subpoena to Jefferson, 440, 441;
on overt act, 494.
Randolph, George, ancestry, =1=, 10.
Randolph, Isham, =1=, 10.
Randolph, Jacob, operates on M., =4=, 522.
Randolph, Jane, =1=, 10, 11.
Randolph, John, of Roanoke, ancestry, =1=, 10;
insult by army officers, =2=, 446;
debate with M. on Marine Corps, 447, 448;
in Jonathan Robins case, 474;
appearance, =3=, 83;
as House leader, 83 _n._;
in Judiciary debate (1802), 84-87;
manager of Chase impeachment, 171;
and articles of impeachment, 172;
break with Jefferson over Yazoo frauds, 174;
opening speech at Chase trial, 187-89;
references to M., political significance, 187, 188, 214-16;
examination of M. at trial, 194;
conferences with Giles, 197;
argument, 212-16;
and acquittal, 220;
duelist, 278 _n._;
and Burr conspiracy, 339;
and Eaton's claim, 345 _n._;
on Wilkinson's conduct, 359, 464;
on Burr as military captive, 369;
and removal of judges on address, 389 _n._;
grand juror on Burr, 413;
on government by politics, 464 _n._;
and _Chesapeake-Leopard_ affair, 476;
and Yazoo frauds, 566, 575, 577-79, 581, 595, 596, 600;
on Localism, =4=, 191;
on dangers in M.'s Nationalist opinions, 309, 420;
in debate on Supreme Court (1824), 395;
on internal improvements and Nationalism, 419-21;
absorption in politics, 461;
Clay duel, 463 _n._;
in Virginia Constitutional Convention, 484;
on M. in convention, 489 _n._
Randolph, Mary (Isham), descendants, =1=, 10.
Randolph, Mary Isham, =1=, 10.
Randolph, Peyton, and Henry's Stamp-Act Resolutions, =1=, 64.
Randolph, Richard, of Curels, estate, =1=, 20 _n._
Randolph, Susan, on Jefferson and Rebecca Burwell, =1=, 150 _n._
Randolph, Thomas, =1=, 10.
Randolph, Thomas M., on Jay Treaty resolutions in Virginia
Legislature, =2=, 134, 135, 137.
Randolph, William, descendants, =1=, 10.
Randolph, William, and Peter Jefferson, =1=, 12 _n._
Randolph family, origin and characteristics, =1=, 10, 11.
Rappahannock County, Va., loyal celebration, =1=, 23 _n._
Ratification, opposition in Virginia, =1=, 242;
contest over call of Virginia Convention, previous amendment
question, 245-48;
effort for second framing convention, 248, 317, 355, 362, 379-81;
practical politics in, 252, 356, 357, 381, 402;
economic division, 312;
division in Virginia, 317;
importance of Virginia's action, 318, 358, 359;
gathering of Virginia delegates, 319;
popular ignorance of draft Constitution, 320, 345, 354;
popular idea of consolidated government, 320;
popular majority against, 321, 322, 356, 391, 469, =4=, 554 _n._;
Virginia Convention as first real debate, =1=, 322, 323, 329, 355;
influence of revolutionary action of Framers, 323-25, 373, 425;
unimportance of action of four early States, 325;
calling of Pennsylvania Convention, 326;
election there, 327-29;
Pennsylvania Convention, precipitancy, 329-32;
address of Pennsylvania minority, 333, 334, 342;
post-convention opposition in Pennsylvania, 334-38;
policy of Constitutionalists in Massachusetts, 339;
character of opposition there, 339, 340, 344-47;
election there, 340;
general distrust as basis of opposition, 340, 347, 356, 371, 372,
422, 428, 429 _n._, 439 _n._, 467;
condensed argument for, 343;
and Shays's Rebellion, 343;
strength and standpoint of Massachusetts opposition, 344;
influence of Hancock, 347;
Massachusetts recommendatory amendments and ratification, 348, 349;
soothing the opposition there, 350-53;
question of bribery in Massachusetts, 353 _n._, 354 _n._;
contest in New Hampshire, adjournment, 354, 355;
character of Virginia Convention, 356, 367;
effect of previous, on Virginia, 356, 399;
election of delegates in Virginia, 359-67;
importance and uncertainty of Randolph's attitude, 360-64, 378-82;
M.'s candidacy, 364;
campaign for opposition delegates, 365-67;
opposition of leaders in State politics, 366 _n._;
maneuvers of Constitutionalists, 367, 374, 384, 385, 392;
officers, 368, 432;
tactical mistakes of opposition, 368, 383;
detailed debate as a Constitutionalist victory, 369-72, 432;
characterizations, 369, 373-76, 385, 387, 394, 396, 408, 420, 423,
465, 473;
attempts at delay, 372, 434, 461, 462;
authority of Framers, 373, 375;
Nicholas's opening for Constitutionalists, 374;
Henry's opening for opposition, 375;
disclosure of Randolph's support, 376-79;
organization of Anti-Constitutionalists, 379, 434;
Clinton's letter for a second Federal Convention, Randolph's
suppression of it, 379, 477, =2=, 49 _n._;
Mason's speeches, =1=, 382, 383, 421-23, 438, 439, 446-48, 467;
untactful offer on "conciliation," 383;
prospects, ascendancy of opposition, 384, 433-35, 442;
influences on Kentucky delegates, navigation of Mississippi River,
384, 403, 411, 420, 430-32, 434, 443;
Pendleton's speeches, 385-87, 427, 428;
Lee's speeches, 387, 406, 423, 467;
Henry's speeches, 388-92, 397-400, 403-06, 428, 433, 435, 440, 441,
449, 464, 469-71;
Federal Government as alien, 389, 399, 428, 439 _n._;
Randolph's later speeches, 392, 393, 397, 406;
Madison's speeches, 394, 395, 397, 421, 428, 430, 440, 442, 449;
Nicholas's later speeches, 395, 421, 432;
Corbin's speech, 396;
political managers from other States, 401, 402, 435;
question of use of money in Virginia, 402 _n._;
demand for previous amendment, 405, 412, 418, 423, 428;
Monroe's speech, 407, 408;
inattention to debate, 408;
M.'s social influence, 409;
M.'s speeches, 409-20, 436-38, 450-61;
Harrison's speech, 421;
Grayson's speech, 424-27;
slight attention to economic questions, 429 _n._, 441 _n._;
and Bill of Rights, 439;
slavery question, 440;
payment of public debt, 440;
British debts, 441;
executive powers, 442;
Judiciary debate, 449-61, 464;
Anti-Constitutionalists and appeal to Legislature, 462, 463, 468;
assault on Henry's land speculations, 465-67;
threats of forcible resistance, 467, 478;
contest over recommendatory amendments, 475;
vote, 475;
Washington's influence, 476;
other personal influences, 476 _n._;
and fear of Indians, 476;
character of Virginia amendments, 477;
influence of success in New Hampshire, 478;
Jefferson's stand on amendments, 478;
influence on M., 479;
as a preliminary contest, 479, =2=, 45, 46;
attempt of Virginia Legislature to undo, 48-51;
Virginia reservations, =4=, 324 _n._
Rattlesnakes, as medicine, =1=, 172.
Ravara, Joseph, trial, =3=, 24.
Rawle, William, escort for M.'s body, =4=, 588.
Read, George, and Judiciary Act of 1789, =3=, 129.
_Rebecca Henry_ incident, =2=, 496.
Reed, George, as witness in Chase trial, =3=, 189 _n._
Reeves, John, and Burr, =3=, 537 _n._
Reeves, Tapping, on Louisiana Purchase, =3=, 150.
Reid, Robert R., on Missouri question, =4=, 341.
Religion, state in Virginia (1783), =1=, 220, 221;
conditions in Washington, =3=, 6;
revival, 7 _n._;
M.'s attitude, =4=, 69-71;
frontier, 189 _n._;
troubles and disestablishment in New Hampshire, 226, 227.
_See also_ next titles.
Religious freedom, controversy in Virginia, =1=, 221, 222.
Religious tests, debate during Ratification, =1=, 346.
Representation, basis in Virginia, =1=, 217 _n._;
debate on slave, in Virginia Constitutional Convention (1830),
=4=, 501-07.
Republican Party,
Jefferson's development, =2=, 46, 74-76, 81-83, 91, 96;
as defender of the Constitution, 88 _n._;
assaults on Neutrality Proclamation, 95;
economic basis, 125 _n._;
and French Revolution, 131 _n._, 223;
and X. Y. Z. dispatches, 336-42, 355, 358-63;
M. on motives in attack on Alien and Sedition Acts, 394, 407;
issues in 1798, 410;
and name "Democratic," 439 _n._, =3=, 234 _n._;
Federalist forebodings (1801), 11-15;
social effects of rule, 15 _n._;
plans against Judiciary, cause, 19-22, 48;
union of democracy and State Rights, 48;
Chase's denunciations, 169, 170, 206;
and M.'s biography of Washington, 228-30;
treatment in biography, 256, 259-61;
Justices as apostates, 317, 358, 359, 444.
_See also_ Congress; Elections; Jefferson, Thomas; State Rights.
Republicans, name for Anti-Constitutionalists (1788), =1=, 379.
Repudiation, spirit, =1=, 294, 295, 298, 299.
_See also_ Debts.
Requisitions, failure, =1=, 232, 304, 305, 413;
proposed new basis of apportionment, 234, 235.
Rhoad, John, Juror, =3=, 35.
Rhode Island, declaration of independence, =3=, 118 _n._
Richardson, William M., votes for war, =4=, 29 _n._;
opinion in Dartmouth College case, 234-36.
Richmond, Va., social and economic life (1780-86), =1=, 176-90;
in 1780, 165, 171-73;
hospitality, 183;
M. City Recorder, 188;
fire (1787), 190, =2=, 172;
meeting on Jay Treaty, 149-55;
growth, 172;
Quoit Club, 182-85, =4=, 76-78, 592;
reception of M. on return from France, =2=, 352-54;
M.'s reply to address, 571-73;
later social life, =3=, 394;
Vigilance Committee, =4=, 41 _n._;
M.'s lawyer dinners, 78, 79;
city currency, 187;
and Jackson's veto of River and Harbor Bill (1832), 534;
M.'s funeral, 588;
tributes to him, 589.
