Family--FIDONIIDAE

We now come to a family of moths peculiar for their habit of flying more

or less by day. As is often the case with day-flying moths, these are

mostly prettily marked, and are consequently often mistaken by the

uninitiated for butterflies. Most of them are to be found on heaths,

downs, and open fields; but one--the Bordered White--is met with only in

fir woods.

The wings are not angulated, and the antennae of the males are

pectinated.

The larvae are generally to be distinguished by a couple of little horns

on one or more of the hindermost segments, and in most cases they pupate

beneath the surface of the soil.

_The Common Heath_ (_Ematurga atomaria_)

Of this family we shall select two examples, the first of which is the

Common Heath, often so abundant on heaths and downs that they are

disturbed at almost every footstep.

The ground colour of the wings of the male is a dull yellowish grey, and

that of the female greyish white. In both cases the wings are crossed by

irregular dark brown bands. The fringe is barred alternately with white

and dark brown, and the whole of the ground tint between the

above-mentioned bands is thickly dotted with dark brown. The female is

generally smaller than the male.

[Illustration: FIG. 189.--THE COMMON HEATH.]

The caterpillar is very variable in colour, but is generally reddish

brown, ochreous brown, or greenish, with a light line along the

spiracles, and a series of lozenge-shaped spots on the back. It feeds on

trefoils (_Lotus corniculatus_ and _L. pilosus_) and various other

plants that grow on heaths.

_The Bordered White_ (_Bupalus piniaria_)

The male of this species is boldly marked with yellowish white and dark

brown, the arrangement of the two colours being shown in fig. 190. The

female is very different in general appearance. Her wings are of an

almost uniform orange or yellowish-brown tint. The fore wings are darker

near the tip, and there is generally a darker transverse band across the

centre.

[Illustration: FIG. 190.--THE BORDERED WHITE--MALE.]

The male may often be seen flying in the sunshine among the branches of

fir trees during May and June, but his mate is rather less active, and

is generally to be secured by beating the branches.

The caterpillar is pale green, with whitish stripes and yellow

spiracles. It feeds during August and September on the leaves of the

Scotch fir (_Pinus sylvestris_).

Family--ZERENIDAE

_The Currant Moth_ (_Abraxas grossulariata_)

The family _Zerenidae_ contains only four British moths, and of these we

select the Currant Moth or Magpie. This insect is exceedingly common

everywhere, and on account of its general brightness of appearance, and

also of its diurnal habits, it is often taken for a butterfly. The

ground colour of the wings is creamy white, with a yellow transverse

band, and a yellow blotch at the base; and the whole surface is more or

less blotched with black.

[Illustration: FIG. 191.--THE CURRANT MOTH.]

From the end of June to August this moth may be seen in abundance in our

gardens, wherever currant bushes exist, flying about both during the

sunshine and at dusk, with rather a heavy movement.

The caterpillar is white, with a yellow line along the spiracles, and

numerous black dots. There are, in addition to the dots, two large black

blotches on the back of each segment. It feeds during May on currant and

gooseberry bushes, also on the blackthorn (_Prunus spinosa_). About the

end of May it spins a light silken cocoon, and changes to a short dumpy

chrysalis of a glossy black colour with bright yellow bands (fig. 34).

Family--HYBERNIIDAE

Passing over the family _Ligiidae_, which contains only one British moth,

the Horse-chestnut, we come to the small but interesting family,

_Hyberniidae_.

Of this we have six species, five of which favour us during the bleakest

months of the year. Two of them visit us in October and November, and

even remain with us up to Christmas. The others follow closely on them,

and may be seen from January to March.

The males have slender bodies, and their wings are full and without

angles; but the females are either perfectly or nearly wingless. In

three cases there is hardly a trace of wings in this sex, so that they

look more like spiders than moths.

The caterpillars are long and slender and without humps, and all feed on

the leaves of trees. They change to the chrysalis state under the

ground.

_The Spring Usher_ (_Hybernia leucophaearia_)

Early in February, and often even in January, this moth may be seen in

abundance in almost every oak wood, sitting on the bark of the trees,

or occasionally taking a short flight in the sunshine. In colour it is

very variable. The wings have always a whitish ground marbled and dotted

with dark brown, but in some the fore wings are almost entirely dark

brown with the exception of a transverse central bar. The female has

only the slightest rudiments of wings.

[Illustration: FIG. 192.--THE SPRING USHER.]

The caterpillar feeds on the young buds and leaves of the oak (_Quercus

Robur_) and sycamore (_Acer Pseudoplatanus_), concealing itself among

the small leaves which it has spun together. It is full grown in June,

when it changes to a chrysalis on the surface of the ground, and remains

here throughout the summer and part of the following winter.

The colour of the caterpillar is very variable, but is usually pale

green with white markings.

_The Mottled Umber_ (_Hybernia defoliaria_)

This very pretty moth is represented in fig. 8 of Plate XII. It is very

common in most parts, and visits us at the fall of the leaf, generally

appearing in October, and remaining on the wing till November. Our

illustration gives the usual appearance of the male, but in some

specimens the four wings are all of one uniform reddish-brown colour,

evenly dotted all over with a darker tint. The female is quite wingless.

The caterpillar is exceedingly pretty. Its head is large and brown. The

back is brown, bordered with a fine black line. Below this is a broad

and bright yellow line, with a red spot on each segment. The spiracles

are white. It feeds during spring on oak (_Quercus Robur_), whitethorn

(_Crataegus oxyacantha_), blackthorn (_Prunus spinosa_), and other trees.

When disturbed it always allows itself to fall for a foot or two, and

then remains swinging at the end of a silken fibre till danger is over,

or hunger recalls it to its food. It changes to a chrysalis on the

ground about the middle of June.

_The March Moth_ (_Anisopteryx aescularia_)

This is another common moth, and should be looked for during March and

April on the barks of trees in oak and other woods. The fore wings are

of a dingy brown colour, paler near the base, and crossed by a pale wavy

line. The hind wings are lighter, with a central dark spot. But this

description applies to the male only, for the female is wingless, and

may be known by the tuft of hair that tips the abdomen.

[Illustration: FIG. 193.--THE MARCH MOTH.]

The caterpillar is pale green, clouded with a darker tint, and has a

white line on each side of the back. It feeds in May on the three trees

named for the last species, also on lime (_Tilia vulgaris_) and elm

(_Ulmus campestris_).

Family--LARENTIIDAE

This is by far the most extensive family of the _Geometrae_, containing

as it does considerably over a hundred species, or well nigh a half of

the whole group.

The wings of the various species are smooth and more or less glossy, and

the front pair are generally crossed by several wavy lines. Many of the

moths, and particularly those known popularly as the Pugs, are very

small. Representatives of the family are to be met with almost

throughout the year--from early spring to the middle of the winter.

Most of the caterpillars are rather long and slender, and without humps;

and green is the prevailing colour. They feed either on trees or low

plants, often protecting themselves in folded leaves; and some of the

smaller species show a decided preference for flowers and seeds.

We shall select about a dozen of the commonest members for individual

description.

_The November Moth_ (_Oporabia dilutata_)

Our first example is the November moth--a rather dingy and very variable

species that may be found almost everywhere in October and November. The

ground colour of the fore wings is dingy grey, crossed by several darker

lines, subject to considerable variations. The hind wings are paler,

with two slender darker lines parallel with the hind margin.

[Illustration: FIG. 194.--THE NOVEMBER MOTH.]

The caterpillar feeds on many trees, the principal of which are the oak,

whitethorn and blackthorn. Like the perfect insect, it is very variable

in colour, but is generally of a bright green, with reddish or purplish

spots on the back and sides. The spiracles are yellow or orange, and

below them is a white stripe. It is full fed in June.

_The Twin-spot Carpet_ (_Larentia didymata_)

The Twin-spot Carpet is common throughout Great Britain, and the

beginner is likely to meet with it in June and July during his first

season. Our illustration represents the male, the fore wings of which

are greyish brown, crossed by several dark lines, and with a double dark

and conspicuous spot near the middle of the hind margin. The female is

much lighter, and the markings are also lighter and less distinct.

[Illustration: FIG. 195.--THE TWIN-SPOT CARPET.]

The caterpillar is pale green, with a narrow whitish line along the

spiracles. It feeds in April and May on the leaves of the wood anemone

(_Anemone nemorosa_), chervil (_Chaerophyllum temulum_), and other

plants.

_The Grass Rivulet_ (_Emmelesia albulata_)

We represent the genus _Emmelesia_ by the Grass Rivulet--a pretty little

moth that flies in June, and which is widely distributed though not

abundant.

[Illustration: FIG. 196.--THE GRASS RIVULET.]

Its fore wings are pale grey, crossed by several white lines, the

arrangement of which may be seen in our engraving. The hind wings are of

the same ground colour, but have no markings except a white wavy line

near the hind margin.

The caterpillar feeds during July and August on the seeds of the yellow

rattle (_Rhinanthus Crista-galli_), protecting itself from its enemies

by spinning together the petals of the flowers; and when full grown it

changes to a chrysalis under the same cover.

_The Netted Pug_ (_Eupithecia venosata_)

We now come to the enormous genus _Eupithecia_, containing about fifty

small species, most of which are known as 'Pugs.' Many of these are

only imperfectly known, there being yet much to learn about their

earlier stages.

[Illustration: FIG. 197.--THE NETTED PUG.]

The Netted Pug flies in May and June, and is to be found in most parts

of Great Britain. Its fore wings are brownish grey, crossed by two

zigzag light bands, both of which are bordered with black, and divided

throughout by a fine dark line. There are also other dark lines, both

transverse and longitudinal, arranged as here represented.

The caterpillar feeds during July inside the seed capsules of campions

(_Silene Cucubalis_, _S. maritima_, _S. acaulis_, and _Lychnis diurna_)

and catchfly (_Silene gallica_ and _S. nutans_).

_The Narrow-winged Pug_ (_Eupithecia nanata_)

Early in May, and frequently in April, this pretty little moth may be

seen flying about at dusk among the heather on our moors. It is one of

the first Pugs of the season, and is widely distributed, and very common

in some localities.

[Illustration: FIG. 198.--THE NARROW-WINGED PUG.]

Its wings are dark grey, and marked with several transverse wavy light

lines. The fringe is dark grey, spotted with white.

The caterpillar feeds during August and September on the ling (_Calluna

vulgaris_) and heath (_Erica cinerea_ and _E. Tetralix_).

_The Brindled Pug_ (_Eupithecia abbreviata_)

Our last example of the Pugs is the Brindled Pug, another early species,

appearing on the wing in March and April. It is common in most parts,

and may generally be easily obtained by searching fences and tree

trunks.

[Illustration: FIG. 199.--THE BRINDLED PUG.]

Its fore wings are very long in proportion. The colour is yellowish

brown, crossed by darker lines. The fore wings have a very broad band of

the ground colour, broken by two short lines, and crossed by a slender

angulated stripe.

The caterpillar feeds on the oak in June.

_The Small Seraphim_ (_Lobophora sexalisata_)

This moth is very much like the Pugs in general appearance, and is quite

as small and even smaller than some of them; but it and the other

members of its genus differ from the Pugs in that they cover their hind

wings when at rest.

[Illustration: FIG. 200.--THE SMALL SERAPHIM.]

The fore wings are yellowish or pale brownish grey with four paler

transverse lines, the two median ones of which are divided throughout by

a darker fine wavy line. The hind wings are grey, paler at the base, and

crossed centrally by a double darker line. This species flies in May and

June, and though apparently widely distributed, can hardly be described

as common.

The caterpillar feeds on the white willow (_Salix alba_) and sallow (_S.

caprea_) in August and September; and the chrysalis may be found in a

silken cocoon among the fallen leaves throughout the winter.

_The Blue-bordered Carpet_ (_Melanthia bicolorata_)

This same family (_Larentiidae_) is remarkable for its large number of

pretty moths, popularly known as the 'Carpets,' many of which are

exceedingly common in our woods and gardens.

[Illustration: FIG. 201.--THE BLUE-BORDERED CARPET.]

Our first example of these is the Blue-bordered, which is pretty well

represented in several counties of Great Britain and Ireland. Its white

fore wings are boldly marked with a blotch of greyish brown at the base,

and another extending from the middle of the costal margin more than

halfway across. The hind margin is marked with two bluish grey bars,

separated by a white line. The hind wings are white, with a very small

dark spot, and a bluish grey margin something like that of the fore

wings.

The caterpillar is green, with longitudinal stripes of a darker and

lighter shade. It feeds in June on the alder (_Alnus glutinosa_) and

blackthorn (_Prunus spinosa_); and when full grown it changes to a brown

chrysalis within a light silken web.

The moth flies in July and August.

_The Beautiful Carpet_ (_Melanthia albicillata_)

The Beautiful Carpet belongs to the same genus as _Bicolorata_. Its

wings are of a rich creamy white, clouded with grey along the hind

margin. The basal blotches of the fore wings are large, of a dark brown

colour, and marbled with a light tint. Near the tips of these wings is

another conspicuous blotch of the same colour, from which a delicate

wavy dark line runs to the inner margin. A small dark spot also lies

near the middle of the costal margin of each of the four wings.

