October, 24440; Choiseul in March, 23615, 23617, 23558, 23694, 23681.
_Measurements._--Average and extreme measurements of six females are as
follows: Length of head and body, 80.8 (77-106); hind foot, 17.2
(16.0-18.7); ear, 12.7 (11.5-14.0); length of forearm, 49.3 (42.9-53.8).
Average and extreme measurements of skulls of five females are as
follows: Greatest length of skull, 31.8 (30.8-33.3); condylobasal
length, 29.7 (28.6-32.4); zygomatic breadth, 18 (17.2-20.0); breadth of
braincase, 12.6 (12.4-13.2); postorbital breadth, 8.3 (8.0-8.9); length
of maxillary tooth-row, 10.1 (9.4-10.4); length of mandibular tooth-row,
11.7 (10.8-12.2).
_Remarks._--On Choiseul Island _Melonycteris aurantius_ was taken at the
same locality as its congener, _Melonycteris woodfordi_.
Externally, _M. aurantius_ resembles _M. woodfordi_. These species are
the same size, but the former is brighter in color (nearly orange in
adults) than the latter, which is Wood-Brown dorsally. Internally,
differences between _M. aurantius_ and _M. woodfordi_ are more obvious.
In the skull of _M. aurantius_, the postorbital region is expanded
(measuring about 8.3), whereas in _M. woodfordi_ the postorbital region
is constricted. Furthermore, in lateral aspect the posterior portion of
the skull of _M. aurantius_ is down-turned and the angle of the facial
axis with the basicranial axis is much more acute than in _M.
woodfordi_.
The number of upper incisors is highly variable in the six specimens of
_M. aurantius_ that I have examined. In two specimens an extra tooth has
erupted just anterior to I2 and there is a total of six upper incisors.
In two other specimens an extra tooth has erupted in front of I2 on one
side but not the other. I could find no trace of an extra tooth in the
remaining two specimens.
Practically nothing is known about the natural history of _M.
aurantius_, or, indeed, that of either of the other two species of this
genus. One field collector (Temple, _in litt._) for the Bishop Museum
reported that he obtained both _M. aurantius_ and _M. woodfordi_ in the
same mist net in one night. The holotype, an adult female, was lactating
when obtained in October.
=Melonycteris woodfordi= (Thomas)
1887. _Nesonycteris woodfordi_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
5, 14:147, February, type from Shortland Island; 1887, Thomas,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 324, March 15; 1888, Thomas, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, p. 476, December 4; 1898, Trouessart,
Catalogus Mammalium ..., 1:90; 1899, Matschie, Die Megachiroptera
... naturkunde, p. 91; 1904, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium ..,
Suppl., p. 66; 1907, Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57:74,
June 29; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British
Museum, 1:792, from Alu, Shortland, Fauro, and Guadalcanal; 1931,
Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:23, February
12, from Russell Island (Pavuvo); 1954, Laurie and Hill, List of
land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 45,
June 30.
1953. _Melonycteris woodfordi_, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130,
October 27, from Bougainville Island; 1966, Phillips, Jour. Mamm.,
47:23, March 12, from Choiseul.
_Specimens examined_ (three males and one female; in
alcohol).--Choiseul, in April, 23413-14, 23434, 23275.
_Measurements._--Average and extreme measurements of three males and one
female are as follows: Length of head and body, 86.1 (83.1-91.0); hind
foot, 19.6 (17.2-22.2); ear, 11.3 (10.8-11.7); length of forearm, 54.4
(52.1-57.7).
_Remarks._--Specimens of _Melonycteris woodfordi_ from Choiseul
constitute a new locality of occurrence for the species. Apparently _M.
woodfordi_ occurs throughout the Solomons (see Fig. 11).
Thomas (1887_a_:147) named _Nesonycteris woodfordi_ in a preliminary
report that appeared before the publication of the more detailed
description of the genus and species (1887_b_:323-324). In the second
paper he stated that the anterior projections of the premaxillary bones
are separated distinctly in both _Nesonycteris_ and _Melonycteris_.