_Richmond Enquirer_, on M. and Burr at Wickham's dinner, =3=, 396;
and subpoena to Jefferson, 450;
attack on M. during Burr trial, 532-35;
on Yazoo claims, 581;
attack on M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland, =4=, 312-17, 323;
tribute to M., 589.
_See also_ Ritchie, Thomas.
_Richmond Examiner_, attacks on M. (1801), =2=, 542, 543 _n._
Richmond Light Infantry Blues, punch, =4=, 78 _n._
Richmond Society for Promotion of Agriculture, M.'s interest, =4=, 63.
_Richmond Whig and Advertiser_, on M. and election of 1828, =4=, 463;
tribute to M., 589.
Ritchie, Thomas, Council of State as his machine, =1=, 210;
and trial of Burr, =3=, 450;
on Federalists as traitors, =4=, 10 _n._;
control over Virginia politics, 146;
and first Bank of the United States, 174;
attack on M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland, 309;
and Taylor's attack on M.'s opinions, 335, 339;
attack on Cohens _vs._ Virginia, 358.
_See also_ _Richmond Enquirer_.
Rittenhouse, David, Olmstead case, =4=, 19.
River and Harbor Bill, Jackson's pocket veto, =4=, 534.
River navigation, steamboat and internal improvements, =4=, 415-17.
Roads. _See_ Communication.
Roane, Spencer, as judge, =1=, 173;
Council of State as his machine, 210;
Anti-Constitutionalist attack on Randolph (1787), 361 _n._;
accuses M. of hypocrisy, =2=, 140;
and Chief Justiceship, =3=, 20, 113, 178;
and Nationalism, 114;
M.'s enemy, =4=, 78;
and M.'s integrity, 90 _n._;
and Livingston _vs._ Jefferson, 111;
control of Virginia politics, 146;
decision in Hunter _vs._ Fairfax's Devises, 148, 152;
denies right of Supreme Court to hear case, 157, 160;
and first Bank of the United States, 174;
attack on M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland, 309, 313-17, 323;
inconsistent purchase of Bank stock, 317;
tribute to M., 313;
M.'s reply to attack, 318-23;
attack on Cohens _vs._ Virginia, 358, 359;
M. on it, 359, 360;
and amendment on Judiciary, 371, 378.
Robertson, David, report of Virginia Ratification debates, =1=, 368;
stenographer and linguist, =3=, 408.
Robin, M.'s servant, =4=, 525 _n._
Robins, Jonathan. _See_ Jonathan Robins case.
Robinson, John, loan-office bill and defalcations, =1=, 60.
Rodney, Cæsar A., and Marbury _vs._ Madison, =3=, 154 _n._;
argument in Chase trial, 210-12;
and holding of Swartwout and Bollmann, 345, 349 _n._;
and trial of Burr, 390.
Rodney, Thomas, and Burr, =3=, 365.
Rôle d'équipage,
and French depredations on neutral trade, =2=, 294 _n._
Ronald, William, as lawyer, =1=, 173;
in Virginia Ratification Convention, 472;
Ware _vs._ Hylton, =2=, 188.
Roosevelt, Nicholas J., and steamboat experiments, =4=, 400;
and steamboat navigation of the Mississippi, 402, 402 _n._, 403 _n._
Roosevelt, Theodore, on British naval power, =4=, 7 _n._;
on impressment, 8 _n._
Ross, James, and Disputed Elections Bill, =2=, 453.
Rowan, John, on Green _vs._ Biddle, =4=, 381;
on Supreme Court, 453.
Rush, Benjamin, Conway Cabal, =1=, 121-23.
Rutgers _vs._ Waddington, =3=, 612.
Rutledge, Edward, on spirit of repudiation, =1=, 307.
Rutledge, John [1], and Supreme Court, =3=, 121 _n._;
in Federal Convention, on obligation of contracts, 558 _n._
Rutledge, John [2], and slavery, =2=, 449:
on Judiciary Bill (1801), 550;
on French treaty, 525 _n._;
in Judiciary debate (1802), =3=, 87-89;
as British partisan, =4=, 5.
S. (? Samuel Nason), and Ratification, =1=, 342.
St. Cloud Decree, =4=, 36-39, 48-50.
St. Tammany's feast at Richmond, =1=, 189.
Salaries, Federal (1800), =2=, 539 _n._
_Sandwich_ incident, =2=, 496.
Sanford, Nathan,
opinion on steamboat monopoly and interstate commerce, =4=, 448.
Sanford, Me., and Ratification, =1=, 342.
Santo Domingo,
influence in United States of negro insurrection, =2=, 20-22.
Sargent, Nathan, on esteem of M., =4=, 581 _n._
Saunders, John. _See_ Ogden _vs._ Saunders.
Savage, John, opinion on steamboat monopoly, =4=, 449.
_Savannah Gazette_, on Yazoo frauds, =3=, 561.
Schmidt, Gustavus, on M. as a lawyer, =2=, 178.
Schoepf, Johann D., on Virginia social conditions, =1=, 21 _n._;
on irreligion in Virginia, 221 _n._;
on shiftlessness, 278.
Schuyler, Philip, dissatisfaction, =1=, 86;
and Burr, =3=, 277 _n._
Scott, John, in Virginia Constitutional Convention, =4=, 490.
Scott, John B., and Yazoo lands, =3=, 566 _n._
Scott, Joseph, and Burr conspiracy, =3=, 370.
Scott, Sir Walter, and Burr, =3=, 537 _n._
Scott, Sir William, on slave trade and law of nations, =4=, 477.
Scott, Winfield, on irreligion in Washington, =3=, 7;
on Jefferson and trial of Burr, 406;
and Nullification, =4=, 566;
escort for M.'s body, 588.
Secession, Federalist threats over assault on Judiciary (1802),
=3=, 73, 82, 89, 93, 97, 98, 151;
Louisiana Purchase and threats, 150;
and Chase trial, 217;
New England Federalist plots and Burr, 281, 298;
Merry's intrigue, 281, 288;
sentiment in West, 282, 297, 299;
of New England thought possible, 283;
Burr and Merry, 288-90;
no proposals in Burr's conferences, 292, 297, 303, 312;
rumors of Burr's purpose, Spanish source, 296, 299, 315;
Burr denies such plans, 316, 318 _n._, 319, 326;
M. and Tucker on right, 430;
threats over neutral trade controversy, =4=, 13 _n._, 15, 17, 25;
M.'s rebuke, 17;
and admission of Louisiana, 27;
War of 1812 and threats, 30;
Hartford Convention, 51;
threats in attacks on M.'s Nationalist opinions, 314, 326, 338, 339,
381;
and Missouri struggle, 340-42;
M. on resistance to, 352, 353;
Jefferson's later threats, 368, 539;
South Carolina threat over Elkison case, 382;
threat on internal improvement policy, 421;
M. on Supreme Court and threats, 512, 513.
_See also_ Nationalism; Nullification; State Rights.
Secretary of State, M. and (1795), =2=, 147;
M.'s appointment, 486, 489-93;
M. remains after Chief Justiceship, 558.
Secretary of War, M. declines, =2=, 485.
Sedgwick, Theodore, and M. (1796), =2=, 198;
on effect of X. Y. Z. dispatches, 341;
on Gerry, 364;
on M.'s views on Alien and Sedition Acts, 391, 394, 406;
on M.'s election (1799), 417;
on M.'s importance to Federalists in Congress, 432;
on M. and Disputed Elections Bill, 457, 458;
on results of session (1800), 482;
on M. as man and legislator, 483, 484;
on M.'s efforts for harmony, 527;
on Republican rule, =3=, 12;
on plans against Judiciary, 22;
on repeal of Judiciary Act, 94;
and secession, 97;
on Burr, 279 _n._
Sedition Act. _See_ Alien and Sedition Acts.
Senate, arguments on, during Ratification, =1=, 345;
opposition to secrecy, =2=, 57.
_See also_ Congress.
Separation of powers,
M. on limitation to judicial powers, =2=, 468-70;
incidental executive exercise of judicial powers, 470;
M. on legislative reversal of judicial decisions, =3=, 177, 178.
_See also_ Declaring acts void.
Sergeant, John, counsel in Osborn _vs._ Bank, =4=, 385;
and in Cherokee Nation _vs._ Georgia, 541, 544, 547;
and in Worcester _vs._ Georgia, 549;
escort for M.'s body, 588.
Sergeant, Thomas, practitioner before M., =4=, 237 _n._
Sewall, David, on demagoguery, =1=, 290 _n._;
on Ratification contest, 341.
Seward, Anna, as Philadelphia belle, =1=, 100.
Sewell, T., and French War, =2=, 424.
Shannon, Richard C., witness against Pickering, reward, =3=, 181 _n._
Shays's Rebellion, M. on causes, =1=, 298, 299, =3=, 262 _n._;
taxation not the cause, =1=, 299, 300;
effect on statesmen, 300-02;
Jefferson's defense, 302-04;
as phase of a general movement, 300 _n._;
and Ratification, 343.
Shephard, Alexander, grand juror on Burr, =3=, 413 _n._
Shepperd, John, and Yazoo lands act, =3=, 547.
Sherburne, John S., witness against Pickering, reward, =3=, 181 _n._
Sherman, Roger, and Judiciary Act of 1789, =3=, 129;
on obligation of contracts, 558 _n._
Shippen, Margaret, as Philadelphia belle, =1=, 109.
Shirley, John M., work on Dartmouth College case, =4=, 258 _n._
Short, Payton, at William and Mary, =1=, 159.
