DRIVING TANDEM, BY T. SUFFERN TAILER, ESQ.
"Not every path extends the same,
But various are the roads to fame;
With different eye the same pursuits we view,
Nor all one wish with equal zeal pursue."
It is arranged, no doubt wisely, that happiness, which is the
universal aim of mankind, may be pursued by numerous roads, and
that they who seek it on wheels may choose from a variety of
conveyances.
Some press forward to the goal astride the bicycle, or in the
automobile, for which vehicles it may be claimed that at any
rate they don't cost much to feed; others drive furiously in a
coffin-shaped box within four "spider" wheels; and yet others
prefer,--
"To dash along with four-in-hand, while others drive at random,
In whiskey, buggy, gig or dog-cart, curricle or tandem."
According the "right of way" to this procession, I at length claim
the privilege to take my pleasure in driving a tandem.
One of the first requisites of this is nerve,--an indispensable
requisite, in fact. It is the very spice of danger that makes this
form of driving exciting; but for a man who has nerve, and acquires
the proper amount of skill, there is no more danger in driving a
tandem than any other equipage in vogue. Fewer accidents befall
experienced tandem drivers than those who drive any local style of
turnout.
For example, a man in a road wagon of the conventional style, with
four wheels confining him in a narrow box, when his horse bolts
has no means whatsoever of saving himself; whereas, in a dog-cart,
although when the wheeler goes down he may get a "father and mother
of a fall," he does not part company with the vehicle.
It seems to be established that the most competent authority on
a subject is one who has much theoretical, and little practical,
knowledge of it.
For a tandem set up on theories alone, the horses must be a pair
perfectly matched in figure, height, color, and action; either,
therefore, fit to change places with, and to do the work of, the
other. Experienced tandem drivers whose opinions are entitled to
consideration dissent decidedly from this view. They maintain that
if the wheeler, that holds the entire weight on descending, and
performs nearly all the work, on level ground, for which great
strength and straight action are necessary, is the standard of the
pair, a leader patterned on this type will be too stout and too
coarse. If the leader, on the other hand, in quality, figure, and
action is of the perfect type, he will be too light, and otherwise
unsuited for the wheeler's place.
For tandem carts of standard weight, the wheeler, which is the
chief factor or mainstay of the tandem, should be 15.3 hands
high, with a well-cut head, deep, sloping shoulders, broad chest,
short, straight back, wide hips, and strong quarters on short,
strong legs. To prevent angles in, and to afford direct draught
of the driving-reins, the head should be carried straight and
naturally,--neither with nose poked out in front, nor pointed high
like a "star-gazer's," nor yet drawn in to the chest,--and he
should be a fast and straight goer, wasting none of his force in
extravagant action.
"A roadster good, not straddling high,
Nor shuffling low, I find thee;
But stepping straight and cheerily
Thou leav'st the miles behind thee."
The leader, whose duties seem to be ornamental chiefly, he having
nothing to carry but his harness, little work to do except on heavy
or hilly roads, and nothing to hold down hill, need have none of
the qualities mentioned as indispensable requisites in the wheeler.
With a wheeler, as before described, 15.3 in height, I should
choose a leader 15.2 or 15.2½; a half or three-quarters
thoroughbred, but with plenty of substance and bone. He should have
high style and high action all round; rakish and gamy in form,
spirit, and action; the head lean and thoroughbred looking; long,
clean neck, with good crest; head well up and nose a little out;
ears small, sensitive, and pointing to the front; deep, sloping
shoulders, high on the withers; short, straight back; strong,
muscular loins; straight hips; strong in the hind quarters, with
muscles running well down. To this should be added a light mouth,
well bitted, responding with the whole body to the lightest touch
of the rein; the manners and grace of a gentleman; good sense and
coolness in tight places, choosing often his own way with courage
and confidence,--a rare and lovable thing in God's creation, but
such there be or may be made (Plate XXXVII.).
Of tandem carts there are various patterns, but with the New
York Tandem Club, the members of which have been regarded as the
best exponents, in this country at least, of the proper way of
appointing a tandem, as well as of driving it, the Whitechapel, and
the dog-cart represented in Henderson's admirable picture entitled
"Going to Cover," are the two designs in favor at the present time.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXVI.--TANDEM OF MR. McCANDLESS]
[Illustration: PLATE XXXVII.--TANDEM OF MR. T. SUFFERN TAILER]
Hitherto the former has been the most popular, doubtless owing to
its being the pattern adopted by builders, but it has since yielded
place in the estimation of tandem drivers to the dog-cart described
(Plate XXXIV.); though both are, and will continue to be, regarded
as the highest types of their respective kinds.
The Whitechapel cart derives its name from a locality in the East
End of London, not nearly as aristocratic as Belgravia, and was
originally intended for some practical purpose, such as hawking
vegetables or milk, for example. It is rude in character, and,
like the hansom cab, not susceptible of much refinement, and its
primitive style is by no means improved by rails, lamps, and
fittings of shafts, in bright metals.
Well horsed, with appropriate harness, aprons, and a smart servant,
and driven by an accomplished whip, made up in sympathy, a
Whitechapel tandem is a most audacious "varmint" turnout.
The shafts of a Whitechapel being straight, in keeping with its
sharp, rakish lines, and its wheels being of proper height, a
certain amount of open space between the body and carriage is
unavoidable; but that objectionable feature may be in some degree
obviated, by painting the latter in dark colors, with black
striping, although primrose and vermilion on the under-carriage are
colors very effective and pleasing.
A dog-cart of the design in the familiar print referred to, as
its name and the blinds in its panels imply, was invented for the
conveyance of dogs inside, and is quite different in character, as
it is also superior in point of comfort, to a Whitechapel.
A slight bend in the shafts near their points is favorable to
closer relations of the body and carriage parts than would be
possible with straight shafts, a desirable effect in carriage
building termed "shutting up the daylight."
The most effective colors for this cart are: for the panels, which
are carved in imitation of basket, a straw or cream, and for the
shafts, wheels, etc., brightest vermilion striped with black.
Cushions of dark colors seem most appropriate for a cart painted
as described, as they are in agreeable contrast; but, as they are
affected by exposure to dust, rain, and the sun, drab Bedford cord
is the material to be preferred.
The superior comfort of this dog-cart is attributable to the
construction of its body, which is practically a box, open only
at its ends on which, the rails being bent outwards, the greatest
seating capacity is secured, and to the facility for getting on
and off, which is of importance on long journeys, when the duties
of the groom, who has been sent forward in advance, are performed
by the passenger occupying the hind seat. The bright vermilion
and clean straw colors of this cart are especially effective in
competitions on the tan-bark by gaslight, where dark colors show to
less advantage.
The cocking-cart (Plate XXXV.) is another style, which from its
very smartness and dangerous height seems especially adapted to
tandem driving, and is best described as the front boot of a coach
on two wheels. A local tandem driver informs me that he once
proposed giving his London builder an order for a cart of this
kind, but though the builder declared his readiness to undertake
its construction on the lines familiar to him through his ancestors
who built that sort of breakneck vehicle, the customer was advised
"not to trust his life on such a tower upon wheels."
The cocking-cart was used for conveying game fowls to the cock-pit,
on arriving at which destination they were thought to be, from the
shaking up they had received on the journey, in prime condition and
temper for the coming battle.
Except to be used exclusively for fancy tandem work, I would not
advise the purchase of a cocking-cart, as, for driving a single
horse, it is not to be compared with either a Whitechapel or a
dog-cart.
There are still other patterns of carts, some of which are very
good, but I have described those I think best suited to tandem
driving. Which of the many kinds of draughts for carts is most
practical is a question giving rise to much discussion. It must be
admitted that, whichever is used, while it may be placed a little
below the level of the hames-draughts, it should never be fixed
above that line.
