_EMINENT SPECIALISTS._
_SIR ERASMUS WILSON AND SKIN DISEASES; MORELL MACKENZIE AND THROAT
DISEASES; COBBOLD AND INTERNAL PARASITES._
Specialisation is decreed by the will of the public as much as by
that of the practitioner. This is true of many professions besides
those of medicine. Although the general discernment has always
recognised the ability of men with powers of the universal type,
these men are rare, and there is a strong tendency to believe that a
man cannot be master of the whole field of a science, but may more
probably be master of a portion of it. Again, with hawk eye the
people who want to be cured of disease mark and then swoop down upon
men who appear to them specially capable in one department of medical
practice, and no denunciation of specialism, no drawing back on the
part of the physician, will avail against this natural selection. The
man to whom crowds of patients of one kind flock naturally becomes
specially skilled in dealing with them: and it is impossible to stem
the tide by saying that such ought not to be the case.
Specialism has been carried to a surprising extent in America, when
Dr. Morell Mackenzie informs us, in his article on “Specialism in
Medicine,”[21] it would be almost impossible to find a city with
ten thousand inhabitants in which there are not three or four
specialists; whilst in a city of one hundred and thirty thousand
inhabitants, thirteen specialists were found exclusively engaged in
treating throat diseases.
The days of encyclopædic knowledge may be past, but the need of
a broad, general, scientific, and professional education for the
medical man, even a specialist, will never cease. If, as Dr.
Mackenzie says, the leviathans of omniscience loom dim and gigantic,
like the megatherium and mastodon of remote geological periods, and
if the type is as utterly extinct as he believes, it is all the
more incumbent on the guides of medical instruction to see that
their pupils pass through a broad course of study which shall fairly
represent the achievements of the past and the main features of the
knowledge of the present. ERASMUS WILSON was a man who undoubtedly
gained a good record in general professional knowledge, and knew well
the anatomy and physiology of his student days.
William James Erasmus Wilson, son of William Wilson, surgeon, a
native of Aberdeen, in early life a naval surgeon, who later settled
at Dartford and Greenhithe in Kent, was born on November 25, 1809,
in High Street, Marylebone, where his maternal grandfather, Erasmus
Bronsdorph, a Norwegian by birth, resided. He was educated at
Dartford Grammar School and at Swanscombe, but very soon commenced
practical medical work under his father in the parish infirmary.
At the early age of sixteen he was sent to London to enter John
Abernethy’s anatomical class, and there is no doubt that his
teacher’s individuality powerfully impressed him. But among his
friends were some who led his tastes also somewhat deeply into botany
and zoology, entomological facts then learnt being destined to bear
fruit in his Commentary on Diseases of the Skin.
Wilson was enabled to extend his studies to Paris in 1828 and
in 1830, where he attended Cuvier’s and Geoffroy St. Hilaire’s
lectures, and among others saw the practice of Dupuytren, Orfila, and
Lisfranc. He became noted for his neat dissections, insomuch that
he was nicknamed the “piocheur,” or “sap” in English slang. To his
excellence in dissection young Wilson joined an equal faculty for
drawing, derived from his mother.
In 1826 young Wilson had become a resident pupil with Mr. Langstaff,
father of a fellow-student, surgeon to the parish infirmary of
Cripplegate. Here in Langstaff’s dissecting-room, where many
pathological researches were carried on, Wilson made the acquaintance
of numerous men of mark who resorted thither, including Jones Quain
and William Lawrence. On the establishment of the Aldersgate School
of Medicine under Lawrence’s régime, Wilson joined it as student, and
in 1829-30 won both the surgical and the midwifery prizes. On the
day when he attained his majority, November 25, 1830, Wilson took the
Apothecaries’ Hall diploma.
Having become a member of the London College of Surgeons in 1831,
Wilson was asked by Dr. Jones Quain, then Professor of Anatomy and
Physiology at University College, London, to be his assistant, and
he soon after was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy under Richard
Quain. Wilson was a capital teacher of anatomy, and his private
museum of dissections prepared by his own hands fully illustrated
his manipulative capacity. He superintended the execution of the
illustrations to the celebrated Quain’s Anatomy, and also those to
Liston’s Practical Surgery (1837).
