The Septennial Average Prices of Wheat, Barley, and Oats from 1835 to
1890, or 55 years, taken from Willich’s Tithe Commutation Tables.
------------------+---------+---------+---------++-------------
| WHEAT, | BARLEY, | OATS, || Value of
_Per London | per | per | per || TITHE-RENT
Gazette_ |imperial |imperial |imperial || CHARGE of
| bushel. | bushel. | bushel. || £100.
------------------+---------+---------+---------++-------------
|_s._ _d._|_s._ _d._|_s._ _d._|| £ _s._ _d._
To Christmas 1835 | | | ||
on 9th Dec. 1836 | 7 0¼ | 3 11½ | 2 9 || 100 0 0
| | | ++=============
To Christmas 1836 | 6 8½ | 3 11¾ | 2 9 || 98 13 9¾
do. 1837 | 6 6¾ | 3 11¼ | 2 8¾ || 97 7 11
do. 1838 | 6 6¼ | 3 9¾ | 2 8 || 95 7 9
do. 1839 | 6 9 | 3 11¼ | 2 9¼ || 98 15 9½
do. 1840 | 6 11¾ | 4 1 | 2 10¾ || 102 12 5¼
do. 1841 | 7 3¾ | 4 2 | 2 11¼ || 105 8 2¾
do. 1842 | 7 7½ | 4 1¼ | 2 10½ || 105 12 2¼
do. 1843 | 7 7¾ | 4 0½ | 2 9½ || 104 3 5¼
do. 1844 | 7 7 | 4 1¼ | 2 9 || 103 17 11¼
do. 1845 | 7 4 | 4 1½ | 2 9 || 102 17 8¾
do. 1846 | 7 0½ | 4 0 | 2 8½ || 99 18 10¼
do. 1847 | 7 1¼ | 4 1½ | 2 9¼ || 102 1 0
do. 1848 | 6 10¼ | 4 1¼ | 2 8¾ || 100 3 7¾
do. 1849 | 6 7½ | 4 1¼ | 2 8½ || 98 16 10
do. 1850 | 6 5¼ | 4 0 | 2 8 || 96 11 4¾
do. 1851 | 6 2¾ | 3 10¼ | 2 7½ || 93 16 11¼
do. 1852 | 6 0½ | 3 9½ | 2 6¾ || 91 13 5¾
do. 1853 | 6 0 | 3 9½ | 2 6¼ || 90 19 5
do. 1854 | 6 0¾ | 3 7¾ | 2 6 || 89 15 8¾
do. 1855 | 6 6 | 3 8½ | 2 7½ || 93 18 1¼
do. 1856 | 6 11¼ | 3 11¼ | 2 9¼ || 99 13 7¼
do. 1857 | 7 2¾ | 4 3½ | 2 11 || 105 16 3½
do. 1858 | 7 4 | 4 5½ | 3 0¼ || 108 19 6¼
do. 1859 | 7 4½ | 4 6½ | 3 1¼ || 110 17 8½
do. 1860 | 7 4½ | 4 7¼ | 3 2 || 112 3 4¾
do. 1861 | 7 0¾ | 4 7¼ | 3 1 || 109 13 6
do. 1862 | 6 8¾ | 4 7½ | 3 0 || 107 5 2
do. 1863 | 6 3½ | 4 5¾ | 2 11¼ || 103 3 10¾
do. 1864 | 6 0 | 4 3¼ | 2 10 || 98 15 10½
do. 1865 | 5 11½ | 4 2¼ | 2 9½ || 97 7 9¼
do. 1866 | 6 0¾ | 4 3 | 2 9¾ || 98 13 8
do. 1867 | 6 3¼ | 4 3¾ | 2 10¼ || 100 13 3
do. 1868 | 6 5¼ | 4 5¼ | 2 11 || 103 5 8¼
do. 1869 | 6 3½ | 4 6¼ | 2 11¾ || 104 1 0¼
do. 1870 | 6 4 | 4 6¼ | 3 0¼ || 104 15 1
do. 1871 | 6 7½ | 4 7¾ | 3 1¼ || 108 4 0¼
do. 1872 | 6 10¾ | 4 9¼ | 3 1½ || 110 15 10¼
do. 1873 | 7 0¾ | 4 10 | 3 1¾ || 112 7 3
do. 1874 | 6 10¾ | 4 11 | 3 2¼ || 112 15 6¾
do. 1875 | 6 6¾ | 4 10 | 3 2½ || 110 14 11
do. 1876 | 6 6¼ | 4 9 | 3 2½ || 109 16 11½
do. 1877 | 6 8½ | 4 10¼ | 3 3¼ || 112 7 5¼
do. 1878 | 6 6¼ | 4 11 | 3 3 || 111 15 1½
do. 1879 | 6 3½ | 4 10¼ | 3 2¾ || 109 17 9¼
do. 1880 | 6 0½ | 4 8¾ | 3 2¼ || 107 2 10½
do. 1881 | 5 10¼ | 4 6 | 3 0¾ || 102 16 2
do. 1882 | 5 10¼ | 4 4½ | 2 11¼ || 100 4 9¾
do. 1883 | 5 9¼ | 4 3¾ | 2 10¼ || 98 6 2¼
do. 1884 | 5 4¾ | 4 1¾ | 2 9 || 93 17 3
do. 1885 | 5 1¾ | 3 11¾ | 2 8¼ || 90 10 3½
do. 1886 | 4 11 | 3 10 | 2 7½ || 87 8 10
do. 1887 | 4 8½ | 3 8½ | 2 6¼ || 84 2 8¾
do. 1888 | 4 5½ | 3 7½ | 2 5 || 80 19 8½
do. 1889 | 4 2¼ | 3 6¼ | 2 4¼ || 78 1 3½
do. 1890 | 4 0¼ | 3 5¾ | 2 3½ || 76 3 3¾
| | | ++-------------
| | | ||5536 6 5
| | | ++-------------
General average for the last 55 years ||£100 13 2½
APPENDIX F.
Summary of Tithe-rent charges, copied from the Parliamentary Tithes
Commutation Return, 1887.
--------------+--------------------------------------------------------
| RENT CHARGES.
+--------------+-----------+--------------+--------------
Counties. | Payable |Payable to | Payable to | Payable
| to Clerical | Parochial | Lay- | to Schools,
|Appropriators.|Incumbents.|Impropriators.|Colleges, etc.
--------------+--------------+-----------+--------------+--------------
Bedford | £3,599 | 13,276 | £3,429 | £4,224
Berks | 18,978 | 46,726 | 18,763 | 4,011
Bucks | 4,214 | 28,605 | 13,652 | 506
Cambridge | 15,156 | 50,201 | 5,741 | 8,867
Chester | 15,630 | 33,208 | 13,217 | 1,533
Cornwall | 12,218 | 61,175 | 26,834 | 924
Cumberland | 10,517 | 9,965 | 4,425 | 1,313
Derby | 7,193 | 21,000 | 10,096 | 123
Devon | 30,910 | 115,691 | 28,365 | 6,463
Dorset | 9,485 | 62,184 | 13,766 | 3,749
Durham | 11,367 | 28,071 | 13,340 | 4,697
Essex | 15,253 | 159,018 | 53,988 | 22,018
Gloucester | 18,650 | 53,478 | 12,983 | 2,552
Hereford | 20,018 | 47,601 | 6,312 | 1,770
Hertford | 13,156 | 43,667 | 16,217 | 3,594
Huntingdon | 1,065 | 10,860 | 2,109 | 1,051
Kent | 71,048 | 143,881 | 35,217 | 7,729
Lancaster | 13,122 | 36,179 | 20,650 | 4,039
Leicester | 1,461 | 25,244 | 3,809 | 443
Lincoln | 17,695 | 80,295 | 23,208 | 5,334
Middlesex | 4,533 | 16,828 | 5,388 | 74
Monmouth | 6,635 | 17,195 | 5,673 | 413
Norfolk | 31,023 | 203,016 | 33,340 | 13,204
Northampton | 1,671 | 27,027 | 2,473 | 831
Northumberland| 17,187 | 24,634 | 27,881 | 7,835
Nottingham | 10,004 | 20,516 | 6,642 | 3,166
Oxford | 9,614 | 31,997 | 7,054 | 4,207
Rutland | 739 | 6,891 | 606 |
Salop | 3,496 | 66,427 | 34,939 | 3,831
Somerset | 23,141 | 104,994 | 25,749 | 1,856
Southampton | 21,309 | 103,467 | 26,163 | 21,917
Stafford | 20,501 | 33,474 | 20,733 | 773
Suffolk | 7,044 | 155,097 | 37,751 | 5,774
Surrey | 7,465 | 48,287 | 19,247 | 1,301
Sussex | 24,807 | 103,019 | 28,040 | 4,507
Warwick | 2,812 | 29,654 | 10,545 | 7,807
Westmoreland | 756 | 3,155 | 1,907 | 1,827
Wilts | 41,352 | 77,705 | 18,587 | 7,262
Worcester | 11,961 | 42,128 | 8,598 | 1,329
York | 57,247 | 91,697 | 57,727 | 15,043
--------------+--------------+-----------+--------------+--------------
| 614,032 | 2,277,539 | 705,174 | 187,897
--------------+--------------+-----------+--------------+--------------
WALES. | | | |
Anglesey | £2,667 | £12,065 | £2,139 | £1,534
Brecon | 4,616 | 11,722 | 3,270 | 161
Cardigan | 3,251 | 4,979 | 10,475 | 794
Carmarthen | 6,640 | 7,419 | 14,707 | 468
Carnarvon | 2,133 | 11,139 | 3,012 | 1,037
Denbigh | 13,413 | 16,602 | 5,525 | 1,249
Flint | 6,607 | 12,192 | 4,528 | 257
Glamorgan | 7,114 | 16,854 | 5,592 | 40
Merioneth | 2,034 | 6,889 | 542 |
Montgomery | 7,688 | 14,991 | 3,824 | 1,586
Pembroke | 4,779 | 15,243 | 7,206 | 741
Radnor | 6,721 | 7,406 | 348 | 291
--------------+--------------+-----------+--------------+--------------
| 67,663 | 137,500 | 61,168 | 8,159
England | 614,032 | 2,277,540 | 705,167 | 187,897
--------------+--------------+-----------+--------------+--------------
Total | £681,695 |£2,415,040 | £766,335 | £196,056
--------------+--------------+-----------+--------------+--------------
General total of the four items, £4,059,126.