An old tandem driver, to whose judgment I defer, informs me that,
having tried all sorts of draughts, he prefers that from hooks
fixed to the cross-bar, which he used many years without a galled
shoulder, but which would be unsuited to carts with very high
wheels and high, straight shafts. If a horse in a well-fitting
collar is properly put to a cart by his harness, with saddle
firmly fixed in its place, and back-band loose to allow the shafts
to play in their tugs, he will work from fixed draughts without
being injured. Ring hames-draughts, of old style, which are most
practical of all, will contribute more to a horse's comfort than
all the new fads in drawing-hooks and bars.
The most practical tandem harness, and the most effective on all
horses, with all carts, and in all places, was suggested by, and
in character is similar to, the four-horse harness of mail and
stage-coach days, when everything useful and nothing superfluous,
was the rule. Some of its salient features are its collars with
angular or pointed throats, for preventing choking from pressure
on the windpipe; ringed hames-draughts--least rigid, most yielding
to shoulders, and most durable ever designed, and like every two
metal parts working on each other (as leader's spring trace-hooks
and tandem eyes of wheeler's trace-buckles), polished to avoid
mutilation by friction; leader's pad, or saddle, shaped to suit
the back, however sharp; strapping (as cruppers, loin-strap, etc.)
unlined and unstitched, in keeping with the broad, stout traces of
single thickness, of which the wheeler's, furnished with chains at
the ends, are adaptable to the draughts, however long or short, of
all carts without moving the points of traces or disfiguring them
with three-cornered holes made by a jack-knife. The harness above
described, while specially in keeping with the Whitechapel cart, is
very appropriate for the more showy, highly painted dog-cart; as
the more costly lined and much-sewn harness is not out of place in
both these traps.
The chief objection, and almost the sole one, to the harness of my
choice, is its reasonable cost--none whatever to its appearance
or effect can be offered, a set each of brown and black leather
costing, together, little more than the value of one set of the
other kind of harness.
The tandem of Mr. G. F. McCandless (Plate XXXVI.), an honorary
member of the New York Tandem Club, will be remembered by those
who saw it in the competitions at the first horse show; for
effective association of colors of horses and cart, as well as for
other appointments, it stood at that time unrivalled, whether seen
on the road, in the park, or on the tan-bark of Madison Square
Garden. The illustration is by Gray-Parker. It is only a sketch,
and in it there are defects which did not exist in the original.
For example, Mr. McCandless's position on the box is too rigid and
straight; the wheeler is too far away from his work. Nevertheless,
the drawing is very smart. This is a good example of the
"going-to-cover" cart described above. Mr. McCandless, whose taste
in such matters will not be questioned, has in use the harness
recommended in this article.
Inquiries are sometimes made as to the correctness of using either
the leader's loin-strap, or wheeler's kicking-strap alone, that is,
either without the other. Both are practical appliances, and either
or both may be dispensed with, though the loin-strap seems to be
necessary for sustaining the very considerable length of the lead
traces; while the kicking-strap, except for finish, is necessary
only when a kicker in the shafts is to be restrained. A breeching
for the wheeler, entirely useless on the level, is indispensable
for journeys through a hilly country.
Views differ as to the length of lead traces. It is admitted
that to place a draught-horse as near his work as possible is
preferable, but it is claimed that the rule does not apply to a
tandem leader, who works only on heavy or hilly ground, his office
being chiefly ornamental; indeed, as a friend of mine used to
say, the duty of the leader was to deceive the wheeler, who would
cheerfully do all the work in tandem, when he seemed to understand
that he was being pulled along, though he was dull in single
harness.
A longish tandem is good in outline, and for horses 15.3 hands I
prefer lead traces 10 feet to 10 feet 6 inches in length. Short
traces, requiring the leader at all times to be in his collar to
keep clear of the wheeler, are especially adapted to the use of
drivers whose leaders are always at work up hill, down hill, and on
level ground; while longer ones are the sort for skilful performers
whose lead traces are gently swinging when, on smooth roads, the
cart seems to run of itself.
Within a few years there has been invented a contrivance for
attaching lead traces to the wheeler's harness by two bars, or
"whiffletrees," of different lengths, suspended by a chain from
the wheeler's hames-chain. For the use of ladies who drive tandem,
or occasional experimental drivers of the other sex, such safety
arrangement must be invaluable, but tandem drivers of the old
school would hardly utilize such substitutes for skill, or, to use
an English slang term, they "wouldn't be found dead with 'em," lest
they be denied a decent burial.
The driving seat, which is called "the box," is made up of a
hollow wooden box, with top sloping, from the required height
at the back, to its front edge of, say, two or more inches in
thickness, the four sides being covered with the same material as
that of the cushion, which is scooped or hollowed on its upper
surface, sloped on its side edges, tufted throughout its breadth
and depth for firmness, and should be fitted to the driver. For
adapting it to the use of all drivers, of whatever length of leg,
there is a cushion of no fixed dimensions; but it is found that
one comfortable for a man of, say, 5 feet 10 inches, and average
weight, with a correct seat and slightly bent knees and feet drawn
together, will suit nearly all, the shorter man sitting a little
forward and the taller one a little back upon the cushion. A
box-cushion so thick in its front edge as to chafe the under side
of the legs of a driver with a good seat and feet resting naturally
against the sloping foot-board, will cause much discomfort.
A score or more of years ago in England was conceived the fad of
plain, unshaped box-cushions for coaches, so high at the back and
with a pitch so steep that the dragsman could not sit in and could
only lean against them, nearly this entire weight being sustained
by the foot-board; an example of which may be seen in Barrand's
picture entitled, "The London Season," published in 1870. This
absurd fashion was short-lived.
If such a cushion is unsuited to a coach, it is even more unfit
for a two-wheeled cart, because when the off-side wheel drops
suddenly into a hole, or strikes the ground after passing over a
considerable obstacle, the driver from his leaning position, his
legs being straight and rigid, is liable to be shot out of his seat
into the road, or deposited on the wing over the wheel, from which
latter place a friend of mine informs me he was often so fortunate,
when using the objectionable sort of cushion described, as to be
able to scramble back into his place without "pulling up."
Sitting in, not leaning against, a shaped cushion, with body erect
and knees slightly bent, and yielding to the motion of the cart,
the danger mentioned will be materially lessened, and if forewarned
of a wheeler's falling, the driver may save himself from being
landed beyond the horse's head, even if he fails to retain his seat
in the cart.
It must have been to this conforming to the movement of the vehicle
on the importance of which, as affecting safety, so much stress
is laid, that the celebrated Jack Mytton owed his preservation
when, running his gig-wheel up a bank, he afforded his passenger
a new sensation by pitching him out like a sack of meal, and when,
also, as was his custom, he charged a gate with his tandem, for he
survived those and other similar exploits. In my limited experience
in driving tandems I have never had a leader, however vicious,
part company with the wheeler and bolt with his harness dangling
about him; but if that event is yet to occur, and the twenty-three
feet of lead-reins run clear, leaving my wheeler's bridle intact
and in place, I shall attribute such good fortune to unbuckled
hand-parts, and to the freedom of action of the swivels in my wheel
throat-latch, so very practical, and so much to be preferred to the
fixtures attaching to the rosettes at the wheeler's ears.
The whip, like every other appointment of the tandem, is English,
and is a very different affair from the flail-like instrument used
by our ancestors. Of a tandem-whip, the stick should be 5 feet and
the thong 12 feet 6 inches long. Some authorities fix the length
of the thong at 10 feet or even less, to which, though seemingly
impracticable, certain tandem drivers conform involuntarily by
cutting off with their wheel a yard or so of point and leaving
it in the road. The convenient disposal of this thong of such
considerable length severely tries the patience and tests the skill
of the beginner.
