Kalutunah, an Esquimaux, iii. 242;
portrait, 245
Kamchatka, Kamtschatka: i. 131, 135, 137;
orthography of the word, iii. 160;
Russian expedition to, 160, 162
Kanakas, as sailors, i. 43
Kane, Dr.: his expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 230–254;
portrait, 236
Kangaroos, i. 151
“Keels” on the Tyne, i. 263
Kellett, Captain: search for Franklin in the _Herald_, iii. 207,
211;
“Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 216
Kempenfelt, Admiral: lost in the _Royal George_, i. 60
“Kent,” East Indiaman, burning of the, i. 64–74
Kentish Knock Light‐ship, ii. 273, 274
Kerguelen’s discoveries in the Southern hemisphere, iii. 277
Kerguelen’s Land, i. 34
Kidd, Captain Robert, the pirate, iii. 56–59;
his trial and execution, 58, 59
“Killarney,” Wreck of the, ii. 304–317;
rescue of survivors, 316
King, Governor: his description of Australia, i. 153
King crabs, iv. 152
Kingman, Captain: phosphorescence of the sea, iv. 97
Kingsley, Charles: on sailors; Amyas Leigh, i. 43;
Trinidad, Jamaica, Havana, 180, 182, 185, 186;
his “Three Fishers,” iv. 299
Kingston Harbour, Jamaica, i. 181, 183;
the Palisades; Port Royal; town of Kingston, i. 183
Kitchiner, Dr., on oysters, iv. 133
Knight, John: attempt to discover the north‐west passage, iii. 143;
remnants of his expedition, 145, 153
Knights of St. John of Malta, i. 98, 99, 101, 103
Knights Templars, i. 101
Knock Sands, ii. 254
Knowles, Captain, lost in the “Northfleet”: his bravery, ii. 263–267
Knysna, Cape of Good Hope, i. 208, 209
Koldewey, Captain: Arctic expeditions; the “Germania” and “Hansa,”
iii. 259
Kondylostoma patens, a microscopic infusorian, iv. 113
Kraken: sea‐serpent, iv. 149.
(_See_ Sea‐serpent.)
La Cosa, Juan de: his expeditions to America, iii. 303, 304, 307,
308, 309, 310;
his character and death, 309, 310, 311
Lacquer‐work in Japan, iv. 40
“Lady Franklin”: the search for Franklin, iii. 207
La Hogue, battle of, ii. 32
Lake Menzaleh, on the Suez Canal; catching pelicans, i. 112, 116
“La Marguerite,” on the Goodwin Sands, ii. 253
Lambert, James, a blind native of Calton, a suburb of Glasgow: his
heroism in saving life from drowning, iv. 268
Land crabs, iv. 152, 153
Land’s End, iv. 207
Lapland, Dutch Expedition to, iii. 142
La Perouse: his monument in Petropaulovski, i. 132
Lardner, Dr.: steam navigation, ii. 106
Lascars, as sailors, i. 43
Las Casas: his account of Spaniards in America, iii. 312, 313
Laube, Dr.: Arctic voyage of the “Hansa,” iii. 259, 263
Laudanum stew given to treacherous Esquimaux, iii. 243
La Valette: his defence of Malta, i. 102
Lay’s torpedo, ii. 151, 153
Leake, Sir John: his defence of Gibraltar, i. 94
Leeuw, Hannequin, the pirate, i. 275
Leigh, Amyas, the hero of Kingsley’s “Westward Ho!” i. 43
Lentzé, Herr: his co‐operation with M. de Lesseps, i. 111
Lesseps, F. M. de: the Suez Canal, i. 107
Letters of Marque, i. 270; iii. 2
Lewis, Richard: “The Life‐boat and its Work,” ii. 210
Lewson, Admiral Sir Richard, ii. 19
Liessou, M.: his co‐operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez Canal,
i. 110
Life saved from shipwrecks; statistics, ii. 320; iv. 262, 267
Lifeboat, The, ii. 209–235;
its origin and history, 210;
Lionel Lukin, _ib._;
Wouldhave and Greathead, _ib._;
George IV., _ib._;
Duke of Northumberland, 211;
Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, _ib._;