APPENDIX G.
Analysis of the Tithe Commutation Return in Appendix F, showing (1)
the number of Old Parishes in England and Wales; (2) the number not
appropriated, and the number appropriated, to which is added a full
explanation of the analysis.
1. Parochial Rectors.
2. Appropriated Rectors.
3. Impropriated Rectors.
4. Collegiate School, Hospital, etc., Rectors.
5. Appropriated Vicars.
6. Parishes with Vicars but without Rectors.
7. Total number of Vicars.
8. Total number of Ancient Parishes.
-----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
Counties. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8
-----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
ENGLAND. | | | | | | | |
Bedford | 25 | 3 | 12 | 7 | 21 | 6 | 27 | 53
Berks | 65 | 26 | 33 | 6 | 54 | 7 | 61 | 137
Bucks | 63 | 9 | 42 | 1 | 36 | 10 | 46 | 125
Cambridge | 40 | 19 | 8 | 19 | 32 | 5 | 37 | 91
Chester | 51 | 21 | 18 | | 26 | | 26 | 90
Cornwall | 81 | 28 | 86 | 3 | 103 | 6 | 109 | 204
Cumberland | 31 | 26 | 23 | 2 | 25 | 2 | 27 | 84
Derby | 47 | 16 | 50 | | 51 | 5 | 56 | 118
Devon | 245 | 83 | 104 | 9 | 147 | 8 | 155 | 449
10 Dorset | 167 | 29 | 48 | 3 | 69 | 14 | 83 | 261
Durham | 30 | 20 | 17 | 8 | 29 | 4 | 33 | 79
Essex | 237 | 28 | 99 | 20 | 129 | 7 | 136 | 391
Gloucester | 109 | 49 | 39 | 6 | 69 | 10 | 79 | 213
Hereford | 80 | 80 | 29 | 9 | 98 | 17 | 115 | 215
Hertford | 64 | 15 | 26 | 5 | 42 | 4 | 46 | 114
Huntingdon | 36 | 7 | 11 | 3 | 13 | | 13 | 57
Kent | 176 | 143 | 63 | 13 | 181 | 10 | 191 | 405
Gloucester | 28 | 11 | 31 | 1 | 21 | | 21 | 71
Leicester | 75 | 7 | 33 | 3 | 35 | 11 | 46 | 129
20 Lincoln | 188 | 38 | 67 | 8 | 89 | 32 | 121 | 333
Middlesex | 23 | 8 | 14 | 1 | 17 | 4 | 21 | 50
Monmouth | 44 | 40 | 30 | 4 | 51 | 5 | 56 | 123
Norfolk | 447 | 86 | 102 | 23 | 157 | 9 | 166 | 667
Northampton | 91 | 8 | 16 | 6 | 21 | 11 | 32 | 132
Northumberland| 18 | 16 | 43 | 3 | 43 | 3 | 46 | 83
Nottingham | 41 | 27 | 22 | 8 | 45 | 8 | 53 | 106
Oxford | 74 | 20 | 25 | 11 | 40 | 4 | 44 | 134
Rutland | 24 | 6 | 2 | | 6 | 1 | 7 | 33
Salop | 116 | 8 | 87 | 4 | 75 | 4 | 79 | 219
30 Somerset | 252 | 89 | 107 | 4 | 156 | 8 | 164 | 460
Southampton | 171 | 33 | 48 | 31 | 87 | 9 | 96 | 292
Stafford | 46 | 32 | 53 | 1 | 56 | 5 | 61 | 137
Suffolk | 319 | 16 | 123 | 10 | 93 | 15 | 108 | 483
Surrey | 74 | 13 | 42 | 1 | 35 | 3 | 38 | 133
Sussex | 160 | 59 | 62 | 8 | 104 | 10 | 114 | 299
Warwick | 48 | 7 | 45 | 18 | 53 | 16 | 69 | 134
Westmoreland | 13 | 3 | 8 | 2 | 13 | 1 | 14 | 27
Wilts | 131 | 69 | 50 | 12 | 101 | 12 | 113 | 274
Worcester | 73 | 31 | 16 | 1 | 36 | 7 | 43 | 128
40 York | 155 | 117 | 156 | 27 | 186 | 34 | 220 | 489
-----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
Total | 4158 | 1346 | 1890 | 301 | 2645 | 327 | 2972 | 8022
-----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
WALES. | | | | | | | |
Anglesey | 50 | 10 | 13 | 4 | 5 | | 5 | 77
Brecon | 27 | 24 | 15 | 1 | 24 | 2 | 26 | 69
Cardigan | 15 | 15 | 31 | 1 | 24 | | 24 | 62
Carmarthen | 14 | 21 | 39 | 2 | 36 | 2 | 38 | 78
Carnarvon | 40 | 10 | 13 | 5 | 17 | 1 | 18 | 69
Denbigh | 20 | 22 | 7 | 2 | 18 | 5 | 23 | 56
Flint | 14 | 15 | 2 | | 15 | | 15 | 31
Glamorgan | 58 | 29 | 29 | | 42 | 3 | 45 | 119
Merioneth | 22 | 8 | 4 | | 5 | | 5 | 34
Montgomery | 26 | 15 | 11 | 2 | 19 | 1 | 20 | 55
Pembroke | 62 | 27 | 40 | 2 | 49 | 3 | 52 | 134
12 Radnor | 18 | 26 | 2 | 1 | 17 | 3 | 20 | 50
-----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
Total | 366 | 222 | 206 | 20 | 271 | 20 | 291 | 834
In England | 4158 | 1346 | 1890 | 301 | 2645 | 327 | 2972 | 8022
-----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
Total in England | | | | | | | |
and Wales | 4524 | 1568 | 2096 | 321 | 2916 | 347 | 3263 | 8856
-----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
Column 1 indicates that nearly one-half of the parochial tithes in
England and Wales were appropriated to archbishops, bishops, chapters,
monasteries, colleges, etc. There are 8,856 old parishes in England and
Wales. Columns 2, 3, and 4 give the number of appropriated rectories,
total 3,985. So we have 3,985 old parishes deprived of their rectorial
tithes. Who have these? Column 2 are archbishops, bishops, chapters,
vicars-choral, and archdeacons. Column 3 are what are sometimes called
“Lay Rectors,” _i.e._, impropriated rectors, namely, lay persons
in receipt of rectorial tithes, resulting from the dissolution of
monasteries and the dispersion of their tithes by the Crown to laymen.
Columns 3 and 4 are lay persons receiving tithes from 2,417 parishes,
amounting to gross £962,390, or nearly a million a year. Appendices
A, B, and C, give the rectors in column 2. Appendix D gives the 321 in
column 4. As regards column 3, the tithe-rent charges are dealt with as
private property, and as such is constantly changing hands by sales or
otherwise.
In columns 6 and 7, 3,985 appropriated and impropriated rectors of the
old parishes employed 2,916 vicars. But column 6, or 347 parishes,
have vicars, but no rectors.[306] Again, the 1,568 clerical rectors in
column 2 employed only 1,176 vicars, and the remaining 392 parishes had
no vicars. Again, the 2,096 impropriated rectors in column 3 employed
only 1,525 vicars, and the remaining 564 parishes had none. Again, the
321 college, etc., rectors employed 207 vicars, and the remaining 102
parishes had none.
I refer the reader to the summary of tithe-rent charges at page 253.
(1) The Clerical Appropriators having £681,695, number 1,568. They are
classified in Appendices A, B, and C. (2) The Parochial Incumbents
receiving £2,415,040, consist of rectors, 4,524 + 3,263 vicars = 7,787.
(3) Lay Impropriators receive £766,334; they number 2,096. (4) Schools,
colleges, etc., receive £196,055; they number 321, and are classified in
Appendix D, page 247.
APPENDIX H.
LANDS AND MONEY PAYMENTS IN LIEU OF TITHES.
The number of parishes in which awards were made under the Inclosure
Acts, in 29 counties, was 989.[307] These parishes do not appear in the
Tithe Commutation Return of 1887.
Parochial Rectors.
Appropriated Rectors.
Impropriated Rectors.
College, School,
etc., Rectors.