Holding the stick in the right hand at about the upper mounting
for balance, and the point of the thong between the stick and the
fingers, by a dexterous motion, proceeding entirely from the wrist,
pitch the thong over to the right of, and away from, the stick,
which, being suddenly stopped, the thong returns upon and is wound
round it about four times, producing the long, depending, open
loop, which is called the "double thong." The coils are followed
down the stick by a small loop, and yet other coils of the point
of the thong, but in the opposite direction to the first ones.
Taking the small lower loop between the thumb and forefinger of
the rein-hand (which should in no case be disturbed or diverted
from its purpose when driving), by a movement of the stick with the
right, disengage the point of the thong and lay it along the stick
to the hand. A turn or two of the double thong round the stick
to the right, or off side, will effect the figure 8, which some
authorities condemn, but which is practical, as it holds the thong
on the stick when double thonging a wheeler, or when driving in a
high wind; and many old coaching prints attest its correctness,
although it has often been suggested that the methods of the men
working a coach a hundred miles a day, when coaching was a trade as
well as an art, have been improved upon since it became a pastime.
The catching of two double thongs at the same time, with as many
whips held one in each hand, is an altogether useless performance,
and is suggestive of the practice of legerdemain rather than
coaching. Men who drive, or who have driven their own teams, would
hardly devote their time to such a purposeless occupation.
The thongs of new tandem whips are always wiry, and it is difficult
to make them hold to the stick. The scheme recommended for making
them pliable is the following: loan your whip to a persevering
beginner and tell him, "Shut yourself up in your room and learn to
catch your whip there and in private," as advised by the author of
"Down the Road."
If he really is ambitious, and has the necessary application, and
particularly if he persists in following his own methods, by the
time he has acquired the simple little trick your thong will have
become quite supple; but if you are likely to want your whip within
a reasonable time, you had better not concede to him the privilege
of keeping it until he has attained to proficiency, as you may not
get it back during his natural life.
Beginners are much given to concerning themselves about the cost
and ornamentation of their whips rather than the proper mode of
using them. A whip with extravagant mountings in unskilful hands
renders its owner ridiculous. The most important quality of any
whip is its feeling or balance, which is utterly sacrificed to the
silversmith when he is allowed to affix to its butt a foot of his
metal of mediæval style. It is better to buy other examples of his
skill, and preserve your whip in its original serviceable form.
The yew is the only whip of which I find mention in old coaching
days:--
"For, sure, the coachman hands are few,
That wield in style the polished yew,"
and barring the fault peculiar to it of warping, the yew is a
capital stick. Holly is now in almost universal use for whips of
English style, and of all whips and sticks is undoubtedly to be
preferred. Some thorns are also used, but it is rare to find that
sort of stick with the taper and feeling or life of hollies, they
being mostly of nearly uniform substance from butt-end to point.
Since the publication of the coaching book, entitled "Down the
Road," in which is an illustration of the dog-legged four-horse
whip presented to the author by the professional coachman, Tom
Hennessy, no dragsman's or tandem driver's collection of whips is
considered complete without at least one whip with a single crook
in the stick.
Driving aprons are important in the equipment of a tandem, and
should be in keeping with its character. Bedford cords, box
cloths, and other materials of drab color are most durable, and
for sporting traps, most effective in appearance, and their care
involves comparatively little expenditure of time and labor.
Aprons of plain dark colors furnish an agreeable contrast to
the driver's top-coat and the servant's livery greatcoat when
those garments are of drab; but the work of keeping them clean
is slavish, and continual, and they quickly fade and lose their
freshness, on account of which objections to them, drab ones, being
free from the faults named, are preferred.
A turnout, with a simple apron for the front seat, and none for
the shivering groom on the hind seat, has an unfinished look,
suggestive of insufficient means or want of thoughtfulness for the
comfort of the servant.
Devotees of the art of tandem driving, who have not enjoyed
the treat of a perusal of that charming book entitled "Frank
Fairleigh," by Mr. Smedley, may be entertained by the author's
description of the turnout of the Honorable George Lawless, as
follows:--
"Perched high in mid-air, upon some mysterious species of dog-cart,
bearing a striking resemblance to the box to a mail-coach, which
had contrived by some private theory of development of its own,
to dispense with its body, while it had enlarged its wheels to an
almost incredible circumference; perched on top of this remarkable
machine, and enveloped in a white greatcoat undermined in every
direction by strange and unexpected pockets, was none other than
the Hon. George Lawless.
"The turnout was drawn by a pair of thoroughbreds, driven tandem,
which were now, their irascible tempers being disturbed by delay,
relieving their feelings by executing a kind of hornpipe upon their
hind legs."
The top-coat recognized as the standard for driving at the present
day is called a "driving-cape," doubtless from its resemblance
in the matter of amplitude of skirts to a sleeved cape; and when
properly constructed as to its lines, balance, and the position of
its pockets is a very "down-the-road" looking garment--a refinement
of the "Upper-Benjamin" of stage-coach days. Made of stout cloth
of drab color, not white; furnished with a velvet collar which
hangs off from the neck to allow room inside it for a coaching
muffler with a bit of spot; the leather-lined pockets, with flaps
of liberal size, placed low in the skirts for convenience of
access; the outward seams strapped and stoutly sewn, and lined
with an effective plaid of woollen, when hung at proper balance
on the shoulders, which sustain its whole weight, and whence, in
a downward direction, its circumference increases until, at the
bottom of the skirts, which reach the knees, it stands out from
the wearer all around as if hooped inside, it is very comfortable
and of workmanlike appearance whether worn or laid down on the
box-cushion of a coach or tandem cart.
Having described the properly appointed tandem, we will suppose
it has been brought round to the door by the groom, who, having
got down and hung the reins on the wheeler's off-side terret, or
looped them through the corner of the dasher, takes his place at
the wheeler's head, where he remains until his master picks up
the ribbons, when he goes to the head of the leader. Inserting
the middle finger of the right hand between the wheeler's reins,
and the forefinger between the leader's, always keeping the
near-side rein of each on top, you have the near lead-rein over
the forefinger, the off lead and near wheel reins in the order
mentioned between the fore and middle fingers, and the off
wheel-rein between the middle and second fingers. Having assorted
and placed the reins as directed, and adjusted them as to length,
still holding them together with the whip in your right hand,
laying hold of the seat rail, with your left you climb into
the cart, and transferring your reins, without change of their
relations, to the corresponding fingers of the left hand, you drop
into your seat.
Some carts, from their peculiar construction and arrangement of
seat, rail, and steps, not being adapted to the pulling yourself
up by the rail with the left hand alone, as on a coach, it may be
necessary to take hold of the rail or the corner of the dasher with
the right, when care should be taken not to disturb the wheeler
with the whip, which, with the reins, you have in that hand.
Your passenger should have gotten up in the box-seat at the same
time as, or after, the driver, but not before.
Having satisfied yourself that everything is shipshape, gently
feeling the horses' mouths by their reins,--those of the leader,
who should not be in the collar at the start, should be a little
less slack than his traces,--you start your horses by an "all
right," or a "let 'em go," or a double click, or by some other
signal, but in no event using the improper "pull up" in vogue, of
meaning directly opposed to your purpose.
Having seen the leader started, the servant, not moving from his
position, salutes his master as the tandem passes, and when the
tail of the cart reaches him he climbs up, taking his place in the
middle of the hind seat and sitting quite erect with folded arms,
instead of slouching about "all over the shop." A servant should
have pride enough to do his part in maintaining the character
of the turnout which he renders ridiculous when sprawling in his
seat and gaping about as though waiting to recognize passing
acquaintances. He should look intently into space, and affect to
see nothing. A tandem is dependent very much for its effect upon
the groom, who should be "all alive," and when he feels the pace
slackening, should concern himself as to the purpose, and, getting
to the ground quickly, find his way to the leader's head by the
time the team is pulled up.