When Dr. Jones Quain retired from University College Hospital in
1838, Wilson resigned his appointments also, and established a school
of anatomy under the title of Sydenham College, which however did not
prove ultimately successful. He then devoted himself to such private
practice as he could obtain in Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square,
eking out his income by taking pupils, and by literary work. In 1838
he appeared as an author with “The Dissector’s Manual of Practical
and Surgical Anatomy,” subsequently producing the “Anatomist’s Vade
Mecum” (1840), of which many editions have been called for. In
the same year he became Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology at the
Middlesex Hospital.
Meanwhile Wilson had made the acquaintance of a man who was destined
to turn his thoughts in the direction which became permanent. His
father, after retiring from the navy, had taken a mansion at Deham,
Bucks, and set up a private lunatic asylum; and in connection with
this establishment Wilson met Mr. Thomas Wakley, M.P., the founder of
the _Lancet_, and coroner for Middlesex. Mr. Wakley appointed Wilson
sub-editor of the _Lancet_ in 1840, a post which he held for several
years, continuing to write for that journal after resigning the more
onerous post when his private practice increased. About this time he
became Consulting Surgeon to the Marylebone Infirmary, and gained a
very extensive experience of every department of hospital surgery. In
fact, it appeared at first that Wilson would probably make his mark
as a pure surgeon.
No more certain path, however, opening in this direction, Mr. Wakley
considerably influenced Wilson towards choosing a special line of
practice as a means of success. There was much open opposition
at that time among medical men to the idea of specialisation,
and Mr. Wakley succeeded in overcoming Wilson’s fear of sinking
under the dreaded name of quack. The choice of a specialty was not
difficult, as skin diseases or dermatology then constituted an almost
uncultivated field. “I have never regretted my choice,” he remarked
on one occasion;[22] “there is only one more beautiful thing in the
world than a fine healthy skin, and that is a rare skin disease.”
In 1842 Wilson brought out his extended systematic work on Diseases
of the Skin, and subsequently produced twelve fasciculi of folio
“Portraits of Diseases of the Skin.” In connection with these we may
mention that he took a large share in the well-known five volumes
of Anatomical Plates, issued jointly by Dr. Quain and himself. In
1843 he was elected a Fellow of the College of Surgeons, and in 1844
a Fellow of the Royal Society, having contributed to the latter
a memoir on a newly-discovered parasite on the human skin, the
_Entozoon folliculorum_. He made himself familiar with varieties
of skin diseases by extensive vacation rambles—in Switzerland and
the Valais studying goitre, in Italy searching out ringworm cases
among the peasantry, in the East making leprosy a special object of
inquiry. He wrote the article “Skin” in Cooper’s Surgical Dictionary,
a Report on Leprosy, and many articles on various subjects connected
with the specialty.
Thus Wilson became a specialist of great merit as well as profitable
practice, and, says the _Lancet_ (August 16, 1884), “knew more about
skin diseases than any man of his time. He cured when others had
failed to cure; and his works on dermatology, though they met with
pretty searching criticism at the time of their appearance, have
nearly all maintained their position as text-books. The horrible
cases of scrofula, anæmia, and blood-poisoning which he witnessed
among the poor of London—they are happily rarer now than they were
half a century ago—enlisted his warm sympathies. But he had to deal
with rich patients as well as poor, and over these the masterful
stamp of his mind enabled him to exercise despotism in matters of
diet. Wilson was not only a consummate dietician, but he knew how to
make his patients submit to have their bodies placed under martial
law.” He in fact largely viewed skin diseases as expressions of
internal derangement and constitutional defects. He was continually
on the look out for deficiency of nutrition in children and remedying
it.
Wilson was much pleased to be the means of bringing forward a little
work on “Infant Life: its Nurture and Care,” written anonymously by
a lady, and first published in his “Journal of Cutaneous Medicine.”
In the preface which he wrote to it he expresses his strong beliefs
that hygiene is the first necessity of a scholastic institution,
that with proper nurture almost all the diseases of infants would be
extinguished, that illness following vaccination properly performed
can only occur owing to neglect of proper nurture and care, and that
“healthy children never suffer, never die from vaccination.”