Vicars.
Total.
Parishes 435 63 477 14 548 989
Add the tithe number
at page 255 4,524 1,568 2,096 321 3,263 8,856
----- ----- ----- --- ----- -----
Total 4,959 1,631 2,573 335 3,811 9,845
To 9,845 are added 200 benefices in London, Canterbury, Isle of Man,
etc., which receive tithe-taxes from houses, also fixed and variable
incomes from commuted tithes. Therefore, 10,045 benefices derive incomes
from tithes. The total number of benefices is 13,979. Of the remaining
3,934, 464 are not endowed with tithes or glebes, and 3,470 were formed
between A.D. 1818 and A.D. 1890. As regards the 9,845 parishes, it is
important to notice that the tithes of one-half or 4,886 in England and
Wales, were _impropriated_, that is, _alienated_ from the parishes, and
4,959 were _not alienated_.
The total number of beneficed clergy in England, Wales, Isle of Man and
Channel Islands, may be taken as 13,979 (as very few benefices are now
held in plurality), viz., England 13,048, Wales 856, Isle of Man 34,
Channel Islands 41. In the census of 1881, the number of _civil parishes_
was stated to be 14,926, hence 947 were consolidated. The benefice may
consist of one or many parishes united. For example, at page 192, there
are 43 parishes united into 11 benefices, so 13,979 benefices mean about
15,000 parishes. 11,667 benefices have parsonage houses, 2,312 have not.
APPENDIX I.
AGGREGATE SUMMARY OF REVENUES OF CHURCH OF ENGLAND.[308]
Gross income of property derived from
Private
Ancient Benefactions
Endowments. since 1703.
I. Archiepiscopal and Episcopal Sees 87,827 11,081
II. Cathedral and Collegiate Churches 192,400
III. Ecclesiastical Benefices 3,941,057 272,605
IV. Ecclesiastical Commissioners 1,247,827
V. Queen Anne’s Bounty 700
--------- -------
5,469,171 284,386
\--------\/-------/
5,753,557
Its capitalized value is about £140,000,000.
The return deals only with the _permanent sources_ of revenues. Hence
it omits fees, pew-rents and Easter offerings. The return was made
from values in 1886. The Commissioners’ own gross income in 1890 was
£1,320,000, and not £1,247,827. The gross income of the beneficed clergy
is by this return £4,810,662 or gross £344 a year each, net £262. To find
net income, I have allowed £1,140,000 to cover depreciation and expenses
out of £2,592,000 tithe-rent charge, 1890.
The total _rateable_ value of the episcopal, capitular and parsonage
houses = £11,151 + £18,928 + £518,054 respectively = £548,133. The
rack-rental value is about £800,000 a year.
Dealing with the fluctuating part of the beneficed clergy’s income, we
may safely estimate fees, pew-rents and Easter offerings at £1,000,000 a
year. In arriving at this amount I have been guided by certain well-known
official data. (1) The average fluctuating incomes of the 115 rectors
in the old parish of Manchester were, for 1890, £142 each. (2) The 987
benefices of Wales and Monmouth had, in 1890, £10 each. My conclusion,
therefore, is that 4,600 benefices get, like Manchester, £653,000;
4,600 get £300,000; and 4,779 get the Welsh rate, viz., £48,000. Total,
£1,000,000. It varies from one to one and a half millions a year.
In 1890 we may safely take the following as the correct gross aggregate
revenues of the beneficed clergy:—£3,941,057 + £272,605 + £617,000 (C.F.)
+ £1,000,000 = £5,830,662 or £415 each; net £334 calculated like the net
£262 above. But £6,000,000 a year for the 13,979 incumbents is nearer the
truth. Add to 11,667 with parsonages, a rental of £52 a year for house =
net average for each of the 11,667 £386. We have, at last, a correct idea
of the _immense wealth_ of the beneficed clergy alone.
FOOTNOTES
[1] “The History of Tithes from Abraham to Queen Victoria,” 1887.
[2] “Facts and Fictions,” pp. 280, 281.
[3] Selden’s “History of Tithes,” p. 169.
[4] Van Espen, “jus Univ. Canon,” pars. ii. sec. 4.
[5] See Kemble’s “Anglo-Saxons,” New Ed.: 1876, vol. ii. 473.
[6] “Facts and Fictions,” pp. 9, 47.
[7] See the Animadversions on Selden’s “History of Tithes,” in 1621, by
Dr. R. Tillesley, Archdeacon of Rochester.
[8] Page 34.
[9] “Ancient Facts and Fictions,” Edition 1888, pp. 47, 48. Selden, p. 58.
[10] “Hist. Eccl.” ii. 5: cum consilio sapientium.
[11] Thorpe’s “Ancient Laws,” etc. i. 3.
[12] “Saxons in England,” ii. 205.
[13] Hook’s “Archbishops,” i. 134.
[14] The three bishoprics were thus _State creations_ in the kingdom of
Kent, and were then _established_ and _endowed by the State_, with the
approval of the Witenagemót. See Hook, i. 59.
[15] Bede, “E. H.,” lib. i. c. xxvii.
[16] “Endowments and Establishment of the Church of England,” p. 39, ed.
1885. Mr. Dibdin is Chancellor of the Dioceses of Rochester, Exeter, and
Durham, and official of two archdeaconries.
[17] Canon 4.
[18] “Comms.,” bk. i. ch. ii. pp. 372-3, ed. 1765.
[19] p. 87.
[20] Thorpe, i. 435, Law viii.
[21] See the Laws in Thorpe, i. pp. 3-43, also pp. 103-151.
[22] “Our Title Deeds,” p. 53.
[23] Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils,” iii. 191, note.
[24] Lib. ii. c. ii. § 8.
[25] Lib. ii. c. xiv. § 9.
[26] Lib. ii. c. xiv. § 10.
[27] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 107.
[28] Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils,” iii. 174.
[29] “Const. Hist.,” i. 227, note 3, ed. 1874.
[30] “Anglo-Saxon Church,” i. 183; Bede, “Ep. ad Egb.,” ii.
[31] Scheller’s Latin Lexicon, edited by Riddle, 1835.
[32] Preface, pp. 2, 3.
[33] p. 156.
[34] “Com.,” bk. ii. ch. iii. p. 25, ed. 1765.
[35] Vol. ii. p. 732.
[36] Letter addressed to Mr. Fuller, as it appears in “Our Title Deeds.”
[37] “E. H.,” lib. v. c. iv.
[38] Bede, “E. H.,” lib. v. c. v.
[39] Johnson’s “Laws and Canons,” i. 87.
[40] Bodl. MS. 718.
[41] See Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils,” iii. 413.
[42] “Con.,” ii. 258.
[43] “Laws and Canons,” i. 181, ed. 1850.
[44] “Antiq. of the Ang.-Sax.,” i. 93, note.
[45] “Ancient Laws,” ii. 97.
[46] Thorpe’s “Ancient Laws,” etc., i. 98, Canons 3 and 5.
[47] “History of Tithes,” ed. 1618, pp. 196-198. Selden quotes in the
margin, “_MS. in Biblioth. Cottoniana_,” which clearly indicates that he
did not know it as the “_Worcester_” volume; or “_Worcester, Nero, A, 1_.”
[48] Consecrated Archbishop A.D. 734; died Nov. 19, 766, Stubbs’s
“Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum.”
[49] Baluze, i. 141, 142; Selden, c. vi. s. 7.
[50] “The Saxons in England,” ii. 473.
[51] Milman, ii. 292, etc.
[52] Bede, “Eccl. Hist.,” i. 27, 29.
[53] Stubbs, “Const. Hist.,” i. 217, ed. 1874.
[54] Bede, “E. H.,” ii. 6.
[55] Bede, “E. H.,” ii. c. xiii. See Kemble’s “Saxons,” ii. 241.
[56] Birch, “Cartularium Saxonicum,” i. No. 15.
[57] _Ibid._, i. No. 20.
[58] Bede, “E. H.,” iii. c. 25.
[59] Bede, “E. H.,” bk. iii. c. xxv., Dr. Giles’s translation.
[60] “Secundum vestrorum scriptorem tenorem” (Bede, “E. H.,” iii. c.
xxix.).
[61] Bede, “E. H.,” iv. c. i.
[62] Birch, “Cart. Sax.,” i. No. 24.
[63] Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils,” iii. 360.
[64] Hook’s “Lives of Archbishops,” i. 245, 246.
[65] Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils,” iii. 360.
[66] “Lives of the Two Offas” (Matt. Paris, ed. 1640, p. 21).
[67] “Henry of Huntingdon,” book iv. See also Pope Leo III.’s letter to
King Kenwulf of Mercia, in Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils,” iii. 523, 525.
[68] Selden, “History of Tithes,” c. viii. s. 2, p. 201.
[69] “Basileæ,” 1567; “Centuria,” viii. c. ix. pp. 574, 575.
[70] Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils,” iii. 461.
[71] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 154.
[72] “Ancient Laws,” Preface, p. vii.; see pp. 69, 70.
[73] Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils,” iii. 444, 447.
[74] Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils,” iii. 456.
[75] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 145.
[76] “Councils,” iii. 637, note.
[77] “Constitutional History,” i. 228, ed. 1874.
[78] Num. xviii. 21.
[79] “Original and Right of Tithes,” p. 102.