According to Thomas (1887_b_:323), it was by some "accident" that Dobson
(1878:4) reported the anterior projections of the premaxillary bones in
_Melonycteris melanops_ to be united. Writing at a later date, Andersen
(1912:785) reported that in _Melonycteris melanops_ the premaxillary
bones have "simple contact with each other." Furthermore, in Andersen's
(1912:791) illustration of _M. woodfordi_ the premaxillary bones are in
contact anteriorly. In specimens of _woodfordi_ and _melanops_ examined
by me, the premaxillary bones are in contact. In _M. aurantius_ the
premaxillary bones are not in contact, and it differs from _woodfordi_
in several other respects.
In _M. woodfordi_, as in other macroglossine bats, there is variability
in dentition. One specimen examined has a total of three upper incisors,
and another had an extra peglike tooth just anterior to I1.
Subfamily Nyctimeninae
=Nyctimene= Borkhausen
1797. _Nyctimene_ Borkhausen, Deutsche fauna ..., 1:86.
1810. _Cephalotes_ É. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15:104.
1811. _Harpyia_ Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 118.
1837. _Gelasinus_ Temminck, Monographe de Mammalia ..., 2:100.
Tube-nosed bats of the genus _Nyctimene_ occur from Celebes on the west
to the Santa Cruz Islands on the east. Heretofore, two species (_N.
albiventer_ and _N. major_), each with an endemic subspecies, were known
from the Solomon Islands. Both species occur also in New Guinea and on
many adjacent islands. A new species of _Nyctimene_, apparently endemic
to the Solomons, and a new subspecies of _N. albiventer_ are named
beyond.
_Nyctimene_ is related closely to _Cynopterus_ and the "Cynopterus
group" of Andersen (1912:691). Because _Nyctimene_ is a highly
specialized bat, Miller (1907:75) placed it in a subfamily separate from
that of _Cynopterus_ and its allies.
Andersen (1912:696, 697) placed the species of _Nyctimene_ previously
known from the Solomons in two groups, the "papuanus" group and the
"cephalotes" group, on the basis of difference in length of forearm and
length of maxillary tooth-row. Because of its short forearm (about 58),
_N. albiventer_ is in the _papuanus_ group; and _N. major_, because of
its long forearm (about 74), is in the _cephalotes_ group.
Key to Species of Nyctimene in the Solomons
1. Forearm longer than 70; males grayish-brown, females
pale gray, =N. major scitulus=, p. 825
1'. Forearm shorter than 70; males dark brown, females
pale brown, 2
2(1'). Forearm about 65, =N. malaitensis=, p. 822
2'. Forearm less than 61, =N. albiventer=, p. 818
=Nyctimene albiventer=
This species occurs throughout New Guinea and on many adjacent islands,
including the Bismarck Archipelago and the Admiralty and Solomon
islands. The species varies geographically and five subspecies are
recognized. The two subspecies in the Solomons resemble _N. albiventer
papuanus_, the subspecies that ranges from eastern New Guinea to New
Britain. _N. albiventer bougainville_ occurs in the western chain of
islands of the Solomons, whereas another subspecies, named as new
beyond, occurs in the eastern chain of islands (see Fig. 12).
Sexual dichromatism is striking. As Andersen (1912:690) previously
reported, females generally are paler, more brownish than males, which
are dark and have a better defined black dorsal stripe.
=Nyctimene albiventer bougainville= Troughton
1936. _Nyctimene bougainville_ Troughton, Rec. Australian Mus.,
19:349, April 7, type from Bougainville.
1954. _Nyctimene albiventer bougainville_, Laurie and Hill, List of
land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 46,
June 30.
1953. _Nyctimene papuanus bougainville_, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk.,
17:130, October 27.
_Specimens examined_ (nine males, one female; nine in alcohol, nine
crania extracted and cleaned).--Bougainville in December, AM-M. 5786
(paratype); Guadalcanal in May, 23812, 23815, 23827; Kolombangara in
January and February, 23369, 23381, 23388, 23406, 23444, 23456.
_Measurements._--See Table 3.
_Remarks._--Heretofore, _Nyctimene albiventer bougainville_ was not
known from Kolombangara and Guadalcanal. The subspecies apparently
ranges throughout the western chain of the Solomons.