An incident which brought Erasmus Wilson prominently before the
public was the inquest held at Hounslow on a soldier who had died
after a regimental flogging. Mr. Wakley held the inquest, which
lasted eleven days. It was in a great measure owing to Mr. Wilson’s
decided evidence that a verdict was returned declaring that the
flogging had been the cause of death. The public feeling was aroused,
a Parliamentary inquiry was subsequently held, and the punishment of
flogging was at last removed from the regimental code.
Several works of considerable merit made Wilson’s name very widely
known. One of the most popular of these was entitled “Healthy Skin,”
first published in 1845. It strongly advocated that constant use of
the bath which has become far more prevalent than when it was first
issued. A translation of Hufeland’s “Art of Prolonging Life,” which
he edited, appeared in 1853. In “The Eastern or Turkish Bath,” in
1861, Wilson gave a powerful impetus to the establishment and spread
of the Turkish bath in England, and laid down principles and plans
of procedure calculated to make this bath safe for persons of very
varied constitutions.
In 1869 Erasmus Wilson founded at his own cost a museum and
professorship of dermatology at the College of Surgeons, with an
endowment of £5000, and was appointed the first professor. In this
capacity he lectured for nearly ten years. Several successive series
of lectures were published, as well as a catalogue of the museum.
He was also the founder of the Chair of Pathology in Aberdeen
University. He also endowed a pathological curatorship at the College
of Surgeons. He was elected on the Council of the College in 1870,
and was President in 1881. A special grant of an honorary gold medal
was made to him by the College in 1884, just before his death.
His early Eastern travels had particularly interested Wilson in
Egyptology, and he became by wide reading and study very competent
in Egyptian lore, as is evidenced by his “Egypt of the Past,”
published in 1881. His munificence in connection with the bringing
of the obelisk known as “Cleopatra’s Needle” to London in 1877-8 is
a familiar story. Many abortive proposals had been made to secure
its being brought to England, but Government had always failed to
make any arrangement. General Sir James Alexander was the means of
starting the idea in Erasmus Wilson’s mind, by speaking to him of
a project for raising sufficient money by a general subscription.
Wilson, who was greatly interested, thought the sum needed, £10,000,
would not be forthcoming, and undertook to pay the entire sum
himself, Mr. John Dixon, C.E., having undertaken its successful
transport. Thus Britons will ever owe to him the possession of this
choice treasure of Egyptian antiquity. The book entitled “Cleopatra’s
Needle: with Brief Notes on Egypt and Egyptian Obelisks,” which
Wilson brought out in 1877, went through several editions.
But these were only a few of the public objects to which Erasmus
Wilson devoted his wealth, which had been vastly increased by
singularly skilful investments in gas and railway companies’ shares.
He restored Swanscombe Church, near his birthplace, in 1873. He
founded, at a cost of £2500, a scholarship at the Royal College of
Music, besides contributing considerably to its general funds. He was
a large subscriber to the Royal Medical Benevolent College at Epsom,
and built at his own cost a house for the head-master; further, he
built at a cost of £30,000 a new wing and chapel for the Sea-Bathing
Infirmary at Margate, in which skin diseases are largely treated. He
was a strong Freemason, and contributed liberally to various Masonic
charities. In recognition of his many public benefactions he was
knighted in 1881.
“From his earliest life,” says the _British Medical Journal_ (August
16, 1884), “he was characterised particularly by his kindliness and
gentleness of manner, which made him many friends; indeed, to know
him was to love him. His generosity to poor patients who came to
consult him was very great, not only prescribing for them gratis,
but supplying the means for carrying out the treatment, and that
not only after he became wealthy, but even at a time when he could
ill afford to be generous. The amount of good he did privately will
probably never be known, as he was one of whom it may truly be said,
that he never let his left hand know what his right hand did—so
unostentatious was he in regard to his charity.”
Sir Erasmus Wilson had been in ill-health for two years before his
death, and for a year was quite blind, yet never lost cheerfulness.
On July 23, 1884, he was at the consecration of St. Saviour’s Church
at Westgate on Sea, of which he had laid the foundation-stone a year
before. Within three days he became seriously ill, and died on August
7th. He had married in 1841 a Miss Doherty, who survived him. He left
no family, and the bulk of his property, something like £180,000,
reverts on Lady Wilson’s death to the College of Surgeons, without
any restriction as to the disposal of the fund. Other legacies of
£5000 each he bequeathed to the Sea-Bathing Infirmary at Margate, the
Medical Benevolent College, and the Society for the Relief of the
Widows and Orphans of Medical Men. Such bequests alone would place a
man among great public benefactors. Wilson had not waited till death
came before he became beneficent, and if his gifts are used in the
spirit in which he gave them, he will rank with John Hunter as to the
material if not the intellectual legacy he has bequeathed to mankind.