[80] “Historiæ Anglicanæ Scriptores, x.,” edited by Roger Twysden, ed.
1652, fol. p. 776. Chronicon Johannis Bromton.
[81] “Flowers of History,” i. 158-163. See Dr. Giles’s ed., 1846.
[82] “History of Tithes,” c. viii. p. 208.
[83] “Hist. Angl.” lib., iv. 99, ed. 1649.
[84] “History of England,” bk. vi. c. vi.
[85] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 138.
[86] _Idem_, pp. 269, 270.
[87] “Ancient Laws,” i. 336.
[88] “Saxons in England,” ii. 447, note.
[89] “The Original and Right of Tithes,” p. 103.
[90] Bede, “E. H.,” lib. iv. c. xxix.
[91] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 23.
[92] pp. 103, 104.
[93] “An Historical Vindication of the Divine Right of Tithes,” by Dr.
Thomas Comber, ed. 1682.
[94] T. Gale, “Rer. Angl.,” vol. i. p. 17.
[95] Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils,” iii. 637, note.
[96] Birch, “Cartularium Saxonicum,” i. No. 587.
[97] _See_ No. 260 of Kemble’s “Codex Diplomaticus.”
[98] Allen’s “Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal Prerogative
in England.” New edition, 1849, edited by B. Thorpe, p. 135 _et passim_.
Kemble’s “Codex Diplomaticus,” Introd. p. civ. _et passim_. Ed. 1839.
[99] Kemble, “Codex Diplomaticus,” ed. 1839, vol. i. Introd. p. ix.
[100] “Concilia,” i. 184.
[101] “Hist. of Tithes,” p. 210. Ed. 1618.
[102] Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils,” iii. 638.
[103] “Saxons in England,” ii. 485.
[104] As an illustration, see Charter A, dated 5th Nov., 844.
[105] As an illustration, see the Second Charter B, A.D. 854, and Charter
C, 5th Nov., 855.
[106] Charter A.D. 857, Will. of Malms, lib. ii. § 113. Haddan and
Stubbs, “Councils,” iii. 846. “The Saxons in England,” ii. 489.
[107] Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils,” iii. 638.
[108] _Ibid._ iii. 641.
[109] Selden, “Hist. of Tithes,” pp. 205, 206.
[110] _Idem_, c. viii. p. 205.
[111] See Haddan and Stubbs, iii. p. 636, note.
[112] “The Original and Right of Tithes,” p. 124, ed. 1736.
[113] “Ancient Laws,” i. p. 53, No. 38.
[114] English Bible.
[115] Hebrew translation.
[116] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 180.
[117] “Our Title Deeds,” p. 63.
[118] _Idem_, p. 64.
[119] “Saxons in England,” ii. 477.
[120] “Laws and Customs,” i. 315.
[121] “Our Title Deeds,” pp. 64, 65.
[122] Thorpe, i. 167.
[123] _Idem_, i. 166, note.
[124] _Idem_, i. 166, note.
[125] Selden, c. viii. s. 3, p. 204.
[126] Preface, p. vii.
[127] Thorpe’s “Ancient Laws,” i. 197.
[128] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 185.
[129] “Hist. of Tithes,” c. viii. s. 6, p. 213.
[130] “Saxons in England,” ii. 476.
[131] _Idem_, Appendix ii. B. p. 545.
[132] “Const. Hist.,” i. 127, ed. 1874.
[133] “Original and Right of Tithes,” p. 127.
[134] “Hist. and Antiq. of the Anglo-Saxon Church,” i. 184, 185, ed. 1845.
[135] “Ancient Laws,” Preface, xiv. note 1.
[136] See _Idem_, i. 241.
[137] p. 70.
[138] Thorpe’s “Ancient Laws,” i. 159.
[139] Supposed to be Greatley, near Andover, Hants.
[140] “Saxons,” ii. 203.
[141] “Anglo-Saxon Church,” i. 185.
[142] “The Norman Conquest,” i. III, ed. 1867.
[143] “Ancient Laws,” i. 241.
[144] Blackstone’s “Comms.,” bk. ii. 24, ed. 1766.
[145] Thorpe, “Ancient Laws,” i. 245-247.
[146] Deut. xviii. 4.
[147] “Saxons in England,” ii. 492, 493. Selden, p. 215.
[148] “Ancient Laws,” i. 105.
[149] Thorpe, i. 197.
[150] “Our Title Deeds,” p. 72.
[151] “Original and Right of Tithes,” p. 128.
[152] Selden, p. 215.
[153] Made at Andover, A.D. 960.
[154] That which he retains in his own hands.
[155] Land granted out for services.
[156] Thorpe’s “Ancient Laws,” i. 263.
[157] “Hist. of Tithes,” ed. 1618, pp. 262, 263.
[158] Hallam’s “Middle Ages,” vii. 142.
[159] See p. 85.
[160] Stow, Camden, Spelman, and Lingard.
[161] “History of Tithes,” c. ix. s. 3.
[162] See p. 25 for Bede’s statement of the earls’ churches.
[163] Theodore’s “Penitential,” s. 7, in Haddan and Stubbs, iii. 185.
[164] “History of Tithes,” c. ix. s. 4, pp. 264, 265.
[165] “The Case of Impropriations, etc.,” pp. 16-31, ed. 1704.
[166] Thorpe, ii. 257.
[167] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 262.
[168] Tanner’s “Not. Monas.,” edited by James Nasmith, 1787, Preface
xix., xx.
[169] Cum consilio Laurencii Episcopi et omnium principum meorum. Cod.
Dip. i.
[170] Stubbs says 604. See his “Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum.”
[171] See Birch’s account of this MS. in vol. 40 of the _Journal of the
Archæological Association_.
[172] “Facts and Fictions,” pp. 173, 293.
[173] See p. 84 for Selden’s weighty remarks.
[174] See p. 25.
[175] Vol. i. pp. 28-341.
[176] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 279.
[177] “Anglo-Saxon Church,” i. 187, ed. 1845.
[178] “Const. Hist.,” i. 177, iii. 600, ed. 1878. His reference, Thorpe,
i. 177, viii. ss. 2, 44, should be ix. ss. 2, 44.
[179] Quoted in “Our Title Deeds,” by Rev. M. Fuller, p. 107.
[180] “A Defence of the Church,” etc., 4th ed., p. 158.
[181] Church Grith.
[182] “Facts and Fictions,” pp. 277, 281.
[183] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 283.
[184] _Idem_, pp. 280, 281.
[185] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 281.
[186] Johnson’s “Laws and Canons,” preface, p. vii.
[187] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 281.
[188] Thorpe’s Preface, xxi.
[189] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 282.
[190] Hale’s “Antiquity of the Church Rate System,” App., p. 51, ed. 1837.
[191] _Idem_, App., p. 51, footnote.
[192] See for omissions “Facts and Fictions,” p. 282; “Fuller,” p. 120;
Dibdin, p. 156, ed. 1885.
[193] Thorpe’s “Ancient Laws,” Preface, xxi.
[194] “Facts and Fictions,” pp. 279, 280. Mr. Fuller gives Mr. Freeman’s
letter in full in “Our Title Deeds,” p. 164.
[195] Thorpe, i. 342; Schmid, “Gesetze der Angelsachsen,” 244.
[196] Thorpe, i. 262; Schmid, 186.
[197] “Norman Conquest,” i. 368.
[198] In the margin of the “Norman Conquest” is, “Ethelred’s return and
legislation, Lent, 1014.”
[199] “Norman Conquest,” i. 368, 3rd ed. 1877.
[200] See his pedantic, erroneous and misleading articles in the February
and June numbers of the _Contemporary Review_ for 1891, on the “Landed
Endowments of the Church.” Compare pp. 191, 192, of former article with
p. 490 vol. iv. and p. 41 vol. v. of the “Norman Conquest,” on lands
in the four Northern Counties, and his remarks upon my article in the
January number of the same Review, for a case of _sheer pedantry_.
[201] “Facts and Fictions,” 269-270.
[202] “Church Defence,” Appendix, p. 361, ed. 1888.
[203] “Church Grith.”
[204] _Idem_, Appendix, p. 362.
[205] Thorpe, i. 341.
[206] _Idem_, i. 281.
[207] _Idem_, p. 293.
[208] _Idem_, p. 305.
[209] _Idem_, i. 195.
[210] “Facts and Fictions,” 278, note 2.
[211] Twysden’s “Scriptores,” x. p. 898, ed. 1652.
[212] “Facts and Fictions,” 269.
[213] Thorpe, i. 338.
[214] p. 270.
[215] Lingard thus accepts the Grith law as genuine.
[216] “Anglo-Saxon Church,” i. 187.
[217] See p. 112.
[218] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 280.
[219] “Our Title-Deeds,” p. 119.
[220] “Facts and Fictions,” p. 281.
[221] See p. 17, Note 2.
[222] “The Endowment and Establishment of the Church of England,” pp.
156, 157, ed. 1885.
[223] Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils,” iii. 191, 203.
[224] “Const. Hist.,” ed. 1880; i. 261, note 1.
[225] Thorpe’s “Ancient Laws,” i. 359-430.
[226] Thorpe’s translation, ii. 201, ed. 1845.
[227] “Facts and Fictions,” 286, 287.
[228] Thorpe, i. 348.