[Illustration: FIG. 202.--THE BEAUTIFUL CARPET.]

The caterpillar is green, with a white line along the spiracles, and a

triangular reddish spot on the back of segments four to ten inclusive.

It feeds on the bramble (_Rubus fruticosus_), raspberry (_R. Idaeus_),

and wild strawberry (_Fragaria vesca_). It may be found in June and

July.

The moth flies in June.

_The Common Carpet_ (_Melanippe sociata_)

The genus _Melanippe_ contains twelve species, some of which are

extremely common. One of these moths--the Common Carpet--is represented

in fig. 203. Its wings are all of a smoky-brown colour, crossed by

numerous white lines, the arrangement of which may be gathered from our

illustration better than from a written description. It is a

double-brooded insect, appearing first in May, and then again about the

end of July.

[Illustration: FIG. 203.--THE COMMON CARPET.]

The caterpillar is mottled with shades of brown and grey. On the back

are five or six greyish-white lozenge-shaped marks, and there are a few

white dots on the back of each segment. It feeds on the hedge bedstraw

(_Galium Mollugo_), and when full grown it changes to a chrysalis in a

light cocoon on the ground.

_The Silver Ground Carpet_ (_Melanippe montanata_)

In this species the ground colour is silvery white. The bases of the

fore wings are blotched with pale brown, and a dark brownish-grey bar,

containing a black spot, crosses the middle. The hind margins of the

fore wings are faintly marked with pale brown, and lines of the same

tint, more or less distinct, cross the hind wings.

[Illustration: FIG. 204.--THE SILVER GROUND CARPET.]

This moth is very common in all parts of the country, and may be seen on

the wing throughout the summer.

The caterpillar is light brown, with several longitudinal lines of

different colours. On the back of each of the segments seven, eight, and

nine is a distinct black V-shaped mark, terminating behind with a bright

red spot. It feeds on the primrose (_Primula acaulis_) in the autumn,

hybernates through the winter, and is full grown about the beginning of

April.

_The Garden Carpet_ (_Melanippe fluctuata_)

Our third and last member of this genus is the Garden Carpet--a moth

that must be pretty well known to almost everybody, since it is the

commonest of all the _Geometrae_ that frequent our gardens.

[Illustration: FIG. 205.--THE GARDEN CARPET.]

The fore wings are pale grey or brownish, with a patch of dark greyish

brown at the base, another larger one on the middle of the costa, and a

third near the tip. The wing is usually clouded between the middle

blotch and the inner margin, and numerous fine wavy lines, more or less

distinct, cross the wing.

This moth may be seen throughout the summer, from May to September, but

is most abundant in June and July.

The caterpillar is extremely variable in colour, being either green,

brown, or grey, or some intermediate tint; and is marbled and dotted

with dark brown on the back. It feeds on the nasturtium (_Tropaeolum

majus_), rape (_Brassica Napus_), and various other cruciferous plants;

and may be found from April to August.

_The Yellow Shell_ (_Camptogramma bilineata_)

Passing over two smaller genera, we come to the beautiful little Yellow

Shell. This moth is so abundant in most parts that we arouse it at

almost every stroke while beating low bushes.

All its wings are yellow, and crossed by numerous delicate white and

brown lines. The most conspicuous feature is the two white lines, with

dark brown edging, crossing the fore wings.

[Illustration: FIG. 206.--THE YELLOW SHELL.]

The caterpillar feeds by night, and is therefore seldom seen except by

those who make special nocturnal searches with the aid of a lantern or

sweep net. It devours various grasses, and hides itself among the roots

or under stones during the daytime. It is full grown in April or May.

The colour is dull pale green, with a dark green dorsal line, and two

white stripes on each side.

_The Small Ph[oe]nix_ (_Cidaria silaceata_)

Again passing over a few small and less important genera, we select the

small Ph[oe]nix as the last example of this very extensive family.

[Illustration: FIG. 207.--THE SMALL PH[OE]NIX.]

The fore wings of this species are dark brown, paler toward the hind

margin. Most of the wing rays are generally of a pale yellowish colour,

and a variable and complicated system of whitish lines crosses the wings

near the base, and another near the hind margin. Among the latter there

is always a series of dark triangular spots, with apices pointing

towards the hind margin.

This moth is moderately common throughout the British Isles, and is

double brooded, appearing in May and August.

The caterpillar is green, with a row of brown spots along the middle of

the back. When full grown it changes to a chrysalis in a light web.

Family--EUBOLIIDAE

This is the last family of the _Geometrae_ we shall notice, and contains

ten species. Most of these are rather pretty moths, and all have the

tips of the fore wings more or less pointed. As a rule, too, there is a

dark streak running from the very tip of the wing for a short distance

obliquely inward.

They are generally very light sleepers, and are easily beaten from their

hiding places during the day.

The larvae are not humped, and may be found feeding on low plants.

We shall briefly examine two species.

_The Small Mallow_ (_Eubolia limitata_)

This moth is pretty abundant in waste places from June to August, and is

easily obtained by lightly beating the foliage of small bushes and low

plants.

[Illustration: FIG. 208.--THE SMALL MALLOW.]

Its fore wings are pale brown crossed by a broad central bar, the edges

of which are darker. The hind wings are of a paler brown, and are

crossed by two or three fine wavy lines.

Although the perfect insect is so common, the caterpillar seems to be

seldom met with. It is a grass feeder, and may be looked for in May and

June.

_The Treble Bar_ (_Anaitis plagiata_)

Our last example of the _Geometrae_ is the Treble Bar, a very pretty

moth, which is illustrated in fig. 9 of Plate XII. It may be readily

identified by the aid of this coloured picture, and therefore need not

be described in words. It is pretty generally distributed throughout the

British Isles, and is in some parts a very abundant species,

particularly so in the neighbourhood of London.

The caterpillar is brown, with paler spaces between the segments. The

dorsal line is black and interrupted, and a yellow line runs along each

side. It feeds on the leaves and flowers of the perforated St. John's

wort (_Hypericum perforatum_).

This insect is double brooded, the moth appearing in May and August, and

remaining with us throughout the month following in each case.

CHAPTER XXI

_THE MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA_

The butterflies, and all the moths contained in the groups of the last

four chapters, are commonly spoken of as constituting the

_Macro-lepidoptera_; but in addition to these there are many hundreds of

small British moths that represent what is known as the

_Micro-lepidoptera_.

It is not usual for young entomologists to have much to do with the

'Micros' until they have had a little practical experience with the

larger species; in fact, a good number of them never seem to extend

their knowledge beyond the limits of the 'Macros' except that they may

make an occasional capture of a Micro that happens to fly across their

path.

Now, since it would be practically impossible to deal fairly, even in

outline, with both these divisions of the _Lepidoptera_ in a work of the

present dimensions, I have devoted most space to the larger species so

as to meet the probable requirements of the majority of my readers. But

in order that the beginner may also have the means of introducing

himself intelligently to a study of the 'Micros,' I shall set apart this

chapter for a simple account of the broad principles of their

classification, illustrated by means of a few types, so that the

collector may at least know _something_ of the insects he captures, even

though he may not be able at once to fix on their names.

The young entomologist, thus provided with the broad features that

enable him to roughly classify the specimens which reach his cabinet,

may, as his store increases, pay an occasional visit to a public museum

or the private collection of an entomological friend, and so obtain the

names and other details he may require.

The _Micro-lepidoptera_ are divided into five main groups--_Pyralides_,

_Pterophori_, _Crambi_, _Tortrices_, and _Tineae_, each of which is

divided into families and genera, as we have seen in the case of the

'Macros.'

_Pyralides_

The _Pyralides_ may be easily distinguished by the proportionately long

fore wings, long legs, and elongated abdomen. Some of them have wings of

a pearly lustre, and are accordingly known popularly as the 'Pearls.'

Some species fly in bright sunshine, others appear on the wing before

sunset, and fly till dusk; others, again, are purely nocturnal in their

habits. All, however, are apparently light sleepers, and may be easily

beaten out of their resting places and netted by day. Some of these

moths are common everywhere, but the majority of them are very local,

though they may be extremely abundant where they occur.

The larvae have a glossy and bristly appearance, and are generally

gregarious in their habits.

This group contains about eighty species, arranged in five families as

follows:

1. _Pyralididae_, including about forty species.

2. _Botydae_, about thirty species.

3. _Steniiadae_, containing only five species.

4. _Hydrocampidae_, four species.

5. _Acentropodidae_, containing only one.

_The Tabby_ (_Aglossa pinguinalis_)

The first of these families contains the Tabby or Grease Moth, commonly

met with both in the larval and perfect states in barns and stables.

[Illustration: FIG. 209.--THE TABBY OR GREASE MOTH.]

Its fore wings are brownish grey, crossed with zigzag darker lines, and

having a black spot near the centre of the costal margin. The term

'Tabby' has been applied on account of the fancied resemblance of the

transverse markings to the fur of a tabby cat, and the other popular

name was given under the belief that the caterpillar feeds on fatty

matter, but it is extremely doubtful whether this supposition is

correct.

The caterpillar probably feeds exclusively on the vegetable

accumulations that lie in the undisturbed corners and crevices of

outhouses and stables, and lives concealed in silken tubes, strengthened

outside by fragments of hay, chaff &c. that have been spun together. It

feeds from September to April, except during very severe weather, and

when full grown it leaves its tube, and changes to a chrysalis in a

light silken cocoon in some secluded corner.

The moth emerges in July.

_The Meal Moth_ (_Pyralis farinalis_)

The same family contains the common Meal Moth, so called because in the

larval state it feeds on meal and allied substances.

[Illustration: FIG. 210.--THE MEAL MOTH.]

The fore wings are yellowish grey, with reddish basal patches, a broad

reddish band along the hind margin, and two whitish indented transverse

lines. The hind wings are grey, and are crossed by two lines similar to

and continuous with those of the front pair.

This moth is to be found in abundance throughout the summer months in

places where corn, meal, and grain are stored in large quantities,

sitting on walls and rafters during the daytime, and taking to flight in

the evening.

The caterpillar feeds on corn, meal, grain, bran, &c., and lives

concealed in a silken tube covered outside with particles of its food

substance. It is not fully grown till nearly two years old, and then

changes to a chrysalis in a white silken cocoon.

_The Small Magpie_ (_Eurrhypara urticata_)

The family _Botydae_ contains the moths that are popularly known as the

'Pearls' on account of the pearly lustre of the wings. One of its

species--the Small Magpie--is shown in the accompanying illustration.

Its fore wings are pearly white, with blackish hind margin, a yellow

streak at the base, and blackish markings, the arrangement of which may

be seen in the figure.

[Illustration: FIG. 211.--THE SMALL MAGPIE.]

It is a very common moth, flying at dusk during June and July in waste

places where the stinging nettle grows.

The caterpillar is whitish, with a dark dorsal line. It feeds on the

stinging nettle (_Urtica dioica_), always remaining concealed between

leaves which it has spun together with silken threads.

_The Mother-of-Pearl_ (_Botys ruralis_)

This is another very common species of the family _Botydae_, abundant

almost everywhere, and to be found on the wing from June to August.

Its wings are whitish, and exhibit a very decided pearly lustre, and all

the markings are of a dull dark grey.

[Illustration: FIG. 212.--THE MOTHER-OF-PEARL.]

The caterpillar is glossy, and has a semi-transparent appearance. It is

greenish white above, with a darker line down the back; and the sides

are of a brighter green. It feeds on the stinging nettle (_Urtica

dioica_) during May.

_The Garden Pebble_ (_Pionea forficalis_)

The same family contains also the Garden Pebble, which is one of the

commonest frequenters of gardens, both in town and country.

The fore wings are pale yellowish grey with brown markings. The latter

include a fine line from the tip to the middle of the inner margin, and

another paler one inside and parallel with this, having a dark spot near

its centre. The hind wings are lighter, and have a pale and interrupted

line parallel with the hind margin.

[Illustration: FIG. 213.--THE GARDEN PEBBLE.]

The caterpillar is pale greenish, with a dark line along the back and on

each side. It feeds on the cabbage and other cruciferous plants.

The moth flies from May to the end of the summer, and the caterpillar

may be found about midsummer, and again in the autumn.

_The Beautiful China Mark_ (_Hydrocampa stagnata_)

Our last example of the _Pyralides_--the Beautiful China Mark--belongs

to the family _Hydrocampidae_. This small family is remarkable for the

fact that its four species spend their larval state in the water,

feeding on the under surfaces of the leaves of water lilies and other

aquatic plants. These curious larvae live either in cases which they

construct for their protection, something after the fashion of the larvae

of caddis flies, or quite free in the water, and then they are supplied

with special breathing organs that enable them to absorb the oxygen held

in solution in the water.

[Illustration: FIG. 214.--THE BEAUTIFUL CHINA MARK.]

The moth we have selected for illustration is a very common species, and

may be seen flying in great numbers in the neighbourhood of ponds during

June and July.