* * * * *
Descended from an old Scotch family (the Mackenzies of Scutwell),
Dr. MORELL MACKENZIE is the son of the late Mr. Stephen Mackenzie,
surgeon, of Leytonstone, by his wife Margaret, daughter of Mr. Adam
Harvey of Lewes. Morell Mackenzie was born at Leytonstone, on the
borders of Epping Forest, on the 7th July 1837. His father was a man
of exceptional intellectual power, whose studies took the direction
of metaphysics and mental diseases; hence he acquired great skill in
treating nervous affections which border on insanity. His ability
was testified to by Mr. Brudenell Carter in his valuable essay on
Hysteria (see p. 268). Mrs. Mackenzie was a clever woman of a highly
practical tendency. The untimely death of Stephen Mackenzie in 1851,
when he was thrown out of his gig and killed on the spot, left his
widow with nine children very slenderly provided for.
Morell Mackenzie was educated by Dr. Greig of Walthamstow, many of
whose pupils entered the service of the East India Company. Mackenzie
always took a great interest in natural history, in which he was
largely encouraged by his mother, and from an early period greatly
desired to enter the medical profession. But a medical education
being then beyond the means of the family so suddenly bereaved, he
was placed at the age of sixteen in the office of the Union Assurance
Company in Cornhill. Here he got on very well, but never abandoned
the hope of becoming a doctor. Fortunately, by the kind aid of a
relative, he was enabled to gratify this desire, and he accordingly
resigned his clerkship, and became a student at the London Hospital.
On commencing his medical studies Mackenzie determined to take his
degree at the University of London, combining with his hospital work
the preparation for matriculation. Having become a member of the
College of Surgeons in 1858, he subsequently took the M.B. degree
with high honours in three subjects. At the London Hospital he
obtained the senior gold medal for surgery, and the gold medal for
zeal, talent, and humanity to the patients, awarded by the governors.
On leaving the hospital he went to Paris, where he studied for a
year under Trousseau, Nélaton, Ricord, and others. He spent another
year in Vienna, where he studied pathology under Rokitansky, chest
diseases under Skoda, skin affections under Hebra, and diseases of
the eye under Arlt and Jäger. During his stay at Vienna Mackenzie
made an expedition to Pesth in order to become acquainted with
the laryngoscope, an instrument invented by Manuel Garcia, which
Czermak was then beginning to use. A friendship sprang up between
these two men which only terminated with Czermak’s lamented death.
Czermak was very desirous that Mackenzie should translate some of
his papers and publish them in the English medical journals, but he
had determined to study for a few months in Italy, and before he
returned home Czermak had himself come over to London and introduced
the laryngoscope into England. On arriving in London Mackenzie was
at once appointed Resident Medical Officer at the London Hospital,
and shortly afterwards Registrar to that institution. He now began to
make daily studies with the laryngoscope, and soon published cases in
the medical journals which had been treated by its aid. In 1862 he
completed the M.D. degree at London University.
In 1863 the Jacksonian prize for an essay on the Diseases of the
Larynx was awarded to Mackenzie by the Royal College of Surgeons,
and on the urgent advice of many of his medical friends, especially
that of the late Dr. Herbert Davies, he determined to make throat
diseases a specialty, and having established himself in practice in
the West End, he was largely instrumental in founding the Throat
Hospital in King Street, Golden Square, in the same year. In 1866 Dr.
Mackenzie was appointed Assistant-Physician to the London Hospital,
and his colleagues subsequently offered to recommend to the committee
of that institution that a department for throat diseases should be
established under his supervision. This however he declined, on the
ground that he wished to treat diseases of every kind whilst attached
to the London Hospital. He, however, gave a course of lectures on
Throat Diseases at the London Hospital Medical College, whilst he
also lectured on Physiology for three years. Dr. Mackenzie was
afterwards obliged, owing to his increasing practice, to resign his
connection with the London Hospital.