[229] “Facts and Fictions,” 305, 306.
[230] _Ibid._, 309, 310.
[231] John de Athon, who wrote commentaries in the middle of the
fourteenth century on the “Constitutions of Otho,” a papal legate that
held a council in London in 1237, informs us that the canon law imposed
on the rector the reparation of his church, meaning the nave as well as
the chancel. Folio ed. 1504.
[232] Burnet, i. 223.
[233] Hallam’s “Const. Hist.,” i. 78.
[234] Queen Mary was for bringing in a Bill to restore the monastic
lands, “But the noble lords in Parliament clapped their hands upon
their swords, declaring that so long as they were able to wear a sword
by their side, with their Abbey lands they would never part” (Hook’s
“Archbishops,” vol. viii. p. 399).
[235] Blackstone’s “Commentaries,” bk. i. 348, ed. 1765. “The Mirror of
Justice,” by Andrew Horne, p. 14, ed. 1646.
[236] Burn’s “Hist. of the Poor Laws,” p. 3, ed. 1764. See p. 86 for
Edgar’s canon.
[237] Blunt’s “History of the Reformation,” i. 389.
[238] “Parson’s Counsellor,” p. 79, 6th ed. 1703.
[239] “Church Defence,” etc., pp. 154, 155.
[240] See Burnet’s letter to Dr. Lloyd, Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry.
[241] “He had in his hands a whole treatise which contained only the
faults of ten leaves of the ‘Anglia Sacra.’... The errors are so many and
so gross that often the faults are as many as the lines, sometimes they
are two to one.”—Bishop Burnet’s Reflections on Atterbury’s “Convocation.”
[242] “Parson’s Counsellor,” p. 83, ed. 1703.
[243] “Church Defence,” etc., ed. 1888, p. 154.
[244] See a full history of this charity in the “31st Report of the
Charity Commissioners,” 1837-8, vol. xxiv., p. 843, etc.
[245] Matth. Paris, under A.D. 1240, has these words: “Cum ex
auctoritatibus sanctorum patrum fructus ecclesiarum in certos usus,
puta ecclesiæ, ministrorum et pauperum.” Mr. Fuller quotes the passage
and thus translates: “That since, by the authority of the Holy Fathers,
the revenues of the church were appropriated to the definite use of the
church,” p. 139. There he stops, and omits, _ministers and poor_. The
rectors of Reading referred to the tripartite division of their revenues,
viz., to the church, ministers and poor. But it did not suit Fuller to
give a fair, complete translation of the passage, because it referred to
the tripartite division of the church revenues.
[246] See canon in Latin in Selden, c. viii. s. 26, pp. 233, etc.
[247] See Johnson, “Laws and Canons,” ii. 387, ed. 1851.
[248] 45 Ed. III. c. iii.
[249] See Selden, pp. 237-240; also Rot. Parlt., 17 Ed. III., art. 28; 18
Ed. III., art. 9; 21 Ed. III., art. 48; 25 Ed. III., art. 37.
[250] 23 Henry VIII. c. x.
[251] Alienated priory property given to Magdalen by Henry VI.
[252] See 43rd Report, 1891.
[253] “Cartularium Saxonicum,” edited by Birch. Vol. i. No. 14, p. 21.
[254] _Idem._
[255] “Hansard’s Debates,” House of Lords, 1840.
[256] The confiscated monastic property.
[257] Coke’s “Reports,” part ii. p. 44 (b).
[258] “Commentaries,” bk. ii. c. iii. p. 27, ed. 1765.
[259] See chap. xi. p. 297 in Selden’s “History of Tithes,” ed. 1618, for
a full explanation of “arbitrary consecrations,” as he called them.
[260] Kennett, p. 65.
[261] 15 Rich. II. c. vi.
[262] “Defence of the Church,” etc., 4th ed. 1888, p. 155.
[263] See p. 43.
[264] Johnson’s “Laws and Canons,” ii. 364.
[265] It is important to note (1) that Edgar’s law gave the manorial
priests a legal right to one-third part of the tithes; (2) that the
bishops in apportioning the permanent endowment of the vicar-perpetual,
by 4 Hen. IV., ch. xii. (1402), were guided by Edgar’s law in
appropriating one-third part and selecting the small tithes, to which,
if insufficient, they added a portion of the great tithes; (3) that the
vicar, who previously held his position at the will of the patron, had by
this Act obtained a freehold permanent position for life; (4) that 8,500
vicars now beneficed have been so circumstanced by Acts of Parliament.
[266] Selden, “History of Tithes,” pp. 406, 407; Philimore, 493.
[267] Selden, p. 166.
[268] 3 and 4 Vict., c. cxiii.
[269] “Hansard’s Debates,” House of Commons, 31st March, 1882.
[270] 43rd Report of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners (1891), p. vii.
[271] Selden: “History of Tithes,” p. 291.
[272] See Hasted’s “History of Kent,” ed. 1778, under the above parishes.
[273] “Monasticon,” vol. i.
[274] Letter Book K., 32 Henry VI.
[275] 27 Henry VIII. c. xxi.
[276] 37 Henry VIII. c. xii.
[277] 22 & 23 Charles II., c. xv.
[278] These parishes are united to other parishes. 41 parishes out of the
86 are united thus—
(1) Numbers 1, 6, and 23 = 4 parishes, are united under one rector, whose
net aggregate annual income = £800; total population, 481.
(2) Numbers 2, 29, 40, and 47 = 7 ditto; rector’s ditto = £1,060 and
house; population, 661.
(3) Number 3 and Bridewell = 2 ditto; rector’s ditto = £450 H; pop.,
2,163.
(4) Number 4 and S. Peter-le-Poer = 2 ditto; rector’s ditto = £1,000;
pop., 1,200.
(5) Numbers 5 and 30 = 3 ditto; rector’s ditto = £582 and house; pop.,
432.
(6) Numbers 8 and 43 = 3 ditto; rector’s ditto = £680 H; pop., 474.
(7) Numbers 12 and 44 = 3 ditto; rector’s ditto = £568; pop., 1,200.
(8) Numbers 16 and 39 = 5 ditto; rector’s ditto = £810; pop., 272.
(9) Numbers 22 and 38 = 4 ditto; rector’s ditto = £840 H; pop., 285.
(10) Numbers 24, 45 and 46 = 6 ditto; rector’s ditto = £660 and house;
pop., 297.
(11) Numbers 32 and 50 = 4 ditto; rector’s ditto = £600 H; pop., 360.
11 incumbents = 43 parishes = £8,050 = 7,163 population.
S. Peter-le-Poer and Bridewell included above are not in the Fire Acts.
The total incomes of the 37 incumbents from the 86 Fire parishes were in
1890, £22,852; aggregate population, 12,000.
By the revised Fire Act of 1804, £12,241 of the £22,852, comes from
the Fire rates paid by the ratepayers of these parishes; the balance,
£10,611, comes from ground-rents and house-rents of properties which
belong to the incumbents of the respective parishes.
The average NET annual income of each of the 37 incumbents was, in 1890,
£642, for an average population of 572, or £1 2s. per head, including
children.
(_a_) S. Michael, Cornhill, has over £700 a year from house rentals;
(_b_) the present rector of S. Peter’s, Cornhill, has £2,500 a year from
rentals of two houses on glebe estate, out of which he pays £300 a year
net to S. James, Duke’s Place; he has also £200 from Fire Act; _i.e._,
£2,400 a year for 196 parishioners including children. On next avoidance
the £2,200 will be divided into five shares; he gets one; and four other
benefices get £440 each. His income will then be £440 + £200 by Fire Act
= £640. (_c_) The rector of S. Edmund the King and S. Nicholas Acons has
a net income of £1,150, for 222 parishioners; viz., £300 by Fire Act and
£850 from ground-rents and interest on £18,000, the price of a house sold
belonging to the benefice [see 26th Report, p. 86, of the Ecclesiastical
Commissioners].
[279] Report of the Special Committee in relation to tithes, submitted to
the Court of Common Council, May, 1812, City Records.
[280] Subject to revision every ten years. In 1890 the value = £1,100 per
annum.
[281] Revised every ten years. In 1890 the value = £1,500 per annum.
[282] See Orders in Council, dated 8th August, 1853, and 8th June, 1854.
[283] _Ibid._, 20th May, 1847; 7th May, 1877; and 5th January, 1851.
[284] See 23rd Report, p. 429, of Ecclesiastical Commissioners for 1871.
[285] 6 & 7 William IV. c. lxxi.
[286] Paley’s “Moral and Political Philosophy,” ii. 406.
[287] Smith’s “Wealth of Nations,” iii. 274.
[288] Hansard’s Debates, vol. xxxi. Feb. 9, 1836.
[289] For full particulars on this subject, see my book, “Past and
Present Revenues of the Church of England in Wales.”
[290] £800 from St. Asaph already given.
[291] 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. lxxi.
[292] 51 & 52 Vict. c. xxi.
[293] 51 & 52 Vict. c. xliii.
[294] 16 & 17 Vict. c. xxxiv.
[295] 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. lxxi.
[296] 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. lxxi., ss. 12, 13.
[297] 23 & 24 Vict. c. xciii.
[298] 49 & 50 Vict. c. liv.
[299] 23 & 24 Vict. c. xciii.