Troughton (1936:350) considered _Nyctimene bougainville_ specifically
distinct from its nearest ally, _N. papuanus_. Pohle (1953:130) did not
examine specimens of either kind, but on the basis of Troughton's
description decided that _N. bougainville_ differed only subspecifically
from _N. papuanus_. Laurie and Hill (1954:46) synonymized _bougainville_
and _papuanus_ with _N. albiventer_. However, Troughton (1936:350)
pointed out that in addition to size _bougainville_ differed from
_papuanus_ by having narrower and longer pm3 and pm4. Judging from
specimens examined by me, such is the case, and the difference is even
more pronounced in m1.
Specimens of _N. a. bougainville_ from Kolombangara and Guadalcanal
agree with a paratype of this subspecies from Bougainville. Geographic
variation, if present in the population in the western chain of islands
(see Fig. 12), is slight and not notable in the series available. Some
individual variation was found, especially in the shape of the
interorbital region of the skull. An adult male from Kolombangara is
unusually dark, almost black; color of the other specimens (all in
alcohol) is consistent according to sex.
_Nyctimene albiventer_ from Choiseul and Santa Ysabel is smaller, in all
respects, than _N. albiventer_ from Bougainville, Kolombangara, and
Guadalcanal (see Table 3), and therefore may be named and described as
follows:
=Nyctimene albiventer minor=, new subspecies
_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull, in good condition (originally
stored in alcohol for about one year), no. BSIP 23636, Bernice P. Bishop
Museum; from Choiseul Island, British Solomon Islands Protectorate;
obtained on 11 March 1964, by Philip Temple, original number 1441.
_Distribution._--Known only from Choiseul and Santa Ysabel islands (see
Fig. 12).
_Diagnosis._--Small for _Nyctimene_; wing membranes brown with scattered
yellow spots (dried specimens); uropatagium, feet, and ears brown;
dorsum of tibia set with hair, ventral surface naked; dorsum of
uropatagium sparsely set with pale brown hairs, ventral surface almost
bare; fringe of hairs along two centimeters of dorsal and ventral
surfaces of trailing edge of wing membrane; proximal third of dorsal
surface of forearm sparsely set with hairs; pelage of back soft and
thick, of medium length (about 7); hair on crown and nape short (about
4); well-defined black dorsal stripe, extending from uropatagium to
shoulders; skull resembling that of other subspecies of _N. albiventer_
but relatively smaller; zygomatic arch delicate, slender anteriorly; P2
small (see Fig. 14). Sexually dichromatic as follows: male--dorsum
Hair-Brown, bases of hairs darker; hair on throat sparse, medium length
(about 6), Hair-Brown; fur along sides of abdomen Drab; female--dorsum
having Buffy-Brown cast, some individual hairs Hair-Brown; shoulders
Sayal-Brown; hair on throat sparse, Hair-Brown on throat and midline of
abdomen; sides of abdomen Sayal-Brown.
_Comparisons._--From _Nyctimene major scitulus_, the largest member of
this genus in the Solomons, _N. a. minor_ differs in being smaller in
all measurements taken; forearm averaging 54.8 as opposed to 73.5;
greatest length of skull 28.2 as opposed to 37.0, and females pale brown
instead of pale gray.
From nine adults of _Nyctimene albiventer bougainville_ from
Bougainville, Kolombangara, and Guadalcanal, _minor_ differs as follows:
averaging slightly smaller in all dimensions; forearm averaging 54.8 as
opposed to 57.9; second metacarpal averaging 27.4 as opposed to 28.3;
5th metacarpal averaging 38.5 as opposed to 40.0; condylobasal length
26.7 as opposed to 28.0; length of mandibular tooth-row 10.3 as opposed
to 10.9; mandible smaller (see Fig. 14); dorsal stripe fainter.
From _Nyctimene albiventer papuanus_, known from eastern New Guinea, New
Britain, and the Admiralty Islands, _minor_ differs as follows: slightly
smaller in most dimensions; forearm averaging 54.8 as opposed to 57.0;
length of maxillary tooth-row 8.9 as opposed to 9.8; length of
mandibular tooth-row 10.3 as opposed to 11.0; breadth across upper third
premolars notably less (7.5 as opposed to 8.4).