A dapper, trim-built groom, of light weight and medium height, is
most in keeping with the character of a tandem, for which a very
tall or a very stout servant is unsuited.
When no passenger occupies it, the groom's place is in the box-seat
by the side of his master, the tailboard of the cart being shut up.
Lord Tomnoddy's--
"Tiger Tim,
Was clean of limb,
His boots were polished, his jacket was trim!
With a very smart tie in his smart cravat,
And a smart cockade on the top of his hat;
Tallest of boys, or shortest of men,
He stood in his stockings just four feet ten!"
The equipage of the Honorable George Lawless, whose cart and
top-coat I have already described, and whose taste in all matters
appertaining to the appointment of a tandem was unquestioned, "was
completed by a tiger so small, that, beyond a vague sensation of
top-boots, and a livery hat, one's senses failed to realize him."
Rules for driving that have been made by the proper authorities
should be carefully observed. Occasion may arise when it is
necessary to take liberties with prescribed forms. In tandem
driving, which should be done with one hand as much as possible,
there is one rule, the observance of which is essential to safety,
and that is never to lose your horses' mouths by getting your hands
so close up to your chest that you have no space to spare for
pulling up. You may see some drivers with their hands nearly up to
their chins and looking supremely happy in their ignorance of the
risk they incur. The proper position of the left or rein hand is a
few inches forward of the body, with the elbow adown the side and
close to but not pressing against it. Nothing is more awkward than
the elbows at an angle showing daylight between them and the body.
The draught on the reins from the elbows to the horses' mouths
should be as nearly as possible on a straight line.
I would strongly advise beginners to avail themselves of the
instructions of any recognized professional dragsman of whatever
pretensions. If you find one incompetent to teach you, you are
confirmed in your own skill, which is worth all you have paid for
the information. It would be strange if any man who had practised
the calling for any considerable length of time had not picked
up some wrinkles or dodges worth knowing that had escaped the
learner hitherto. An accomplished instructor having been found,
pupils should take a full course of lessons, as, however apt
scholars, they will hardly have absorbed in a limited number all
the knowledge acquired by one who has devoted a lifetime to the
pursuit. Nearly all beginners are too anxious to exhibit their
self-reliance, and declare too early their independence of the
mentor.
Acquire the correct methods, or aim to do so, of doing all things
connected with tandem driving, and be satisfied with nothing else;
there can be no compromise with what is called "form," a word, it
may be remarked, so significant as to admit of no qualifications;
a thing is "form" or is not "form," and the terms "good" and "bad"
prefixed to it are as superfluous as if applied to perfection
(compare p. 314). And when adopting the customs peculiar to
another country, one should make sure he can reach an accepted
standard before attempting to improve upon it or surpass it.
Ambitious parties who always aim to exceed recognized standards,
essay to drive a tandem of three or four horses, which they
style "trandom" and "random"--a straining after effect in name
as well as performance. As any number of single horses, not less
than two, harnessed in a single line, are properly described as a
tandem, such aspirants for fame, having a name provided for their
turnout, may be concerned solely lest they find themselves with
too many horses and too few hands for driving them. In my lexicons
of coaching and driving, no application of either "trandom" or
"random" is found, and, unless the parties have a dictionary of
their own, I do not believe there is any authority for such use of
the words. A tandem of two horses, of which the leader turns round
and faces the cart, may be said to be driven at random.
I wish, in closing, to express my obligation and acknowledgment
to Mr. Burton Mansfield, the accepted authority in this country
for many years upon tandems and tandem driving, for the valuable
assistance he has given me in preparing this article.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Draft Book of Centennial Carriages displayed in Philadelphia.
Report on Diseases of the Horse, 1903. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
How to Buy and Sell. Howden.
Riders of Many Lands. Dodge.
Practical Horse Shoeing. Fleming.
Diseases and Injuries of the Horse. Kirby.
The Horse in Motion. Stillman.
Bridle Bits. Battersby.
Modern Horsemanship. E. L. Anderson.
Horses, Saddles, and Bridles. Colonel W. H. Carter.
The Practical Horse Keeper. Fleming.
Hints on Driving. Captain C. Morley Knight.
The Horse in the Stable and in the Field. J. H. Walsh
(Stonehenge). 15th ed. revised by Harold Leeney.
Points of the Horse. Captain Hayes.
Veterinary Notes for Horse Owners. Captain Hayes.
The Private Stable. James A. Garland.
Breaking and Riding. James Fillis. Translated by Captain Hayes.
Youatt on the Horse. Youatt.
Complete Modern Farrier. Brown.
The Art of Horsemanship. Xenophon. Translated and edited by M. H.
Morgan.
The Perfect Horse. W. H. H. Murray.
Horses and Harness. E. F. Flower.
Omnibuses and Cabs. H. C. Moore.
Horse Sense. J. C. Curryer.
Philipson on Harness. John Philipson.
Our Noblest Friend the Horse. Francis M. Ware.
Driving. Francis M. Ware and Others.
A Manual of Coaching. Fairman Rogers.
American Horses and Horse Breeding. Dimon.
Driving Lessons. E. Howlett.
Experience with the Trotters and Pacers. E. Geers.
Driving for Pleasure. Francis T. Underhill.
Whips and Whip-making. W. G. Ashford.
Driving. Duke of Beaufort. Badminton Library.
An Old Coachman's Chatter. Edward Corbett.
The Coach Horn: What to blow and how to blow it. An Old Guard.
Driving as I Found It. Swales.
Brighton and its Coaches. William C. A. Blew.
Stage Coach and Tavern Days. Alice Morse Earle.
Every Horse Owner's Cyclopædia. J. H. Walsh (Stonehenge).
Lessons in Horse Judging. W. Fearnley.
The Form of the Horse. J. C. L. Carson.
The Horse. W. H. Flower, C.B.
The Pocket, and the Stud. Charles Brinley.
Mayhew's Horse Management. Revised by J. I. Lupton.
Seats. Saddles. Major Dwyer.
Astley's System of Horse Education. Philip Astley.
The Book of the Horse. S. Sidney.
INDEX
Acidity of stomach, cure for, 248.
Age of horses, determining, 205.
Aids, application of the, 88-89.
Air in stables, 211, 212-213, 218.
Alcohol, hardening skin with, 247.
Ale, use of, in sickness, 241, 247.
Alidor, 30.
Alix, trotting record of, 290.
Aloes as a purgative, 247.
America, the home of the horse, 162-164.
Horse history of, 162, 179-194.
Importation of horses to, 162, 180-182, 191, 285.
Number of work-animals compared with other countries, 163-164.
Roads in, 192-194.
American Saddle-horse Breeders' Association, 16.
Anderson, Richard Clough, 80.
Andrew Jackson, 190.
Antiseptics, 244, 249.
Aperients in horses' diet, 40, 234, 240, 247.
Apples for horses, 40, 234.
Aprons, driving, 418.
_Arabella_, horses on the, 181.
Arabian. _See_ Darley _and_ Markham.
Arabians, degeneration of, 4-5.
Argentine Republic, horses in, 163.
Army horsemen. _See_ Cavalry.
"Art of Horsemanship, The," Xenophon's, 64, 155, 203, 267.
Ass, brain of, 161 n.
Auctions, purchasing at, 34-35.
Aure, M. d', master of riding, 75.
Australia, statistics of horses, 163.
Austria, number of horses in, 163.
Wagon rims in, 194.