[300] The Bishop of Lichfield had as Prebendary £1,540 per annum, which
is included here.
[301] Archdeacons not included here.
[302] Included in Bishop’s.
[303] £3,067 is from eight parishes in Wales; and of this amount, the
Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, is the owner of £1,532 10_s._
[304] £2,402 for the Margaret Professor from Terrington, in Norfolk.
[305] Including Winchester School, £7,258 per annum; Eton, £8,484;
Wimborne, £2,416. In Wales, All Soul’s has £875; University, Oxford, £37;
Christ College, Cambridge, £370.
[306] The 347 impropriated rectors received, by Inclosure Acts, lands or
payments in lieu of tithes, and are, therefore, excluded from the Tithe
Return.
[307] Parliamentary Return, “Tithe Commutation,” published 26th March,
1867.
[308] Taken from the Parliamentary Return just published, viz., “Revenues
of the Church of England,” 23rd of June, 1891.
INDEX.
Abel, 3.
Abraham, 1.
Adam, 3, 6.
Advowsons, sale of, 27.
Aelfwold, King of Northumbria, 42.
Aidan, Bishop, 36.
Alcuin, 35.
Alfred, King, 67.
Alien Priories, property of, 139;
annual amount sent to Cluny in France, 170;
dissolved, 170.
Allen, John, his “Inquiry into the Royal Prerogative,” 58.
Althorp, Lord, 202.
Appendices, _see_ Table of Contents, p. xvi.
Apostolical Constitutions, 5-7.
Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury, increased Bishop Roger’s _modus_
for City of London, 187;
the record of the Common Council on this modus, 188.
Asser, 55.
Athelstan, King, law of tithes, 70.
Athon, John de, his “Constitutions of Otho”; refers to canon law
which makes rectors repair chancel and nave of churches, 124,
note 1.
Baldred, King of Kent, his witan declined to ratify a grant of
folcland, 58.
Baron, John, 105.
Bede, 11;
speaks but once of tithes, to be paid to poor, 21;
his account of landowners’ churches, 25, 26, 81, 82.
Bellarmine, Cardinal, 5, 6.
Benefices in England and Wales, 257.
Birch, his “Cartularium Saxonicum,” 37, 39, 58, 61, 143;
discovers earliest Anglo-Saxon census MS., 91.
Birinus, first Archbishop of York, 35.
Bishops, first distributors of church revenues, 18;
British Bishops (A.D. 597), 35;
Anglo-Saxon, 93.
Blunt, in his “History of the Reformation” tells of the condition of
the poor at the dissolution of monasteries, 128.
Blackstone, Judge, quadripartite division, 18, 23;
church endowments, 24, 25;
monks, 88;
his views on the origin of arbitrary consecration of tithes, 148.
Bocland defined, 57.
Boniface, Archbishop of Mentz, 40.
British Churches, ancient, no tithes paid to, 14.
Brewer, J. S., 11, 17, 119.
Bromton, John, abbot of Jervaulx in Yorkshire, 48, 49, 114, 115.
Burnet, Bishop, his criticisms on Wharton’s “Anglia Sacra,” 129, 130.
Cain, 3.
Caird, Sir James, valued tithes at six millions, 207.
Canons, Calchyth (Chelsea), A.D. 787, p. 43.
Canute, King, his laws, 121;
made use of thirty-six out of the forty-five articles of the
“Church Grith” Laws, 121;
parishioners to keep churches in repair, 156.
Canterbury, primacy of, 37.
Catalogue of Sir Robert Cotton’s library, in A.D. 1632, 99, 100;
second catalogue, 1695;
third, 1705.
Cave, Dr., his character of Wharton, 129.
Chancel, to be kept in repair by owners of tithes, 156.
Charibert, king of Paris, 13.
Charles (Charlemagne), king of France, makes his first public law for
payment of tithes, A.D. 779, pp. 33, 34, 40.
Christian ministers, how maintained, 4, 7.
Church Defence Institution, 11.
Church of England established in the kingdom of Kent, 14, 15;
in Northumbria, 36.
Church Grith Law, art. 6, enacts the tripartite division of tithes,
95;
Thorpe, Lingard, Stubbs, and Freeman acknowledge this law, 96, 97;
chapters x., xii. refute the opinions of opponents of this law.
Church-Scot, 77, 78.
Church Revenues, 258.
Clergy, their share of Church revenues, 18, 79, 132, 258;
“They had not the sole use of tithes,” 21.
Codex Diplomaticus, Kemble, 59, 61, 63.
Colman, Bishop, 37, 38.
Comber, Thomas, Dean of Carlisle, supports, like Dean Prideaux, the
_divine right_ of persons to their tithes, and abuses Selden
for having denied it, 53.
Commons, House of, petitioned the Crown against paying tithes for
timber, 136;
succeeded in 1372 in limiting power of canon of A.D. 1343 as
regards timber, 136-138.
Commutation Act, 201;
Paley’s and Adam Smith’s definitions of tithes, 201;
“commuted value,” defined, 203;
an illustration of the, 204;
formula used to find the septennial average, 204;
the 80th sec. left a loophole by which landlords contracted
themselves out of payment, 204, 205;
great injustice of paying tithes on agricultural produce only, 206;
tithes valued in 1836 at six millions, 207;
who shared the profits? 207, 208.
Confession, The, its power for exacting tithes, 28.
Constantine, Emperor, 7.
Cotton, Sir Robert, his library, 98-101;
Church Grith law not in his library during his life, 99;
Lord Selborne says it was, 102;
not in the official catalogue of 1632, pp. 99, 100;
first mentioned in Wanley’s catalogue of 1705, p. 100.
Cotton, Sir John, 100, 101;
died A.D. 1702;
Act of Parliament passed in 1702 vesting library in trustees, 100.
Councils, synod at Westminster, A.D. 1175, 133;
in A.D. 1195 by Archbishop of York, 133;
Archbishop Winchelsey’s synod in London, A.D. 1295, 134;
synod at St. Paul’s, London, A.D. 1343;
tithing all manner of timber, 135;
the House of Commons frequently petitioned against this canon;
arbitrary appropriation of tithes abolished by the third
Lateran Council, 148;
again in A.D. 1215, 150;
Archbishop Stratford’s council in London in A.D. 1342, the 4th
canon of which provided for poor, 157;
the third Lateran council had forbidden “infeudations,” 159.
Crab, Friar, 10.
Cranmer, Archbishop, surrendered landed estates to Henry VIII., 182.
Cromwell, Earl of Essex, his advice to Henry VIII., how and why to
divide the monastic lands, 125, 126.
Cuthbert, Archbishop of Canterbury, 40.
Danegeld, 17.
Danes, treaty with, between Edward the Elder and Guthrum II., for
payment of tithes, 69.
Decretals, forged, of Isidore, 10.
Degge, Sir Simon, his “Parson’s Counsellor,” 128;
he said, “The poor have a share in the tithes,” 129;
a brief sketch of his life, 130;
Lord Selborne quotes a garbled edition of Degge’s Counsellor, 130,
131.
Deusdedit, Archbishop of Canterbury, 37.
Dibdin, Mr. Chancellor, in his new edition of Dr. Brewer’s work
wrongly translates “portiones,” 11, 17, 22, 23;
differs from Brewer on the division of tithes, 11;
omits _material evidence_, 119;
his error on the “Penitential” of Theodore, 119;
his “blend,” 119.
Diocese and parish at one time, synonymous, 83.
Dionysius, “Exiguus,” mentions nothing about tithes, 5.
Dominicans, 170.
Dunstan, Archbishop, 148, 163;
first episcopal pluralist, 165.
Eadbert, bishop of Lindisfarne in A.D. 686, paid tithes to the poor,
but not to the Church, 21, 51.
Earl of Chester, charter of, 176.
Ecclesiastical Commission created in 1836, particulars of its “Common
Fund” in 43rd Report, 141, 173.
Edgar’s, King, laws, 79;
manorial churches received one-third of the tithes, 79;
threefold division of churches, 80;
first English law expressly appropriating tithes, 80;
canons of, 86;
important gloss, 86.
Edmund, King, the laws of, 77;
bishops to keep churches in repair, 156.
Edwin, King, 36.
Edward the Confessor, his alleged laws for tithes, 19.
Edward the Elder, King, his treaty with King Guthrum II., by which
the Danes were to pay tithes, 69.
Egbert, King, 37, 58.
Egbert, Archbishop of York, his works, 29;
his Excerptions, 30-32, 103;
his alleged tripartite division of tithes an anachronism, 30;
sources of Egbert’s excerptions, 32.
Englishman’s Brief, 9, 138, 139, 142, 143, 145.
Esdaile, Edward Jeffries, owner of tithes of St. Botolph without
Aldgate, with particulars, 199, 200.
Ethelbert, king of Kent, became a Christian, 13;
created and endowed three bishoprics, 15;
the Anglo-Saxon Church was thus State Established, 15, note 3;
enacted no laws for payment of tithes, 19.
Ethelbert, King of East Angles, 48.
Ethelred II., called the Unready, returns from exile, A.D. 1014, p.
102;
his Church Grith law for the tripartite division of tithes, 94, 95,
etc.
Ethelwulf’s, King, charters, 59, 60, 62, 65.
Exon Domesday, 58.