_The Pterophori_

The members of this remarkable group are easily distinguishable from all

other moths by the feathery appearance of their wings, a feature that

has gained for them the popular name of _Plume Moths_. Their fore wings

are more or less divided or cleft, and their hind wings are generally

divided into three distinct feathery plumes.

The larvae are hairy, and when full fed they suspend themselves by their

anal claspers, and change to the chrysalis state without any kind of

covering. They are generally to be found in spring and early summer, but

some of them feed in the autumn.

The chrysalides are often hairy, though some of them are perfectly

smooth.

Plume moths are to be met with more or less throughout the year. Many of

the earlier species appear on the wing in spring and early summer; but

the late feeders emerge in the autumn, and hybernate through the winter,

often taking to the wing on the mild days of our coldest months.

The _Pterophori_ include only about forty British species, all of which,

with two exceptions, belong to the family _Pterophoridae_. The two

exceptions represent as many families--one the _Chrysocorididae_, and the

other the _Alucitidae_.

_Platyptilia gonodactyla_

This is one of the commonest of the _Pterophoridae_, generally appearing

in our gardens and in waste places towards the end of May, and

continuing with us for some time. It starts from its retreat at or

before sunset, and remains on the wing after dark.

[Illustration: FIG. 215.--GONODACTYLA.]

Its fore wings are ochreous grey, with a narrow brown costal margin, and

a triangular brown patch on the costa. Beyond this patch the wing is

cleft. The hind wings consist of three distinct brownish plumes, the

third of which has a small tuft of black scales projecting from the

middle of the inner margin.

The caterpillar feeds on the flower stalks of the coltsfoot during March

and April.

_Leioptilus osteodactylus_

This is another species of the same family. It is not uncommon, but is

more local than the last.

[Illustration: FIG. 216.--OSTEODACTYLUS.]

Its fore wings are pale yellow, with a small brown dot at the

commencement of the dividing fissure, and a brown blotch on the costal

margin nearer the tip. The hind wings are divided into three distinct

plumes like those of _Gonodactyla_.

This is a later species, appearing on the wing in July.

_Aciptilia pentadactyla_

The fore wings of this species are white, frequently with a few greyish

scales, and are deeply divided into two feathery plumes. The hind wings

are pure white, and consist of three plumes.

[Illustration: FIG. 217.--PENTADACTYLA.]

This pretty insect is common and widely distributed, and flies during

June and July.

The caterpillar feeds on the convolvulus in May.

_Alucita hexadactyla_

Our last example of the _Pterophori_ is the Twelve-plume Moth, the only

British representative of the family _Alucitidae_.

This little insect is of a yellowish colour, with two dark bands across

the fore wings; and both fore and hind wings are divided into six

distinct feathers. It is a common moth, and frequents sheltered spots,

flying at dusk. It appears in August, remains on the wing till October,

and then hybernates till the following April. During the winter it is

commonly met with in outhouses and even in dwelling houses.

[Illustration: FIG. 218.--HEXADACTYLA--ENLARGED.]

The caterpillar feeds during June and July on the flower buds of the

honeysuckle (_Lonicera Periclymenum_). It is not hairy, like most of the

larvae of the last family; and, unlike these, it changes to a chrysalis

in a silken cocoon.

_Crambi_

The third group of the 'Micros' is the _Crambi_, and contains about

eighty species, arranged in four families.

Some of them are common moths with which all must be more or less

familiar, as they are roused from the grasses on which they repose at

almost every footstep as we walk through meadows in the summer. When at

rest, they present a very peculiar appearance. Their wings are wrapped

closely round their bodies in such a manner that they are hardly

distinguishable from the stems on which they repose.

The larvae have sixteen limbs, and are very variable in their habits.

Some feed among moss or dry stems in silken tubes, some on the stems of

reeds, and others inhabit the hives of bees and feed on the wax of the

honeycomb.

The four families are:

1. _Chilidae_--five species.

2. _Crambidae_--about thirty species.

3. _Phycidae_--over forty species.

4. _Galleridae_--five species.

_Chilo Phragmitellus_

This species is one of those moths known as the 'Veneers,' and is

popularly termed the Wainscot Veneer. It is one of the largest of the

family _Chilidae_.

Its fore wings are long, narrow, and pointed at the tip. They are of a

pale ochreous brown colour, with a row of small black dots along the

hind margin.

The caterpillar is pale grey, with brown stripes; and the head and

second segment are yellowish brown. It feeds on the common reed

(_Phragmites_) in the autumn, and hybernates till the following spring,

when it resumes its feeding.

[Illustration: FIG. 219.--PHRAGMITELLUS--ENLARGED ONE-HALF.]

This insect is rather local, but may be searched for in all marshy

places where reeds abound.

_Crambus hamellus_

The family _Crambidae_ is represented by the above-named species, which

has the popular title of Pearl-streak Veneer. It is not a common moth,

but is to be obtained in some localities by beating low herbage.

[Illustration: FIG. 220.--HAMELLUS--SLIGHTLY ENLARGED.]

Its fore wings are ochreous and glossy, with a silvery streak from the

base, running almost parallel with the costal margin. The hind margin is

yellow, bordered inside by a wavy brown line. The hind wings are pale

greyish brown with a yellowish margin.

_Crambus tristellus_

The same family contains the species _Tristellus_, which, unlike the

preceding insect, is abundant everywhere.

[Illustration: FIG. 221.--TRISTELLUS.]

Its fore wings are generally yellowish brown, but exceedingly variable.

A pale streak runs from the base to just beyond the middle of the wing,

and is then forked. Near the hind margin is a very indistinct brown wavy

line. The hind wings are dull smoke colour with a light fringe. As with

the other moths of the family, its labial palpi are very long.

The moth flies from July to September.

_Crambus hortuellus_

This is also an abundant species, to be met with everywhere during June

and July.

Its fore wings are dull ochreous brown. The wing rays are whitish near

the inner margin, and a brown line with a silvery edging crosses near

the hind margin. The hind wings are dull smoky brown, with a shining

surface, and the fringe is light.

[Illustration: FIG. 222.--HORTUELLUS.]

The larva is pale grey with dark grey spots, and may be found among moss

in April and May.

_Galleria mellonella_

Our last example of the _Crambi_ is a moth that the young entomologist

is not likely to meet with unless he happens to be in the neighbourhood

of one of its haunts, but its habits are so peculiar that we are tempted

to introduce it on that account.

[Illustration: FIG. 223.--MELLONELLA.]

It belongs to the family _Galleridae_, the larvae of which feed on the wax

combs in the hives of bees and in the nests of wild bees. They are

protected from the stings of the inmates by silken tubes which they

construct, and by the hardened covering of their heads and front

segments--the only parts that remain exposed while they are feeding.

The fore wings of the moth are reddish-grey or brownish, sometimes with

a greenish tinge, and yellowish along the inner margin. The hind wings

are greyish brown.

It flies in July and August, and the caterpillar feeds in May and June.

_The Tortrices_

This is a large group of moths, deriving their name from the peculiar

habit of a number of the larvae of twisting or rolling up leaves for

their protection. This habit, however, is not common to all, for some

feed on stems and flowers, and others devour seeds and fruits.

The perfect insects may easily be known by the shape of the wings. The

fore pair are gracefully curved on the costal margin in such a way that,

when the insect is at rest with its wings closed, its outline is much

the shape of a bell.

The identification of the various species of this extensive group is no

easy task, for many of them are so variable in their colouring that

insects of the same species are often very different from each other.

So puzzling indeed is this tendency to run into varieties that many

insects, once considered to belong to separate species, have been

reduced to one; and this has been the case in a number of instances.

There are so many of these little moths that we cannot even give a

representative of each family, but the following outline will serve to

show the extensiveness of the group.

Family 1. _Tortricidae_, about sixty species.

" 2. _Penthinidae_, " twenty "

" 3. _Spilonotidae_, " twelve "

" 4. _Sericoridae_, " twenty-seven species.

" 5. _Sciaphilidae_, " twenty-four "

" 6. _Grapholithidae_, about one hundred and fifty species.

" 7. _Pyraloididae_, four species.

" 8. _Conchylidae_, about fifty species.

" 9. _Apheliidae_, three species.

We shall now briefly examine a few of the commonest insects of the

group.

_Tortrix xylosteana_

This pretty moth is common in most parts, and may often be met with in

abundance in wooded localities during July. It belongs to the family

_Tortricidae_.

Its fore wings are ochreous brown. A very dark oblique streak, edged

with yellow, runs from the inner margin of the base. A reddish patch in

the centre of the wing, also edged with yellow, is narrow on the costa,

and expands as it approaches the inner margin. Beyond this are another

dark patch on the costa and two reddish-brown blotches on the hind

margin.

[Illustration: FIG. 224.--XYLOSTEANA WITH WINGS CLOSED.]

The larva is greenish brown, marked with white spots which have black

centres; and it feeds on oak (_Quercus Robur_), honeysuckle (_Lonicera

Periclymenum_), and other plants, in the month of May.

_Tortrix viridana_

In June and July this pretty but destructive little insect may be seen

flying in abundance in almost every oak wood. Its fore wings are one

uniform pale green with the exception of a streak of yellow along the

costal margin; and, when at rest, scores may exist on a single twig

without being seen unless closely examined. The hind wings are of a pale

smoky tint, and rather glossy.

The larva is green, with black spots, and feeds in May and June on the

oak and other trees, often almost completely devouring the foliage.

[Illustration: FIG. 225.--VIRIDANA.]

_Peronea cristana_

This moth is not so generally abundant, but is very common in many of

the woods of the south. It is remarkable for the large number of

varieties that have been observed, many of which have been regarded as

distinct species.

[Illustration: FIG. 226.--CRISTANA--ENLARGED.]

Its fore wings are of some shade of brown or grey, with a light streak

of variable colour along the inner margin, and a tuft of raised white

scales in the middle of the wing.

It flies during August and September.

_Ptycholoma lecheana_

Our last example of the family _Tortricidae_ is _Lecheana_, a moth that

is common in most parts in June and July.

[Illustration: FIG. 227.--LECHEANA.]

Its fore wings are brown, lighter towards the base. There are no very

distinct markings, but there is generally a darker patch in the middle

of the wing, edged with a silvery streak on each side.

The larva feeds on several trees, including oaks and elms, in the month

of May.

_Penthina pruniana_

[Illustration: FIG. 228.--PRUNIANA.]

The next family--_Penthinidae_--contains the common species _Pruniana_,

which may be readily known by its boldly marked wings. The basal portion

of the fore wings, to the extent of nearly two-thirds of the whole, is

very dark brown. The remaining third is almost white, and clouded with

grey. The hind wings are smoky brown with a paler fringe.

The caterpillar of this species feeds on the blackthorn (_Prunus

spinosa_) in May, and the moth flies in June and July.

_Antithesia salicella_

This moth is not nearly so common as the last species, but is fairly

plentiful in some localities in the south of England. It belongs to the

same family as _Pruniana_.

[Illustration: FIG. 229.--SALICELLA.]

The fore wings are whitish at the base and along the inner margin, but

the light tint is dotted and clouded with shades of brown. The remainder

of the wings is marbled with dark brown of different depths, relieved

near the hind margin with a little blue. The hind wings, as is usual

with the _Tortrices_, are dull smoky brown.

The caterpillar is reddish brown with black spots, and feeds during May

in rolled leaves of willows.

The moth flies in August and September.

_Sciaphila octomaculana_

Our single example of the family _Sciaphilidae_ is the species

_Octomaculana_, which, though not very abundant, is widely distributed,

and moderately common in parts.

Its fore wings are white, dusted with grey, and each is marked with four

dark grey patches which have given rise to its specific name--a word

which signifies 'eight-spotted.' The hind wings are grey.

[Illustration: FIG. 230.--OCTOMACULANA--ENLARGED.]

The caterpillar feeds on thistles and other plants, and the moth flies

from August to October.

_Ephippiphora cirsiana_

This insect represents the family _Grapholithidae_. It is a common moth,

and is widely distributed.

Its fore wings are greyish brown, with a large white patch on the middle

of the inner margin; and beyond this white, in the anal angle, is a

pale grey patch containing three or four black dots. The tips of the

wings are reddish brown.

The moth flies in June and July; and the larva, which feeds on thistles,

may be found in the stems from October to the following May.

[Illustration: FIG. 231.--CIRSIANA--ENLARGED.]

_Carpocapsa pomonella_

The same extensive family contains a few moths that are very destructive

to our fruits, the larvae burrowing into and living entirely within their

substance. One of these--_Pomonella_--is popularly known as the Codlin,

as its larva is so often found in the interior of small apples of the

same name.

[Illustration: FIG. 232.--POMONELLA.]

The fore wings of this insect are grey, with a number of dark transverse

lines. The spot in the anal angle is edged with a coppery tint, and

inclosed by a curved black line.

This moth is common in all parts, flying during June and July; and the

larva may be looked for in apples and pears in August and September.

_Xanthosetia zoegana_

Our last example of the _Tortrices_ is _Zoegana_, which belongs to the

family _Conchylidae_. Its fore wings are yellow, with a reddish streak

along the costa near the base, and a small reddish spot opposite this

near the inner margin. The tip of the wings is dark reddish brown, in

the middle of which is a large yellow spot.