Axles, inspection of, 278.
Backing, training horses in, 135-137, 296.
Backs of horses, defective points regarding, 204.
Balking, 98-99.
Ball Brothers, breeders, 52-53.
Bandaging of horses, 42-43.
Barbary, horses from, in America, 182, 183.
Barley, as food, 233, 240.
Nutritive value of, 237.
Baucher, M., riding authority, 75, 109, 129, 155.
Bay Bolton, 285.
Bayard, Henri Franconi's, 100.
Beans for horses, 233-234, 237.
Bearing-reins, 272-273, 305.
In driving--
Four, 368-369.
Pair, 345.
Tandem, 396.
Bedding in stalls, 39-40.
Belle Hamlin, 284.
Berthune, 8.
Bits, care of, 218, 317.
Duke of Newcastle on, 268.
Fit of, 268-269.
Horses not led by, in harnessing, 316, 334.
Leather, for young colts, 293.
Selection of, for harness-horses, 297.
Snaffle, in training colts, 294.
Tandem-driving, 396.
Varieties of, 56, 268.
Xenophon's advice, 267-268.
Bitting exercises for colts, 25-28.
Bones of ideal horse, 200, 201.
Bonnie Scotland, Miss Lake's, 100.
Book, stable, 228-229.
Books. _See_ Works.
Boston, 12.
Boston Blue, 189.
Boston Horse, trotting record of, 290.
Bourbon King, 52, 53.
Box-stalls, 39, 216, 217, 221.
Brain, statistics of, in animals, 161 n.
Brakes, use and misuse of, 306-308.
Bran as food, 234, 237.
Bran mash, receipt, 240.
Breaking-in of colts, 20-29, 291-293.
Fallacies regarding, 298-299.
Breastplate (Dutch collar), 265.
Adjustment of, in harnessing a pair, 336.
Breeching, use of, 274, 306.
In tandem-driving, 393, 410.
Breeders, Kentucky, 47-53.
Breeding, 5, 8-13, 16, 285-289.
_See_ Stock farms.
Bridle, the, 121-124, 266.
Double, 57-58, 114-117.
Bridling horse, method of, 58-59.
Britain, history of horse in, 7, 182.
Broken knees, treatment of, 245.
Bronson, Mr., cited, 361.
Brow-band, the, 267, 272.
Bruises, treatment of, 243-244, 246.
"Buck eye," the, 197.
Buffalo Bill, 79-80.
Bully Rock, 191.
Bussigny, H. L. de, 72, 88.
Byerly Turk, 4, 191.
Canada, the first horse in, 181.
Pacers from, 16.
Canter, the, 128.
_See_ Hand-gallop.
Carriages, care of, 222, 223, 277-279.
History of, 191-192.
Insignia on, 280-282.
Carrots for horses, 40, 234, 237, 240.
Carter, General, 67.
Carts for tandem-driving, 399-400, 404-408.
Casting the horse, 22-23, 152-153.
Castleman, General John B., 16.
Breeding establishment of, 48-49.
Horsemanship of, 79.
Castleman, Major David, 49.
Cat, brain of, 161 n.
Cavalry, British, 77.
Fort Riley school, 81-84.
French, 74-75.
German, 73-74.
Italian, 75.
Oats allowance in, 233.
Origins of, 66.
Oxen used for, 179.
United States, 80-84.
Use of stirrups by, 67.
Cavesson, lessons on the, 23-26, 101, 151.
Cayuse ponies, 9, 80.
Cecil Palmer, 49.
Chafing, cure of, 245.
Chains _vs._ leather in pole-pieces, 335-336, 358.
Charles Kent mare, the, 285.
Charleston, S.C., jockey-club of, 188.
Charlier shoe, the, 257.
Check-reins, 272-273, 297.
Cherokee ponies, so-called, 86.
Chest of ideal horse, 199.
Children, riding-lessons for, 85-87.
Chills, treatment of, 246.
Chimney-sweeps, salutes to, 365.
Cleaning of horses, 42, 43, 230.
Clicking, cause and remedy, 257.
Clifton Farm, 49.
Clover, use of, as food, 234.
Coaches, rules for judging, 382-391.
Coach horns, 378-379.
Coaching, present-day, 353-381.
Coaching Club, rules of, for judging drags and road-coaches, 382-391.
Coachman, cushion for, 302, 326, 400, 412-413.
Details in clothing of, 300-302.
Living-rooms of, 216, 223-224.
Seat of, 302, 326.
Signals from, to horse, 318-319.
Coachmen, a distinction between drivers and, 347.
Cocking-cart, the, 407.
Cockspur, 16.
Cody, Colonel W. F., 79-80.
Colds, symptoms of, and treatment, 241-242.
Colic, causes of, and remedies, 242, 248.
Collars, 263, 265.
In tandem-driving, 408-409.
Warming of, 264, 333.
Collodion, flexible, as remedy, 248.
Colors desirable in saddle-horses, 35.
Colts, training, 20-29, 291-299.
Columbus, horses imported by, 162, 180.
"Combined horses," 150.
Conestoga horse, origin of, 181.
Confidence, trotting record of, 290.
Cooling of horses, 248.
Copperbottom, 13-14.
Corbett, Edward, quoted, 322.
Corn for horses, 234.
Corners, turning, 313, 328-329, 375, 397.
Corns, cause of, 253, 255.
Corradini, training of horse by, 45.
Cortes, horses of, 180.
Coupling-reins, 335, 340-344.
Time of buckling, 336-337.
Cracked heels, so-called, 243.
Cresceus, 290.
Cribbing, one sign of, 206.
Crop, use of, 56.
Cross-gallop, rectification of, 131.
Croup, work on, with saddle-horses, 117-120, 123.
Cruiser, descendants of, 12.
Crupper, the, 274, 305-306.
Adjustment of, in harnessing, 316.
Cunning of horses, 98.
Curb-bit, the, 57.
Lessons with, 114-117.
Use of, 121-124.
Curb-chains, 269, 317.
Currycomb, abolition of, advised, 42.
Curzon, Lady, cited, 394.
Cushion, driver's, 302, 326.
In tandem-driving, 400, 412-413.
Daphne, 13.
Darley Arabian, 4, 5, 8, 191.
Dealers, behavior to, 31-32, 178.
Denmark (founder), 15-16, 47.
Denmark, Gaines's, 16.
Denmark strain, 9, 15, 52.
Descriptions of ideal horse, 35-37, 196-204.
De Soto, horses of, 180, 181.
Dexter, 286, 290.
Diarrhœa, treatment of, 242, 147.
Dickens, 52.
Dictator, 286.
Diomed, 8, 16, 191.
Diseases, treatment of horses', 239-250.
Disinfectants, use of, in stables, 223, 229.
Dismounting, method of, 61, 63.
Docking of tails, 304-305.
Dog, brain of, 161 n.
Dog-carts, for tandem-driving, 404.
Origin of name, 406.
Dogskin, driving gloves of, 301.
Doors of stables, 215, 220.
Dorothy, General Castleman's, 48.
Double bridle, lessons with, 57-58, 114-117.
"Down the Road," 416, 417.
Drags, rules for judging, 382-391.
Drainage of stables, 39, 211, 215, 217, 220.
Dress, coachman's, 300-302.
In tandem-driving, 419-420.
Dressing of horses, 42-44.
Drivers, distinction drawn between coachmen and, 347.
Driving, four-in-hand, 353-381.
"Form" in, 313-314, 424.
One horse, 318-332.
Pair, 333-352.
Position of hands in, 309-311, 423.
Tandem, 401-425.
Driving apron, the, 418.
Driving cape, the, 419-420.
"Driving for Pleasure," Underhill's, 279, 352.
Driving for punishment, remarks on, 352.