Extraordinary tithe-rent charge, how it originated, 211, 213;
redeemed, 213.
Felix, a Burgundian missionary, 35.
Fire Acts, 188, 190.
First Fruits and Tenths, their origin, 2.
Folcland defined, 56.
Franciscans, 170.
Freeman, E. A., on lawyers, 25;
on letter of Kentish men to Athelstan, 75;
on tithe law passed at Greatanlea, 75;
on Edmund’s law, 79;
contradicts himself on the Church Grith law, 108-110;
letter to Fuller, 108-109;
his pedantry and inconsistency, 111 and note 2.
Fuller, Rev. M., “Our Title Deeds,” its errors, 19, 68, 69, 73, 116,
119;
dedicated his work to Lord Selborne, 119;
Freeman’s letter to him about the “Church Grith law,” 108, 109;
omits _material evidence_ against Price’s opinion, 107;
passes over the threefold division of Church revenues stated by the
rectors of Reading, 132;
admits threefold division in Grith law, 117;
fails to “shake its authority,” 118, 119.
George, bishop of Ostia, 42.
Greatanlea, Council of, 74.
Grith and Mund, 95.
Guthrum I., King, his treaty with Alfred, in which there was nothing
about tithes, 67;
received from King Alfred East Anglia and Northumberland, 69.
Guthrum II., his treaty with Edward the Elder in which the Danes were
to pay tithes, 69.
Habam, King Ethelred’s ordinances of, 95.
Haddan and Stubbs’ “Concilia” iii. on Ethelwulf’s charters, 61, 63,
65;
their opinions on Theodore’s “Penitential,” 20-23.
Hale, William, archdeacon of London, first questioned the tripartite
division of tithes, 85;
foundation of his arguments, 107;
gets Price’s opinion on the Church Grith law, 107;
seeks and receives another opinion, which is adverse to Price’s,
107;
Selborne, Fuller, Dibdin and others avoid quoting this adverse
opinion, 107.
Hallam, Henry, 81.
Hasted, the historian of Kent, 175.
Higbert, Archbishop of Lichfield, 41, 42.
Holinshed, 48.
Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury, parishes traced to, 83.
Hook, Dean of Chichester, 15.
Howley, Archbishop of Canterbury, intr., xiii.
Huntingdon the chronicler, 54.
Ina, King, Church-scot in his Laws, A.D. 690, p. 78;
tithes not mentioned, 78.
Inclosure Awards, 257.
Incumbents of churches, now free-holders, but up to A.D. 1180 held
their positions according to will of patron, 148;
before Richard I. and John, lay patrons, nominated, instituted, and
inducted them, 150.
Infeudations defined, 159;
third Lateran Council, A.D. 1180 had forbidden them, 159.
Ingulph, 55, 65, 66.
Irish missionaries, 12.
Isidore, Archbishop of Seville, forged decretals, 10.
Jaenbert, Archbishop of Canterbury, 40.
Johnson’s, John, “Laws and Customs,” 69;
founded on “Concilia,” 105;
the Church Grith law unknown to him, 105.
Josephus, 10.
Josseline, secretary to Archbishop Parker, 101.
Justus, Bishop, 15, 16, 36, 37.
Kemble, John, 5, 14, 33;
on Offa’s grant, 50;
his six canons in testing charters, 59;
his opinions on Ethelwulf’s charters, 63-65;
supports Athelstan’s tithe-law, 71;
synods and councils not different in meaning, 74, 79.
Kennett, Bishop of Peterborough, on one-third of tithes to manor
churches, 85, 86;
“the parish priest was the bank,” 24.
Kentish men, letter of, to Athelstan, 75.
Lambarde, William, his collection of Anglo-Saxon laws, A.D. 1568, 104.
Landlords’ or manorial churches, 23, 24;
earliest account of, 25, 26;
Edgar’s laws giving them one-third of the tithes, 26, 79;
how this _one-third_ passed into the _whole_ according to Lord
Selborne, 123, 149.
Laurentius, Archbishop, 36.
Legatine Councils in England, 42.
Lindisfarne, bishopric of, 36.
Lingard, Dr., on Bede’s “Tributum,” 22;
on Egbert’s excerptions, 30;
on Athelstan’s law, 72;
his remarks on the letter of the Kentish men to King Athelstan, 75;
on Church Grith law, 96, 116.
London, tithes in the city and liberties of, 186-200;
first Fire Act enacting tithes, 188;
second Fire Act, 190;
parishes receiving tithes by these Fire Acts enumerated, 190-192;
forty-one parishes out of the eighty-six now united, their incomes
and populations, 192;
other parishes in the city and liberties not included in Fire Acts,
their incomes and populations, 194-200;
the tripartite division of church revenues in London churches, 193.
Magdeburg centuries, 43.
Malmesbury chronicler, 54.
Manorial churches, see Landlord’s churches.
Market-gardens Act of 1873, how it originated, 211;
orchards, 211.
Masçon, provincial council of, 10, 11.
Mellitus, Bishop, 15, 16, 36.
Mendicant friars, 170;
their ruling idea, 170;
their views about tithes, 171.
Milman, Dean of St. Paul’s, 34.
Mirror, The, 127.
Monasteries in England, their number up to A.D. 1215, pp. 143, 146,
147, 169;
annual value of their properties, 159;
brief account of, 163-185;
monasteries commenced to decline, 170;
precedents to guide Henry VIII. in dissolving monasteries, 177, 178;
total number dissolved, and their annual value, 185;
the three abbots who were executed, 184.
Monks, 18, 88;
the four privileged orders exempted from paying tithes, 161;
these lands still exempt, 162.
Norman Conquest gave a great impulse to building monasteries, 168;
number of bishops, 168.
Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury, 87, 88;
the source of his canon on tithes, 88.
Offa, king of Mercia, full particulars of, 40-42;
his alleged law of tithes, A.D. 794, p. 47.
Old Latin translators, 111, 112;
they omit fifteen Anglo-Saxon laws which Thorpe has published, 112.
Oswy, king of Northumberland, 37-39.
Otho’s “Constitutions,” A.D. 1237, p. 124.
Papal Legates in England, 35.
Parish Churches, their origin, 81, 93;
Selden’s opinion, 84;
opinions of other writers, 93.
“Parochia,” different meanings, 83.
Parsonage houses, number of, 258.
Paulinus, first Archbishop of York, 36.
Peel, Sir Robert, solved the tithe problem, 202.
“Penitentials” of Archbishop Theodore, 20, 21, 51.
Pepin, King, 34.
Perpetual curate, how it differs from vicar, 158.
Peter’s pence, 42.
Poor, the, Archbishop Theodore first refers to tithes paid to, 51;
Bishop Eadbert gave tithes to, 51;
tithes to poor in Edgar’s law, 85;
Archbishop Stratford, 4th canon in 1342 on paying a part of the
tithes to, 157;
first Poor Law Act, 125;
Blackstone on the, 127;
the people also supported the poor in Edgar’s canons, 68, 127;
“the poor have a share in the tithes,” says Degge, 129;
four Acts of Parliament giving the poor a right to a part of the
tithes, 131;
43 Eliz., c. ii., for relief of poor, 131.
Popes:
Clement I., 5, 6;
Gregory the Great, 11, 13;
his reply to Augustine’s letter, 16, 35;
Sylvester, 17, 129;
Simplicius, 17;
Gelasius, 17;
Honorius III., 37;
Boniface V., 37;
Vitalian, 39;
Adrian I., 40, 41;
Alexanders III.’s letter to English hierarchy _commanding_ the
people to pay tithes, 133;
Innocent III., A.D. 1200, ordered payment of tithes, 149.
Population in Anglo-Saxon times, 91.
Price, Richard, his opinion of the “Church Grith Law,” 106;
the value of this opinion, 107.
Prideaux, Dean of Norwich, 47;
his mistaken interpretation of Offa’s grant, A.D. 794, p. 50;
his mistaken interpretation of Ethelwulf’s charters, 53, 54;
supports Athelstan’s alleged tithe law, 72;
abuses Selden and his “History of Tithes,” 53.
Pulman, John, 19.
Quadripartite division of church revenues, 16-18.
Queens:
Anne, 2;
Bertha, 13.
Records, city of London, 193, note.
Redemption of tithes, 209;
two values on it, when forming Bill for, 207;
illustrations of the _modus operandi_, 207, 208.
Repairs of Churches, Edmund’s law makes bishops do it, 77;
Canute’s makes the parishioners, 156;
canon law makes owner of rectorial tithes repair chancel and nave,
124, note 1.
Roger, Bishop of London, his _modus decimandi_ for the city of
London, 186;
tripartite division of these revenues, 186.
Roman Mission to England, 13, 14, 35.
Russell, Lord John, borrowed Peel’s machinery for tithe problem, 202,
203;
originated extraordinary tithe rent charge, 211, 212;
his “permanent settlement” of the tithe question, a delusion, 215.
Saxon Chronicle, 54.
Schmid, Dr. Reinhold, published Church Grith Law in his “Anglo-Saxon
Laws,” 108;
Thorpe’s opinion thereon, 108;
referred to by Hale’s unnamed correspondent, 107.
