71.—Kagakimzouiasis Weje Wo’ banakiah. Catechism in the Abanaki
language. Quebec: Frechette & Co., for the Catholic Church. 1 vol. 44
pages, 12mo. A. D. 1832.
A translation of the Christian Catechism of the diocese of Quebec,
into the language of the Abanakis, who are seated at the village of
St. Francis, in the district of Three Rivers. The Abanaki nation
inhabit a wide district of country situated on the south of the river
St. Lawrence, between the St. John’s of New Brunswick, and the River
Richlieu, Canada.
CHAPTER III.—APPALACHIAN.
This groupe is established, provisionally, on a geographical principle,
which considers in one family, all the tribes who formerly lived in the
southern latitudes of the Appalachian range. It has not escaped notice,
that there may be reasons for such a classification, on philological
grounds. No one can have given attention to the subject without
perceiving marked resemblances and affiliations, in the southern groupe
of languages, such as exist between the Choctaw and the Chickesaw, and
with more remoteness between the latter and the great Muscogee, or
Creek family. Points of harmony in the principles of utterance, exist
between all these tribes, even where coincidences in their vocabularies
are reduced to but a few instances.
But it is clear that no classification, on philological principles,
can be successfully attempted until we possess comparatively full and
reliable vocabularies and grammars of all the tribes, cognate and
diverse. When such a classification is established, it is apprehended
it must rest, as a basis, on the Muscogee. The ancient confederacy of
this type, had, in addition to the Muscogees, or Muscogulges proper,
the Hitchitees and Coosadies. Events in their history, threw in the
elements of the Utchees and the Natchez, both diverse tribes, and who
cannot now comprehend the national language, without an interpreter.[A]
The Apalaches, found by De Soto, were, if judged by the names which
the narrator of his expedition employs, Muscogees. The Alabamas, who
speak the Muscogee with some peculiarities, appear to have been of
the Coosada branch. The Seminoles of modern days, are pure Creeks.[A]
The Appalachicolas are of the same stock, without peculiarities. The
Mobilians were pure Choctaw. The only really anomalous elements in
this wide-spread groupe, are the Natchez and the Utchees, among the
Creeks proper, and the Catawbas, with their congeners, the Yamasees,
of South Carolina. If the latter be not found to have their analogies
with the leading Muscogee stock, they occupied country at an early
day at least, in the southern seaboard portions of the State, where
some of the geographical names of the Muscogee language are still
found. Philological researches are probably destined to discover in
the Natchez and Utchees, membra disjecta of the TOLTECAN groupe, and
thus to establish a historical link between the ancient Mexican and
American, or United States Indians.
[A] Vide Marshall, 2d chief of the Creeks, March, 1848, War Office.
Of the Cherokees, their fixed geographical position in the hills and
alpine valleys of the mountains; their compactness and permanency,
their peaceful policy with respect to the southern Indians
generally, and their language itself, appear to afford elements of
a classification, of which the original members, like those of the
Iroquois, whom they resemble in their original Totemic organization,
the descent of the chieftaincy in the female line, and some small
coincidences of language, must be sought far west, or south-west from
the Mississippi.
The whole number of works received in the languages and dialects of
this mixed groupe, is forty-five; of which, twenty are in the Cherokee,
and printed in the Cherokee character; nineteen in the Choctaw; and
four in the Creek. Translations, vocabularies, and historical or
illustrative information respecting the Natchez, Utchees, and Catawbas,
are of vital importance to the establishment of this groupe.
SECTION I.—CHEROKEE.
BOOKS AND TRANSLATIONS IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE CHEROKEES.
72.—THE GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN, in the Cherokee. 1 vol. 18mo. 101 p. Park
Hill, Arkansas Mission Press, John Candy, printer. 2d edition, A. D.
1841.
This Gospel is printed in the Cherokee character, under the supervision
of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. The name
of the translator is not given.
73.—THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW, in the Cherokee. 1 vol. 18mo. 120 p. Park
Hill, Arkansas Mission Press, John Candy, printer. 3d edition, A. D.
1840. Also 2d edition A. D. 1832.
Printed in the Cherokee character, under the same authority as the
preceding. Name of the translator not given.
74.—Doctrines and Discipline. 1 vol. 18mo. 45 p. Park Hill, Arkansas
Mission Press, John Candy, printer, A. D. 1842.
This tract in the Cherokee has been prepared under the preceding
auspices.