Short, William, at William and Mary, =1=, 159;
on French Revolution, =2=, 24;
Jefferson's admonitions, 25, 26;
on Lafayette, 34 _n._
"Silver Heels," M.'s nickname, =1=, 74, 132.
Simcoe, John G., and frontier posts, =2=, 111.
Sims, Thomas, on slander on Powell, =1=, 290 _n._
Singletary, Amos, in Ratification Convention, =1=, 344, 346.
Skipwith, Fulwar, on X. Y. Z. Mission, =2=, 336;
on probable war, 358.
Slaughter, Philip, on M. at Valley Forge, =1=, 117, 118.
Slave representation,
debate in Virginia Constitutional Convention (1830), =4=, 501-07.
Slave trade, Northern defense (1800), =2=, 449;
act against engaging in, 482;
M. on international recognition, =4=, 476, 477.
Slavery, effect in colonial Virginia, =1=, 20-22;
in debate on Ratification, 440;
attitude of Congress (1800), =2=, 449;
acquiescence in, =3=, 13 _n._;
Nationalism and overthrow, =4=, 370, 420, 536;
M.'s attitude, 472-79.
_See also_ adjoining titles; and Missouri Compromise.
Slaves, of M.'s father, =1=, 37 _n._;
owned by M., 167, 180;
Jefferson's debts for, 224 _n._;
provision in Peace of 1783, controversy, 230, =2=, 108, 114,
121 _n._;
in Washington (1801), =3=, 8;
common carriers and transportation, =4=, 478.
Sloan, James, and attempt to suspend habeas corpus (1807), =3=, 348.
Smallpox, in Revolutionary army, =1=, 87;
inoculation against, 162.
Smallwood, William, in Philadelphia campaign, =1=, 100.
Smilie, John, in Ratification Convention, =1=, 330.
Smith, Ann (Marshall), =1=, 485.
Smith, Augustine, M.'s uncle, =1=, 485.
Smith, Israel, of New York, in Burr conspiracy, =3=, 466 _n._, 491.
Smith, Senator Israel, of Vermont,
and impeachment of Chase, =3=, 158, 159;
votes to acquit, 219, 220.
Smith, Jeremiah, on Republican hate of M., =3=, 161;
counsel in Dartmouth College case, =4=, 233, 234, 250;
fee and portrait, 255 _n._;
on M.'s decline, 586.
Smith, John, M.'s uncle, =1=, 485.
Smith, John, of New York, votes to acquit Chase, =3=, 219, 220.
Smith, John, of Ohio, votes to acquit Chase, =3=, 219;
and Burr conspiracy, 291, 312;
Wilkinson's letter to, 314;
and rumor of disunion plan, 316, 319;
indicted for treason, 466 _n._;
_nolle prosequi_, 524, 541 _n._;
attempt to expel from Senate, 540-44.
Smith, John Blair,
on Henry in campaign for Ratification delegates, =1=, 365.
Smith, John Cotton, and Eaton's report on Burr's plans, =3=, 305 _n._
Smith, Jonathan, in Ratification Convention, =1=, 347.
Smith, Lize (Marshall), =1=, 485.
Smith, Melancthon, on prosperity during Confederation, =1=, 306;
on revolutionary action of Framers, 324.
Smith, R. Barnwell, on Nullification, =4=, 560.
Smith, Robert, dismissal, =4=, 34;
vindication, and M., 35.
Smith, Sam, on English interest in Ratification, =1=, 313.
Smith, Samuel, on Pickering impeachment, =3=, 167;
votes to acquit Chase, 220;
and attempt to suspend habeas corpus (1807), 347;
and Ogden-Smith trial, 436 _n._;
of committee on expulsion of Smith of Ohio, 541 _n._
Smith, Samuel H., on drinking at Washington, =3=, 10 _n._
Smith, Mrs. Samuel H., on Washington social life (1805), =3=, 8 _n._;
on Pinkney in court, =4=, 134.
Smith, Thomas M., anecdote of M., =4=, 83 _n._
Smith, Judge William, of Georgia, and Yazoo lands, =3=, 549.
Smith, Representative William, of South Carolina,
on French agents in United States (1797), =2=, 281;
on travel (1790), =3=, 55 _n._
Smith, Senator William, of South Carolina, on Missouri question,
=4=, 341.
Smith, William S., trial, =3=, 436 _n._
Smith _vs._ Maryland, =4=, 165 _n._
Sneyd, Honora, as Philadelphia belle, =1=, 109.
Snowden, Edgar, oration on M., =4=, 592.
Soane, Henry, =1=, 11 _n._
Social conditions, in later colonial Virginia, =1=, 19-28;
drinking, 23, 156 _n._, 186 _n._, 281-83, =2=, 86, 102 _n._, =3=, 9,
400, 501 _n._, =4=, 189 _n._;
qualities and influence of backwoodsmen, =1=, 28-31, 235, 236,
274-77;
frontier life, 39-41, 53, 54 _n._, =4=, 188-90;
dress, =1=, 59, 200, 208, =3=, 396, 397;
Richmond in 1780, =1=, 165;
degree of prosperity at period of Confederation, 273, 274;
classes in Virginia, 277, 278;
Jefferson on sectional characteristics, 278-80;
contrasts of elegance, 280;
food and houses, 280, 281;
amusements, 283;
Washington boarding-houses, =3=, 7;
lack of equality (1803), 13;
state then, 13 _n._;
advance under Republican rule, 15 _n._;
later social life at Richmond, 394.
_See also_ Bill of Rights; Communication; Economic conditions;
Education; Government; Law and order; Literature; Marriage;
Religion; Slavery.
Society, M.'s dislike of official, at Washington, =4=, 83-85.
"Somers," attack on M., =4=, 360 _n._, 361 _n._
South Carolina, and M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland, =4=, 334;
Elkison negro seaman case, attack on Johnson's decision, 382, 383;
and Tariff of 1828, 537;
effect of Georgia-Cherokee contest on, 552.
_See also_ Nullification.
South Carolina Yazoo Company, =3=, 553 _n._
_See also_ Yazoo.
Spain, attitude toward United States (1794), =2=, 109;
depredations on American commerce, 496;
intrigue in West, Wilkinson as agent, =3=, 283, 284;
resentment of West, expectation of war over West Florida, 284, 285,
295, 301, 306, 312, 383 _n._;
treaty of 1795, 550 _n._;
intrigue and Yazoo grant, 554.
Spanish America, desire to free, =3=, 284, 286;
Miranda's plans, 286, 300, 301, 306;
revolt and M.'s contribution to international law, =4=, 126-28.
_See also_ Burr Conspiracy.
Speculation, after funding, =2=, 82, 85;
in land, 202;
as National trait, =3=, 557;
after War of 1812, =4=, 169, 181-84.
_See also_ Crisis of, 1819.
Speech, freedom, and sedition trials, =3=, 42.
_See also_ Press.
Stamp Act, opposition in Virginia, =1=, 61-65.
Standing army. _See_ Army.
Stanley, John, in Judiciary debate (1802), =3=, 74 _n._, 75.
Stark, John, Ware _vs._ Hylton, =2=, 188.
State Rights and Sovereignty,
effect on Revolutionary army, =1=, 82, 88-90, 100;
in American Revolution, 146;
and failure of the Confederation, 308-10;
union with democracy, =3=, 48;
and declaring Federal acts void, 105;
M. on, as factor under Confederation, 259-62;
compact, =4=, 316;
strict construction and reserved rights, 324 _n._;
Taylor's exposition, 335-39;
forces (c. 1821), 370;
M. on effect of strict construction, 442;
and Georgia-Cherokee contest, 541;
incompatible with federation, 571.
_See also_ Contracts; Eleventh Amendment; Implied powers;
Government; Kentucky Resolutions; Nationalism;
Nullification; Secession; Virginia Resolutions.
States, Madison on necessity of Federal veto of acts, =1=, 312;
suits against, in Federal courts, 454, =2=, 83.
_See also_ Government.
Stay and tender act in Virginia, =1=, 207 _n._
_See also_ Debts.
Steamboats, Fulton's experiments, Livingston's interest, =4=, 397-99;
Livingston's grants of monopoly in New York, 399;
first on the Mississippi, grant of monopoly in Louisiana, 402,
402 _n._, 403 _n._, 414;
other grants of monopoly, 415;
interstate retaliation, 415;
great development, 415, 416.
_See also_ Gibbons _vs._ Ogden.
Steele, Jonathan, witness against Pickering, reward, =3=, 181 _n._
Stephen, Adam, in Ratification Convention, characterized, =1=, 465;
on Indians, 465.
Steuben, Baron von, on Revolutionary army, =1=, 84;
training of the army, 88 _n._, 133.
Stevens, Edward, officer of minute men, =1=, 69.
Stevens, Thaddeus, as House leader, =3=, 84 _n._
Stevens _vs._ Taliaferro, =2=, 180 _n._
Stevenson, Andrew,
resolution against M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland, =4=, 324;
and repeal of appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court, 379.
Stewart, Dr. ----, and Jay Treaty, =2=, 121.
Stirling, William, Lord, intrigue against, =1=, 122.
Stith, Judge, and Yazoo lands, =3=, 555.
Stoddert, Benjamin, _Aurora_ on, =2=, 492;
at Burr trial, =3=, 458;
as Secretary of the Navy, 458 _n._;
proposes M. for President, =4=, 31-34.
Stone, David, and Granville heirs case, =4=, 155 _n._
Stone _vs._ Mississippi, =4=, 279 _n._
Stony Point, assault, =1=, 138-42.
Story, ----, on Ratification in Virginia, =1=, 445.