Selborne, the Earl of, 5, 10, 49;
his views on the Church Grith law, 96;
quotes Stubbs’ private letter against tripartite division of
tithes, 97;
wrongly quotes marginal writing on MS. of Grith law, 101;
erroneous strictures on art. 43 of law, 102;
his witnesses to upset this law, 102-116;
their evidence against him, 102-116;
omits _material evidence_ which militates against his views on this
law, 105, 107;
his fallacious inferences from _negative evidence_, 102-106;
quotes Freeman’s letter to Fuller on Church Grith law, 108;
incorrect and misleading description of contents of the “Worcester
Volume,” Nero, A. 1, 117, 118;
his remarks on 15 Rich. II. c. vi. open to grave objections, 154;
his opinion as to the origin of tithe endowments to parishes, 149.
Selden, John, 3, 5, 10, 11;
on legatine councils of A.D. 787, pp. 43, 45;
on Offa’s laws of A.D. 794, p. 48;
his interpretation of Ethelwulf’s charter, 65, 66;
but expresses a doubt, 66;
his remarks on the treaty between Edward the Elder and Guthrum II.,
69;
supports Athelstan’s tithe law, 71;
supports Edmund’s law, 79, 83;
his remarks on Edgar’s laws, 84;
quotes Egbert’s excerptions from the Worcester Volume, 103;
his use of the expression, “arbitrary consecration” of tithes,
meaning that a layman could give his tithes without the
sanction of the bishop, to whatever spiritual person he willed,
149.
Smith, Dr. Thomas, his catalogue of the Cottonian library in A.D.
1695, 100;
Church Grith law omitted, 100.
Soames, History of Anglo-Saxon Church, 40.
Spelman, Sir Henry, 5, 67;
his “Concilia” in A.D. 1639, p. 103.
Statutes—
— 17 Edw. III. c. 28, 136, Commons petition against timber tithe.
— 18 Edw. III. c. 9, 136, Commons petition against timber tithe.
— 21 Edw. III. c. 48, 136, Commons petition against timber tithe.
— 25 Edw. III. c. 37, 136, Commons petition against timber tithe.
— 45 Edw. III. c. 3, 136, petition granted.
— 12 Rich. II. c. 7, 127, Support of poor by towns.
— 15 Rich. II. c. 6, 153, 157, provision for poor and vicar.
— 16 Rich. II. c. 5, 161, Act of _Premunire_.
— 2 Hen. IV. c. 4, 161, against purchasing bulls for exemption.
— 4 Hen. IV. c. 12, 154, perpetual vicar created and endowed.
— 19 Hen. VII. c. 12, 127, support of poor by towns.
— 24 Hen. VIII. c. 12, 179, restraint of appeals to Rome.
— 27 Hen. VIII. c. 20, 179, for payment of tithes.
— 27 Hen. VIII. c. 21, 188, tithes of City and Liberties of
London.
— 27 Hen. VIII. c. 26, 127, support of poor by towns, etc.
— 27 Hen. VIII. c. 28, 180, monasteries under £200 a year
dissolved.
— 28 Hen. VIII. c. 16, 179, pope’s power over tithes abolished.
— 31 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 184, monasteries over £200 a year
dissolved.
— 31 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 126, owners of abbey lands to use
hospitality.
— 31 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 184, lands of privileged orders now exempt
from paying tithes.
— 32 Hen. VIII. c. 7, 185, lands of privileged orders now exempt
from paying tithes.
— 32 Hen. VIII. c. 8, 160, all abbey properties given to king.
— 37 Hen. VIII. c. 12, 188, tithes of 2_s._ 9_d._ in the £ in
London.
— 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 13, 76, payment of personal tithes.
— 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 13, adds to 27 Hen. VIII. c. 20, and 32
Hen. VIII. c. 7.
— 1 Eliz. c. 19, 183, tithes in exchange for episcopal lands.
— 13 Eliz. c. 20, 131, profits of benefices to the poor.
— 18 Eliz. c. 11, s. 7, 131, confirms the above Act.
— 43 Eliz. c. 2, 131, for relief of the poor.
— 22 and 23 Car. II. c. 15, 188, Fire Act for tithes in London.
— 44 Geo. III. c. 89, 190, increases tithes in London.
— 6 and 7 Wm. IV. c. 71, 201, Commutation Act of 1836.
— 6 and 7 Wm. IV. c. 77, 141, created Ecclesiastical Commission.
— 2 and 3 Vict. c. 62, s. 27, 213, on tithes of orchards.
— 36 and 37 Vict. c. 42, 213, on tithes of market gardens.
— 49 and 50 Vict. c. 54, 213, redemption of extraordinary tithes.
— 54 Vict. c. 8, 225, for recovery of tithes.
Stephens, Serjeant, tithes as odious, 23.
Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury, his Canon set apart a portion of
the tithes for the poor, 97.
Streaneshalch (Whitby), 37, 38.
Stubbs, William, Bishop of Oxford, 45;
supports Athelstan’s tithe law, 71, 79, 83;
supports Grith law of A.D. 1014 in his “Constitutional History,”
96, 97;
contradicts his historical statements in private letters as regards
this law, 97;
Selborne quotes one of his letters, 97;
the bishop quotes Stratford’s canon recognising the claim of poor
to a share of the tithes, 97;
admits that the poor have a claim on the tithes and other church
endowments, 157.
Terra Regis defined, 58.
Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, 39, 40;
first to have mentioned tithes, 20, 51.
Theophylact, Bishop of Todi, 42.
Thorpe, Benjamin, 14, 67, 72;
his opinion on Wilkins’s “Concilia,” 106;
frequent references.
Tillesley, Archdeacon, 6.
Tithes, Old Testament quotations of their payment, 1;
their appropriation to monasteries, 8;
how first given to the Christian Church, 8;
the clergy had not the sole use of them, 21;
Legatine Council in England, A.D. 787, for their payment, 43;
first civil law in England for their payment, 44;
Lord Selborne’s opinion on the 17th Injunction of the Legatine
Council, 45;
Athelstan’s law on, 70;
definition of, 76;
duties of parish priests for their tithes in pre-Reformation times,
142;
these duties no longer performed, 144;
parishes held their tithes by _common right_, but monasteries by
grants or prescriptions, 151;
traced from their origin, 151;
appropriated to monasteries of two kinds, 151;
tithes of Church in Wales, 214-222;
commuted in 1836, 201;
in London, 186-200.
The total value in 1836 of commuted tithes according to counties,
see Appendix F;
see Appendix G for the number of parishes in England and Wales
paying tithes, and the number of rectors and vicars receiving
them.
For their divisions, see the heading “Tripartite.”
Tripartite division of tithes, by the laws of Edgar, 79;
of Ethelred II’s, 95;
of Canute’s, 121;
this division in London, 193;
is stated by the rectors of Reading, 132.
Tripartite division of Church revenues, 7, 17, 82, 86, 95, 189.
Trustees of Sir R. Cotton’s Library, 100.
Vergil, Polydore, Archdeacon, 48.
Vicar, origin of, 152;
the “perpetual vicar” of 4 Hen. IV. c. 12, 154, 155;
this law as regards the vicar is important in two ways, 128;
not originally a freeholder, 158;
number of vicars employed in the old parishes receiving tithes, see
Appendix G;
a list of the small or vicarial tithes, 155;
generally endowed by the bishops with one-third of the tithes
following Edgar’s appropriation, 158, note 1;
vicars owe to Acts of Parliament their endowments and permanent
freehold position, 158, note 1;
Lord Selborne’s remarks on 15 Rich. II. c. 6 open to grave
objections, 154.
Wales, tithes of the four dioceses of, 216-224;
Bangor, 217, 218;
Llandaff, 218, 219;
St. Asaph, 219, 220;
St. David’s, 220-222;
tithe-rent charge in possession of Ecclesiastical Commission in
Wales in the year 1889, 222, 223;
amount of prebendal tithes still outstanding on leases, 223;
amount paid to the Welsh dioceses out of the Common Fund in 1889,
223;
the net annual receipts from Wales in 1888, 224;
the gross income for 1890, 224;
Church and Nonconformist populations respectively, 224.
Wanley, Humphrey, his catalogue of the Cottonian Library, 100.
Wasserschleben, Professor, on the “Penitential” of Theodore, 120.
Wendover, Roger, 48, 54.
Werburgh, St., monastery at Chester, charters and grants to it by the
Earls of Chester, 176.
Wharton, Henry, division of tithes, 18;
attacked Degge’s “Parson’s Counsellor,” 128;
attacks Bishop Burnet’s “History of the Reformation,” 129;
his character by the bishop and by Dr. Cave, 129, 130;
the bishop’s exposure of the errors of “Anglia Sacra,” 129, note 3;
he had two parishes at the age of 24, and wrote his “Defence of
Pluralities,” 129;
Degge attacked pluralists, 128.
Wheelock, 105.
Wickliffe, John, his views about tithes, etc., 171, 174.
Wighard sent to Rome in A.D. 664 to be consecrated Archbishop of
Canterbury and died there, 39.
Wighood, a French abbot, 42.
Wilfrid, 35, 38.
Wilkins, David, the first to publish the “Church Grith Law” in his
“Anglo-Saxon Laws,” 105;
he omitted it in his “Concilia”;
the character of his writings given by Thorpe and Archdeacon Hale’s
correspondent, 107, 108.
Witenagemót, what constitutes a, 73.
Wolsey, Cardinal, 141.
Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and London.