_N. a. minor_ differs from _N. albiventer albiventer_ Gray, which occurs
about 800 miles to the west of _minor_, in ways made apparent by the
description by Andersen (1912:700-701). _N. a. minor_ occurs about 1500
miles eastward of the place from which _N. a. draconilla_ Thomas, a
subspecies essentially unknown to me, was named (see Laurie and Hill,
1954:46).
From _Nyctimene sanctacrucis_, known from the Santa Cruz Islands,
_minor_ differs as follows: much smaller in all dimensions; forearm
averaging 54.8 as opposed to 75; greatest length of skull 28.2 as
opposed to 34.5; length of maxillary tooth-row 8.9 as opposed to 12.9.
[Illustration: FIG. 12. Distribution of _Nyctimene albiventer
bougainville_ ([BC]) and _N. albiventer minor_ ([LW]).
For names of islands see Fig. 2.]
[Illustration: FIG. 13. Scatter diagram comparing two subspecies
of _Nyctimene albiventer_. One individual of specimens thought
to be intergrades is as large as specimens of _Nyctimene a.
bougainville_, whereas the other three intergrades are about the
same size as specimens of _N. a. minor_. Symbols represent
_N. a. bougainville_ ([BW]), _N. a. minor_ ([TW]), and intergrades
assigned to _minor_ ([BC]). For names of islands see Fig. 2.]
TABLE 3. Average and Extreme Measurements of _Nyctimene albiventer
bougainville_ and _N. a. minor_.
===============+==================+==================+===================
| _N. a. minor_ | _Intergrades_ | _N. a.
| | | bougainville_
| | |
MEASUREMENT | Choiseul, | Fauro | Kolombangara,
| Santa Ysabel | | Guadalcanal
| 4 [M], 1 [F] | 1 [M], 3 [F] | 8 [M], 1 [F]
---------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------
Length of head | | |
and body |107.0 (105 -109 )|109.2 (105 -112 )|110.0 (106 -117)
Tail vertebrae | 20.0 (19.3- 20.5)| 21.0 ( 20 - 22 )| 19.2 ( 15.5- 23.0)
Hind foot | 14.2 (13.5- 15.0)| | 14.3 ( 13.0- 15.9)
Ear | 11.9 (11.0- 13.0)| | 12.8 ( 11.8- 14.5)
Length of | | |
forearm | 54.8 (54.0- 55.8)| 57.1 (55.9- 59.0)| 57.9 ( 55.8- 59.8)
Greatest | | |
length of | | |
skull | 28.2 (27.2- 28.9)| 28.6 (28.3- 29.7)| 29.7 ( 28.6- 30.1)
Condylobasal | | |
length | 26.7 (26.2- 27.5)| 27.4 (26.6- 28.0)| 28.0 ( 27.8- 28.9)
Palatal length | 11.2 (10.9- 11.9)| 11.6 (11.3- 11.8)| 11.7 ( 11.0- 12.5)
Breadth of | | |
braincase | 12.0 (11.5- 12.4)| 12.0 (11.7- 12.2)| 12.3 ( 12.1- 12.8)
Zygomatic | | |
breadth | 18.9 (18.4- 19.7)| 18.6 (18.4- 19.2)| 19.2 ( 18.7- 20.0)
Interorbital | | |
breadth | 5.0 ( 4.7- 5.6)| 5.3 ( 5.0- 5.6)| 5.1 ( 4.7- 5.5)
Breadth across | | |
first upper | | |
molars | 8.6 ( 8.4- 8.9)| 8.9 ( 8.7- 9.1)| 9.1 ( 8.8- 9.6)
Maxillary | | |
tooth-row | 8.9 ( 8.7- 9.3)| 9.3 ( 9.1- 9.5)| 9.5 ( 9.2- 9.8)
Mandibular | | |
tooth-row | 10.3 (10.0- 10.6)| 10.5 (10.2- 11.1)| 10.9 ( 10.7- 11.4)
---------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------
_Measurements._--Measurements of the two subspecies from the Solomons
are given in Table 3. Some measurements of the type are as follows:
Length of head and body, 108; tail vertebrae, 20.5; hind foot, 14.7;
ear, 11.3; length of forearm, 55.1; 2nd metacarpal, 27.4; 3rd
metacarpal, 39.0; 4th metacarpal, 37.5; 5th metacarpal, 39.1; greatest
length of skull, 28.6; condylobasal length, 27.5; zygomatic breadth,
18.4; length of maxillary tooth-row, 9.0; length of mandibular
tooth-row, 10.4.