75.—CHEROKEE PRIMER. 1 vol. 18mo. 24 p. Park Hill, Arkansas Mission
Press, A. D. 1840, J. Candy, printer. Also edition of 1846.
Under the same auspices. This is a child’s first book, and begins
with the Cherokee syllabical alphabet in 85 characters, followed with
spelling lessons, with cuts, and easy reading lessons illustrated in
the same manner; also the numerals, and a short catechism.
76.—The Epistles of John, in the Cherokee. 1 vol. 18mo. 20 pages. Park
Hill, Arkansas Mission Press, J. Candy, printer, A. D. 1840. Cherokee
character.
Authority same as the preceding. To aid, apparently, the pupil, in
forming a just conception of the event of the Crucifixion, a print
thereof is added, with a serpent round about the foot of the Cross,
and a city (Jerusalem?) in the back ground. This symbolical mode
of teaching, is not observed in any other of the American Board’s
scripture translations.
77.—Evils of Intoxicating Liquor, and the Remedy. 1 vol. 18mo. p. 59.
Park Hill, Arkansas Mission Press, J. Candy, printer, A. D. 1842, 1844.
In this volume, three separate tracts, in the Cherokee character,
on the use of intoxicating drinks, are bound together, in the usual
Cherokee type, to match with the Gospels.
78.—Cherokee Hymns. 1 vol. 18mo. 67 pages. Cherokee character. Park
Hill, Arkansas Mission Press, A. B. C. F. M., A. D. 1844. J. Candy,
printer. Seventh edition. Also, fifth edition, 1833.
These hymns are translated from several sources, and adapted to the
ordinary metres.
79.—Cherokee Almanac, for 1846. 1 vol. 12mo. 36 pages. Cherokee
character. Missionary Press, A. B. C. F. M., Park Hill, Arkansas. J.
Candy & John F. Wheeler, printers.
This is a useful and appropriate tract, and besides the usual
astronomical calculations, has notices of some of the features and
working of the new Cherokee Government, terms of Courts, &c.
80.—The Gospel of Jesus Christ, according to John. 1 vol. 18mo. p. 101.
Park Hill, Ark. Miss. Press, A. B. C. F. M., John F. Wheeler, printer.
A. D. 1838.
This translation into the Cherokee character is by the Rev. S. A.
Worcester and Mr. Elias Boudinot, the latter an educated Cherokee.
81.—Poor Sarah. 1 vol. 18mo. 18 p. Cherokee character. A. D. 1843.
Missionary Press, Arkansas. Also, edition of 1833. From the latter,
this translation appears to be by Mr. E. Boudinot.
82.—Select Passages from the Holy Scriptures. 1 vol. 18mo. p. 24.
Cherokee character. No imprint.
83.—The Acts of the Apostles. 1 vol. 18mo. p. 127. New Echota: John F.
Wheeler and John Candy, printers. Printed for the American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions, A. D. 1833.
This translation is by the Rev. Samuel A. Worcester and Mr. Elias
Boudinot.
84.} Cherokee Almanac for 1840, p. 24. Park Hill, Arkansas.
}
85.} ” ” for 1846, p. 36. Union, ”
}
86.} ” ” for 1847, p. 36. Park Hill, ”
These Almanacs are expressed, chiefly, in the Cherokee character, while
they denote its further adaptation to the language of astronomy, and
give some facts of value in the local history and progress of this
tribe; as such, they are, with No. 80, valuable elements of information.
87.—Scriptures in Cherokee. Various Gospels, &c. 1 vol. 18mo. 483
pages. Park Hill, Arkansas Mission Press, A. B. C. F. M., A. D. 1844.
This is a substantially bound volume, consisting of the Gospels, Acts,
Epistles of Paul to Timothy, and select passages of Scripture, Hymns,
&c., forming a kind of Scripture miscellany of much value.
88.—Cherokee Primer, edition of 1846. 4 copies. 1 vol. 18mo. 24 pages.
Park Hill, Arkansas.
The progress of primary education, among this people, may be inferred
from this tract.
89.—Temperance Tracts and Miscellanies. 1 vol. 18mo. 116 pages. Park
Hill Mission Press. A. D. 1844.
This volume consists of four separate tracts, bound together.
90.—Dairyman’s Daughter and Rob the Sailor. 1 vol. 18mo. p. 67. Park
Hill Mission Press, Arkansas, A. B. C. F. M., A. D. 1847. Candy and
Archer, printers.