Dr. Mackenzie has for many years occupied a prominent position
not only as a specialist but as a champion of specialism, and has
exhibited considerable persistence in his advocacy of any cause with
which the interests of specialism were connected. Some years ago,
when most of the special hospitals were excluded from participation
in the London Hospital Sunday Fund, Dr. Morell Mackenzie led the
attack upon the position taken up by the committee, with the result
that the treasurer of the Fund resigned, and a modification of
procedure took place. Dr. Mackenzie, among the other honorary
memberships of foreign societies which have been conferred upon him,
is one of the two honorary Fellows of the American Laryngological
Association, Signor Garcia being the other. He has invented a number
of instruments or modifications of instruments for the treatment
of throat diseases, and has written copiously on the subject. His
principal works are entitled “On the Use of the Laryngoscope in
Diseases of the Throat,” “Essays on Throat Diseases,” “Diphtheria,”
“Hay Fever,” and “Diseases of the Throat and Nose.” He has also
written the article on Diseases of the Larynx in Reynolds’s “System
of Medicine.”
Dr. Morell Mackenzie claims that his experience as to diseases of the
throat amply justifies and necessitates specialism. “The scientific
literature relating to these,” he says (_Fortnightly Review_, June
1885), “dates from little more than twenty-five years back, and
already it has grown to a bulk that would surfeit the voracity of the
most persevering bookworm, and it goes on increasing and multiplying
in a manner that makes one long for a Malthus to preach some degree
of moderation to its producers. Every week, every day brings one
books, pamphlets, articles, lectures, reprints about all sorts of
uncomfortable things in _itis_ and _osis_, as seen in the throats of
Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Italians, Danes, Russians, Americans,
and all the other offspring of Babel. A certain proportion of these,
no doubt, are of great value, but not a few might be consigned to
the wastepaper basket without serious loss to science; all must be
read, however, lest some grains of wheat should be thrown away with
the chaff. Several periodicals dealing exclusively with diseases of
the throat appear with praiseworthy regularity; and there are also
societies, associations, &c., founded for the same purpose, each of
which, of course, issues its yearly volume of Transactions.... This
may give some faint idea of the herculean labour which the specialist
who wishes to keep abreast of the progress of knowledge in his own
subject from the literary point of view alone has to undergo; and
it must be remembered that in medicine reading is after all only
subsidiary to the practical work by which skill is perfected and
experience gathered and extended.”
* * * * *
The subject of animal parasites upon and in the human body, while
certainly not one of the most attractive on a superficial view, has
yet been found to yield scientific material of the highest interest,
and has required great energy and care to produce satisfactory
results. Among British workers in this field none is more widely
known than Dr. THOMAS SPENCER COBBOLD, F.R.S.
Dr. Cobbold is the third son of the late Rev. Richard Cobbold,
rector of Wortham, Suffolk, the author of the striking “History of
Margaret Catchpole,” and his grandmother, Mrs. Cobbold, was a zealous
geological collector in the early days of geology, having a fossil
species of mollusc (_Nucula Cobboldiæ_) named in her honour. The
subject of this notice was born at Ipswich in 1828, and educated for
some years by the Rev. H. Burrows, at Yarmouth, and afterwards at the
Charterhouse.
Young Cobbold entered upon the study of medicine at the Norfolk
and Norwich Hospital in 1844, as pupil of Mr. Crosse, F.R.S. Later
he proceeded to Edinburgh, and became class-assistant to Professor
Hughes Bennett, and prosector to Professor Goodsir, then at the
height of his career. Such men, and especially Goodsir, exercised a
great awakening influence on young Cobbold, and deepened his strong
tendencies towards anatomical research. In 1851 Dr. Cobbold graduated
on the same day as Dr. Burdon-Sanderson, now Waynflete Professor
of Physiology at Oxford, and the late Dr. Charles Murchison, all
three being gold-medallists. After studying for some time in Paris,
Dr. Cobbold on his return to Edinburgh was appointed curator of
the Anatomical Museum, and became active in dissecting specimens
of animals received at the museum. Among others his memoir on
the giraffe and other ruminants formed the basis of his article
Ruminantia, contributed to Todd and Bowman’s Cyclopædia of Anatomy
and Physiology. When the lamented Edward Forbes was elected to the
chair of Natural History, Dr. Cobbold’s attention was powerfully
attached to geology, and for some years he made excursions with
his class, and collected large numbers of fossils. More distant
excursions to Arran, the Yorkshire and Devonshire coasts, the Isle of
Wight, &c., supplied Dr. Cobbold with specimens of great service in
illustrating the Swiney Lectures, which he afterwards delivered for
five years with marked success at the British Museum and at the Royal
School of Mines (1868-72). So popular did these lectures become that
towards the close of the last course many of the visitors could not
find seats.