[Illustration: FIG. 233.--ZOEGANA--ENLARGED.]

This moth is widely distributed, and in some parts common. It flies from

May to August, and the larva feeds on the small scabious (_Scabiosa

columbaria_).

_The Tineae_

We have noticed that the _Tortrices_ form a very extensive group of

moths, but they are far outnumbered by the _Tineae_, for of these there

are over seven hundred known British species.

Of course, among so many species we are sure to find considerable

variety in form and structure; but notwithstanding this, the _Tineae_

form a well-marked division, and the beginner will find but little

difficulty in distinguishing between these and the other Micros.

The wings are long and narrow, and are remarkable for the length of the

fringe, particularly that of the hind wings. The bodies, too, are long

and slender.

The larvae are exceedingly variable. Some have the usual number of

sixteen limbs, and others have as many as eighteen. Again, the larvae of

several genera have only fourteen legs, and some are absolutely legless.

With regard to their food and habits, they are equally variable, for

while some feed exposed, others are always protected in rolled leaves.

Some construct for themselves portable tubes, so that they always remain

under cover, and are at the same time perfectly free to ramble in search

for food. Some, also, are leaf miners; and the group includes the

so-called 'Clothes Moths,' whose larvae devour our garments, furs, and

the upholstering of our furniture.

We shall now briefly notice a few species, in order that we may become

better acquainted with the general characters of the group.

_Diurnea fagella_

This moth represents the small family _Epigraphiidae_, containing only

six species, all of which appear in the winter or early spring.

The present species is very common in most parts, and may be seen at

rest on the barks of trees in March and April.

[Illustration: FIG. 234.--FAGELLA.]

The fore wings are usually pale grey or yellowish grey, and dotted with

brown; but there is a great variety both in the depth of the ground

colour and the distinctness of the markings. Our illustration gives the

usual appearance of the insect.

The caterpillar feeds on various trees in September and October, always

protected between leaves that it has spun together.

_Adela cuprella_

The family _Adelidae_ contains ten species, all remarkable for the great

length of their antennae. The one selected for illustration is a

beautiful little moth with bright bronzy green fore wings, tinged with a

rich glossy violet. The hind wings are brown with a glossy surface.

[Illustration: FIG. 235.--CUPRELLA.]

This moth does not seem to be widely distributed, but is fairly

plentiful where it occurs. Wimbledon Common and Epping Forest are good

localities for it. It is on the wing in April and May.

_Hyponomeuta Padellus_

The family _Hyponomeutidae_ contains about twenty insects, some of which

are very common and exceedingly destructive to our trees. In May and

June hawthorn and fruit trees may be seen swarming with the gregarious

larvae of some of them, and almost entirely stripped of their leaves.

[Illustration: FIG. 236.--PADELLUS.]

The species here figured has grey or white fore wings with three rows of

black dots. The hind wings are darker grey without dots.

The larva feeds on hawthorn, apple, and other trees. The perfect insect

flies in July and August.

_Depressaria nervosa_

The next family--_Gelechiidae_--is represented by the species Nervosa,

which is common in many localities.

[Illustration: FIG. 237.--NERVOSA--TWICE NATURAL SIZE.]

Its fore wings are reddish brown, and are marked by a number of short

longitudinal streaks of a darker colour. The hind wings are light grey.

The caterpillar is black, marked with black spots in white rings, and

having yellow side stripes. It feeds on the flowers of the hemlock

water dropwort (_[OE]nanthe crocata_) during June and July.

The moth flies in August and September.

_Harpella Geoffrella_

The same extensive family contains the moth Geoffrella, represented in

the accompanying cut. This is an exceedingly pretty insect. The basal

portion of its fore wings is yellow, with two longitudinal dark streaks,

the outer one of which is bent towards the inner margin near the middle

of the wing. The remaining portion of the wings is brown, with two

yellowish triangular spots, one on the costal and one on the inner

margin. On the middle of the costa is a short dark streak.

[Illustration: FIG. 238.--GEOFFRELLA.]

This moth appears in May and June, and is rather local, but very

abundant in some parts.

_Coleophora ibipennella_

The family _Coleophoridae_ contains about seventy small moths,

characterised by their very narrow and pointed wings, with long fringes,

and also, generally, by a little tuft of hair on the first joint of the

antennae.

[Illustration: FIG. 239.--IBIPENNELLA--ENLARGED.]

The larvae live in little cases which they construct, and feed on various

leaves and seeds. They spend the winter within their cases, and change

to the chrysalis state in spring or early summer.

One of these moths--_Ibipennella_--is shown in fig. 239. Its fore wings

are white, with a satiny gloss, and brownish towards the tips. The

'nervures' are generally of a yellowish tinge. The hind wings are dark

grey.

The larva feeds on the birch (_Betula alba_), and may be seen walking on

the surface of the leaves, carrying, or rather dragging after it, the

pistol-shaped case in which it lives, nothing protruding save its head

and front legs. It is full fed in May, and the moth flies in July.

_Tischeria complanella_

This species represents the rather extensive family _Elachistidae_, the

members of which have narrow and pointed wings. Many of them are adorned

with beautiful metallic tints, but are generally so small that a lens is

necessary to show up the splendour of their clothing. Most of the larvae

are leaf miners, and are easily reared. All that is necessary is to

pluck a few twigs, the leaves of which, when held up to the light,

reveal the tiny larvae in their burrows, and place them in a vessel of

water. They do not feed long, and it is probable that most of the larvae

so treated will be ready to change before the leaves have become dry.

The present species has bright yellow fore wings, with pale grey

cloudings at the hind margins. It is very abundant in many parts, and

flies during the month of June.

[Illustration: FIG. 240.--COMPLANELLA--ENLARGED.]

The larva is one of the numerous leaf miners, and is of a yellowish

colour. It feeds in oak leaves during the autumn, and its presence is

indicated by light blotches on the foliage.

_Nepticula aurella_

The family _Nepticulidae_--the last of the _Tineae_--contains a number of

little moths, including the smallest of the _Lepidoptera_. Many of them

are exceedingly beautiful, being decorated with various tints of a

splendid metallic lustre, but their beauty is revealed only by the use

of a magnifying lens, and they are so small that very great care and

patience is required to set them properly.

They may be recognised by their short and thick antennae, rather large

head, broad fore wings, and narrow pointed hind wings.

The larvae have no true legs, but have nine pairs of very imperfectly

developed claspers. They are leaf miners, and are sometimes so abundant

that several may be found in a single leaf.

[Illustration: FIG. 241.--AURELLA--ENLARGED.]

The species we have selected has fore wings of a rich golden brown, with

deep violet tips, and a broad bar of pale golden yellow beyond the

middle. It may be found throughout the spring and summer. The larva

excavates long irregular burrows in the leaves of the bramble.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

I have previously called the reader's attention to our classified list

of butterflies and moths, and have hinted at one or two of the objects

for which it is inserted. It contains the scientific and popular names

of all the British Butterflies, _Sphinges_, _Bombyces_, _Noctuae_, and

_Geometrae_, arranged in their various families and genera; and in cases

where two specific names are commonly applied to the same insect, both

are given.

Its chief uses to the young entomologist are to show the relation which

the insects bear one to another, and to supply a guide for the proper

arrangement of the specimens in his cabinet.

The order adopted is that of South's 'Synonymic List of British

Lepidoptera,' and it has already been mentioned that similar lists,

printed on one side of the paper only, may be obtained from dealers in

naturalists' appliances. These, cut up as required, supply very neat

labels for cabinets or store boxes.

_COMPLETE CLASSIFIED LIST OF BRITISH MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA_

=RHOPALOCERA (BUTTERFLIES).=

PAPILIONIDAE.

=Papilio.=

_Machaon_--Swallow Tail

PIERIDAE.

=Aporia.=

_Crataegi_--Black-veined White

=Pieris.=

_Brassicae_--Large White

_Rapae_--Small White

_Napi_--Green-veined White

_Daplidice_--Bath White

=Euchlo[:e].=

_Cardamines_--Orange Tip

=Leucophasia.=

_Sinapis_--Wood White

=Colias.=

_Hyale_--Pale Clouded Yellow

_Edusa_--Clouded Yellow

=Gonopteryx.=

_Rhamni_--Brimstone

NYMPHALIDAE.

=Argynnis.=

_Selene_--Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary

_Euphrosyne_--Pearl-bordered Fritillary

_Latona_--Queen of Spain

_Aglaia_--Dark Green Fritillary

_Adippe_--High Brown Fritillary

_Paphia_--Silver-washed Fritillary

=Melitaea.=

_Aurinia_ (_Artemis_)--Greasy Fritillary

_Cinxia_--Glanville Fritillary

_Athalia_--Heath Fritillary

=Vanessa.=

_C-Album_--Comma

_Polychloros_--Large Tortoiseshell

_Urticae_--Small Tortoiseshell

_Io_--Peacock

_Antiopa_--Camberwell Beauty

_Atalanta_--Red Admiral

_Cardui_--Painted Lady

=Limenitis.=

_Sibylla_--White Admiral

APATURIDAE.

=Apatura.=

_Iris_--Purple Emperor

SATYRIDAE.

=Melanargia.=

_Galatea_--Marbled White

=Erebia.=

_Epiphron_ (_Cassiope_)--Small Ringlet

_AEthiops_ (_Blandina_)--Northern Brown (Scotch Argus)

=Pararge.=

_Egeria_--Speckled Wood

_Megaera_--Wall

=Satyrus.=

_Semele_--Grayling

=Epinephele.=

_Ianira_--Meadow Brown

_Tithonus_--Large Heath (Small Meadow Brown)

_Hyperanthes_--Ringlet

=Caenonympha.=

_Typhon_ (_Davus_)--Marsh Ringlet

_Pamphilus_--Small Heath

LYCAENIDAE.

=Thecla.=

_Betulae_--Brown Hairstreak

_W-Album_--White-letter Hairstreak

_Pruni_--Dark Hairstreak

_Quercus_--Purple Hairstreak

_Rubi_--Green Hairstreak

=Polyommatus.=

_Dispar_--Large Copper

_Phl[oe]as_--Small Copper

=Lycaena.=

_Baetica_--Tailed Blue

_AEgon_--Silver-studded Blue

_Astrarche_ (_Agestis_)--Brown Argus

_Icarus_ (_Alexis_)--Common Blue

_Bellargus_ (_Adonis_)--Clifden Blue

_Corydon_--Chalk-hill Blue

_Argiolus_--Azure or Holly Blue

_Semiargus_ (_Acis_)--Mazarine Blue

_Minima_ (_Alsus_)--Small Blue

_Arion_--Large Blue

ERYCINIDAE.

=Nemeobius.=

_Lucina_--Duke of Burgundy

HESPERIIDAE.

=Syrichthus.=

_Malvae_ (_Alveolus_)--Grizzled Skipper

=Nisoniades.=

_Tages_--Dingy Skipper

=Hesperia.=

_Thaumas_ (_Linea_)--Small Skipper

_Lineola_--New Small Skipper

_Actaeon_--Lulworth Skipper

_Sylvanus_--Large Skipper

_Comma_--Silver-spotted Skipper

=Carterocephalus.=

_Palaemon_ (_Paniscus_)--Chequered Skipper

HETEROCERA (MOTHS).

=SPHINGES.=

SPHINGIDAE.

=Acherontia.=

_Atropos_--Death's Head Hawk Moth

=Sphinx.=

_Convolvuli_--Convolvulus Hawk

_Ligustri_--Privet Hawk

_Pinastri_--Pine Hawk

=Deilephila.=

_Euphorbiae_--Spurge Hawk

_Galii_--Bedstraw Hawk

_Livornica_--Striped Hawk

=Chaerocampa.=

_Celerio_--Silver-striped Hawk

_Porcellus_--Small Elephant

_Elpenor_--Large Elephant

=Smerinthus.=

_Ocellatus_--Eyed Hawk

_Populi_--Poplar Hawk

_Tiliae_--Lime Hawk

=Macroglossa.=

_Stellatarum_--Humming-bird Hawk

_Fuciformis_--Broad-bordered Bee Hawk

_Bombyliformis_--Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk

SESIIDAE.

=Trochilium.=

_Apiformis_--Hornet Clearwing of the Poplar

_Crabroniformis_ (_Bembeciformis_)--Hornet Clearwing of Osier

=Sciopteron.=

_Tabaniformis_ (_Vespiforme_)--Dusky Clearwing

=Sesia.=

_Scoliiformis_--Welsh Clearwing

_Sphegiformis_--White-barred Clearwing

_Andreniformis_--Orange-tailed Clearwing

_Tipuliformis_--Currant Clearwing

_Asiliformis_ (_Cynipiformis_)--Yellow-legged Clearwing

_Myopiformis_--Red-belted Clearwing

_Culiciformis_--Large Red-belted Clearwing

_Formiciformis_--Red-tipped Clearwing

_Ichneumoniformis_--Six-belted Clearwing

_Musciformis_ (_Philanthiformis_)--Thrift Clearwing

_Chrysidiformis_--Fiery Clearwing

ZYGAENIDAE.