Two popular religious tracts are here presented in the Cherokee
language, in their own alphabetical character. The translators’ names
are not given.
91.—Sermon by the Rev. A. Dickinson. 1 vol. 18mo. p. 24. Cherokee
character. No imprint.
92.—Cherokee Singing Book. 1 vol. 4to. 86 pages. Boston: A. P.
Kendrick, printer, for A. B. C. F. M., A. D. 1846.
SECTION II.
BOOKS AND TRACTS IN THE CHOCTAW.
93.—The Four Gospels in Choctaw. Boston. 1 vol. large 12mo. 410 pages.
Crocker & Brewster, for the A. B. C. F. M., A. D. 1845. Second edition.
These Gospels are separately printed and paged, but bound up together,
and form a handsome volume. They are regarded by the best educated
Choctaws, as a faithful rendition of the original into that tongue.
94.—Chahta Holisso, it im Anumpuli, or the Choctaw Reader for the use
of native schools. Union: Printed for the A. B. C. F. M., by John F.
Wheeler. A. D. 1836. 123 pages.
There is a table of contents added, in English and Indian, to direct
the pupil to the leading passages.
95.—Constitution and Laws of the Choctaw Nation. Park Hill, Cherokee
Nation, John Candy, printer. A. D. 1840.
This volume consists of two pamphlets of 36 and 40 pages respectively,
giving the matter in both languages.
96.—Chahta uba Isht Taloa Holisso, or Choctaw Hymn Book. Third edition,
revised. Boston: 1 vol. 12mo. p. 175. A. D. 1844. Press of T. R.
Marvin. Published for the A. B. C. F. M.
97.—General Rules of the United Societies of the Methodist Episcopal
Church. Park Hill: J. Candy. 1841. 24 pages.
98.—Triumphant Death of Pious Children. Boston: 1 vol. 12mo. p. 72.
Crocker & Brewster, for the A. B. C. F. M.
A few hymns are added at the close of these simple and pertinent
narratives.
99.—Chahta Holisso. Third edition, revised. Boston: Crocker & Brewster,
for the A. B. C. F. M., 1 vol. 12mo. p. 72.
100.—Family Education and Government. A Discourse in the Choctaw
language, by J. S. Williams. Boston: A. D. 1835. Crocker & Brewster,
for the A. B. C. F. M., p. 48. With a brief synopsis of the discourse
at its close, from which the importance of its subjects may be judged
of.
101.—Choctaw Arithmetic. Chahta Na-Holhtina. Boston: 1 vol. 12mo. p.
72. Crocker & Brewster, for the A. B. C. F. M., A. D. 1835.
102.—The Child’s Book on Creation, or Ulla I Holisso, &c. 1 vol. 12mo.
Park Hill, Cherokee Nation. Mission Press: Candy & Wheeler. A. D. 1845.
_Second edition._
Fourteen separate tracts are bound up in this volume, making 159 pages
of matter, which is drawn from the sermons and writings of Edwards,
Nevins, and other distinguished divines of past and modern times.
103.—Ulla I Katikisma, or Child’s Catechism. Boston: 1 vol. 12mo. 16
pages. A. D. 1835. Crocker & Brewster, for the A. B. C. F. M. Second
edition, revised.
104.—Holisso Holitopa. Scripture Lessons. Utica, N. Y: 1 vol. 12mo. p.
151. Press of William Williams. A. D. 1831.
This volume is inscribed on the blank page, in front, “Sabbath School
Book,” and bears the marks of having been much used by scholars.
105.—The History of Joseph and his Brethren, in Choctaw. Utica, N. Y.
Press of W. Williams. A. D. 1831. 48 pages, 12mo.
The translation of this little volume is due to Joseph Dakes, a native
Choctaw interpreter, with the revision of John Pitchlyn, who appends,
in a certificate, his judgment of its faithfulness to the original, and
probable value to his people.
106.—Chahta Holisso A Tukla, or the Second Chahta Book. 1 vol. 12mo. p.
144.
This volume contains translations of portions of the Scriptures,
biographical notices of Henry Obokiah and Catherine Brown, a catechism
and dissertations on religious subjects. It was printed at Cincinnati
in 1827, by Morgan, Dodge & Fisher. The translator’s name is withheld.
107.—The Acts of the Apostles. Boston: 1 vol. 12mo. p. 165. Crocker &
Brewster, for the A. B. C. F. M., A. D. 1839.
