[Illustration: 58. Astronaut John Glenn is assisted with his
suiting-up.]
Modern space suits are direct descendants of the simple “pressure suits”
designed as early as 1907 for deep-sea divers. In 1911 an English
respiratory physiologist, J. S. Haldane, proposed the use of an oxygen
pressurized suit for ascent to high altitudes. The first U.S. patent was
granted for a pressure suit in 1918.
Through the early 1960s, all such suits were pressure containers.
Project Mercury astronauts wore suits adapted from the U.S. Navy MK-IV
pressure suit. It consisted of an inner layer of neoprene-coated fabric
and a restraint layer of aluminized nylon fabric. The garment design
provided a fair degree of mobility, although the suit could not bend
with the full hinge motion of the human elbow or knee because it folded
in at the joints, reducing overall volume and increasing internal
pressure. The Mercury suit would have been pressurized only if
spacecraft cabin pressure had been lost.
Space suits require a great deal of sophistication. They must meet many
vital criteria, including low leakage, thermal control, comfort,
stowage, and protection from micrometeoroid strikes.
_Gemini 4_ was the first American mission to explore the problems of man
functioning outside his spacecraft, with only his space suit for
protection. This extravehicular activity required the space suit to be a
prime system rather than a precautionary measure.
[Illustration: 59. Apollo space suit.]
Designed and created primarily for moon-walking, the 28.6-kilogram
(63-pound) Apollo space suits, with backpack environmental and
communication systems, enabled the lunar astronauts to dispense with the
tether used on the Gemini “spacewalks.” The suit’s 21 layers are
materials such as teflon fabric, nonwoven dacron, and aluminized mylar.
These alternating layers of specialized materials protected the
astronauts from the extreme temperatures of space and possibility of
micrometeroids striking. Boots and gloves contain a stainless steel
cloth to protect against abrasion. Suits had to fit the wearers so
precisely that 67 anthropometric measurements were required of each
astronaut.
[Illustration: 60. Astronaut White takes the first “spacewalk” with
only his suit for protection from the space environment.]
When the astronauts ventured outside the spacecraft and explored the
lunar surface, the following equipment was worn under the suit: a fecal
containment system for emergency containment of solid-waste material; a
liquid-cooling garment; a bio-belt assembly, urine collection and
transfer system. Together with a portable life-support system, this
constituted the complete Environmental Mobility Unit (EMU).
The liquid-cooling garment consists of an outer layer of nylon spandex
material, a network of polyvinyl-chloride tubing, and a nylon-chiffon
comfort liner. Even spacing of the plastic tubing permitted the
efficient transfer of body heat to the cooling liquid (water) as it
circulated through the suit.
The bio-belt assembly, worn over the liquid-cooling garment, contains
preamplifiers for sensors placed next to the skin. The sensors acquired
electrical signals which determined respiration rate and
electrocardiograms of the astronauts. The preamplifiers relayed the
signals to the spacecraft telemetry system for transmission to Earth.
The urine collection and transfer assembly provided for emergency
containment of liquid waste when spacecraft facilities were not
available. Liquid waste was subsequently transferred from the collection
assembly to the spacecraft waste-management system.
The portable life-support system (PLSS) created and maintained a livable
atmosphere inside an astronaut’s space suit during activity on the lunar
surface. Worn as a backpack, the PLSS could be used for as long as four
hours at a time.
The PLSS supplied oxygen for breathing purposes, suit pressurization,
and ventilation. It also removed contaminants from oxygen circulating
through the suit and supplied water and oxygen for body cooling.
Conversion of exhaled carbon dioxide into oxygen was accomplished
through a lithium-hydroxide cartridge also contained in the PLSS. An
emergency supply of oxygen was contained in the oxygen purge system
mounted on top of the PLSS.
When fully charged, the pack weighs 38 kilograms (84 pounds) on Earth or
6.3 kilograms (14 pounds) on the Moon.
The space suit on exhibit is from the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.