_Remarks._--_Nyctimene albiventer minor_ closely resembles _N.
albiventer bougainville_, differing from the latter mostly in size.
Although adults of _minor_ average only slightly smaller than adults of
_bougainville_ (see Table 3), there is only slight overlap (about 0.2 at
most) in most minimum dimensions of external and cranial features of
_bougainville_ and corresponding maximum dimensions of externals and
crania of _minor_. The difference in size is clearly shown in Figs. 13
and 14.
Four specimens of _Nyctimene albiventer_ from Fauro herein are
considered to be intergrades between _N. a. bougainville_ and _N. a.
minor_. As shown in Table 3, the specimens from Fauro average slightly
larger than those of _minor_ from Choiseul and Santa Ysabel and slightly
smaller than specimens of _bougainville_ from Kolombangara and
Guadalcanal. I have assigned the specimens from Fauro to _N. a. minor_
because they generally are closer to _minor_ in size (see Fig. 13).
_Specimens examined_ (five males and four females; seven in alcohol;
seven crania extracted and cleaned).--Choiseul in February and March,
23636 (holotype), 23631, 23540, 23646; Santa Ysabel in February, 23539;
Fauro in April, 23742, 23743, 23763, 23764.
One specimen of _Nyctimene_ from Malaita Island is smaller than
_Nyctimene major_, which is known from Shortland, Alu, Florida, New
Georgia, Guadalcanal, Choiseul, and Malapa (see Fig. 15) and is larger
than either of the two subspecies of _Nyctimene albiventer_ known from
Bougainville, Fauro, Kolombangara, Guadalcanal, Choiseul, and Santa
Ysabel. This specimen represents a previously unknown species and may be
named and described as follows:
=Nyctimene malaitensis=, new species
_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull, in good condition (originally
stored in alcohol for about one year), no. BSIP 24103, Bernice P. Bishop
Museum; from Malaita Island, British Solomon Islands Protectorate;
obtained on 1 July 1964, by Peter Shanahan, original no. unknown.
_Distribution._--Known only from Malaita (see Fig. 16).
_Diagnosis._--Size average for genus but larger than closest relative,
_Nyctimene albiventer_; wing membranes brown with scattered yellow spots
(dried specimen); uropatagium, ears, and feet brown; dorsal surface of
tibia set with hair, ventral surface bare; dorsal surface of uropatagium
sparsely set with hair, ventral surface having few, scattered hairs;
dorsal surface of trailing edge of wing membrane sparsely set with
hairs, ventral surface bare; proximal third of upper- and under-surface
of forearm set with hair; pelage of back luxuriant and soft (about 10
long); hair on crown and nape shorter than on back (4 to 8);
well-defined black dorsal stripe from shoulders to rump (about 2 wide);
basal half of most hairs on dorsum Deep Mouse Gray, distal half Light
Buff, tips Ochraceous-Tawny; some hairs on back entirely Light Buff;
hairs of crown Light Ochraceous Buff tipped with Ochraceous-Tawny; hair
on throat and along sides of abdomen Light Ochraceous Buff; hairs of
ventral midline Smoke Gray; braincase narrow; zygomatic breadth
relatively narrow; well-developed lambdoidal crest in female; rostrum
short, wide; upper canines slanted posteriorly; upper incisors large;
foramen ovale large (see Fig. 14).
[Illustration: FIG. 14. Dorsal and ventral views of skulls of
(A) _Nyctimene albiventer minor_ [specimen 23631 [M]],
(B) _N. a. bougainville_ [specimen 23381 [M]], and
(C) _N. malaitensis_ [specimen 24103 [F]].]
_Comparisons._--From _Nyctimene major scitulus_, the largest kind of
_Nyctimene_ in the Solomons, _malaitensis_ differs as follows: smaller
in all dimensions (forearm 65 as opposed to 73.5); greatest length of
skull 32.4 as opposed to 37.0; length of maxillary tooth-row 10.5 as
opposed to 13.0; length of mandibular tooth-row 11.8 as opposed to 14.2.