National Life‐boat Institution, _ib._;
Sir William Hillary, 212;
saving life on the “St. George,” 213;
“self‐righting,” 214;
“Aid,” steam‐tug, Ramsgate, 215–234;
“Ann,” loss of a lifeboat, 212, 216;
“Samaritano” wrecked; saving of life, 217–223;
loss of a Portuguese brig, 225–228;
lifeboat and carriage, 217;
group of lifeboat men, 229;
“Providentia,” 230–236;
at Penzance, iv. 219;
at Padstow, 221;
Deal, 242
Lighthouse, The, and its history, ii. 156;
Pharos of Alexandria, 158;
Roman Pharos, Dover, _ib._;
Tower of Cordouan, 157;
the Eddystone, its history and construction, 156, 159–171;
lighthouses of the British Channel, 171;
the “Bell Rock” lighthouse on the Inchcape Rock, 173;
lighthouse on the Skerryvore Rocks, 175–178;
lighthouse of Héhaux, Brittany, 178–181;
lighthouses on land; Maplin Sands light, 182;
Port Fleetwood, _ib._;
iron lighthouses, _ib._;
the lanterns, 183, 187;
tallow candles, _ib._;
coal fires, _ib._;
Argand burner, 184;
reflectors, _ib._;
electric light at sea, 185;
flashing, revolving, and coloured lights, 184, 186;
lanterns obscured by moths, bees, and birds, 187;
St. Anthony’s Point, Falmouth, iv. 222;
Bishop Rock Lighthouse, ii. 269, 270;
Lizard light, iv. 208;
Wolf lighthouse, 210
Light vessel on the Goodwin Sands, iv. 244
_ Lightning_, Scientific cruise of the, i. 30
Lima, i. 172;
Sir F. Drake at, 310
Limpets, iv. 40
Lindsay, W. S., his “History of Merchant Shipping,” i. 3, 266; ii.
11, 14, 99, 117, 119; iv. 10
Lisbon, view in the 16th century, iii. 281
Liverpool: statistics of shipping, ii. 198;
“Liverpool,” tugboat at the wreck of the “Deutschland,” ii.
273, 274
Livingston, Robert R.: his association with Fulton; early steam
vessels, ii. 90–93;
“Clermont,” 93
Living wonders of the ocean, iv. 160
Lizard Rock and Lizard Light, iv. 208, 223;
shipwreck, 224
Lloyd’s: classification of ships, ii. 123;
interior and exterior of Lloyd’s, 124, 125;
history of Lloyd’s, 125, 126;
Underwriter’s room, 128
Lobsters, iv. 151, 154, 157
Lobster fishing, iv. 156
Lobster, blind, from the Atlantic, i. 31, 32
“Locker,” the word; “Davy Jones’s Locker and its Treasures;” pearls,
corals, sponges, diving, iv. 66–90
Loggan Stone, iv. 208
Lolonois, Francis, the Pirate, iii. 16–28
London: statistics of shipping, ii. 198;
Great Storm of 1703, 207
“London,” swamped at sea, ii. 289–297
Longfellow’s “Wreck of the Hesperus,” iv. 299, 300
Longitude, first taken by observation of heavenly bodies, iii. 149
Longwood, St. Helena, residence of Napoleon, i. 213
Looe, Cornwall, iv. 212;
Looe Island, 214
Lord, Major, on lobsters, iv. 151, 155
_ Lord Warden_, i. 59
Lost at Sea: ships never heard of, iv. 283
Low, Captain Edward, a ferocious pirate, iii. 71
Lucas, Captain of the _Redoubtable_ at Trafalgar, i. 10, 11
Lunar halo, iii. 221
Lyon, Capt.: Arctic exploration, iii. 175, 176;
extreme danger of the _Griper_, his prayers for preservation,
177
Macao, i. 121
Macartney, Lord: suppression of mutiny at the Cape, i. 256
MacClean, Mr., C. E., his co‐operation in the Suez Canal, i. 110
McClintock, Sir F. Leopold: the “Fox” expedition in search of
Franklin, iii. 216;
relics of Franklin obtained from Esquimaux, 227;
portrait, 224
MacGahan, J. A., of the _New York Herald_: his account of the cruise
of the “Pandora,” iii. 92
MacGregor, Lt.‐General Sir Duncan, K.C.B., burning of the “Kent,” i.