=Ino.=

_Globulariae_--Scarce Forester

_Statices_--Forester

_Geryon_--Cistus Forester

=Zygaena.=

_Pilosellae_ (_Minos_)--Transparent Burnet

_Exulans_--Scotch Burnet

_Meliloti_--New Forest Burnet

_Trifolii_--Broad-bordered Five-spotted Burnet

_Lonicerae_--Narrow-bordered Five-spotted Burnet

_Filipendulae_--Six-spotted Burnet

=BOMBYCES.=

NYCTEOLIDAE.

=Sarothripus.=

_Undulanus_--Tortrix Moth

=Earias.=

_Chlorana_--Cream-bordered Green

=Hylophila.=

_Prasinana_--Green Silver-lined

_Bicolorana_ (_Quercana_)--Large Green Silver-lined

NOLIDAE.

=Nola.=

_Cucullatella_--Short-cloaked

_Strigula_--Small Black Arches

_Confusalis_ (_Cristulalis_)--Least Black Arches

_Albulalis_--Kent Arches

_Centonalis_--Scarce Black Arches

LITHOSIIDAE.

=Nudaria.=

_Senex_--Round-winged Muslin

_Mundana_--Muslin Moth

=Setina.=

_Irrorella_--Dew Moth

=Calligenia.=

_Miniata_--Rosy Footman (Red Arches)

=Lithosia.=

_Mesomella_--Four-dotted Footman

_Muscerda_--Dotted Footman

_Sororcula_ (_Aureola_)--Orange Footman

_Lutarella_ (_Pygmaeola_)--Pigmy Footman

_Griseola_ (_Stramineola_)--Pale Footman

_Deplana_ (_Helveola_)--Buff Footman

_Lurideola_ (_Complanula_)--Common Footman

_Complana_--Scarce Footman

_Sericea_ (_Molybdeola_)--Leaden Footman

_Caniola_--Hoary Footman

=Gnophria.=

_Quadra_--Four-spotted Footman

_Rubricollis_--Red-necked Footman

=Emydia.=

_Cribrum_--Speckled Footman

EUCHELIIDAE.

=Deiopeia.=

_Pulchella_--Crimson Speckled

=Euchelia.=

_Jacobaeae_--Cinnabar

=Callimorpha.=

_Dominula_--Scarlet Tiger

_Hera_--Jersey Tiger

CHELONIIDAE.

=Nemeophila.=

_Russula_--Clouded Buff

_Plantaginis_--Wood Tiger

=Arctia.=

_Caia_--Tiger

_Villica_--Cream-spot Tiger

=Spilosoma.=

_Fuliginosa_--Ruby Tiger

_Mendica_--Muslin

_Lubricipeda_--Buff Ermine

_Menthastri_--White Ermine

_Urticae_--Water Ermine

HEPIALIDAE.

=Hepialus.=

_Humuli_--Ghost Swift

_Sylvanus_--Wood Swift

_Velleda_--Northern Swift

_Lupulinus_--Common Swift

_Hectus_--Gold Swift

COSSIDAE.

=Cossus.=

_Ligniperda_--Goat

=Zeuzera.=

_Pyrina_ (_AEsculi_)--Leopard

=Macrogaster.=

_Castaneae_ (_Arundinis_)--Reed Moth

COCHLIOPODIDAE.

=Heterogenea.=

_Limacodes_ (_Testudo_)--Festoon Moth

_Asella_ (_Asellus_)--Triangle Moth

LIPARIDAE.

=Porthesia= (=Liparis=).

_Chrysorrh[oe]a_--Brown Tail

_Similis_ (_Auriflua_)--Yellow Tail (Gold Tail)

=Leucoma.=

_Salicis_--Satin Moth

=Laelia.=

_C[oe]nosa_--Reed Tussock

=Ocneria.=

_Dispar_--Gipsy

=Psilura.=

_Monacha_--Black Arches

=Dasychira.=

_Fascelina_--Dark Tussock

_Pudibunda_--Pale Tussock

=Orgyia.=

_Gonostigma_--Scarce Vapourer

_Antiqua_--Vapourer

BOMBYCIDAE.

=Trichiura.=

_Crataegi_--Pale Oak Eggar

=P[oe]cilocampa.=

_Populi_--December Moth

=Eriogaster.=

_Lanestris_--Small Eggar

=Bombyx.=

_Neustria_--Lackey

_Castrensis_--Ground Lackey

_Rubi_--Fox

_Quercus_--Oak Eggar

_Trifolii_--Grass Eggar

=Odonestis.=

_Potatoria_--Drinker

=Lasiocampa.=

_Quercifolia_--Lappet

_Ilicifolia_--Small Lappet

ENDROMIDAE.

=Endromis.=

_Versicolor_--Kentish Glory

SATURNIIDAE.

=Saturnia.=

_Pavonia_ (_Carpini_)--Emperor

DREPANULIDAE.

=Drepana.=

_Lacertinaria_ (_Lacertula_)--Scalloped Hook Tip

_Harpagula_ (_Sicula_)--Scarce Hook Tip

_Falcataria_ (_Falcula_)--Pebble Hook Tip

_Binaria_ (_Hamula_)--Oak Hook Tip

_Cultraria_ (_Unguicula_)--Barred Hook Tip

=Cilix.=

_Glaucata_ (_Spinula_)--Chinese Character

DICRANURIDAE.

=Dicranura.=

_Bicuspis_--Alder Kitten

_Furcula_--Sallow Kitten

_Bifida_--Poplar Kitten

_Vinula_--Puss

=Stauropus.=

_Fagi_--Lobster

NOTODONTIDAE.

=Glyphisia.=

_Crenata_--Dusky Marbled Brown

=Ptilophora.=

_Plumigera_--Plumed Prominent

=Pterostoma.=

_Palpina_--Pale Prominent

=Lophopteryx.=

_Camelina_--Coxcomb Prominent

_Cuculla_ (_Cucullina_)--Maple Prominent

_Carmelita_--Scarce Prominent

=Notodonta.=

_Bicolor_--White Prominent

_Dictaea_--Swallow Prominent

_Dictaeoides_--Lesser Swallow Prominent

_Dromedarius_--Iron Prominent

_Trilophus_--Three-humped Prominent

_Ziczac_--Pebble Prominent

_Trepida_--Great Prominent

_Trimacula_ (_Dodonea_)--Marbled Brown

_Chaonia_--Lunar Marbled Brown

PYGAERIDAE.

=Phalera.=

_Bucephala_--Buff Tip

=Pygaera= (=Clostera=).

_Curtula_--Chocolate Tip

_Anachoreta_--Scarce Chocolate Tip

_Pigra_ (_Reclusa_)--Small Chocolate Tip

CYMATOPHORIDAE.

=Thyatira.=

_Derasa_--Buff Arches

_Batis_--Peach Blossom

=Cymatophora.=

_Octogesima_ (_Ocularis_)--Figure of Eighty

_Or_--Poplar Lutestring

_Duplaris_--Lesser Satin

_Fluctuosa_--Satin Carpet

=Asphalia.=

_Diluta_--Lesser Lutestring

_Flavicornis_--Yellow-horned

_Ridens_--Frosted Green

=NOCTUAE.=

BRYOPHILIDAE.

=Bryophila.=

_Algae_--Tree Lichen Beauty

_Muralis_ (_Glandifera_)--Marbled (Mottled) Green

_Par_--Scarce Marbled Green

_Perla_--Marbled Beauty

BOMBYCOIDAE.

=Moma= (=Diphthera=).

_Orion_--Scarce Marvel-du-jour

=Demas.=

_Coryli_--Nut-tree Tussock

=Acronycta.=

_Tridens_--Dark Dagger

_Psi_--Grey Dagger

_Leporina_--Miller

_Aceris_--Sycamore

_Megacephala_--Poplar Grey

_Strigosa_--Grisette

_Alni_--Alder

_Ligustri_--Coronet

_Rumicis_--Knot-grass

_Auricoma_--Scarce Dagger

_Menyanthidis_--Light Knot-grass

_Euphorbiae_ (_Myricae_)--Sweet Gale

=Diloba.=

_Caeruleocephala_--Figure of Eight

=Arsilonche.=

_Albovenosa_ (_Venosa_)--Powdered Wainscot

LEUCANIIDAE.

=Synia.=

_Musculosa_--Brighton Wainscot

=Leucania.=

_Conigera_--Brown-line Bright-eye

_Vitellina_--Delicate

_Turca_--Double Line

_Lithargyria_--Clay

_Albipuncta_--White-point

_Extranea_--American Wainscot

_Obsoleta_--Obscure Wainscot

_Putrescens_--Devonshire Wainscot

_Littoralis_--Shore Wainscot

_Impudens_ (_Pudorina_)--Striped Wainscot

_Comma_--Shoulder-striped Wainscot

_Straminea_--Southern Wainscot

_Impura_--Smoky Wainscot

_Pallens_--Common Wainscot

=Calamia.=

_Phragmitidis_--Fen Wainscot

=Meliana.=

_Flammea_--Flame Wainscot

=Senta.=

_Maritima_--Silky Wainscot

=C[oe]nobia.=

_Rufa_--Small Rufous

=Tapinostola.=

_Fulva_--Small Wainscot

_Hellmanni_--Mere Wainscot

_Extrema_ (_Concolor_)--Concolorous Wainscot

_Bondii_--Bond's Wainscot

_Elymi_--Lyme Wainscot

=Nonagria.=

_Cannae_--Reed Wainscot

_Sparganii_--Iris Wainscot

_Arundinis_ (_Typhae_)--Bullrush

_Geminipuncta_--Twin-spotted Wainscot

_Neurica_--Nerved Wainscot

_Brevilinea_--Fenn's Nonagria

_Lutosa_--Large Wainscot

APAMEIDAE.

=Gortyna.=

_Ochracea_ (_Flavago_)--Frosted Orange

=Hydr[oe]cia.=

_Nictitans_--Golden Ear

_Petasitis_--Butter-bur

_Micacea_--Rosy Rustic

=Axylia.=

Putris--Flame

=Xylophasia.=

_Rurea_--Clouded-border Brindle

_Lithoxylea_--Light Arches

_Sublustris_--Reddish Light Arches

_Monoglypha_ (_Polyodon_)--Dark Arches

_Hepatica_--Clouded Brindle

_Scolopacina_--Slender Clouded Brindle

=Dipterygia.=

_Scabriuscula_ (_Pinastri_)--Bird's Wing

=Cloantha.=

_Polyodon_ (_Perspicillaris_)--Purple Cloud

=Aporophyla.=

_Australis_--Feathered Brindle

=Laphygma.=

_Exigua_--Small Mottled Willow

=Neuria.=

_Reticulata_ (_Saponariae_)--Bordered Gothic

=Neuronia.=

_Popularis_--Feathered Gothic

=Heliophobus.=

_Hispidus_--Beautiful Gothic

=Charaeas.=

_Graminis_--Antler

=Pachetra.=

_Leucophaea_--Feathered Ear

=Cerigo.=

_Matura_ (_Cytherea_)--Straw Underwing

=Luperina.=

_Testacea_--Flounced Rustic

_Dumerili_--Dumeril's Luperina

_Cespitis_--Hedge Rustic

=Mamestra.=

_Abjecta_--Crescent Striped

_Sordida_ (_Anceps_)--Large Nutmeg

_Albicolon_--White Colon

_Furva_--Confused

_Brassicae_--Cabbage

_Persicariae_--Dot

=Apamea.=

_Basilinea_--Rustic Shoulder Knot

_Connexa_--Union Rustic

_Gemina_--Dusky Brocade

_Unanimis_--Small Clouded Brindle

_Ophiogramma_--Double Lobed

_Leucostigma_ (_Fibrosa_)--Crescent

_Didyma_ (_Oculea_)--Common Rustic

=Miana.=

_Strigilis_--Marbled Minor

_Fasciuncula_--Middle-barred Minor

_Literosa_--Rosy Minor

_Bicoloria_ (_Furuncula_)--Cloaked Minor

_Arcuosa_--Dotted Buff

=Phothedes.=

_Captiuncula_--Least Minor

=Celaena.=

_Haworthii_--Haworth's Minor

CARADRINIDAE

=Grammesia.=

_Trigrammica_ (_Trilinea_)--Treble Lines

=Stilbia.=

_Anomala_--Anomalous

=Caradrina.=

_Morpheus_--Mottled Rustic

_Alsines_--Uncertain

_Taraxaci_ (_Blanda_)--Rustic

_Ambigua_--Ambiguous

_Quadripunctata_ (_Cubicularis_)--Pale Mottled Willow

=Acosmetia.=

_Caliginosa_--Reddish Buff

=Hydrilla.=

_Palustris_--Marsh Moth

=Rusina.=

_Tenebrosa_--Brown Rustic

NOCTUIDAE.