From nine adults of _Nyctimene albiventer bougainville_ from
Bougainville, Kolombangara, and Guadalcanal, _malaitensis_ differs as
follows: larger in all dimensions: forearm 65 as opposed to 57.9;
greatest length of skull 32.4 as opposed to 29.7; zygomatic breadth 20.4
as opposed to 19.2; and length of maxillary tooth-row 10.5 as opposed to
9.5; length of mandibular tooth-row 11.8 as opposed to 11.1.
From five adults of _Nyctimene albiventer minor_, from Choiseul and
Santa Ysabel, _malaitensis_ differs in the same ways it differs from _N.
a. bougainville_, but the contrast is even greater when _malaitensis_
and _minor_ are compared.
From _Nyctimene sanctacrucis_, known only from the Santa Cruz Islands,
_malaitensis_ differs in being smaller in all dimensions: forearm 65 as
opposed to 75; greatest length of skull 32.4 as opposed to 34.5; and
length of maxillary tooth-row 10.5 as opposed to 12.9.
_Measurements of the holotype._--Length of head and body, 118; tail
vertebrae, 23.0; hind foot, 16.0; ear, 14.0; length of forearm, 65.0;
2nd metacarpal, 33.2; 3rd metacarpal, 46.4; 4th metacarpal, 44.3; 5th
metacarpal, 46.0; greatest length of skull, 32.4; condylobasal length,
30.6; palatal length, 13.0; breadth of braincase, 12.5; zygomatic
breadth, 20.4; interorbital breadth, 5.5; breadth across first upper
molars, 9.5; length of maxillary tooth-row, 10.5; length of mandibular
tooth-row, 11.8.
[Illustration: FIG. 15. Distribution of _Nyctimene malaitensis_ [BC]
and _N. major scitulus_ [RW]. For names of islands see Fig. 2.]
_Remarks._--In size, _Nyctimene malaitensis_ is intermediate between _N.
albiventer_ and _N. major_. Because the type of _malaitensis_ is brown
and not pale gray, as are females of _major_, _N. malaitensis_ most
likely is more closely related to _N. albiventer_, in which the females
are brown. The teeth of the holotype and only known specimen of
_malaitensis_ are too worn to be useful in determining the relationships
between these species.
When more specimens are available, _N. malaitensis_ may prove to be a
subspecies of _N. albiventer_. At present, _malaitensis_ is accorded
specific rank in order not to obscure the apparent relationships of _N.
albiventer bougainville_ and _N. a. minor_. Additionally, _N.
malaitensis_ is given specific rank because (1) it is larger (especially
in external dimensions) than the largest subspecies of _N. albiventer_
(compare above measurements with those in Table 3), and (2)
_malaitensis_ does not form a cline with either of the two subspecies of
_N. albiventer_.
_Specimen examined_ (one female).--Malaita in July, 24103 (holotype).
=Nyctimene major=
This large species of tube-nosed bat has at least four subspecies, one
of which (_N. major scitulus_) is endemic to the Solomons. The species
occurs throughout eastern New Guinea and on many of the islands adjacent
to the eastern coast of New Guinea, including the Trobriand Islands,
the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomons (see Laurie and Hill,
1954:47). The geographic distribution of the species generally is the
same as that of _N. albiventer_.
In _Nyctimene major_, as in _N. albiventer_, most males are
grayish-brown, whereas most females are pale gray.
=Nyctimene major scitulus= Andersen
1910. _Nyctimene scitulus_ Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8,
6:623, December 1, type from Shortland; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue
of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:711, from Shortland, New
Georgia, Florida, Guadalcanal; 1931, Troughton, Proc. Linnean Soc.
New South Wales, 56:206, July 15; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., 18:22, February 12, from Choiseul and Malapa; 1942,
Tate, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 80:342, December 31.
1954. _Nyctimene major scitulus_, Laurie and Hill, List of land
mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 47,
June 30.
1862. _Harpyia pallasi_, Gerrard, Catalogue of the bones ...
British Museum, p. 58.
1870. _Harpyia cephalotes_, Gray, Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs and
fruit-eating bats in the British Museum, p. 121.