68, 69, 71
Mackay’s “Popular Delusions”: the South Sea Bubble, ii. 43
Mackerel and Mackerel Fishing, iv. 176
Maclure, Capt.: Search for Sir John Franklin in the _Investigator_,
iii. 211;
North‐west passage found, 212;
portrait, 213
Macquarie, Governor: on the population of Australia, i. 153
McQuhæ, Capt., his account of the sea‐serpent, iv. 186
Madagascar, English pirates at, iii. 62
“Madre de Dios,” taken by the Earl of Cumberland, i. 293
Madrepores, iv. 122, 124
Magdalena Bay, Spitzbergen, iii. 166, 167
Magellan, Ferdinand de: discovery of Magellan’s Straits, iii. 316;
of the Philippine Islands, 317;
battle with Indians, Magellan killed, _ib._
Magnetic Pole discovered by Sir James Ross, iii. 187
Mahoney, Gunner, his swim across the Hellespont, iv. 258
Major, R. H., F.S.A. Arctic exploration by the brothers Zeni, iii.
47
Malacca, Islands in the Straits, i. 129;
view in the Straits, 145
Malay population of the Cape of Good Hope, i. 206
Malay prahus, i. 149
Malay sailors, i. 43
Malta, i. 96, 98;
view, 96;
Valetta, 98;
climate, fruits, inhabitants, 99;
buildings, history of the island, _ib._;
defended by the Knights of St. John, 100;
catacombs at Citta Vecchia, 101, 103;
Maltese cross, _ib._;
sieges, 102;
taken by Napoleon, _ib._;
won by England, _ib._;
scene of St. Paul’s shipwreck, 103;
garrison, 104
Mammoth: Bones of the, fossil ivory, iii. 162
Mangosteen, the apple of the East, i. 150
Mansvelt, the pirate, iii. 30
Manure ships, ii. 122
Maories of New Zealand, iv. 51, 52
Maplin Sands lighthouse, ii. 182
Maracaibo: Lolonois the pirate at, iii. 19;
the town attacked, 21, 22, 24;
taken by the pirate Morgan, 37;
letter from the Spanish admiral, iii. 39;
fire ship, 40;
Morgan’s escape, 43, 44
Margate life‐boats, ii. 254, 255
_ Marigold_, Drake’s vessel, lost, i. 308
Marine artillery. (_See_ Artillery)
Markham, Commander, A. H.: _Alert_ and _Discovery_ expedition, iii.
92, 102, 107, 108, 110
Marquesite, supposed to contain gold, iii. 125, 126
Marryat, Captain, on sailors, i. 42, 44;
ceremonies on crossing the line, 230;
old war ships, 215
Marshall: his discovery of gold in California, i. 158
Martin, Frederick: “History of Lloyd’s and Marine Insurance,” ii.
126
Martin, John Bohun, Captain, lost in the “London,” ii. 291–295
Martinique: the Diamond Rock; the _Centaur_, i. 161, 187
Masquerade on board the _Terror_, iii. 200
Matamana, Cuba; Lolonois the pirate at, iii. 25
Matavia Bay: mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 244
Mauna Kea, a Japanese volcano, iv. 47, 49
Mauna Loa, a Japanese volcano, iv. 47
Maxwell, Sir Murray, captain of the _Alceste_; wreck of the ship, i.
82
May, gunner of the _Captain_; his escape, i. 57, 58
“Medical Life in the Navy,” by Dr. Stables, i. 220
Medina Sidonia, Duke of, commander of the Spanish Armada, i. 288
Mediterranean: Round the World in a Man‐of‐war, i. 87‐214;
“The Mediterranean,” by Rear‐Admiral Smyth, _ib._;
ancient and modern names of the Mediterranean, _ib._, 88;
history and description of Gibraltar, 88;
saltness of the water, 97;
gales and storms, 104
Medusæ, iv. 116, 195
“Medusa,” Wreck of the, i. 75;
the raft, 76, 77, 78;
starvation and illusions of the sufferers, 79;
combats, cannibalism, and murder, 80, 81;
Géricault’s painting of the raft, 81
Mehemet Ali and M. de Lesseps, i. 108
Melbourne, South Australia, i. 155; iv. 53, 54
Melville Bay, iii. 97;
view of Cape York, iii. 228
Menai Straits, ii. 300
Mendoza, Don Fernando de: his ship, “Madre de Dios,” taken by the