This volume is accompanied by evidences of that carefulness and desire
to create exact impressions in the use of language, which are deemed
of much value. It closes with a list of Scripture proper names, as
pronounced by the ancients and by Choctaws; a table of words of unusual
use in the Choctaw, as Apostle, Baptise, Blaspheme, &c., together with
a few English words, for which no equivalents could be found, as Angel,
Synagogue, Temple, &c., and a detailed table of contents.
108.—Chahta Ikhan anchi, or the Choctaw Instructor. Utica, N. Y:
William Williams. A. D. 1831. 1 vol. 12mo. p. 155. By a missionary.
This volume contains a brief summary of Old Testament History and
Biography, with practical reflections. It acknowledges the aid and
services of Isaac Watson, a native interpreter.
109.—Chahta Holisso. Boston: 1 vol. 12mo. 108 pages. Crocker &
Brewster, for the A. B. C. F. M., A. D. 1830.
This is a Spelling Book, apparently the second attempt of that kind,
with the Choctaw, and carries the pupil from monosyllables, into easy
reading lessons. It ends with a transmutation of the English names of
the months into Anglo-Choctaw, as Macha for March, Eplil for April, Me
for May, Chum for June, Chuli for July, Akus for August, &c.
110.—Choctaw Spelling Book of 1827. Second edition, revised.
Cincinnati: Printed by Morgan, Dodge & Fisher.
111.—The Epistle of James, Chemis I Holisso Hake. Park Hill Mission
Press. John Candy. A. D. 1843. 42 pages, 18mo.
To this Epistle, is appended the first three Chapters of Revelations.
112.—Chani I Holisso Ummona Hoke. The Epistles of John. Park Hill
Mission Press. 27 pages, 18mo. A. D. 1841.
SECTION III.
BOOKS AND TRANSLATIONS IN THE CREEK OR MUSCOGEE.
113.—The Muskoke Spelling Book. Park Hill, Cherokee Nation. Mission
Press. E. Archer, printer. A. D. 1847. 36 pages, 18mo. Prepared by Rev.
P. Harrison and D. P. Aspberry.
114.—Nakchokv Esyvhiketv. Muskoke Hymns, collected and revised by Rev.
R. M. Loughridge. Park Hill, Mission Press. John Candy, printer. A. D.
1843. 1 vol. 18mo. p. 45.
To these hymns, the Ten Commandments and Lord’s Prayer, are added.
115.—The Muskoke Hymns of 1847, prepared and revised by Rev. P.
Harrison and D. P. Aspberry, native missionaries. 1 vol. 18mo. 101 p.
These are the hymns of Loughridge, of 1835, in a revised and improved
form.
116.—A Short Sermon: Also, Hymns in the Muskoke or Creek language, by
the Rev. John Fleming. Boston: Crocker & Brewster, for the A. B. C. F.
M., 1 vol. 18mo. 35 pages. A. D. 1835.
CHAPTER IV.
BOOKS, TRACTS AND TRANSLATIONS IN THE DACOTA.
But one member of this groupe had crossed the Mississippi, in their
ancient migrations, and fixed themselves in the area east of it. This
tribe was the Winnebagoes, who formerly maintained an independent
position in central Wisconsin. They went into Iowa, a few years since,
and have just completed their second removal into the country of the
Chippewas, on the west banks of the Upper Mississippi. There is thus
left no portion of this stock east of that stream, save, perhaps, a
small band of the Sioux, who are yet located on its east bank, between
the Falls of St. Anthony and the mouth of the St. Croix river. The
great body of the Dacota groupe extend westward (north of Iowa) to and
beyond the Missouri, stretching southwardly below the Rocky Mountains
across the waters of the Platte. The Iowas, the Otoes, Omahaws, Osages,
&c., are elder branches of this groupe, who appear as a body, inclined
to fall back, in that direction.
The principal missionary efforts have been among the Sioux proper, in
which there have been published, so far as known, thirteen separate
translations; at the same time there have been five translations in
the Iowa, and a single work, in each of the dialects of the Winnebago,
Otoe, and Osage.
SECTION I.—SIOUX, OR DACOTA PROPER.
117.—Wicoicage Wowapi qa odowan Wakan, &c.—The Book of Genesis, and a
part of the Psalms. 1 vol. 12mo. p. 295. Cincinnati, Ohio: Kendall &
Barnard, for the A. B. C. F. Missions, A. D. 1842.