Duke, General Basil, cited, 3.
Dutchman, trotting record of, 290.
Ears of ideal horse, 197.
Eclipse (1764), 7-8, 12.
Education of horses. _See_ Training.
Edwin Forrest, trotting record, 290.
Egypt, horses of ancient, 6.
Elliott, Lieutenant Duncan, 83.
Elsa, 50.
Emily, General Castleman's, 48.
England, horsemen of, 72-73, 75-77.
Horses of early and mediæval, 7, 183-184.
Roads in, 183.
Stage-coach history in, 191-192.
English Stud Book (or "Match Book"), the, 185.
"Equus beds," 179.
Ethan Allen, 190.
Europe, horsemanship of continental, 72-75.
Exercise of horses, 41, 230.
Indoor, 44-45.
Necessity of, urged, 148-149.
Exercises, mounted, 70-72.
Suppling, 113-117.
Eye, of ideal horse, 197.
Defective points, 204.
Falkland Island horses, 172.
Falls from or with horse, 144-145.
Causes of, 150, 154-155.
Farms. _See_ Stock farms.
Feeding of horses, 40-41, 225-238.
Feet, advice on horses', 201.
Care of. _See_ Shoeing.
Cleaning, 43, 230, 253.
Defects in, 205.
Effect of placing of, on action, 18-19.
Evolution of, 170-172.
Formation of, 252.
Nails in, 245.
Fetlock of ideal horse, 200-201.
Fevers, 241.
Fiord ponies, 7, 10.
Flanders, horses from, in America, 181, 182.
Flexion of jaw by suppling, 114-117.
Floors in stables, 39, 216-217.
Flora Temple, 190, 290.
"Flying Coach," the, 192.
Fomentation, defined, 247.
Food for horses, 40-41, 225-238.
Effect of, on teeth, 206.
Foot founders, 245-246.
Foot-rail, dangers of, 303, 400.
Forest Denmark, 52.
Forging, remedy for, 257-258.
"Form," discussion of, 313-314.
In tandem-driving, 424.
Fort Riley, cavalry school at, 81-84.
Fossil remains of horses, 5, 169-171.
Founder, remedy for, 249.
Four-in-hand driving, 353-381.
Fox, 285.
France, number of horses in, 163.
Riders in, 74-75.
Riding-masters of, 75.
Roads in, 193.
Wagon devices in, 194.
Franconi, Henri, 86-87, 100.
"Frank Fairleigh," Smedley's, references to, 418-419, 423.
Freshness, avoidance of. _See_ Exercise.
Fritz, William, 87.
Full-gallop, the, 128.
Gaits, the three essential, in saddle-horses, 17.
Gallop, the, 124-125.
Full (racing pace), 128.
Halt in, 133-134.
School (pace), 128.
Variations of form of, 127-134.
Wheel in, 132-133.
Gallop changes, 128-132.
Galls, collar and saddle, 245.
Garland, James A., "The Private Stable" by, 279.
Garrard, Major Castleman's, 49-50.
Gay Brothers, breeders, 50-51.
Geers, Ed., 284.
Germany, statistics of horses in, 163.
Riders in, 73-74.
Wagon tires in, 194.
Gipsey, 285.
Globe, 284.
Gloves, driving, 301-302.
Godolphin Barb, 4.
Gohanna, 12.
"Going to Cover," Henderson's, 404.
Goldsmith Maid, 189, 190, 290.
Grass, nutritive value, 18, 237, 240.
Great Britain, numbers of horses in, 163.
_See_ Britain _and_ England.
Greece, horses of ancient, 6-7.
Greeks, stirrups unknown to ancient, 65.
Grinsone, work on horsemanship by, 129, 155.
Grooming of horses, 42, 43, 230.
Grooms, office of, in tandem-driving, 421-422.
_See_ Stablemen.
Ground-shyness in saddle-horses, 151.
Guerinière, M., 75.
Half-halt, the, 107-108.
Halt in gallop, the, 133-134.
Hambletonian, 285.
Influence of, on trotting descendants, 286-287.
Pedigree of, 285.
Hames, the, 264.
Hamlin, C. J., 288.
Hand-gallop ("canter"), the, 91, 106, 127.
Hands, position of, in driving, 309-311, 423.
"Hands" in driving, defined, 321-323.
"Hansom's Patent Safety Cab," 192.
Harness, 259-283.
Care of, 218, 222, 276-277, 280.
Four-in-hand, 282.
Insignia on, 280-282.
Runabout, 282.
Saddle-horses should not be used in, 150.
Tandem, 393-394, 408-411.
Harnessing, four horses, 366-367.
One horse, 315-316.
Pair, 333-334.
Tandem, 393, 395.
Harness room, construction of, 218, 221.
Hay, as food, 18, 40, 232-233, 237.
Hay tea, receipt, 241.
Head, points of horse's, 196-198, 202, 204.
Heating of stables, 218, 223.
Hedgeford (imported), 15.
Hennessy, Tom, 417.
High jumpers, characteristics of, 11.
Highland Denmark, 50.
Highland Maid, trotting record, 290.
Highways. _See_ Roads.
Hills, driving up and down, 308-309.
Hobson, General, 41.
Hocks, consideration of, 202, 204.
Holly for whips, 417.
Hoofs, advice on, 201.
_See_ Feet.
Horns, coach, 378-379.
Horse-racing. _See_ Racing.
Horses, the brain in, 161 n.
Care of, 159, 164-168, 208-210.
Defects in, 204-205.
Economic value of, 159-168.
Evolution of, 169-175.
Feeding of, 225-226, 232-238.
First representation of, 65.
Grooming, 42, 43, 230.
Importation of, to America, 162, 180-182, 191, 285.
Measurements of, 200.
Natural history of, 169-178.
Points of perfection in, 195-210.
Prehistoric, 169-175.
Proper proportions of, 203.
Selection of, 195-208.
Shoeing, 251-258.
Stomachs of, 225-226.
Value of, in figures, 167.
"Horses, Saddles, and Bridles," Carter's, 67.
Horse shows, influence of, on riding, 73, 78.
Howletts, the, 310.
Hungary, horse statistics of, 163.
Hunter, the, "an accident," 11.
Hurdle-racing, 142-143.
Hurdles for saddle-horse jumping, 138-140.
Iceland ponies, 10.
In-and-in breeding, 8.
India, horse statistics of, 163.
Indians, horsemanship of, 80.
"In hand," collection of horse, 106.
Definition of, 91-92.
Insanity, viciousness is, 20-21.
Interference, shoes in cases of, 257.
Iodoform as an antiseptic, 249.
Ireland, horses in, 163.
Irregular teeth, remedy for, 243, 272.
Italy, riders in, 75.
Roads in, 193.
Statistics of horses in, 163.
James I., Markham Arabian bought by, 184.
Jamestown, horses landed at, 181.
Japan, number of horses in, 163.
_Jardin d'Acclimation_, horses in, 169-170.
Jay-Eye-See, side check used on, 297.
Trotting record of, 290.
Jockey seat, the, 67-68.
John Bull, 191.
Johnster, Henri Franconi's, 100.
Jumping, height suitable for practice in, 144.
Lessons in, 138-146.
Raising the horse in, 141-142.
Justina, 284.
Kane, Delancey, coach run by, 355.
Keene, Foxhall, 78.
Kentucky, Denmark's career in, 15-16, 47.
Endurance of horses of, 18.
Riders of, 78-79.
Saddle-horses from, 15.
Saddle-horse stock farms of, 47-53.
Kicking, crupper a partial preventive of, 274, 305-306.
On the jump, 143-144.
Punishment of, in driving four, 362.
Kicking-strap, 274-275, 293, 410.
Kimball Jackson check, the, 297.