Earl of Cumberland, i. 293
Men of Peace: naval life in peace times: the cruise of the
_Challenger_, i. 28
Men of the Sea: how boys become sailors; Amyas Leigh; training
ships; old guard ships; routine and work on board; “watches” and
“bells;” grog; the cat, i. 42–54
Men of War: The _Victory_, i. 4;
Siege of Toulon, 6;
Battle of St. Vincent, 7–9;
Nelson’s bridge, 8;
Trafalgar, 10–13;
iron and wooden ships, 9, 13;
Crimean War, 15;
Bombardment of Sebastopol, 14, 15;
red‐hot shot and Gibraltar, 16, 18;
Ironclads, 13, 14;
the _Warrior_ and “La Gloire,” 18;
the “Merrimac,” its history, 19;
the “Cumberland” sunk, 20, 21, 22;
the “Congress” burned, _ib._;
the first “Monitor,” its engagement with the “Merrimac,” 23,
24, 25;
the “Shah” and “Huascar” engagement, 26;
the “Vesta” (Russian) and the “Assari Tefvik” (Turkish) ships,
action between them, 27;
instruction on board, 49;
officer’s life on board, 214;
ward‐room, captain’s cabin, 215;
between decks in the eighteenth century, 217;
doctors, 220;
officers and seamen of the eighteenth century, 221;
chaplains, 222;
engineers, 224;
American, English, and French sailors, 226;
ceremonies on “crossing the line,” 229;
ward‐room, meals and music, 231;
mess and wine‐caterers, _ib._;
present force of the Navy, _ib._;
cost of ironclads, 231;
history of the Navy, 232;
naval volunteers, 232;
rapid firing, _ib._;
artillery volunteers, 233;
drills, 234;
Royal Naval Reserve, 234;
pursers, their dishonesty, mutiny of the Nore, 250
(_see_ Mutinies and);
Round the World on a Man‐of‐War, 87
Menzaleh, Lake: on the Suez Canal, catching pelicans, i. 112, 116
Mermaids, iii. 146
“Merrimac:” its work of destruction in Hampton Roads, i. 20–22;
engagement with the “Monitor,” 23–25;
its history, 18; ii. 139
“Miantonoma:” monitor steamer, ii. 139, 140;
its circumnavigation of the world, 142
Michelet: his references to the sea, i. 2; iv. 290;
Infusoria, iv. 112;
Medusa, 117;
Echinoderms, 126;
Cephalopoda, cuttle‐fish, octopus, 143
Microscope: “the sixth sense of man,” iv. 112
Middleton, Sir Henry: East India trade, ii. 13
Midshipmen, i. 47
Miller, Patrick: propulsion of ships by steam, ii. 81–83
Milne, Admiral: his report on the loss of the _Captain_, i. 59
Milne‐Edwards, Dr.: his diving apparatus, iv. 113
Milner, Rev. John: Duke of Edinburgh’s visit to the Cape, i. 205
Milton: his reference to the sea, i. 2; iv. 290
Mindry, Robert: his “Chips from the Log of an Old Salt,” i. 44
Mines of Cornwall, iv. 215
_ Minion_, Sir John Hawkins’s ship, i. 299
“Minnesota,” i. 20, 24
Mirage in the Straits of Fuca, i. 163
Mississippi scheme, ii. 42
Misson, Captain: the pirate, iii. 64–67
Missouri river, iv. 16
Mistral, or Grippe, i. 107
Mocha, i. 117
Mocha fleet attacked by Captain Kidd, iii. 56
Mock suns (parahelia), iii. 132, 150, 152
Mock moons, iii. 221
Molluscs: phosphorescence of the sea produced by, iv. 97
Monitors: the first engagement with the “Merrimac,” i. 22–26;
a “dummy” monitor, ii. 138;
the first “Monitor,” 139
Monkeys: at Gibraltar, i. 88, 97;
in Trinidad, 182;
eaten at Singapore, 150
Monson, Sir William: his “Naval Tracts,” his daring deeds, ii. 15;
his captivity, 17;
at the Siege of Cadiz, _ib._;
destruction of the Spanish fleet, 18;
action at Cerimbra Roads, 19, 21;
on Dutch fisheries, 23;
expedition against pirates, 24;
adventure at Broad Haven, 25
Monsoon, i. 129; iv. 95
Montesino, M. de: his co‐operation with M. de Lesseps, i. 111
Moon, the. (_See_ Mock Moons.)