After the death of Edward Forbes, Dr. Cobbold resigned his
appointments in Edinburgh, and became Lecturer on Botany at St.
Mary’s Hospital. Two years later he transferred his services to the
Middlesex Hospital, lecturing there for thirteen years on Zoology
and Comparative Anatomy. During his connection with the Middlesex
Hospital he took up the branch of zoology and medicine with which his
name will be most distinctively associated. During three successive
years he examined the bodies of animals dying at the Zoological
Gardens, especially with a view to discovering the presence of
parasitic worms in them. Many papers were contributed by him to the
Linnean and Zoological Transactions and Proceedings, among which we
may call attention to “Remarks on all the Human Entozoa” (Zool. Soc.
Proc., 1862).
In 1864 Dr. Cobbold was elected F.R.S., and in the same year
published his “Introductory Treatise on the Entozoa,” which
established his reputation, the _Lancet_ declaring that it formed a
noble contribution to medical science and a credit to our national
literature. Up to the year 1865 Dr. Cobbold persevered in the
pursuit of pure science, refusing all inducements to practice; but
finding that after his twenty years of zealous labour, no suitable
scientific post opened for him, he at length commenced practice in
Wimpole Street, removing later to Harley Street. Here his great
knowledge of the habits and treatment of internal worm parasites
became available for professional purposes, and his services were
largely sought. But scientific pursuits and public lecturing still
claimed his attention, and among the achievements of his later years
are his book on Tapeworms, which has gone through several editions;
his lectures on practical helminthology, entitled “Worms;” a manual
of the “Parasites of the Domesticated Animals,” a larger treatise
on Parasites, a smaller supplementary work on Human Parasites. In
1873 Dr. Cobbold received the appointment of Professor of Botany at
the Royal Veterinary College, and soon afterwards a special chair
of helminthology was established for him at the College, for giving
instruction on the parasites and parasitic diseases of domesticated
animals to veterinary students. In connection with this work. Dr.
Cobbold went still more deeply into the parasitic diseases of
domestic animals, such as those which caused grouse disease, ostrich
and pigeon epidemics, gapes in chickens, &c. He delivered a course
of lectures on the “Parasites of Animals employed as Food” at the
Society of Arts. He has been the first to describe many new species
of internal worms from elephants, horses, cattle, sheep, and dogs.
One of the most elaborate of his special memoirs is that in which he
has described the parasites of elephants, in the Linnean Society’s
Transactions. With these extensive researches in comparative anatomy,
Dr. Cobbold has not neglected human parasites of late years, and
various papers and lectures of his have commanded much attention and
elucidated important points. He contributed fifty short articles on
these subjects to Quain’s “Dictionary of Medicine.” As a lecturer
Dr. Cobbold’s style is highly popular and pleasing. He possesses to
a great degree the power of putting himself on good terms with his
audience and keeping them interested. His position in regard to the
investigations with which his life has been chiefly occupied has been
quite unique.
An extract from his work on Entozoa is an interesting example of a
very successful mode of treating this subject. “The happiest, and
perhaps after all the most truly philosophic, way of studying the
entozoa, is to regard them as a peculiar fauna, destined to occupy an
equally peculiar territory. That territory is the widespread domain
of the interior of the bodies of man and animals. Each animal or
“host” may be regarded as a continent, and each part or viscus of
his body may be noted as a district. Each district has its special
attractions for particular parasitic forms; yet, at the same time,
neither the district nor the continent are suitable localities as
a permanent resting-place for the invader. None of the internal
parasites ‘continue in one stay;’ all have a tendency to roam;
migration is the very soul of their prosperity; change of residence
the _sine quâ non_ of their existence, whilst a blockade in the
interior, prolonged beyond the proper period, terminates only in
cretification and death.”
FOOTNOTES:
[21] _Fortnightly Review_, June 1885, p. 775.
[22] _World_, September 18, 1878.