_Paper currency_,
government, 191, 192.
_Peale_, Rembrandt,
his Notes on Italy, reviewed, 512, &c. See _Italy_.
_Penn_, William,
his difficulties in settling the boundary line with Maryland, 486, 487.
_Physical Geography_, 82
density of the earth, 83
polar and equatorial diameters, _ib._
sources of heat, 84, 85
equilibrium of the particles of the earth, 85, 86
heat at the centre, 86
consolidation of the surface of the earth, 87
present appearance of its surface, 88
chain of mountains, 89
Malte Brun's arrangement of mountains into connected systems, 90
basins, rivers, and streams, 91
traces of aqueous action, 92
diluvial deposits, 93
stratified rocks, 94
third, fourth, and fifth orders of rocks, 95
organic remains, 96-102
different level of the same rocks, 103
volcanoes, 104-109
trap rocks, 105
earthquakes, 107-109
M. E. De Beaumont's researches into the age of mountains, 109-112.
_Physiology_ of the Passions, by J. L. Alibert,
notice of, 33.
_Pinzon_, Vincente Yanez,
his voyages of discovery, 168.
_Pitt_, Prime Minister,
his followers and opponents, 322-325.
_Pizarro_, Francisco,
his early adventures in America, 171, &c.
_Poland_,
impending fate of, 457, 458
constitution granted it by Alexander, 458
its former importance, 459
early history, 460
Ladislaus crowned king, 461
events in the reign of Casimir the Great, _ib._--
Lewis, king of Hungary; his daughter Hedwiga, weds Jagellon, whose
family filled the throne through seven reigns, 462
increasing power of the nobles, 463
with Sigismund Augustus the reign of the Jagellons ceased, and the
succession became elective, 464
Henry of Anjou elected king; succeeded by Stephen Bathory, duke of
Transylvania, 465
Sigismund III. declared king, in whose reign the dismemberment and
woes of Poland began, 466
succeeded by Ladislaus IV., _ib._
followed by John Casimir, who, after predicting the fate of the
empire, resigned the crown, 467
Michael Wisniowiecki chosen king; on his death, John Sobieski
succeeded, 468
reigns of Augustus II. and III., 469
Stanislaus Poniatowski, the last Polish king; events in his reign
that led to the dismemberment of Poland, 470-472
assembling of the revolutionary diet at Warsaw, 473
alliance with Prussia; second diet; constitution promulgated, 474
Catharine invades Poland, and shares with Prussia a portion of its
territory, 476
final effort of the patriots under Koskiusko, 477
battle of Praga, and third division of Poland; abdication of
Stanislaus, 478
summary of events in Polish history, 479-482.
_Prussia_,
alliance of with Poland, 474
share in its partition, 476.
_Pyrrhus_,
an ennuye, 47.