Story, Elisha, Republican, =4=, 96;
children, 97;
in Revolution, 97 _n._
Story, Joseph, on M. and his father, =1=, 43;
on M. in Jonathan Robins case, =2=, 473;
on Washington (1808), =3=, 6;
and common-law jurisdiction, 28 _n._, =4=, 30 _n._;
on Chase, =3=, 184 _n._;
on Jefferson's Anas, 230 _n._;
and Yazoo claims, 583, 586;
on conduct of Minister Jackson, =4=, 23;
on conduct of Federalists (1809), 23 _n._;
on Federalists and War of 1812, 30, 40;
on Chief Justiceship, 59 _n._;
appointed Justice, history of appointment, 60, 106-10;
compared and contrasted with M., 60;
on M.'s attitude toward women, 71;
and poetry, 80;
on M.'s charm, 81;
on life of Justices, 86, 87;
on M.'s desire for argument of cases, 94 _n._, 95 _n._;
character, 95;
as supplement to M., 96, 120, 523;
Republican, 96;
birth, education, 97;
antipathy of Federalists, 97;
in Congress, Jefferson's enmity, 97, 99;
cultivated by Federalists, 98;
devotion to M., 99, 523;
authority on law of real estate, 100;
and Nationalism, 116, 145;
on constitutionality of Embargo, 118 _n._;
authority on admiralty, 119;
United States _vs._ Palmer, 126;
appearance, 132;
on oratory before Supreme Court, 133, 135 _n._;
dissent in _Nereid_ case, 142;
opinions in Martin _vs._ Hunter's Lessee, 144, 145, 156, 161-64;
assailed for opinion, contemplates resignation, 166;
and Dartmouth College case, 232, 243 _n._, 251, 255, 257, 259 _n._,
274, 275;
opinion in Terrett _vs._ Taylor, 243;
on Dartmouth decision, 277;
on M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland, 284, 287;
and M.'s reply to Roane, 322;
omnivorous reader, 363;
and Jefferson's attack on Judiciary, 363, 364;
opinion in Green _vs._ Biddle, 376;
on Todd's absence, 381 _n._;
in Massachusetts Constitutional Convention, 471;
on slave trade and law of nations, 476;
opinion in Bank _vs._ Dandridge, 482;
dissent in Ogden _vs._ Saunders, 482 _n._;
on proposed repeal of appellate jurisdiction, 514;
and M.'s suggested resignation, 520;
on M.'s recovery, 528;
dissent in Cherokee Nation _vs._ Georgia, 546 _n._;
on Worcester _vs._ Georgia, 551;
on Nullification movement, 559;
on Jackson's Proclamation, 563;
M. and Commentaries and its dedication, 569, 576, 580, 581;
on Webster's speech against Nullification, 572;
article on statesmen, 577;
on M.'s green old age, 579;
and Briscoe _vs._ Bank and New York _vs._ Miln, 583, 584 _n._;
and M.'s decline, 586, 587;
epitaph for M., 592, 593.
Strict construction. _See_ Nationalism; State Rights.
Strong, Caleb, and Judiciary Act of 1789, =3=, 129.
Stuart, David, and chancery bill (1787), =1=, 219;
on title for President, =2=, 36;
on Virginia's hostility to National Government (1790), 68 _n._
Stuart, Gilbert, and engraving for M.'s _Washington_, =3=, 236 _n._;
portraits of Dartmouth College case counsel, =4=, 255 _n._
Stuart _vs._ Laird, =3=, 130.
Sturges _vs._ Crowninshield, case, =4=, 209;
M.'s opinion, 209-18;
right of State to enact bankruptcy laws, 208-12;
New York insolvency law as impairing the obligation of contracts,
212-18;
reception of opinion, 218, 219.
Sturgis, Josiah. _See_ Sturges _vs._ Crowninshield.
Subpoena _duces tecum_, to President Adams, =3=, 33, 86;
to Jefferson in Burr trial, 433-47, 450, 518-22;
Jefferson's reply, 454-56;
of Cabinet officers in Ogden-Smith case, 436 _n._
Suffrage, limitation, =1=, 217 _n._, 284, =3=, 13 _n._, 15 _n._;
problem in Virginia, M.'s conservatism on it, =4=, 468-71;
in Massachusetts Constitutional Convention (1820), 471;
debate in Virginia Constitutional Convention (1830), 501-07.
Sullivan, George, counsel in Dartmouth College case, =4=, 234.
Sullivan, John, dissatisfaction, =1=, 86;
Brandywine campaign, 95;
Germantown, 102;
intrigue against, 122.
Sullivan, John L., steamboat monopoly, =4=, 415.
Sullivan, Samuel, Osborn _vs._ Bank, =4=, 331.
Sumter, Thomas, on Judiciary Act of 1789, =3=, 54;
and Yazoo claims, 583.
Supreme Court, Ware _vs._ Hylton, M.'s argument, =2=, 189-92;
Hunter _vs._ Fairfax, 206-08;
M. declines Associate Justiceship, 347, 378, 379;
salaries (1800), 539 _n._;
question of Chief Justice (1801), 552;
Jefferson's attitude and plans against, =3=, 20-22;
United States _vs._ Hudson, no Federal common-law jurisdiction,
28 _n._;
influence of Alien and Sedition Acts on position, 49;
Justices on circuit, 55;
act abolishing June session, purpose, 94-97;
low place in public esteem, 120;
first room in Capitol, 121 _n._;
mandamus jurisdiction, 127-32;
plan to impeach all Federal Justices, 159-63, 173, 176, 178;
release of Swartwout and Bollmann on habeas corpus, 346, 348-57;
renewal of attack on, during Burr trial, 357;
becomes Republican, =4=, 60;
under M. life and consultations of Justices, 86-89;
character on M.'s control, 89;
practitioners in M.'s time, 94, 95, 131-35;
appointment of successor to Cushing, Story, 106-10;
quarters after burning of Capitol, 130;
appearance in _Nereid_ case, 131;
Martin _vs._ Hunter's Lessee, right of appeal from State courts,
156-67;
salary question (1816), 166;
change in repute, 310;
apostacy of Republican Justices, 317, 358, 359, 444;
Wirt on, 369 _n._;
attack in Congress, movement to restrict power over State
laws (1821-25), 371-80, 394-96, 450;
renewal of attempt (1830), 514-17;
proposed Virginia amendment, 371, 378;
Green _vs._ Biddle, protest of Kentucky, 375-77, 380-82;
alarm in, over attacks, 381;
reversal of attitude toward, causes, 450-54;
personnel (1830), 510;
becomes restive under M.'s rule, 510, 513;
M. anticipates reaction in, against Nationalism, 513, 514, 582, 584;
Jefferson's later denunciation, 538;
Jackson's denial of authority of opinions, 530-32;
rule of majority on constitutional questions, 583.
_See also_ Commerce; Contracts; Declaring acts void; Implied powers;
International law; Judiciary; Marshall, John (_Chief
Justice_); Nationalism; Story, Joseph; cases by title.
Swartwout, Samuel, takes Burr's letter to Wilkinson, =3=, 307;
and Wilkinson, 320, 332 _n._, 354 _n._;
denial of Wilkinson's statement, 320 _n._;
character then, later fall, 321 _n._, 465;
arrested, mistreatment, 332, 334;
brought to Washington, 343;
held for trial, 344-46;
discharged by Supreme Court, 346-57;
testifies at Burr trial, 465;
not indicted, 466 _n._;
insults and challenges Wilkinson, 471;
as Jackson's adviser, =4=, 532 _n._
Sweden, and Barbary Powers, =2=, 499.
Talbot, Isham, on Supreme Court, =4=, 451.
Talbot, Silas, _Sandwich_ affair, =2=, 496;
_Amelia_ case, =3=, 16.
Talbot _vs._ Seeman, =3=, 16, 17, 273 _n._
Taliaferro, Lawrence, colonel of minute men, =1=, 69.
Talleyrand Périgord, Charles M. de,
on narrow belt of settlement, =1=, 258;
on Baltimore, 264;
on food and drink, 282;
rise, =2=, 249, 250;
opinion of United States, 250, 251;
and Bonaparte, 272, 288;
and reopening of American negotiations, 423.
_See also_ X. Y. Z. Mission.
Tallmadge, Benjamin, on War of 1812, =4=, 40 _n._
Talmadge, Matthias B., Ogden-Smith trial, =3=, 436 _n._
Taney, Roger B., as practitioner before M., =4=, 135 _n._;
counsel in Brown _vs._ Maryland, 455;
career, 455 _n._;
later opinion on Brown _vs._ Maryland, 460;
Chief Justice, 584 _n._
Tariff, antagonistic State laws during Confederation, =1=, 310, 311;
Taylor's attack on protection, =4=, 338 _n._, 366-68;
as element in strife of political theories, 370, 536;
threatened resistance, reference to by M. and Johnson, 384,
388 _n._, 394 _n._, 459, 536, 537, 555;
debate (1824) and Gibbons _vs._ Ogden, 421;
Compromise, 574.
_See also_ Import duties; Nullification; Taxation.
Tarleton, Banastre, in Philadelphia society, =1=, 109;
in Virginia, 144 _n._
Tarring and feathering, practice, =1=, 214 _n._
Tassels, George, trial and execution, =4=, 542, 543.
Tavern, Richmond (1780), =1=, 172;
at Raleigh, =4=, 65.
Taxation, Virginia commutable act, =1=, 207 _n._;
not cause of Shays's Rebellion, 299, 300;
opposition to power in Federal Constitution, 334;
Ratification debate, 342, 366, 390, 404, 413, 416, 419, 421;
proposed amendment on power, 477;
Federal, as issue (1800), =2=, 520, 530 _n._;
exemption of lands as contract, =4=, 221-23;
M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland, Osborn _vs._ Bank, State taxation of
Federal instruments, 302-08;
State power and commerce clause, 435, 454-59.
_See also_ Directory; Excise; Finances;
Requisitions; Tariff.
Taylor, George Keith, and privateer incident, =2=, 106;
courtship and marriage, M.'s interest, 174, 175;
Federal appointment as nepotism, 560 _n._
Taylor, John, of Caroline, Hite _vs._ Fairfax, =1=, 191, 192;
attack on Hamilton's financial system, =2=, 69;
suggests idea of Kentucky Resolutions, 397;
and Callender trial, =3=, 38 _n._, 39, 176, 177, 190, 214;
and repeal of Judiciary Act, 58 _n._, 607-10;
control of Virginia politics, =4=, 146;
attack on M.'s Nationalist opinions, 309, 335-39;
attack on protective tariff, 338 _n._, 366-68.