This is a version of the Book of Genesis and a part of the Psalms
from the original Hebrew into the Dakota, by the missionaries of the
American Board and Mr. Joseph Renville, Sr.
118.—Jesus Ohnihde Wicaye cin oranyanpi Qon: qa Palos Wowapi Kage
ciqon, &c. 1 vol. 12mo. p. 228. Cincinnati, Ohio: Kendall & Barnard,
for the American Bible Society, A. D. 1843.
This volume contains the Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles and the
Revelation of John, in the Dakota language, translated from the Greek
by Stephen R. Riggs, A. M.
119.—Old Testament Extracts. 1 vol. 18mo. aggregate pages 216.
Cincinnati, Ohio, A. D. 1839. Printed by Kendall & Henry, for the A. B.
C. F. Missions.
This volume contains extracts from Genesis and the Psalms, the third
chapter of Proverbs, and the third chapter of Daniel, translated from
the French version of the Bible by Joseph Renville, Sr., and prepared
for the press by Dr. Thomas S. Williamson.
120.—Wowapi Mitawa, tamakece Kaga—My own Book. 1 vol. 18 mo. 64 pages,
A. D. 1842. Boston: Crocker & Brewster, for the A. B. C. F. M.
Prepared from Rev. T. H. Gallaudet’s “Mother’s Primer” and “Child’s
Picture Defining and Reading Book,” by S. R. Riggs, A. M.
121.—Dakota Dowanpi Kin—Sioux Hymns. 1 vol. 18mo. 71 pages, A. D. 1842.
Boston: Crocker & Brewster, for the A. B. C. F. Missions.
These hymns are composed in the Dacota language by Mr. Joseph Renville
and Sons.
122.—The Dakota First Reading Book. 1 vol. 18mo. 50 pages. Cincinnati,
Ohio, A. D. 1839: Kendall & Henry, for the A. B. C. F. M. Prepared by
Stephen R. Riggs and Gideon H. Pond.
123.—Dakota Wiwangapiwowapi—Sioux Catechism. 1 vol. 12mo. 12 pages, A.
D. 1844. New Haven, Conn: Hitchcock & Stafford, for the A. B. C. F. M.
By Rev. S. W. Pond.
124.—Eliza Marpicokawin, Raratonwan oyate en wapige Sa; qa Sara war
panica qon, &c. 12 pages, 12mo. Boston: Crocker & Brewster, for the A.
B. C. F. M., A. D. 1842.
A narrative of a pious native female.
125. Wowapi Inonpa—The Second Dacota Reading Book. Boston: Crocker &
Brewster, for the A. B. C. F. M., 1 vol. 12mo. 54 pages, A. D. 1842. By
Rev. S. W. Pond. Consists of Bible stories from the Old Testament.
126.—Wiconi Owihanke Wannin Taninkin. Boston: Crocker & Brewster, for
the A. B. C. F. M., 23 pages 12mo. A. D. 1837.
This volume contains Dr. Watts’ Second Catechism for children,
translated into the Dacota by Joseph Renville, Sr.
127.—Sioux Spelling Book, designed for the use of native learners.
Boston: Crocker & Brewster, for the A. B. C. F. M., 22 pages 12mo. A.
D. 1836.
This useful little elementary volume is accompanied with a Key of the
vowel sounds.
128.—Josep Oyakapi Kin—The History of Joseph and his Brethren.
Cincinnati: Kendall & Henry, for the A. B. C. F. M., 1 vol. 40 p. 18mo.
A. D. 1839.
This is a translation of the narration, of the events, on this subject,
recorded in Genesis, by Samuel W. and Gideon H. Pond, educated natives.
129.—Woahope Wikcemna Kin, (sheet.)
We have here, the Ten Commandments, and the Lord’s Prayer, in the
Dakota. _No imprint._
130.—Wotanin Waxte Markus owa Kin Dee. Cincinnati: Kendall & Henry, for
the A. B. C. F. Missions. 1 vol. 18mo. 96 pages, A. D. 1839.
The Gospel of Mark in this translation is put into Sioux orally by Jos.
Renville, Sr., and was written and prepared for the press by Dr. Thomas
L. Williamson.
SECTION II.—WINNEBAGO.
131.—Ocangra Aramee Wa wa Ka Ka ra—Ocangra Prayer Book. Detroit:
George L. Whitney, printer. Published for the Catholic Church, A. D.