=Agrotis.=

_Vestigialis_ (_Valligera_)--Archer's Dart

_Puta_--Shuttle-shaped Dart

_Suffusa_--Dark Sword Grass

_Saucia_--Pearly Underwing

_Segetum_--Common Dart (Turnip Moth)

_Lunigera_--Crescent Dart

_Exclamationis_--Heart and Dart

_Corticea_--Heart and Club

_Cinerea_--Light Feathered Rustic

_Ripae_--Sand Dart

_Cursoria_--Coast Dart

_Nigricans_--Garden Dart

_Tritici_--White-line Dart

_Aquilina_--Streaked Dart

_Obelisca_--Square-spot Dart

_Agathina_--Heath Rustic

_Strigula_ (_Porphyrea_)--True Lover's Knot

_Praecox_--Portland

_Obscura_ (_Ravida_)--Stout Dart

_Simulans_ (_Pyrophila_)--Dotted Rustic

_Lucernea_--Northern Rustic

_Ashworthii_--Ashworth's Rustic

=Noctua.=

_Glareosa_--Autumn Rustic

_Depuncta_--Plain Clay

_Augur_--Double Dot

_Plecta_--Flame Shoulder

_Flammatra_--Black Collar

_C-Nigrum_--Setaceous Hebrew Character

_Ditrapezium_--Triple-spotted Clay

_Triangulum_--Double-spotted Square-spot

_Stigmatica_ (_Rhomboidea_)--Square-spotted Clay

_Brunnea_--Purple Clay

_Festiva_ (_Conflua_)--Ingrailed Clay

_Dahlii_--Barred Chestnut

_Subrosea_--Rosy Marsh

_Rubi_--Small Square-spot

_Umbrosa_--Six-striped Rustic

_Baia_--Dotted Clay

_Sobrina_--Cousin German

_Castanea_ (_Neglecta_)--Grey Rustic

_Xanthographa_--Square-spot Rustic

=Triphaena.=

_Ianthina_--Lesser Broad Border

_Fimbria_--Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing

_Interjecta_--Least Yellow Underwing

_Orbona_ (_Subsequa_)--Lunar Yellow Underwing

_Comes_ (_Orbona_)--Lesser Yellow Underwing

_Pronuba_--Large Yellow Underwing

AMPHIPYRIDAE.

=Amphipyra.=

_Pyramidea_--Copper Underwing

_Tragopogonis_--Mouse

=Mania.=

_Typica_--Gothic

_Maura_--Old Lady

ORTHOSIIDAE.

=Panolis.=

_Piniperda_--Pine Beauty

=Pachnobia.=

_Leucographa_--White-marked

_Rubricosa_--Red Chestnut

_Hyperborea_ (_Carnica_)--Mountain Rustic

=Taeniocampa.=

_Gothica_--Hebrew Character

_Incerta_ (_Instabilis_)--Clouded Drab

_Opima_--Northern Drab

_Populeti_--Lead-coloured Drab

_Stabilis_--Common Quaker

_Gracilis_--Powdered Quaker

_Miniosa_--Blossom Underwing

_Munda_--Twin-spotted Quaker

_Pulverulenta_ (_Cruda_)--Small Quaker

=Orthosia.=

_Suspecta_--Suspected

_Upsilon_--Dismal

_Lota_--Red-lined Quaker

_Macilenta_--Yellow-lined Quaker

=Anchocelis.=

_Rufina_--Flounced Chestnut

_Pistacina_--Beaded Chestnut

_Lunosa_--Lunar Underwing

_Litura_--Brown-spot Pinion

=Cerastis= (=Glaea=).

_Vaccinii_--Chestnut

_Spadicea_--Dark Chestnut

_Erythrocephala_--Red-headed

=Scopelosoma.=

_Satellitia_--Satellite

=Dasycampa.=

_Rubiginea_--Dotted Chestnut

=Oporina.=

_Croceago_--Orange Upperwing

=Xanthia.=

_Citrago_--Orange Sallow

_Fulvago_ (_Cerago_)--Sallow

_Flavago_ (_Silago_)--Pink-barred Sallow

_Aurago_--Barred Sallow

_Gilvago_--Dusky Lemon Sallow

_Circellaris_ (_Ferruginea_)--Brick

=Cirrh[oe]dia.=

_Xerampelina_--Centre-barred Sallow

COSMIIDAE.

=Tethea.=

_Subtusa_--Olive

_Retusa_--Double Kidney

=Cosmia= (=Euperia=).

_Paleacea_ (_Fulvago_)--Angle-striped Sallow

=Dicycla.=

_Oo_--Heart Moth

=Calymnia.=

_Trapezina_--Dun-bar

_Pyralina_--Lunar-spotted Pinion

_Diffinis_--White-spotted Pinion

_Affinis_--Lesser-spotted Pinion

HADENIDAE.

=Eremobia.=

_Ochroleuca_--Dusky Sallow

=Dianth[oe]cia.=

_Luteago_ (_Barretti_)--Barrett's Marbled Coronet

_Caesia_--Grey Marbled Coronet

_Nana_ (_Conspersa_)--Marbled Coronet

_Albimacula_--White Spot

_Compta_--The Shears

_Capsincola_--Lychnis

_Cucubali_--Campion

_Carpophaga_--Tawny Shears

_Capsophila_--Pod-lover

_Irregularis_ (_Echii_)--Viper's Bugloss

=Hecatera.=

_Chrysozona_ (_Dysodea_)--Small Ranunculus

_Serena_--Broad-barred White

=Polia.=

_Chi_--Grey Chi

_Flavicincta_--Large Ranunculus

_Xanthomista_ (_Nigrocincta_)--Black-banded

=Dasypolia.=

_Templi_--Brindled Ochre

=Epunda.=

_Lichenea_--Feathered Ranunculus

_Lutulenta_--Deep-brown Dart

_Nigra_--Black Rustic

=Cleoceris.=

_Viminalis_--Minor Shoulder-knot

=Valeria.=

_Oleagina_--Green-brindled Dot

=Miselia.=

_Oxyacanthae_--Green-brindled Crescent

_Bimaculosa_--Crescent

=Agriopis.=

_Aprilina_--Marvel-du-jour

=Euplexia.=

_Lucipara_--Small Angle-shades

=Phlogophora.=

_Meticulosa_--Angle-shades

=Trigonophora.=

_Flammea_ (_Empyrea_)--Flame Brocade

=Aplecta.=

_Prasina_ (_Herbida_)--Green Arches

_Occulta_--Great Brocade

_Nebulosa_--Grey Arches

_Tincta_--Silvery Arches

_Advena_--Pale Shining Brown

=Crymodes.=

_Exulis_ (_Assimilis_)--Northern Arches

=Hadena.=

_Porphyrea_ (_Satura_)--Beautiful Brocade

_Adusta_--Dark Brocade

_Protea_--Brindled Green

_Glauca_--Glaucous Shears

_Dentina_--Grey Shears

_Trifolii_ (_Chenopodii_)--Nutmeg

_Atriplicis_--Orache

_Dissimilis_ (_Suasa_)--Dog's Tooth

_Oleracea_--Bright-line Brown-eye

_Pisi_--Broom

_Thalassina_--Pale-shouldered Brocade

_Contigua_--Beautiful Brocade

_Genistae_--Light Brocade

_Rectilinea_--Saxon

XYLINIDAE.

=Xylocampa.=

_Areola_ (_Lithoriza_)--Early Grey

=Xylomiges.=

_Conspicillaris_--Silver Cloud

=Calocampa.=

_Vetusta_--Red Sword Grass

_Exoleta_--Sword Grass

_Solidaginis_--Golden-rod Brindled

=Xylina.=

_Ornithopus_ (_Rhizolitha_)--Grey Shoulder Knot

_Semibrunnea_--Tawny Pinion

_Socia_ (_Petrificata_)--Pale Pinion

_Furcifera_ (_Conformis_)--Conformist

_Lambda_--Nonconformist

=Asteroscopus.=

_Nubeculosa_--Rannoch Sprawler

_Sphinx_ (_Cassinea_)--Sprawler

=Cucullia.=

_Verbasci_--Mullein Shark

_Scrophulariae_--Betony Shark

_Lychnitis_--Lychnis Shark

_Asteris_--Starwort Shark

_Gnaphalii_--Cudweed Shark

_Absinthii_--Wormwood Shark

_Chamomillae_--Chamomile Shark

_Umbratica_--Shark

GONOPTERIDAE.

=Gonoptera.=

_Libatrix_--Herald

PLUSIIDAE.

=Habrostola.=

_Tripartita_ (_Urticae_)--Light Spectacle

_Triplasia_--Dark Spectacle

=Plusia.=

_Chryson_ (_Orichalcea_)--Scarce Burnished Brass

_Chrysitis_--Burnished Brass

_Bractea_--Gold Spangled

_Festucae_--Gold Spot

_Iota_--Plain Golden Y

_Pulchrina_--Beautiful Golden Y

_Gamma_--Silver Y

_Interrogationis_--Scarce Silver Y

HELIOTHIDAE.

=Anarta.=

_Melanopa_--Broad-bordered White Underwing

_Cordigera_--Small Dark Yellow Underwing

_Myrtilli_--Beautiful Yellow Underwing

=Heliaca= (=Heliodes=).

_Tenebrata_ (_Arbuti_)--Small Yellow Underwing

=Heliothis.=

_Dipsacea_--Marbled Clover

_Scutosa_--Rare Marbled Clover

_Peltigera_--Bordered Straw

_Armigera_--Scarce Bordered Straw

=Chariclea.=

_Umbra_ (_Marginata_)--Bordered Sallow

ACONTIIDAE.

=Agrophila.=

_Trabealis_ (_Sulphuralis_)--Spotted Sulphur

=Acontia.=

_Luctuosa_--Four-spotted

ERASTRIIDAE.

=Erastria.=

_Fasciana_ (_Fuscula_)--Marbled White Spot

_Venustula_--Rosy Marbled

=Bankia.=

_Argentula_--Silver-barred

=Hydrelia.=

_Uncula_ (_Unca_)--Silver Hook

ANTHOPHILIDAE.

=Thalpochares= (=Micra=).

_Ostrina_--Purple Marbled

_Parva_--Small Marbled

_Paula_--Scarce Marbled

POAPHILIDAE.

=Phytometra.=

_Viridaria_ (_AEnea_)--Small Purple-barred

EUCLIDIIDAE.

=Euclidia.=

_Mi_--Mother Shipton

_Glyphica_--Burnet Noctua

OPHIUSIDAE.

=Ophiodes.=

_Lunaris_--Lunar Double Stripe

CATEPHIIDAE.

=Catephia.=

_Alchymista_--Alchymist

CATOCALIDAE.

=Catocala.=

_Fraxini_--Clifden Nonpareil

_Nupta_--Red Underwing

_Promissa_--Light Crimson Underwing

_Sponsa_--Dark Crimson Underwing

AVENTIIDAE.

=Aventia.=

_Flexula_--Scallop Barred

TOXOCAMPIDAE.

=Toxocampa.=

_Pastinum_--Black Neck

_Craccae_--New Black Neck

BOLETOBIIDAE.

=Boletobia.=

_Fuliginaria_--Waved Black

HERMINIIDAE.

=Rivula.=

_Sericealis_--Straw Dot

=Zanclognatha.=

_Grisealis_--Lesser Fan-foot

_Tarsipennalis_--Fan-foot

_Emortualis_--Olive Crescent

=Herminia.=

_Cribralis_--Dotted Fan-foot

_Derivalis_--Clay Fan-foot

=Pechypogon.=

_Barbalis_--Common Fan-foot

HYPENIDAE.

=Madopa.=

_Salicalis_--Lesser Belle

=Bomolocha.=

_Fontis_ (_Crassalis_)--Beautiful Snout

=Hypena.=

_Rostralis_--Lesser Snout

_Proboscidalis_--Snout

=Hypenodes.=

_Albistrigalis_--White-streak

_Costaestrigalis_--Ribbed-streak

=Tholomiges= (=Schrankia=).

_Turfosalis_--Tiny Snout

BREPHIDES.

=Brephos.=

_Parthenias_--Orange Underwing

_Notha_--Light Orange Underwing

=GEOMETRAE.=

UROPTERYGIDAE.

=Uropteryx.=

_Sambucaria_ (_Sambucata_)--Swallow Tail

ENNOMIDAE.

=Epione.=

_Parallelaria_ (_Vespertaria_)--Dark-bordered Beauty

_Apiciaria_--Bordered Beauty

_Advenaria_--Little Thorn

=Rumia.=

_Luteolata_ (_Crataegata_)--Brimstone

=Venilia.=

_Macularia_--Speckled Yellow

=Angerona.=

_Prunaria_--Orange Moth

=Metrocampa.=

_Margaritaria_--Light Emerald

=Ellopia.=

_Prosapiaria_ (_Fasciaria_)--Barred Red

=Eurymene.=

_Dolobraria_--Scorched Wing

=Pericallia.=

_Syringaria_--Lilac Beauty

=Selenia.=

_Bilunaria_ (_Illunaria_)--Early Thorn

_Lunaria_--Lunar Thorn

_Tetralunaria_ (_Illustraria_)--Purple Thorn

=Odontopera.=

_Bidentata_--Scalloped Hazel

=Crocallis.=

_Elinguaria_--Scalloped Oak

=Eugonia.=

_Autumnaria_ (_Alniaria_)--Large Thorn

_Alniaria_ (_Tiliaria_)--Canary-shouldered Thorn

_Fuscantaria_--Dusky Thorn

_Erosaria_--September Thorn

_Quercinaria_ (_Angularia_)--August Thorn

=Himera.=

_Pennaria_--Feathered Thorn

AMPHIDASYDAE.