Taylor, John, of Mass., on travel, =1=, 257;
in Ratification Convention, 345.
Taylor, Peter, testimony in Burr trial, =3=, 425, 426, 465, 488.
Taylor, Robert, grand juror on Burr, =3=, 413 _n._
Taylor, Thomas, security for Burr, =3=, 429 _n._
Tazewell, Littleton W., grand juror on Burr, =3=, 413 _n._;
on Swartwout, 465 _n._;
M. soothes, =4=, 88;
in Virginia Constitutional Convention, 484;
in debate on State Judiciary, 489, 490.
Tennessee,
Burr in, his plan to represent in Congress, =3=, 292-96, 312, 313;
tax on external banks, =4=, 207;
and M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland, 334.
Tennessee Company, =3=, 550, 553 _n._
_See also_ Yazoo.
Terence, on law and injustice, =3=, 1.
Terrett _vs._ Taylor, =4=, 243 _n._, 246 _n._
Territory, powers of Governor, =2=, 446;
M. on government, =4=, 142-44.
Thacher, George, and slavery, =2=, 450.
Thatcher, Samuel C., on M.'s biography of Washington, =3=, 269, 270.
Thayer, James B., on M. at Wickham's dinner, =3=, 396 _n._
Theater, M. and, =2=, 217, 231.
Thibaudeau, Antoine C. de, and 18th Fructidor, =2=, 240.
Thomas, Robert, and Yazoo lands act, =3=, 547.
Thompson, James, as M.'s instructor, =1=, 53;
parish, 54;
political opinions, 54;
and military preparation, 70.
Thompson, John, address on Jay Treaty, =2=, 126-29;
Curtius letters on M., 395, 396, =3=, 354;
character, =2=, 396 _n._
Thompson, John A., arrest by Georgia, =4=, 574.
Thompson, Lucas P.,
in Virginia Constitutional Convention, =4=, 496, 500.
Thompson, Philip R., in debate on repeal of Judiciary Act, =3=, 74;
and attempt to suspend habeas corpus (1807), 347.
Thompson, Samuel, in Ratification Convention, =1=, 345, 346, 348.
Thompson, Smith, on Livingston steamboat monopoly, =4=, 406;
dissents from Brown _vs._ Maryland, 455;
on slave trade and law of nations, 476;
opinion in Ogden _vs._ Saunders, 481 _n._;
dissent in Craig _vs._ Missouri, 513;
dissent in Cherokee Nation _vs._ Georgia, 546 _n._;
and M., 582;
and Briscoe _vs._ Bank and New York _vs._ Miln, 583.
Thompson, William, attack on M., =3=, 525, 533-35.
Thruston, Buckner, of Smith committee, =3=, 541 _n._
Ticknor, George, on M., =4=, 91 _n._;
on Supreme Court in _Nereid_ case, 131.
Tiffin, Edward, and Burr conspiracy, =3=, 324.
Tilghman, Tench, on luxury in Philadelphia, =1=, 108 _n._
Titles, influence of French Revolutions, =2=, 36-38.
Toasts, typical Federalist (1798), =2=, 349 _n._;
Federalist, to the Judiciary, 548 _n._;
Burr's, on Washington's birthday, =3=, 280;
Jefferson's, on freedom of the seas, =4=, 23;
Jackson's "Union," 557.
Tobacco, characteristics of culture, =1=, 19;
universal use, =3=, 399.
Todd, Thomas, and Martin _vs._ Hunter's Lessee, =4=, 153;
and Dartmouth College case, 255;
and Green _vs._ Biddle, 381 _n._;
on regulating power to declare State acts void, 396 _n._
Tompkins, Daniel D., and Livingston steamboat monopoly, =4=, 411.
Tories. _See_ Loyalists.
Townsend, Henry A., and Livingston steamboat monopoly, =4=, 409 _n._
Tracy, Uriah, and reopening of French negotiations, =2=, 425;
on pardon of Fries, 430 _n._;
on Republican ascendancy (1800), 521 _n._;
in debate on repeal of Judiciary Act, =3=, 61;
on Louisiana Purchase, 150;
at Chase trial, 217;
and Burr, 281.
Transportation. _See_ Commerce; Communication; Internal improvements.
Travel, hardships, =1=, 250, 255-64;
conditions as an index of community isolation, 251, 255;
conditions (c. 1815), =3=, 4 _n._, 5 _n._;
stage time between Richmond and Raleigh (c. 1810), =4=, 63 _n._
Treason, Jefferson's views in 1794 and 1807, =2=, 91;
Fries trial, =3=, 34-36;
basis of constitutional limitation, 349-51, 402-04;
necessity of actual levy of war, what constitutes, 350, 351, 377-79,
388, 442, 491, 505-09, 619;
presence of accused at assembly, 350, 484, 493-97, 502, 509-12, 540,
620-26;
legal order of proof, 424, 425, 484-87;
attempt to amend law, 540.
Treaties, M. on constitutional power of execution, Jonathan Robins
case, =2=, 461-71;
supreme law, =3=, 17, =4=, 156.
_See also_ next title.
Treaty-making power, in Ratification debate, =1=, 442, 444;
in contest over Jay Treaty, =2=, 119, 128, 133-36, 141-43.
Trevett _vs._ Weeden, =3=, 611.
Trimble, David, attack on Supreme Court, =4=, 395.
Trimble, Robert, opinion in Ogden _vs._ Saunders, =4=, 481 _n._
Triplett, James, and Callender trial, =3=, 37.
Tronçon, -----, and 18th Fructidor, =2=, 240.
Troup, George M., and Yazoo claims, denunciation of M., =3=, 596-601.
Troup, Robert on Republicans and X. Y. Z. dispatches, =2=, 339, 342;
on M.'s return, 344;
on war preparations, 357, 363;
on Adams's absence, 431;
on disruption of British-debts commission, 501;
on Federalist dissensions, 526;
on Hamilton's attack on Adams, 528 _n._;
on Morris in Judiciary debate (1802), =3=, 71;
on isolation of Burr, 279 _n._, 280 _n._
Trumbull, Jonathan, and pardon of Williams, =2=, 496 _n._
Truxtun, Thomas, and Burr Conspiracy, =3=, 302, 303, 614;
at trial, testimony, 451, 458-62, 488;
career and grievance, 458 _n._, 462.
Tucker, George,
on social conditions in Virginia, =1=, 23 _n._, 24 _n._
Tucker, Henry St. George, and internal improvements, =4=, 418;
counsel in Martin _vs._ Hunter's Lessee, 161.
Tucker, St. George, on British debts, =1=, 441 _n._;
and right of secession, =3=, 430;
and Martin _vs._ Hunter's Lessee, =4=, 148 _n._, 151 _n._
Tucker, Thomas T., journey (1790), =3=, 55 _n._
Tunno, Adam, and Yazoo lands, =3=, 566 _n._
Tupper, Edward W., and Burr conspiracy, =3=, 427.
Turner, Thomas, sale to M.'s father, =1=, 55.
Turner _vs._ Fendall, =3=, 18.
Turreau, Louis M., on secession threats, =4=, 25 _n._
Twelfth Amendment, origin, =2=, 533 _n._
Tyler, Comfort, in Burr conspiracy, =3=, 324, 361, 489, 491;
indicted for treason, 466 _n._
Tyler, John [1], in Ratification Convention: Vice-President, =1=, 432;
in the debate, 440;
and amendments, 473, 474;
on Judiciary, =3=, 28;
on speculation, 557 _n._;
on M. and neutral trade controversy, =4=, 25;
appointment as District Judge, Jefferson's activity, 103-06;
Livingston _vs._ Jefferson, 111-13.
Tyler, John [2], on Bank of the United States, =4=, 289;
and American Colonization Society, 474, 476 _n._;
tribute to M., 476 _n._;
in Virginia Constitutional Convention, 484.
_Unicorn_ incident, =2=, 103-06.
Union, M.'s early training in idea, =1=, 9;
lack of popular appreciation, 285.
_See also_ Confederation; Continental Congress; Federal
Constitution; Government; Nationalism; Nullification;
State Rights; Secession.
_United States Oracle of the Day_, on Paterson's charge, =3=, 30 _n._
United States _vs._ Fisher, =3=, 162.
United States _vs._ Hopkins, =3=, 130 _n._
United States _vs._ Hudson, =3=, 28 _n._
United States _vs._ Lawrence, =3=, 129 _n._
United States _vs._ Palmer, =4=, 126, 127.
United States _vs._ Peters, =3=, 129 _n._, =4=, 18-21.
United States _vs._ Ravara, =3=, 129 _n._
United States _vs._ Schooner Peggy, =3=, 17, 273 _n._
United States _vs._ Worral, =3=, 28 _n._
Upper Mississippi Company, Yazoo land purchase, =3=, 550.
_See also_ Yazoo.
Upshur, Abel P., and American Colonization Society, =4=, 474;
in Virginia Constitutional Convention, 484, 502 _n._
Valentine, Edward V., on M., =4=, 67 _n._
Valley Forge, army at, =1=, 110-17, 131, 132;
M.'s cheerful influence, 117-20, 132;
discipline, 120.
Van Buren, Martin, on revolutionary action of Framers, =1=, 323 _n._;
on Supreme Court, =4=, 380, 452;
as Jackson's adviser, 532 _n._
Van Horne's Lessee _vs._ Dorrance, =3=, 612.
Van Ingen, James, and Livingston steamboat monopoly, suits,
=4=, 405-09.
Varnum, James M., on army at Valley Forge, =1=, 115.
Varnum, Joseph B., and attempt to suspend habeas corpus (1807),
=3=, 348.
Vassalborough, Me., and Ratification, =1=, 341.