Kindness, misplaced, in treating horses, 149.
Knee, of ideal horse, 200.
Broken, 245.
La Broue, M., riding authority, 75.
Lady Suffolk, trotting record, 290.
Lake, Miss Emma, 100.
Lameness, cases of, 246-247.
From bad shoeing, 255.
Laminitis, 245-246.
La Plata, horses found by Cabot in, 180.
Laxatives for horses, 234, 240, 247.
Leather, for harness, 262-263.
Chains _vs._, in pole-pieces, 335-336, 358.
Legs of ideal horse, 200-201.
"Leg up," a, 61.
Lexington, Colonel Woodford's, 52.
Lexington, Ky., as a saddle-horse centre, 47-53.
Lighting of stables, 39, 211, 215-216.
Linseed, use of, in feeding, 234, 237.
Linseed oil, use of, 241, 247.
Linseed tea, 241.
Lips of perfect horse, 197.
Living-rooms of coachman and stablemen, 216, 223-224.
Llama, use of, in early Peru, 179.
"London Season, The," Barrand's, 413.
Longe, use of the, 23-27, 101.
Lope, the, 128.
Lou Dillon, 286, 287, 289.
Check not used on, 297.
Pedigree of, 291.
Trotting record of, 290.
McCandless, G. F., tandem of, 409-410.
Maize, nutritive value of, 237.
Mambrino, 285.
Mambrino Gift, 190.
Mambrino King, 288.
Mansfield, Burton, tandem authority, 425.
"Manual of Coaching," Rogers's, 279, 343-344.
Mares, feeding of (brood), 17-18.
Selection of, for breeding, 10-11, 190.
Markham Arabian, the, 7, 184.
Martingale, the, 272.
In tandem-driving, 396.
Massachusetts, first horses in, 181.
Matilda, General Castleman's, 49.
Maud S., 290.
Messenger (imported), 190-191.
Pedigree of, 285.
"Modern Horsemanship," Anderson's, 30, 129.
Molasses, black, for horses, 233, 234.
Use of, as food, 236-237.
Montgomery Chief, 52, 53.
Morgan, General John, 41.
Morgan strain, the, 13-14.
Motto, 50.
Mounting, method of, 60-61.
Mustang, the, 9, 10, 80.
Mytton, Jack, reminiscences of, 413.
Nail in foot, treatment, 245.
Nall, Colonel, 16.
Nancy Hanks, 290.
Neck, guiding saddle-horse with reins against, 122-124.
Set of head on the, 197-198.
Newcastle, Duke of, work on horsemanship by, 155, 268.
Newsome, James, 72.
New York, horses imported to, 181.
New York State, highways in, 193.
Wagon tires in, 194.
New York Tandem Club, carts used by, 404.
Nose-band, the, 267.
Leading horses by, 316, 334.
Oatmeal and ale, in sickness, 241.
Oats as food, 40, 233, 237, 240.
"Old Coachman's Chatter, An," Corbett's, 322.
Ontario, riding-horses from, 15.
Origins of the horse, 4-7, 169-170, 179-180.
Orloff, production of the, 9.
Overdraw checks. _See_ Check-reins.
Overreaching, remedy for, 257-258.
Ox, brain of, 161 n.
Oxen, use of, as cavalry, 179.
Pair, harnessing a, 333-334.
Importance of coupling-reins in driving, 340-342.
Length of reins in driving, 337.
Lessons in driving, 351-352.
Starting, 338-339.
Stopping, 339.
Unharnessing, 317.
Palo Alto, 190-191.
Parthenon frieze, horses in, 7, 64.
Passing other vehicles in driving--
Four-in-hand, 376.
One horse, 331.
Tandem, 399.
Pasterns, 200-201, 202, 204.
Peas as food, 233, 237.
Pelham, trotting record of, 290.
Percheron, production of the, 9.
Pig, brain of, 161 n.
Pigskin for whips, 276.
Pirouette, performance of, 123.
Pirouette wheel, the, 132-133.
Pisgah stud, 50-51.
Placing of feet, effect of, on action, 18-19.
Plan of stable, 219-222.
Pluvinel, Antoine de, 75, 155.
Pole, adjustment of, in harnessing pair, 334-335.
Pole-chains, appropriate use of, 335-336, 358.
Poling up, four, 366.
Pair, 334-335.
Polo ponies, measurements of, 199.
Ponies, cayuse, 9, 80.
Cherokee, 86.
Iceland, 10.
Norwegian Fiord, 7, 10.
Polo, 199, 207.
Shetland, 10, 85, 86.
Tandem, 394.
Pony tandem, 394.
Potatoes, boiled, for horses, 234.
"Private Stable, The," Garland's, 279.
Profile of ideal horse, 196.
Proportions of well-bred horse, 203-204.
Pulling, treatment of, 269-271.
Pulse in health and disease, 239.
Purchase of horses, 30-38, 176-178.
Purgatives, 234, 240, 247.
Quarters of stablemen, 223-224.
Quincy, Josiah, cited, 186, 187.
Raabe, M., 75.
Racing, evolution of, 188-191.
Rack, the, 15, 17.
Railey, Charles, as rider, 79.
"Random" driving, 424-425.
Rarey system of casting, 22-23, 152.
Rarus, 290.
Rearing, 99-101.
Registry of saddle-horses, 16-17.
Regulus, 285.
Reins, adjustment of, in driving pair, 340-344.
Lengthening, in driving pair, 338, 348-351.
Method of holding, for--
Four-in-hand, 370-377.
One horse, 321-326.
Pair, 337-338, 348-352.
Tandem, 397-399, 420, 423.
Reins, question of buckling, 260-261.
Shortening, in driving, 329-331, 338, 348-351.
Size of, 266.
Tail over the, 303-304.
Ribs of ideal horse, 199.
Rice, nutritive value of, 237.
Riding astride for women, 87.
Riding-horses. _See_ Saddle-horses.
Roads, consideration of, 192-194.
Rogers, Fairman, "Manual of Coaching" by, 279.
Quoted on adjustment of reins in driving pair, 343-344.
"Rolling up" a horse, 101.
Rome, riding-school in, 75.
Runaways, causes of, 311-312.
Russia, number of horses in, 163.
Rutherford, Captain, U.S.A., 82.
Saddle, choice of, 54-56.
Saddle-galls, cause of, 55.
Saddle-horses--
Breeding of, 3-19.
Care of, 38-46.
Cost of, 37-38.
Ideal, described, 35-37.
Kentucky, 47-53.
Purchase of, 30-38.
Sale of, 46.
Size of, 152.
Training, 23-29, 90-108, 112 ff.
Saddletree, introduction of, by Romans, 65.
Selection of, 54, 55.
Saddling riding-horses, 60.
St. Julien, trotting record, 290.
Sale of horses, 46.
Sally Miller, trotting record, 290.
Salt for horses, 40-41, 236.
Saltram, 8, 16, 191.
Saluting, four-in-hand, 353, 364-365.
School of Application, Fort Riley, 81-84.
School-gallop, the, 128.
Scouring, 247.
Scratches ("cracked heels"), 243.
Sculpture, the horse in, 6-7, 64-66.
Seat, acquirement of, in riding, 64, 68-70.
Coachman's, 302, 326.
Jockey, 67-68.
Military, 67.
Tandem, 399, 412.
Seclusion, production of types and families by, 9-10.
Shetland ponies, 10, 85, 86.
Shoe boils, 244-245.
Shoeing of horses, 45-46, 251-258.
Change of gait by, 288.
Shoes, weight of, 254.
Shoulders of ideal horse, 198-199, 202.
Short, Captain W. C., U.S.A., 82.
Shutters of stables, 215.
Shying, 97-98.