=Phigalia.=

_Pedaria_ (_Pilosaria_)--Pale Brindled Beauty

=Nyssia.=

_Zonaria_--Belted Beauty

_Hispidaria_--Small Brindled Beauty

_Lapponaria_--Rare Brindled Beauty

=Biston.=

_Hirtaria_--Brindled Beauty

=Amphidasys.=

_Strataria_ (_Prodromaria_)--Oak Beauty

_Betularia_--Peppered Moth

BOARMIIDAE.

=Hemerophila.=

_Abruptaria_--Waved Umber

=Cleora.=

_Angularia_ (_Viduaria_)--Speckled Beauty

_Glabraria_--Dotted Carpet

_Lichenaria_--Brussels Lace

=Boarmia.=

_Repandata_--Mottled Beauty

_Gemmaria_ (_Rhomboidaria_)--Willow Beauty

_Abietaria_--Satin Carpet

_Cinctaria_--Ringed Carpet

_Roboraria_--Great Oak Beauty

_Consortaria_--Pale Oak Beauty

=Tephrosia.=

_Consonaria_--Square Spot

_Crepuscularia_--Small Engrailed

_Biundularia_--Engrailed

_Luridata_ (_Extersaria_)--Brindled White-spot

_Punctularia_--Grey Birch

=Gnophos.=

_Obscuraria_--Annulet

=Dasydia.=

_Obfuscaria_--Scotch Annulet

=Psodos.=

_Coracina_ (_Trepidaria_)--Black Mountain Moth

GEOMETRIDAE.

=Pseudoterpna.=

_Pruinata_ (_Cytisaria_)--Grass Emerald

=Geometra.=

_Papilionaria_--Large Emerald

_Vernaria_--Small Emerald

=Phorodesma.=

_Pustulata_ (_Bajularia_)--Blotched Emerald

_Smaragdaria_--Essex Emerald

=Nemoria.=

_Viridata_--Small Grass Emerald

=Iodis.=

_Lactearia_--Little Emerald

=Hemithea.=

_Strigata_ (_Thymiaria_)--Common Emerald

EPHYRIDAE.

=Zonosoma.=

_Porata_--False Mocha

_Punctaria_--Maiden's Blush

_Linearia_ (_Trilinearia_)--Clay Triple-lines

_Annulata_ (_Omicronaria_)--Mocha

_Orbicularia_--Dingy Mocha

_Pendularia_--Birch Mocha

ACIDALIIDAE.

=Hyria.=

_Muricata_ (_Auroraria_)--Golden-bordered Purple

=Asthena.=

_Luteata_--Small Yellow Wave

_Candidata_--Small White Wave

_Sylvata_--Waved Carpet

_Blomeri_ (_Pulchraria_)--Blomer's Rivulet

=Eupisteria.=

_Obliterata_ (_Heparata_)--Dingy Shell

=Venusia.=

_Cambrica_ (_Cambricaria_)--Welsh Wave

=Acidalia.=

_Perochraria_--Ochraceous Wave

_Ochrata_--Bright Wave

_Rubiginata_ (_Rubricata_)--Tawny Wave

_Dimidiata_ (_Scutulata_)--Single-dotted Wave

_Bisetata_--Small Fan-footed Wave

_Trigeminata_--Treble Brown-spot

_Contiguaria_--Greening's Wave

_Rusticata_--Least Carpet

_Holosericata_--Silky Wave

_Dilutaria_ (_Interjectaria_)--Dark Cream Wave

_Virgularia_ (_Incanaria_)--Small Dusty Wave

_Circellata_--Circellate

_Ornata_--Lace Border

_Marginepunctata_ (_Promutata_)--Mullein Wave

_Straminata_--Dotted-bordered Cream Wave

_Subsericeata_--Satin Wave

_Immutata_--Lesser Cream Wave

_Strigaria_--Streaked Wave

_Remutaria_--Cream Wave

_Fumata_--Smoky Wave

_Strigilaria_ (_Prataria_)--Sub-angled Wave

_Imitaria_--Small Blood-vein

_Emutaria_--Rosy Wave

_Aversata_--Riband Wave

_Inornata_--Plain Wave

_Degeneraria_--Portland Riband Wave

_Emarginata_--Small Scallop

=Timandra.=

_Amataria_--Blood-vein

CABERIDAE.

=Cabera.=

_Pusaria_--Common White Wave

_Rotundaria_--Round-winged Wave

_Exanthemata_--Common Wave

=Bapta.=

_Temerata_--Clouded Silver

_Bimaculata_ (_Taminata_)--White-pinion Spotted

=Aleucis.=

_Pictaria_--Sloe Carpet

MACARIIDAE.

=Macaria.=

_Alternata_--Sharp-angled Peacock

_Notata_--Peacock

_Liturata_--Tawny-barred Angle

=Halia.=

_Vauaria_ (_Wavaria_)--V Moth

_Brunneata_ (_Pinetaria_)--Rannoch Geometer

FIDONIIDAE.

=Strenia.=

_Clathrata_--Latticed Heath

=Panagra.=

_Petraria_--Brown Silver-line

=Numeria.=

_Pulveraria_--Barred Umber

=Scodiona.=

_Belgiaria_--Grey Scalloped Bar

=Selidosema.=

_Ericetaria_ (_Plumaria_)--Bordered Grey

=Fidonia.=

_Carbonaria_--Netted Mountain

_Limbaria_ (_Conspicuata_)--Frosted Yellow

=Ematurga.=

_Atomaria_--Common Heath

=Bupalus.=

_Piniaria_--Bordered White

=Minoa.=

_Murinata_ (_Euphorbiata_)--Drab Geometer

=Scoria.=

_Lineata_ (_Dealbata_)--Black-veined

=Aplasta.=

_Ononaria_--Rest-harrow

=Sterrha.=

_Sacraria_--Vestal

=Lythria.=

_Purpuraria_--Purple-barred Yellow

=Aspilates.=

_Strigillaria_--Grass Wave

_Ochrearia_ (_Citraria_)--Yellow Belle

_Gilvaria_--Straw Belle

ZERENIDAE.

=Abraxas.=

_Grossulariata_--Currant Moth (Magpie)

_Sylvata_ (_Ulmata_)--Clouded Magpie

=Ligdia.=

_Adustata_--Scorched Carpet

=Lomaspilis.=

_Marginata_--Clouded Border

LIGIIDAE.

=Pachycnemia.=

_Hippocastanaria_--Horse Chestnut

HYBERNIIDAE.

=Hybernia.=

_Rupicapraria_--Early Moth

_Leucophaearia_--Spring Usher

_Aurantiaria_--Scarce Umber

_Marginaria_ (_Progemmaria_)--Dotted Border

_Defoliaria_--Mottled Umber

=Anisopteryx.=

_AEscularia_--March Moth

LARENTIIDAE.

=Cheimatobia.=

_Brumata_--Winter Moth

_Boreata_--Northern Winter

Moth

=Oporabia.=

_Dilutata_--November Moth

_Filigrammaria_--Autumnal Moth

_Autumnaria_

=Larentia.=

_Didymata_--Twin-spot Carpet

_Multistrigaria_--Mottled Grey

_Caesiata_--Grey Mountain Carpet

_Flavicinctata_ (_Ruficinctata_)--Yellow-ringed Carpet

_Salicata_--Striped Twin-spot Carpet

_Olivata_--Beech-green Carpet

_Viridaria_ (_Pectinitaria_)--Green Carpet

=Emmelesia.=

_Affinitata_--Rivulet

_Alchemillata_--Small Rivulet

_Albulata_--Grass Rivulet

_Decolorata_--Sandy Carpet

_Taeniata_--Barred Carpet

_Unifasciata_--Haworth's Carpet

_Minorata_ (_Ericetata_)--Heath Rivulet

_Adaequata_ (_Blandiata_)--Pretty Pinion

=Eupithecia.=

_Venosata_--Netted Pug

_Consignata_--Pinion-spotted Pug

_Linariata_--Toadflax Pug

_Pulchellata_--Foxglove Pug

_Oblongata_ (_Centaureata_)--Lime-speck

_Succenturiata_--Bordered Lime-speck

_Subfulvata_--Tawny-speckled Pug

_Scabiosata_ (_Subumbrata_)--Shaded Pug

_Pernotata_--Guen['e]e's Pug

_Plumbeolata_--Lead-coloured Pug

_Isogrammaria_--Haworth's Pug

_Pygmaeata_--Marsh Pug

_Helveticaria_--Edinburgh Pug

_Egenaria_--Pauper Pug

_Satyrata_--Satyr Pug

_Castigata_--Grey Pug

_Jasioneata_--Jasione Pug

_Trisignaria_--Triple-spotted Pug

_Virgaureata_--Golden-rod Pug

_Fraxinata_--Ash-tree Pug

_Extensaria_--Scarce Pug

_Pimpinellata_--Pimpinel Pug

_Valerianata_--Valerian Pug

_Pusillata_--Dwarf Pug

_Irriguata_--Marbled Pug

_Campanulata_--Campanula Pug

_Innotata_--Long-winged Pug

_Indigata_--Ochreous Pug

_Constrictata_--Wild Thyme Pug

_Nanata_--Narrow-winged Pug

_Subnotata_--Plain Pug

_Vulgata_--Common Pug

_Albipunctata_--White-spotted Pug

_Expallidata_--Bleached Pug

_Absinthiata_--Wormwood Pug

_Minutata_--Ling Pug

_Assimilata_--Currant Pug

_Tenuiata_--Slender Pug

_Subciliata_--Maple Pug

_Lariciata_--Larch Pug

_Abbreviata_--Brindled Pug

_Dodoneata_--Oak-tree Pug

_Exiguata_--Mottled Pug

_Ultimaria_--Tamarisk Pug

_Sobrinata_--Juniper Pug

_Togata_--Cloaked Pug

_Pumilata_--Double-striped Pug

_Coronata_--V Pug

_Rectangulata_--Green Pug

_Debiliata_--Bilberry Pug

=Collix.=

_Sparsata_--Dentated Pug

=Lobophora.=

_Sexalisata_ (_Sexalata_)--Small Seraphim

_Halterata_ (_Hexapterata_)--Seraphim

_Viretata_--Yellow-barred Brindle

_Carpinata_ (_Lobulata_)--Early Tooth-striped

_Polycommata_--Barred Tooth-striped

=Thera.=

_Juniperata_--Juniper Carpet

_Simulata_--Chestnut-coloured Carpet

_Variata_ (_Obeliscata_)--Shaded Broad-bar

_Firmata_--Pine Carpet

=Hypsipetes.=

_Ruberata_--Ruddy High-flier

_Trifasciata_ (_Impluviata_)--May High-flier

_Sordidata_ (_Elutata_)--July High-flier

=Melanthia.=

_Bicolorata_ (_Rubiginata_)--Blue-bordered Carpet

_Ocellata_--Purple Bar

_Albicillata_--Beautiful Carpet

=Melanippe.=

_Hastata_--Argent and Sable

_Tristata_--Small Argent and Sable

_Procellata_--Chalk Carpet

_Unangulata_--Sharp-angled Carpet

_Rivata_--Wood Carpet

_Sociata_ (_Subtristata_)--Common Carpet

_Montanata_--Silver-ground Carpet

_Galiata_--Galium Carpet

_Fluctuata_--Garden Carpet

=Anticlea.=

_Cucullata_ (_Sinuata_)--Royal Mantle

_Rubidata_--Flame

_Badiata_--Shoulder Stripe

_Nigrofasciaria_ (_Derivata_)--Streamer

_Berberata_--Barberry Carpet

=Coremia.=

_Munitata_--Red Carpet

_Designata_ (_Propugnata_)--Flame Carpet

_Ferrugata_--Red Twin-spot Carpet

_Unidentaria_--Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet

_Quadrifasciaria_--Large Twin-spot Carpet

=Camptogramma.=

_Bilineata_--Yellow Shell

_Fluviata_--Gem

=Phibalapteryx.=

_Tersata_--Fern

_Lapidata_--Slender-striped Rufous

_Vittata_ (_Lignata_)--Oblique Carpet

_Polygrammata_ (_Conjunctaria_)--Many-lined

_Vitalbata_--Small Waved Umber

=Triphosa.=

_Dubitata_--Tissue

=Eucosmia.=

_Certata_--Scarce Tissue

_Undulata_--Scalloped Shell

=Scotosia.=

_Vetulata_--Brown Scallop

_Rhamnata_--Dark Umber

=Cidaria.=

_Siterata_ (_Psittacata_)--Red-green Carpet

_Miata_--Autumn Green Carpet

_Picata_--Short-cloak Carpet

_Corylata_--Broken-barred Carpet

_Sagittata_--Marsh Carpet

_Truncata_ (_Russata_)--Common Marbled Carpet

_Immanata_--Dark Marbled Carpet

_Suffumata_--Water Carpet

_Reticulata_--Netted Carpet

_Silaceata_--Small Ph[oe]nix

_Prunata_ (_Ribesiaria_)--Ph[oe]nix

_Testata_--Chevron

_Populata_--Northern Spinach

_Fulvata_--Barred Yellow

_Dotata_ (_Pyraliata_)--Barred Straw

_Associata_ (_Dotata_)--Spinach

=Pelurga.=

_Comitata_--Dark Spinach

EUBOLIIDAE.