_Venus_ case, M.'s dissent, =4=, 128, 129.
Vermont, and Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, =3=, 105 _n._, 106;
steamboat monopoly, =4=, 415.
Vestries in colonial Virginia, =1=, 52.
Veto of State laws, Madison on necessity of Federal, =1=, 312.
_See also_ Declaring acts void.
Villette, Madame de, as agent in X. Y. Z. Mission, =2=, 290;
M.'s farewell to, 333.
Virginia, state of colonial society, =1=, 19-28;
character and influence of frontiersmen, 28-31;
as birthplace of statesmen, 32;
colonial roads, 36 _n._;
vestries, 52;
Convention (1775), 65, 66;
preparation for the Revolution, 69-74;
battle of Great Bridge, 74-78;
Norfolk, 78;
Jefferson's services during the Revolution, 128;
M. in Council of State, 209-12;
political machine, 210, =2=, 56 _n._, =4=, 146, 174, 485-88;
suffrage and representation under first Constitution, =1=, 217 _n._;
religious state and controversy, 220-22;
and British debts, 223-31;
hardships of travel, 259-62;
classes, 277, 278;
houses and food, 280, 281;
drinking, 281-83;
paper money, 296;
prosperity during Confederation, 306;
tariff, 310;
attack on Constitution of 1776 (1789), =2=, 56 _n._;
and assumption of State debts, 62-69;
hostility to new government (1790), 68 _n._;
and Whiskey Insurrection, 88-90;
_Unicorn_ privateer incident, 103-06;
election on neutrality issue (1794), 106;
and Jay Treaty, 120, 126, 129;
Richmond meeting on Jay Treaty, 149-55;
Marshall's campaign for Congress (1798), 374-80, 401, 409-16;
election methods and scenes, 413-15;
survey for internal improvements (1812), =4=, 42-45;
M. anticipates split, 571.
_See also_ following titles; and Bank of Virginia;
Cohens _vs._ Virginia; House of Burgesses;
Legislature; Martin _vs._ Hunter's Lessee;
Ratification.
Virginia Constitutional Convention (1829-30),
M. and election to, =4=, 467;
need, Jefferson and demand, 468, 469;
suffrage problem, M.'s conservatism on in, 469-71;
prominent members, 484;
petition on suffrage, 484;
M.'s report on Judiciary, 484, 485;
existing oligarchic system, 485-88;
extent of demand for judicial reform, 488;
M. as reactionary in, 488, 507, 508;
M.'s standing, 489;
debate on Judiciary, 489-501;
debate on suffrage, 501-07;
justification of conservatism, 508.
Virginia Resolutions, M. foretells, =2=, 394;
framing and adoption, 399;
Madison's address of the majority, 400, 411;
M.'s address of the minority, 402-06;
military measure to uphold, 406, 408;
Henry on, 411;
consideration in Massachusetts, =3=, 43;
Dana on, 45;
as Republican gospel, 105-08;
resolutions of Federalist States on, 105 _n._, 106 _n._;
Madison's later explanation, 557;
as continued creed of Virginia, 576, 577.
_See also_ State Rights.
Virginia Yazoo Company, =3=, 553 _n._
_See also_ Yazoo.
Visit and search, by British vessels, =2=, 229.
_See also_ Impressment; Neutral trade.
Wadsworth, Peleg, and M. (1796), =2=, 198.
Wait, Thomas B., on Ratification in Pennsylvania, =1=, 331 _n._, 342.
Waite, Morrison R., on Dartmouth College case, =4=, 280.
Waldo, Albigence, on army at Valley Forge, =1=, 112-14, 124;
on prisoners of war, 115.
Walker, David, on Bank of the United States, =4=, 289.
Walker, Freeman, on Missouri question, =4=, 341.
War. _See_ Army; Militia; Navy; Preparedness; and wars by name.
War of 1812, M.'s opposition, =4=, 1, 35-41;
bibliography, 8 _n._;
demanded by second generation of statesmen, 28, 29;
declaration, 29;
causes, 29 _n._, 52-55;
opposition of Federalists, 30, 45, 46, 48;
and M.'s candidacy for President, 31-34;
dependence on European war, 50, 51;
Hartford Convention, 51;
direct and indirect results, 56-58;
finances, 177, 179.
Warden, John, offends Virginia House, =1=, 215.
Ware _vs._ Hylton, M.'s connection and arguments, =2=, 186-92.
Warrington, James, and Yazoo lands, =3=, 566 _n._
Warville, Jean P. Brissot de, on tobacco culture, =1=, 20 _n._;
on drinking, 282 _n._
Washington, Bushrod, on Madison in Ratification Convention, =1=, 395;
and Jay Treaty, =2=, 121;
and M. (1798), 375;
appointment to Supreme Court, 378, 379;
appearance, =4=, 131, 249;
and Martin _vs._ Hunter's Lessee, 156;
and Dartmouth College case, 255;
and M.'s reply to attack on M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland, 318;
opinion in Green _vs._ Biddle, 380;
opinion in Ogden _vs._ Saunders, 481 _n._;
death, 581.
_See also_ Biography.
Washington, George,
_pre-presidential years_:
in Braddock's march and defeat, =1=, 2-5;
reported slain, 5;
and M.'s father, 7, 46;
landed estate, 20 _n._;
as statesman, 32;
early reading, 46 _n._;
influence of Lord Fairfax, 50;
on frontier discomforts, 53 _n._, 54 _n._;
in Virginia Convention (1775), 66;
on military preparedness, 69;
on state of the army, 80-83, 86, 92, 131, 132;
on militia, 83-86, 100;
smallpox, 87 _n._;
Brandywine campaign, 92-98;
campaign before Philadelphia, 98-102;
as sole dependence of the Revolution (1778), 101, 121, 124;
Germantown, 102-04;
besought to apostatize, 105, 130, 131;
final movements before Philadelphia, 105-07;
fears at Valley Forge, 114;
discipline, 120;
intrigue against, 121-23;
plea for a better Continental Congress, 124-26, 131;
distrust of effect of French alliance, 134;
Monmouth, 134-38;
and Stony Point, 139;
and light infantry, 139 _n._;
and military smartness, 140 _n._;
and Mary Cary, 150 _n._;
and purchase of land from M.'s father, 167;
employs M.'s legal services, 196;
on post-Revolutionary Assembly, 206;
and relief for Thomas Paine, 213;
and internal improvements, 217;
hot-tempered Nationalism during Confederation, 342;
loses faith in democracy, 252;
on unreliability of newspapers, 268;
on drinking, 282 _n._, 283;
on chimney-corner patriots, 286;
on debased specie, 297;
despair (1786), 301, 307;
on requisitions, 305;
on responsibility of States for failure of Confederation, 308,
309;
on influence in Virginia of previous ratifications, 356;
and Randolph's attitude on Ratification, 362, 377 _n._, 382 _n._;
on campaign for Anti-Constitutionalist delegates, 366, 367;
on opposition of leaders in State politics, 366 _n._;
on detailed debate in Virginia Convention, 370 _n._;
influence on Ratification Convention, 476;
on the contest in Virginia, 478;
and opposition after Ratification, 248;
as distiller, =2=, 86 _n._;
on West and Union, =3=, 282 _n._
_As President and after_:
hardships of travel, =1=, 255, 259;
influence of French Revolution, =2=, 3;
and beginning of French Revolution, 10;
and Genêt, 28;
and imprisonment of Lafayette, 33;
on democratic clubs, 38, 88, 89;
Virginia address (1789), 57;
on Virginia's opposition (1790), 68 _n._;
opposes partisanship, 76;
and antagonism in Cabinet, 82;
and Whiskey Insurrection, 87, 89;
and neutrality, 92;
on attacks, 93 _n._, 164;
and attacks on M.'s character, 102, 103;
and British crisis (1794), 112;
attacks on, over Jay Treaty, 116-18;
J. Q. Adams on policy, 119 _n._;
on attacks on treaty, 120;
M. refuses Cabinet offices, 122, 123, 147;
M. advises on Cabinet positions, 124-26, 132;
virtual censure by Virginia Legislature, 137-40;
offers French mission to M., 144-46;
and support of Jay Treaty, 149, 150;
final Republican abuse, 158, 162-64;
address of Virginia Legislature (1796), 159-62;
and M.'s appointment to X. Y. Z. Mission, 216;
Monroe's attack, 222;
M.'s letters during X. Y. Z. mission, 229, 233-44, 267-72, 320-23;
on hopes for X. Y. Z. Mission, 244;
on X. Y. Z. dispatches and French partisans, 340, 359, 360;
Federalist toast to (1798), 349 _n._;
accepts command of army, 357;
does not anticipate land war, 357;
on Gerry, 365;
persuades M. to run for Congress (1798), 374-78;
Langhorne letter, 375 _n._;
and M.'s election, 416;
and M.'s apology for statement by supporters, 416, 417;
death, M.'s announcement in Congress, 440-43;
House resolutions, authorship of "first in war" designation,
443-45;
and slavery petitions, 450 _n._;
temperament contrasted with Adams's, 487 _n._;
Jefferson's Mazzei letter on, 537 _n._;
Weems's biography, =3=, 231 _n._;
and French War, 258 _n._;
M.'s biography on Administration, 263-65;
and Yazoo lands, 569.
_See also_ Biography.
Washington, D.C., Morris's land speculation, =2=, 205 _n._;
condition when first occupied, 494 _n._;
aspect (1801), =3=, 1-4;
lack of progress, 4-6;
malaria, 6;
absence of churches, 6;
boarding-houses, 7;
population, 9;
drinking, 9;
factions, 10;
Webster on, =4=, 86.
_See also_ District of Columbia.