1833, 18 pages, 12mo.
This appears to be the first attempt at translation into the Winnebago
dialect. It is a translation of part of the Ottawa prayer book,
containing 203 pages (_vide_ No. 45,) 2d edition, used by the Ottawa
Indians of L’arbre Croche.
SECTION III.
BOOKS AND TRANSLATIONS IN THE IOWA LANGUAGE.
132.—Original Hymns in the Iowa language. 1 vol. 62 pages, 18mo.
with forms of Prayer, 24 pages, and an introduction to the shorter
Catechisms, 29 pages.
This volume is prepared by the missionaries of the Board of Foreign
Missions of the Presbyterian Church, and printed at their press at the
Iowa and Sac Mission, Indian Territory. A. D. 1843.
133.—An Iowa Grammar, in part.
Of this work, 111 pages, 18mo., from page 9 to 100 inclusive, have been
received from Messrs. Irvin & Hamilton, missionaries among the Iowas,
on the Missouri, in the service of the Board of Foreign Missions of the
Presbyterian Church of the United States. Its completion is looked for
with interest.
134.—Iowa Primer, in part.
There are but 8 pages of this publication, extending from pages 17 to
24 inclusive, which was transmitted by Walter Lowry, Esq., Secretary
Board Foreign Missions Presbyterian Church, United States. These
sheets contain tables of Iowa dyssyllables and trysyllables, carefully
accented, with their equivalents in English, and constitute fragmentary
elements of value.
135.—Iowa Hymns, a fragment.
This consists of 16 pages of translation, No. 132, of the same date and
edition.
136.—St. Matthew in Iowa, in part.
But five Chapters (32 pages,) of this Gospel, have been received from
the translators, Messrs. Irvin & Hamilton, who are the same gentlemen
engaged on the Grammar, No. 133.
SECTION IV.—OTOE.
137.—Otoe Hymn Book, by Moses Merrill. Shawanoe Mission. J. Meeker,
printer, A. D. 1834.
This appears to be the only translation of any kind which has been made
into Otoe. The sound of k following f, as in lra-ke-kofk, reminds the
observer of a common sound in the Tuscarora, which appears wanting in
all the dialects which are geographically located between them. It has
also, the final tl, a termination so common to the Aztecs.
SECTION V.—OSAGE: WASHASHE.
138.—Washashe Wageressa Pahugreh Tse. The Osage First Book. Boston:
Crocker & Brewster, for the A. B. C. F. Missions. 1 vol. 18mo. 126
pages. A. D. 1834.
The broad sound of the letter a, as heard in fall, is represented in
this compilation, by a peculiar enlargement of the letter. The word
Wacondah, the family name of this groupe, for the Great Spirit, is
dropped, and its place supplied by “Chihova,” (Jehovah.)
CHAPTER V.—SA-APTINIC.
Of the thirteen distinct generic families or groupes of Indians,
reported to exist along the Oregon and California shores of the
Pacific, by the ethnographer of Captain Wilkes’ Expedition, but a
single specimen of translation has been received. It was, it appears,
the Sa-aptins, and not the Flatheads of the Salish groupe, who applied
for teachers, by performing a long journey to St. Louis. And the small
elementary work, below noticed, is to be regarded as the first fruits
of the mission established among them.
SECTION I.—NEZ PERCES: SA-APTIN.
139.—Nez Perce’s First Book. Designed for children and new beginners.
Clear Water Mission Press. 20 pages, 18mo. A. D. 1839.
The first spelling lesson consists of 44 monosyllables; the second,
124 dyssyllables; the third, of 56 dyssyllables; the fifth, of 60
dyssyllables, and the sixth, of 18 dyssyllables. The sounds of tl, lh
and hl, appear to be the only ones which are not known to the tribes
east of the mountains, but have their analogies in the Aztec family.
Mr. Hale, the ethnographer attached to Captain Wilkes’ Expedition,
observes of this tribe, that it is supposed to number 2,000 souls. The
Sa-aptins possess the country on the Lewis or Snake river, from the
Petoos to Wapticaciaes, about 400 miles. They resemble the Missouri
Indians; have horses, are good hunters, and make long excursions to the
Rocky Mountains. They had, formerly, wars with the Shoshonees, Crows,
and Blackfeet. They sent a deputation for missionaries, across the
Rocky Mountains. The disposition of this tribe has been much eulogized
by travellers. They are considered superior in intellect to the other
Oregon tribes.