Sickness, remedies for, 239-250.
Signals, driver's, to horse, 318-319.
Silvana, 22.
Sir Archy, 8.
Sir Harry, 191.
Size of saddle-horses, 152.
Skull of horse, 175-176.
Smedley, "Frank Fairleigh" by, 418.
Snaffle-bit, the, 56.
Snaffle-bridle, for colts, 25.
Use of, by beginners, 90.
Sollisel, M., 75.
Spain, union of horses of America with those of, 180-181.
Splints, remedy for, 244.
Sprains, treatment of, 244.
Spread Eagle, 191.
Spur, use of the, 89, 109-111, 149.
Stable, the, 38-40, 211-224.
Drainage of, 39, 211, 215, 217, 220.
Management of, 226-232.
Plan of, 219-222.
Size of, 212.
Temperature in, 39, 218, 223.
Ventilation of, 39, 211, 212-213.
Stable book, the, 228-229.
Stablemen, quarters for, 223-224.
Proportion of, to number of horses, 225.
Selection of, 213-214.
Stage-coach history, 191-192.
Stall-courage, 148.
Stallions, selection of, for breeding, 10-11, 39.
Stalls, 39, 215, 216.
Standing, training horses in, 296, 298.
Starling, 285.
Starting, in driving--
Four-in-hand, 370, 372.
One horse, 318-320.
Pair, 338
Tandem, 421.
Stature desirable in saddle-horses, 35.
Stillman, Dr., 129.
Stimulants in sickness, 241, 247.
Stirling Chief, 52.
Stirrups, 55.
Dismounting with, 61.
Dismounting without, 63.
Mounting with, 60.
Origins of, 65.
Seat with, 66-67.
Stock farms, Kentucky saddle-horse, 47-53.
Stockwell, 12.
Stomach of horse, 225-226.
Treatment for acidity of, 248.
Stopping in driving--
Four-in-hand, 379-380.
One horse, 320-321, 327-328.
Pair, 339-340.
Strain of tendons, 246.
Stumbling in saddle-horses, 18, 154.
Sultana, 8.
Sunfishers, rearing horses called, 100.
Sunol, trotting record, 290.
Sunstroke, treatment of, 248.
Suppling, 25-26, 112-120.
Defined, 104.
Rearing cured by, 100, 152.
Sureness of foot, 18.
Syria early home of horse, 6.
Tables giving--
Doses for horses according to age, 250.
Numbers of horses in principal countries of world, 163.
Nutritive value of certain articles of diet, 237.
Trotting records since 1806, 290.
Weights and measures, 238, 250.
Taffolet Barb, 285.
Tail, defects regarding, 204.
Docking of, 304-305.
Over reins, 303-304.
Well-bred horse's, 202.
Tailer, T. Suffern, tandem authority, 392.
Chapter by, 401-425.
Tandem, carts employed when driving, 399-400, 404-408.
Derivation of name, 392.
Handling reins in, 398-399, 423.
Harness, 393-394. 408-411.
Horses, 394, 402-404.
Lessons, 423-424.
Origin of the, 395.
Pony, 394.
Seat, 400, 412-414.
Whip, 396, 414-417.
Tattersall, Edmund, 30.
Taubenheim, Count, 72.
Teeth, horses', 173-175.
Age for appearance of various, 205-206.
Effect of food on, 206.
Irregular, 272.
Remedy for, 243.
Temperature, horse's, in health and disease, 240.
Of stables, 39, 218, 223.
Tendons, strain of, 246.
The Abbot, trotting record, 290.
Thong of whip, management of, in driving--
Four-in-hand, 360-364.
Tandem, 414-417.
Thoroughbred, first, in America, 191.
Thoroughbreds, breeding of, 7-8, 9-10.
As riding-horses, 3-4.
Production of, unexplained, 7.
Throat-latch, the, 267.
Tires, wide _vs._ narrow, 194.
Toes of prehistoric horse, 170-173.
Tonics for horses, 247-248.
Top-coats for driving (driving capes), 419-420.
Trace, the, 265-266.
Traces, fastening outside, first, in putting to pair, 334.
Lapping of, 367.
Methods of fastening, in putting to four, 367.
Tandem, 393, 395, 410-411.
Training, colts, 20-29, 291-299.
Effect of, on horses, 103-106.
Road-horse, 291-296.
Saddle-horse, in--
Backing, 135-137.
Gallop and gallop changes, 127-134.
Hind-quarter movements, 117-119.
Jumping, 138-146.
Movements on two paths, 125-126, 132.
Obeying spur, 109-111.
Tandem leader, 396-397.
To stand, 296, 298.
Trakhene horses, 9, 14.
"Trandom" driving, 424-425.
Tricks, riding-horses', 97-98.
Troopers. _See_ Cavalry.
Trot, studies in riding at the, 95-97, 107.
Trotting, evolution of, 188-191.
Records of American, 290.
Trotting-horse, the American, 284-291.
Trouble, trotting record of, 290.
"Tucked up," meaning of, 200.
Tug, the, 265.
Tug girth, the, 316.
Turf, 285.
Turk, Duke of Newcastle's, 285.
Turning corners, 313, 328-329, 331, 375, 397.
Tusk, tooth called the, 205-206.
Two paths, movements on, 125-126, 132.
Underhill, Francis T., "Driving for Pleasure," by, 279, 352.
Unharnessing, process of, 316-317.
United States, number of horses in, 163.
Roads in, 183, 192-193, 194.
_See_ America.
Vaca, Cabeza de, horses imported by, 181.
Vaulting into saddle, 61-62.
Venison, 12.
Ventilation of stables, 39, 211, 212-213.
Vera Cruz, arrival of Cortes' horses at, 180.
Vices, cure of, 21-23, 151-152.
Viciousness, called insanity, 20-21.
Village Farm, Hamlins', 288.
Vinegar-and-water lotion, 247.
Virginia, horses in early, 181,191.
Wagons, tires and axles of, 193-194.
Walk, studies in riding at the, 91-95.
Warming of collars, 333.
Water, advice for riding at, 143.
Amount of, for horses, 235.
Watering of horses in stables, 41, 222, 235.
Time of, 235-236.
Waxy, 12.
Weights and measures, tables of, 238, 250.
Wheel in gallop, production of, 132-133.
Whiffletrees used in tandem, 411.
Whip, four-in-hand, 359-364.
Holding the, 338.
Mountings of, 416-417.
Place for, before starting four horses, 368.
Position of, when applying brake, 307.
Riding, 56.
Saluting with, 364-365.
Tandem, 396, 414-417.
Use of, in driving, 149, 275-276, 313, 318, 331-332.
Whip stocks, 417.
Whip thongs, management of, 360-364, 414-417.
Whitechapel carts, 404-405.
White Turk, Place's, 285.
Williams, Lieutenant George, 83.
Windows of stables, 39, 213, 215.
Windpipe of ideal horse, 196.
Winkers, the, 266-267, 272, 297.
Winthrop, Governor, allusions to horses by, 181, 182.
Women, riding astride by, 87.
When taking obstacles, 145.
Woodford, Colonel John T., breeding farm of, 51-52.
Works mentioned, on--
Carriages, 279.
Coaching, 279, 344.
Driving, 279, 322, 343-344, 352.
Harness (bits), 268.
Physiology of horse, 171.
Riding, 67, 127, 129, 155.
Stables, 279.
Tandem-driving, 394, 418-419, 422-423.
Worms, treatment for, 242-243.
Wounds, treatment of, 243-244.
Xenophon, "Art of Horsemanship" by, 64, 155.
Quoted, 203, 267-268.
Yankee, trotting record of, 290.
Yew, use of, in whips, 417.
"Youatt on the Horse," 171.
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