=Eubolia.=

_Cervinata_ (_Cervinaria_)--Mallow

_Limitata_ (_Mensuraria_)--Small Mallow

_Plumbaria_ (_Palumbaria_)--Belle

_Bipunctaria_--Chalk Carpet

=Mesotype.=

_Virgata_ (_Lineolata_)--Oblique-striped

=Carsia.=

_Paludata_ (_Imbutata_)--Manchester Treble Bar

=Anaitis.=

_Plagiata_--Treble Bar

=Lithostege.=

_Griseata_--Pale Grey Carpet

=Chesias.=

_Spartiata_--Streak

_Rufata_ (_Obliquaria_)--Broom Tip

SIONIDAE.

=Tanagra.=

_Atrata_ (_Chaerophyllata_)--Chimney Sweep

APPENDIX II

_THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR_

The success of the country rambles of an expert lepidopterist depends

greatly on his knowledge of the times at which the various butterflies

and moths generally appear, and of the localities which they are known

to frequent. The experiences he has gained in the past enable him to

calculate on the probabilities of the future, and he chooses both time

and locality according to his requirements.

As he makes his way to the hunting ground he counts over the chances of

meeting with a certain insect that is wanted to fill a long-standing

blank in his cabinet; and we hear him discussing the probabilities as to

whether this species is yet 'out,' or whether the larvae of that species

are feeding.

How different it is with the young and unguided entomologist! He rambles

promiscuously here and there, having only the faintest idea as to what

he is likely to see, and perhaps meeting with only four or five species

when an experienced collector, without covering a larger area of ground,

would take scores in the same time.

In order to afford some little help to the beginner, I have thought it

advisable to introduce a calendar of operations to guide him in his

work. The space at our command would not allow this to be carried out in

detail, but the general instructions will undoubtedly assist most of my

readers until the practical experience gained by a few years' work has

enabled them to run on their own legs.

Of course, in making reference to the monthly lists of insects on the

wing, allowance must be made for the forwardness or backwardness of the

seasons. Thus, an insect entered in the April list _may_ appear in March

in an exceptionally warm season, but may not emerge till the early part

of May if the spring has been unusually severe.

It will be observed that in cases where all the species of a certain

genus or family appear on the wing in the same month, the name of that

genus or family is entered on the list instead of the names of the

individual species; but the latter can easily be obtained by reference

to Appendix I.

JANUARY

There is not much field work to be done during this month. If the

weather is very severe, hardly an insect will be found on the wing; but

a mild January will sometimes entice the Brimstone Butterfly (_Rhamni_)

and some of the hybernating Vanessas from their winter quarters.

Hybernating moths may also be met with, on the wing if the weather

is mild, or sleeping in their sheltered nooks during the frosts.

These include several _Noctuae_--_Auricoma_, _Lithargyria_,

_Suffusa_, _Vaccinii_, _Spadicea_, _Erythrocephala_, _Satellitia_,

_Rubiginea_, _Croceago_, _Vetusta_, _Exoleta_, _Ornithopus_,

_Furcifera_, _Semibrunnea_, _Socia_, and _Libatrix_; and also a few

_Geometrae_--_Zonaria_, _Fluviata_, _Dubitata_, _Siterata_, and _Miata_.

In addition to these hybernating insects, the collector may examine tree

trunks and fences for the Early Moth (_Rupicapraria_), and late

specimens of the Winter Moth (_Brumata_); and towards the end of the

month he may expect to meet with fresh specimens of the Pale Brindled

Beauty (_Pedaria_) and the Spring Usher (_Leucophaearia_). A few of the

_Tineae_ may also be seen.

The net need not be used at all during the colder months of the year, as

the moths are easily taken in pill boxes from the trunks and fences on

which they rest.

Pupa digging may be carried on throughout the month if the weather is

sufficiently mild, but it is of no use attempting this during a frost.

Hybernating larvae may also be searched out of their winter quarters if

the collector does not mind giving them the attention they require; but,

as a rule, it is better to wait till they themselves start out to feed

in the spring, at which time all their food plants are showing leaf.

FEBRUARY

Our remarks under 'January' concerning pupa digging and other work apply

equally well to this month. The same hybernating butterflies and moths

may be looked for; and, in addition to _Pedaria_, _Leucophaearia_, and

_Rupicapraria_, which now appear more plentifully, the following species

will probably be seen:

Small Eggar (_Lanestris_)

Small Brindled Beauty (_Hispidaria_)

Oak Beauty (_Strataria_)

Dotted Border (_Marginaria_)

March Moth (_AEscularia_)

About half a dozen species of the _Tineae_ will also have made their

appearance before the end of the month.

MARCH

Many of the hybernating larvae will come out during March if the weather

is mild, and commence to feed; and the young caterpillars will begin to

appear from the eggs of the early moths already named. This is

consequently a good time to commence the search for larvae if you intend

to go in for rearing. During the daytime some may be beaten from the

boughs of trees and shrubs; and those which feed on low plants, being

generally nocturnal in their habits, should be searched for in the

evening, after dark, with the aid of a lantern.

The hybernating butterflies are now flying more freely than before, and,

if the weather is bright and warm for the time of year, a few freshly

emerged species may be seen. These may possibly include:

Large White (_Brassicae_)

Small White (_Rapae_)

Green-veined White (_Napi_)

Holly Blue (_Argiolus_)

As regards moths, several fresh species may be expected to appear, while

those named as appearing in February are still to be found. The

new-comers may include:

=Bombyces.=

Kentish Glory (_Versicolor_)

Yellow-horned (_Flavicornis_)

=Noctuae.=

Pine Beauty (_Piniperda_)

White-marked Rustic (_Leucographa_)

Red Chestnut (_Rubricosa_)

All species of the genus _Taeniocampa_

Early Grey (_Areola_)

Green-brindled Dot (_Oleagina_)

Orange Underwing (_Parthenias_)

Light Orange Underwing (_Notha_)

=Geometrae.=

Early Thorn (_Bilunaria_)

Engrailed (_Biundularia_)

Mottled Grey (_Multistrigaria_)

Sugaring may be commenced towards the end of March, and sallow blossom

may be searched in the evening, but it is probable that only a few

species will be taken by these means.

A few more species of the _Tineae_ appear in March, and four or five of

the _Tortrices_ are out before the end of the month.

APRIL

This is really a busy month with the entomologist, and it will be

necessary to put all apparatus and appliances into perfect order early.

The cyanide bottle should be freshly charged, nets examined and repaired

if necessary, and all setting boards, breeding cages &c. put in perfect

trim for the new season's work.

Larvae are now feeding freely, and a few hours spent in beating,

sweeping, and searching will enable you to stock your cages liberally.

Sugaring may be continued throughout the month, and the sallow blossom

may be searched as long as it proves attractive. Moths may also be

attracted by light at night.

The following butterflies are generally out during April, in addition to

the hybernated species already named:

Large White (_Brassicae_)

Small White (_Rapae_)

Green-veined White (_Napi_)

Orange Tip (_Cardamines_)

Wood White (_Sinapis_)

Pearl-bordered Fritillary (_Euphrosyne_)

Speckled Wood (_Egeria_)

Green Hairstreak (_Rubi_)

Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_)

Holly Blue (_Argiolus_)

Grizzled Skipper (_Malvae_)

Dingy Skipper (_Tages_)

The following is a list of the principal moths for April:

=Bombyces.=

Small Lappet (_Ilicifolia_)

Kentish Glory (_Versicolor_)

Yellow Horned (_Flavicornis_)

Frosted Green (_Ridens_)

=Noctuae.=

Pine Beauty (_Piniperda_)

White-marked Rustic (_Leucographa_)

Red Chestnut (_Rubricosa_)

All species of the genus _Taeniocampa_

Early Grey (_Areola_)

Mullein Shark (_Verbasci_)

Orange Underwing (_Parthenias_)

Light Orange Underwing (_Notha_)

=Geometrae.=

Brimstone (_Luteolata_)

Early Thorn (_Bilunaria_)

Belted Beauty (_Zonaria_)

Brindled Beauty (_Hirtaria_)

Waved Umber (_Abruptaria_)

Small Engrailed (_Crepuscularia_)

Engrailed (_Biundularia_)

Sloe Carpet (_Pictaria_)

Netted Mountain (_Carbonaria_)

Mottled Grey (_Multistrigaria_)

Satyr Pug (_Satyrata_)

Marbled Pug (_Irriguata_)

Campanula Pug (_Campanulata_)

Brindled Pug (_Abbreviata_)

Oak-tree Pug (_Dodoneata_)

Double-striped Pug (_Pumilata_)

Early Tooth-striped (_Carpinata_)

Shoulder Stripe (_Badiata_)

Many-lined (_Polygrammata_)

Tissue (_Dubitata_)

In addition to the above, a few species of the _Tortrices_, several of

the _Tineae_, and one or two of the Plume Moths (_Pterophori_) are out

during April.

MAY

Little or nothing will be obtained by digging during May, yet a number

of pupae may be found among grass and leaves under trees, and also

attached to the leaves and stems of low plants. These pupae include those

of several of the butterflies, among which may be mentioned _Machaon_,

_Selene_, _Euphrosyne_, _Aurinia_, _Megaera_, _Ianira_, _Rubi_,

_Astrarche_, _Icarus_, _Bellargus_, _Corydon_, _Lucina_, and _Sylvanus_.

Larvae may now be taken in abundance by beating the boughs of oaks and

other trees, and also by examining low plants.

The hybernating butterflies are still on the wing, and the following are

also out:

Swallow Tail (_Machaon_)

Large White (_Brassicae_)

Small White (_Rapae_)

Green-veined White (_Napi_)

Bath White (_Daplidice_)

Orange Tip (_Cardamines_)

Wood White (_Sinapis_)

Small Pearl-bordered (_Selene_)

Pearl-bordered (_Euphrosyne_)

Greasy Fritillary (_Aurinia_)

Glanville Fritillary (_Cinxia_)

Speckled Wood (_Egeria_)

Wall (_Megaera_)

Marsh Ringlet (_Typhon_)

Small Heath (_Pamphilus_)

Green Hairstreak (_Rubi_)

Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_)

Brown Argus (_Astrarche_)

Common Blue (_Icarus_)

Clifden Blue (_Bellargus_)

Holly Blue (_Argiolus_)

Mazarine Blue (_Semiargus_)

Grizzled Skipper (_Malvae_)

Chequered Skipper (_Palaemon_)

There is a great increase in the number of moths this month, and much

good work may be done by means of light traps and by the examination of

fences. Many moths are driven from their resting places early in the

morning by the direct rays of the rising sun, and then seek out a spot

where they are better sheltered, and where they are consequently less

easily found. Hence the advantage of searching fences early in the

morning.

The May list includes:

=Sphinges.=

Small Elephant (_Porcellus_)

All species of the genera _Smerinthus_ and _Macroglossa_

Some of the Clearwings (_Apiformis_, _Sphegiformis_, and

_Culiciformis_)

Cream-bordered Green (_Chlorana_)

Green Silver-lined (_Prasinana_)

=Bombyces.=

Wood Tiger (_Plantaginis_)

Muslin Moth (_Mendica_)

Common Swift (_Lupulinus_)

Pale Tussock (_Pudibunda_)

Small Lappet (_Ilicifolia_)

Emperor (_Pavonia_)

All species of family _Drepanulidae_

Alder Kitten (_Bicuspis_)

Puss (_Vinula_)

Several of the 'Prominents' (_Cuculla_, _Carmelita_, _Dictaea_,

_Dictaeoides_, _Trilophus_, _Ziczac_, _Trepida_, _Chaonia_,

_Trimacula_)

Chocolate Tip (_Curtula_)

Small Chocolate Tip (_Pigra_)

=Noctuae.=

Knot Grass (_Rumicis_)

Sweet Gale (_Myricae_)

White Colon (_Albicolon_)

Cabbage (_Brassicae_)

Treble Lines (_Trigrammica_)

Marsh Moth (_Palustris_)

Light Brocade (_Genistae_)

Mullein Shark (_Verbasci_)

Betony Shark (_Scrophulariae_)

Starwort Shark (_Asteris_)

Camomile Shark (_Chamomillae_)

Small Dark Yellow Underwing (_Cordigera_)

Small Yellow Underwing (_Tenebrata_)

Bordered Sallow (_Umbra_)

Lunar Double Stripe (_Lunaris_)