_Washington Federalist_, on Hamilton's attack on Adams, =2=, 528;
campaign virulence, 530 _n._;
eulogism of Adams, 532 _n._;
M.'s reputed influence over, 532 _n._, 541, 547 _n._;
and Jefferson-Burr contest, 534 _n._, 540;
on Hay's attack on M., 543 _n._;
on Republican armed threat, 544 _n._, 545 _n._;
sentiment after Jefferson's election, 547 _n._;
on Judiciary debate (1802), and secession, =3=, 72;
on Bayard's speech on Judiciary, 82;
on Randolph's speech, 87 _n._;
on repeal of Judiciary Act, 92, 93;
on Burr's farewell address, 274 _n._
Washington's birthday, celebration abandoned (1804), =3=, 210 _n._;
Burr's toast, 280.
Washita lands, Burr's plan to settle, =3=, 292 _n._, 303, 310, 312,
313, 314 _n._, 319, 324 _n._, 361 _n._, 362, 461, 462, 523,
527;
Water travel, hardships, =1=, 259, =3=, 55 _n._
_See also_ Steamboat.
Watkins, John, and Burr, =3=, 295;
and Wilkinson and Adair, 337 _n._
Watson, Elkanah, on army at Valley Forge, =1=, 111 _n._;
on hardships of travel, 263 _n._;
on Virginia social conditions, 277 _n._;
on dissipation, 283 _n._
Wayne, Anthony, discipline, =1=, 88;
in Brandywine campaign, 93, 95, 96;
in Philadelphia campaign, 100;
Germantown, 102;
Monmouth campaign, 135;
Stony Point, 139-41;
and supplies, 139 _n._;
on military smartness, 139 _n._
Wayne, C. P., negotiations to publish M.'s biography, =3=, 225-27;
agreement, 227, 228;
and political situation, 230;
solicitation of subscriptions, 230, 235;
and M.'s delays and prolixity, 235, 236, 239, 241;
and financial problem, 236, 250;
payment of royalty, 247, 248, 251;
and revised edition, 272.
Wayne, James M., appointment to Supreme Court, =4=, 584.
Webb, Foster, and Tabby Eppes, =1=, 182.
Webster, Daniel, on Yazoo claims, =3=, 602;
opposes new Western States, =4=, 28 _n._;
and War of 1812, 48;
opposes conscription, 51 _n._, 52 _n._;
on M., 59 _n._;
on Washington, 86;
as practitioner before M., 95, 135;
on bank debate, 180;
counsel in Dartmouth College case, 233, 234, 260, 273;
and story of Indian students, 233 _n._;
on the trial, 237, 240 _n._, 250 _n._, 253 _n._, 254 _n._, 261 _n._,
273, 274;
argument in case, 240-52;
tribute to Dartmouth, 248-50;
fee and portrait, 255 _n._;
and success in case, 273;
counsel in M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland, appearance, 284;
argument, 285;
on the case, 288;
debt to M. in reply to Hayne, 293 _n._, 552-55;
counsel in Cohens _vs._ Virginia, 357;
in and on debate on Supreme Court, 379, 380, 395, 395 _n._,
452 _n._;
counsel in Osborn _vs._ Bank, 385;
resolution on regulating power to declare State acts void, 396, 451;
counsel in Gibbons _vs._ Ogden, 413, 424;
argument, 424-27;
fanciful story on it, 424 _n._;
overlooks M.'s earlier decision on question, 427-29;
and American Colonization Society, 474;
and recharter of the Bank, 530;
on Nullification, M.'s commendation, 572.
Webster, Ezekiel, on War of 1812, =4=, 46 _n._
Webster, Noah, on Jacobin enthusiasm, =2=, 35 _n._;
on license of the press, 530;
and biography of Washington, =3=, 225 _n._
Weems, Mason L., biography of Washington, =3=, 225 _n._, 231 _n._;
character, 231;
career, 231 _n._;
soliciting agent for M.'s biography of Washington, 231-34, 252;
his orders for books, 252 _n._, 253 _n._
Weld, Isaac, on hardships of travel, =1=, 250;
on William and Mary, 272;
on lack of comforts, 274;
on drinking, 281;
on passion for military titles, 328 _n._;
on attacks on Washington, =2=, 117 _n._
Wentworth, John, charter for Dartmouth College, =4=, 224.
West, and attitude toward Union, Spanish intrigue, =3=, 282-85, 297,
299, 554;
Burr turns to, 286;
M. on internal improvements and (1812), =4=, 43-45;
War of 1812 and migration, 57;
_See also_ Burr conspiracy; Frontier; Yazoo lands.
West Florida, expected war with Spain over, =3=, 284, 285, 295, 301,
306, 312, 383 _n._
West Virginia, M. anticipates formation, =4=, 571.
Western claims, Georgia claim and cession, =3=, 553, 569, 570, 573.
Western Reserve, cession, =2=, 446;
Granger's connection, =3=, 578.
Westmoreland County, Vs., slave population (1790), =1=, 21 _n._
Wharton, Colonel, and Swartwout and Bollmann, =3=, 344.
Wheaton, Joseph, and Burr, =3=, 304 _n._
Wheelock, Eleazer, and origin of Dartmouth College, =4=, 223-26;
and Bellamy, 227.
Wheelock, John, President of Dartmouth College, =4=, 226;
in Revolution, 226 _n._;
troubles and removal, 227, 228;
reëlected under State reorganization, 232.
Whiskey Insurrection, opposition to Federal excise, =2=, 86, 87;
outbreak, 87;
democratic societies and, 88, 89;
M. and, 89, 90;
Jefferson's support, 90;
political effect, 91.
Whitaker, Nathaniel, and Dartmouth College, =4=, 223.
White, Abraham, in Ratification Convention, =1=, 345.
White, Samuel, and Pickering impeachment, =3=, 167, 168 _n._
White House, in 1801, =3=, 2.
Whitehill, Robert, in Ratification Convention, =1=, 329.
Whitney, Eli, cotton gin, =3=, 555.
Whittington _vs._ Polk, =3=, 612.
Wickham, John, as lawyer, =1=, 173;
mock argument with M., =2=, 184;
Ware _vs._ Hylton, 188;
and Chase impeachment, =3=, 176;
Burr's counsel, at preliminary hearing, 373, 379, 407;
Burr and M. at dinner with, 394-97;
on motion to commit Burr for treason, 416, 418, 424;
and subpoena to Jefferson, 435;
on preliminary proof of overt act, 485;
on overt act, 491-94;
counsel in Hunter _vs._ Fairfax's Devisee, =4=, 151;
practitioner before M., 237 _n._
Wickliffe, Charles A., bill on Supreme Court, =4=, 380.
Widgery, William, in Ratification Convention, =1=, 344, 345, 350.
Wilkins, William, and Burr, =3=, 311 _n._
Wilkinson, James, Conway Cabal, =1=, 121-23;
as Spanish agent, =3=, 283, 284, 316, 320 _n._, 337 _n._;
and Burr's plans, proposes Mexican invasion, 290, 294, 297, 460;
and rumors of disunion plans, 297;
plans to abandon Burr, 298, 300 _n._, 320;
at Louisiana frontier, expected to bring on war, 302, 308, 314;
Burr's cipher letter, 307-09, 614, 615;
letters to Adair and Smith, 314;
and Swartwout, 320, 354 _n._, 465;
revelation to Jefferson, 321-23, 433, 518-22;
ordered to New Orleans, 324;
pretended terror, 328;
appeal for money to Viceroy, 329;
and to Jefferson, 330;
reign of terror in New Orleans, 330-37;
sends Jefferson a version of Burr's letter, 334;
Jefferson's message on it, 339, 341;
affidavit and version of Burr's letter in Swartwout case, 341,
352-56;
House debate on conduct, 358-60;
and Burr in Mississippi, denounced there, 364, 365;
attendance awaited at trial of Burr, 383, 393, 415, 416, 429, 431,
432, 440;
arrival and conduct, 456, 457;
Jackson denounces, 457;
before grand jury, barely escapes indictment, 463, 464;
swallows Swartwout's insult, 471;
fear, Jefferson bolsters, 472, 477;
attachment against, 473-75;
and _Chesapeake-Leopard_ affair, 476;
personal effect of testimony, 523;
Daveiss's pamphlet on, 525.
William and Mary College, M. at, =1=, 154;
conditions during period of M.'s attendance, 155-58, 272;
Phi Beta Kappa, 158;
debating, 159;
fees from surveys, 179 _n._
Williams, ----, counsel for Bollmann, =3=, 453.
Williams, Isaac, trial and pardon, =2=, 495, =3=, 26.
Williams, Robert, in debate on repeal of Judiciary Act, =3=, 73.
Williamsburg, and frontier minute men, =1=, 75;
"Palace," 163 _n._
Williamson, ----, loyalist, mobbed, =1=, 214.
Williamson, Charles, and Burr, =3=, 288, 289.
Wills, of M.'s putative great-grandfather, =1=, 483, 484;
of M.'s grandfather, 485;
M.'s, =4=, 525 _n._
Wilson, James, and Ratification in Pennsylvania, =1=, 329, 332;
and in Virginia, 401;
and common-law jurisdiction, =3=, 24-26;
and British precedents, 28 _n._;
on declaring acts void, 115 _n._, 117;
and Yazoo lands, 548, 555;
in Federal Convention, on obligation of contracts, 558 _n._
Wilson _vs._ Mason, =3=, 17 _n._
Wine, M. as judge, =4=, 79.
_See also_ Drinking.
Wirt, William, on William and Mary, =1=, 156 _n._;
on frontiersmen, 236 _n._;
on M.'s appearance, =2=, 168, 169;
on M. as lawyer, 192, 193, 195, 196;
on social contrasts (1803), =3=, 13;
_Letters of a British Spy_, 13 _n._;
in Callender trial, 38-40, 190, 203;
prosecutes Burr, 407;
dissipation, 407 _n._;
on motion to commit Burr for treason, 417;
on subpoena to Jefferson, 438, 439;
on preliminary proof of overt act, 485;
on overt act, 495-97, 616-18;
on M. at trial, 517, 521;
in trial for misdemeanor, 522;
on M.'s personality, =4=, 91 _n._;
as practitioner before M., 95, 135 _n._;
on long arguments, 95 _n._;
on Pinkney, 131 _n._, 134 _n._;
counsel in Dartmouth College case, 239, 253;
and Kent, 256 _n._;
counsel in M'Culloch _vs._ Maryland, 284;
and in Cohens _vs._ Virginia, 357;
on importance of Supreme Court, 369 _n._;
on Oakley, 424;
counsel in Gibbons _vs._ Ogden, 424, 427;
and in Brown _vs._ Maryland, 455;
and in Cherokee Nation _vs._ Georgia, 541, 544, 547;
and in Worcester _vs._ Georgia, 549.
Wolcott, Alexander, and Justiceship, =4=, 110.
Wolcott, Oliver [1], on Giles, =2=, 84 _n._
Wolcott, Oliver [2],
on support of new government (1791), =2=, 61 _n._, 148;
on French Revolution, 92;
on M. and new French mission, 433;
on M.'s reply to Adams's address (1799), 434;
on M.'s position in Congress, 436, 437;
underhand opposition to Adams, 488 _n._, 493, 517 _n._;
_Aurora_ on, 491;
on M. as Secretary of State, 492, 493;
on Federalist defeat in M.'s district, 515;
on Republican influence over Adams, 518;
and Hamilton's attack on Adams, 527 _n._;
and M. and Jefferson-Burr contest, 536;
banquet to, 548;
on enlargement of Federal Judiciary, 548;
appointment as Circuit Judge, 559, 560;
on Washington (1800), =3=, 4, 8, 8 _n._;
on Jefferson and popularity, 19 _n._;
on M.'s biography of Washington, 233.
Women, education in colonial Virginia, =1=, 18 _n._, 24 _n._;
M.'s attitude, 198, =4=, 71, 72.
Wood, John, attacks on Federalists, =2=, 379, 409;
book suppressed by Burr, 380 _n._;
character, =3=, 316 _n._
Woodbridge, Dudley, testimony in Burr trial, =3=, 489.
Woodbury, Levi, hears Dartmouth College case, =4=, 234.
Woodford, William, battle of Great Bridge, =1=, 76;
in battle of Germantown, 103.
Woodward, William H., and Dartmouth College case, =4=, 233, 239 _n._,
273.
Woodworth, John, opinion on Livingston steamboat monopoly, =4=, 449.
Worcester, Samuel A., arrest by Georgia, =4=, 547;
pardoned, 552 _n._
_See also_ Cherokee Indians.
Worcester, Mass., and Ratification, =1=, 341.
Worcester _vs._ Georgia. _See_ Cherokee Indians.
Workman, James, and Burr, =3=, 295;
and Wilkinson's reign of terror, 335.
Wright, John C., counsel in Osborn _vs._ Bank, =4=, 385.
Wright, Robert, at Chase trial, =3=, 183 _n._;
on Yazoo claims, 600.
Wylly, Thomas, and Yazoo lands act, =3=, 546, 547.
Wythe, George, M. attends law lectures, =1=, 154;
as professor, 157;
as judge, 173;
candidacy for Ratification Convention, 359;
in the Convention: Chairman, 368;
appearance, 373;
and recommendatory amendments, 469;
and Judiciary Act of, 1789, =3=, 129;
Commonwealth _vs._ Caton, 611.
X. Y. Z. Mission,
M.'s financial reason for accepting, =2=, 211-13, 371-73;
_Aurora_ on M.'s appointment, 218, 219;
M. in Philadelphia awaiting voyage, 214-18;
Adams on M.'s fitness, 218;
M.'s outward voyage, 219-21, 229;
as turning point in M.'s career, 221;
task, 221;
French depredations on neutral trade, 223-25;
Pinckney not received as Minister, 224;
Adams's address to Congress, French demand for withdrawal, 225, 226,
255, 262, 316;
wisdom of appointment, 226;
selection of envoys, Gerry, 226-29;
envoys at The Hague, Gerry's delay, 230, 231;
influence of 18th Fructidor, 244;
Washington on expectations, 244;
journey to Paris, 245;
M.'s pessimistic view of prospects, 246;
venality of French Government, 247-49;
and victims of French depredations, 249;
Talleyrand's opinion of United States, 250;
Talleyrand's position and need of money, 251;
Gerry's arrival, 251;
Talleyrand's informal reception, meeting visualized, 251, 253;
Talleyrand's measure of the envoys, 252;
Talleyrand and King's conciliatory letter, 252, 253;
Church's hint, 254;
Paine's interference, 254;
American instructions, 255;
origin of name, 256, 339;
depredations continue, protests of envoys, 257, 258, 270, 271-277,
283, 284, 310, 313, 331;
Gerry's opposition to action, 258;
Federalist opinions of Gerry, 258 _n._, 295, 296, 363-65;
first unofficial agent's proposal of loan and bribe, 259-61;
division of envoys on unofficial negotiations and bribe, 260, 261,
264, 314-17;
second unofficial agent, 261;
other French demands, 262;
further urging of loan and bribe, 263, 265-67, 273-76, 291, 313,
314, 315, 317, 318;
proposed return for instructions, 265;
and British-American and British-French relations, 271, 283, 295,
312, 321, 322;
and treaty of Campo Formio, 271-73;
third unofficial agent, 276;
intrigue and private conferences with Gerry, 276-78, 287, 294, 295,
310, 311, 313, 333;
intimidation, 278, 311;
threat of overthrowing Federalists, 278-81, 283, 286, 311;
decision against further unofficial negotiations, 281;
threat to asperse envoys in United States, 281, 312, 318-20, 327;
division on addressing Talleyrand directly, 282;
newspaper calumny, 282, 331;
Talleyrand's refusal to receive envoys, 284;
female agent to work on Pinckney, 290;
attempt to use debt to Beaumarchais, 292-94;
desire of M. and Pinckney to terminate, demand for passports, 296,
309, 310, 314, 326, 327, 331, 332;
preparation of American memorial, 296, 297;
its importance, 297;
its contents, 297-309;
necessity of American neutrality, 298-301;
review of Genêt's conduct, 301-03;
free ships, free goods, and Jay Treaty, 303-05;
defense of Jay Treaty, 305-08;
memorial ignored, 310;
French plan to retain Gerry, 312, 315, 317, 320, 323, 324, 326, 331;
meetings with Talleyrand, 315, 317;
dissension, 316, 328;
M.'s assertion of purely American attitude, 319;
M. on loan as ultimatum, 321;
Talleyrand's reply to memorial, 323-26;
complaint against American newspaper attacks, 324;
insult to M. and Pinckney, 325, 332;
American rejoinder, 326, 328-31;
Gerry stays, 327, 328, 333, 363;
reply on complaint about newspapers, 329-31;
departure of M. and Pinckney, 332;
M.'s farewell to friends, 333;
Pinckney on Gerry and M., 333, 365;
conditions in United States during, 335;
French reports in United States, 335;
arrival of first dispatches, Adams's warning to Congress, 336;
Republican demand for dispatches, 336-38;
effect of publication, war spirit, Republican about face, 338-43,
363;
M.'s return and reception, 343-55;
Jefferson's call on M., 346, 347;
origin of "millions for defense" slogan, 348;
M.'s addresses on, 350, 352, 353, 571-73;
Adams's statement of policy, 351;
effect on Federalist Party, 355-57, 361;
Jefferson's attempt to undo effect, 359-61, 368;
effect of dispatches in Europe, 363;
Talleyrand's demand on Gerry for the X. Y. Z. names, 364, 366;
M.'s fear of Gerry's stay, 365;
Adams and M.'s journal, 366;
Gerry's defense, M. and question of rejoinder, 367-69;
Giles's sneer and Bayard's answer (1802), =3=, 77, 80.
Yates, Joseph C., on Livingston steamboat monopoly, =4=, 406.
Yazoo lands,
Rutledge on (1802), =3=, 88;
and Chase impeachment, 174;
sale act (1795), graft, 546-50;
provisions, 550, 551;
popular denunciation of act, 551, 559-62;
and Indian titles, 552, 569, 570, 592;
earlier grant, 554;
character of second companies, 554;
and invention of cotton gin, 555, 556;
matter before first congresses, 560, 569, 570;
repeal of grant, theatricalism, 562-66;
Hamilton's opinion on validity of titles, 562, 563;
resale, "innocent purchasers" and property rights, 566, 578-80, 586,
588-90, 598;
National interest, pamphlets, 570-72;
and cession of Georgia's Western claim, 574;
report of Federal Commission, 574;
claim before Congress, Randolph's opposition, 574-83, 595-602;
memorial of New England Mississippi Company, 576;
popular support of Randolph, 581;
obstacles to judicial inquiry, 583;
friendly suit, Fletcher _vs._ Peck before Circuit Court, 583, 584;
case before Supreme Court, first hearing, 585;
question of collusion, Johnson's separate opinion, 585, 592, 601;
second hearing, 585;
M.'s opinion, 586-91;
legality of grant, effect of corruption, 587, 598, 599;
unconstitutionality of repeal, impairment of obligation of
contracts, 590, 591;
attitude of Administration, 592;
importance of opinion, 593-95, 602;
congressional denunciation of opinion, 595-601;
popular support of denunciation, 599;
local influences on settlement, 601;
settlement, 602.
York, Me., and Ratification, =1=, 341.
Young, Daniel, and disestablishment in New Hampshire, =4=, 230 _n._
Zubly, John J., denounced by Chase, =3=, 185 _n._
* * * * *
Transcriber's Notes:
1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_.
2. Within index the bold numbers from original are enclosed within
=equals= sign indicating the volume for that particular index entry.
3. Obvious errors in spelling and punctuation have been corrected.
4. Footnotes have been renumbered and moved from the page end to the
end of their respective chapters.
5. Images have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to the closest
paragraph break.
6. Certain words use an oe ligature in the original.
7. Carat character (^) followed by a single letter or a set of letters
in curly brackets is indicative of subscript in the original book.