Moore, Captain: search for Franklin in the _Plover_, iii. 207, 211
Moore, Lieutenant: his swim across the Hellespont, iv. 258
Moore, Frank: his “Rebellion Record;” the “Merrimac;” and the
“Monitor,” i. 19
Moors in Spain, i. 88, 90, 93, 94
Morgan, Captain Henry: the pirate, iii. 29–51;
portrait, 41
Mormondom; town of Echo, Utah, Salt Lake City, iv. 23
“Morning Star” chased by De Soto the pirate, iii. 80
Morrison, R. J., R.N.: loss of the “Rothsay Castle,” ii. 298
Morton’s sledge journey; in Dr. Kane’s expedition, iii. 239;
the open sea discovered, 239, 241;
with Captain Hall in the “Polaris,” iii. 268
Mounts Erebus and Terror, iii. 280
Mount St. Elias, Alaska, i. 170
Mount’s Bay and Mount St. Michael, Cornwall, iv. 223
Müller, S.: his “Life of Vitus Behring,” iii. 160
Mundy, Colonel: on Sydney, Australia, i. 154
Munk, Jens: his Arctic voyage, iii. 150
Murchison, Sir Roderick J.: his advocacy of Polar exploration, iii.
92
Murex, a univalve shell, iv. 144
“Murillo,” the “Northfleet” wrecked by her, ii. 263–267
Murphy, J. M.: American railways, iv. 18;
salmon of American rivers, 166
Murray, Mrs. William, shipwrecked; “Ten Terrible Days,” iv. 56
Musquitoes, i. 222
Mussels, iv. 129, 132
Mutiny: on the raft of the “Medusa,” i. 79;
at Portsmouth, 225;
of the Nore, 249;
the “Lennie” mutineers, 235;
of the _Bounty_, 235–249;
the crew at Otaheite, 236;
mutineers seizing Captain Bligh, 237;
Bligh cast adrift, 240;
on the _Wager_, ii. 52
Nagasaki, i. 129
Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, i. 168
Napoleon I. at St. Helena, i. 212
Napoleon III.: introduction of ironclad war ships, i. 18
“Napoleon,” steam screw, constructed by Dupuy Delorme, i. 226
Nares, Sir George S.: cruise of the _Challenger_, i. 29;
cairns erected by him, iii. 97, 99;
expedition of the _Alert_ and _Discovery_, 99–114;
portrait, iii. 85
Natal, i. 211
Naukum, a native of Plover Bay, i. 138
Nautilus, iv. 143, 149
Naval architecture, History of, i. 258
Naval cadets, Training of, i. 47
Naval flags of the world, ii. 1
Naval service: officer’s life on board, i. 214
Navigation Act passed by Cromwell, ii. 30
Navy office established by Henry VIII., i. 282
Negrelli, M. de: his co‐operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez
Canal, i. 111
Negroes in the West Indies, i. 183, 185, 188
Nelson, Lord: his glorious career, i. 7, 9, 10;
as a model commander; Trafalgar, 227;
career and anecdotes of, ii. 71;
his encounter with the bear, 73;
Calvi and Bastia, loss of his eye, _ib._;
Battle of the Nile, burning of “L’Orient,” 74;
coffin presented to him, _ib._;
rewards, 75, 77;
Battle of Copenhagen, 65, 75;
portrait, 76;
his body taken to Gibraltar, i. 96
Nelson’s bridge at the battle of St. Vincent, i. 8
Nevada, Silver mines at, iv. 26
“New Albion,” California so named by Drake, i. 312
Newfoundland: possession taken by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, i. 318;
Captain Roberts the pirate at, iii. 63
Newhaven, iv. 231
“New Holland,” early name for West Australia, i. 151
New South Wales, so named by Captain Cook, i. 152
Newspapers in America, iv. 27;
in Arctic ships, iii. 170
New York, i. 195–198;
map of the harbour, 195;
Brooklyn Bridge, 196;
the Broadway, 197;
ferry‐boats, _ib._;
climate, 198;
view of New York Bay, iv. 12
New York to Chicago by rail, iv. 14
New Zealand: Auckland, North, Middle, and Stewart’s Islands, iv. 48;
gold‐fields, 50;
war with the Maories, 51
Niagara, iv. 14;
the first submarine Atlantic telegraph cable, 101, 102
Nicaragua: Lolonois the pirate at, iii. 28
Nicuesa, Diego de: his expedition to America, iii. 307;
his release from his creditors, 309;
quarrel with Ojeda, 311;
fight with Indians, _ib._
Nino’s voyage to America, iii. 303
Noah’s ark, i. 258; iv. 56
Noddies and boobies taken by Bligh: mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 243,
244
Noel, Commander R.N.: on torpedoes, ii. 152
Nombre de Dios, attacked by Drake, i. 302
Nordenskjöld, Professor: discovery of the north‐east passage, iii.
159;
his Swedish Arctic expeditions, 257;
his six Arctic voyages, 274;
accomplishment of the north‐east passage, _ib._;
the “Vega,” _ib._
Nore, mutiny of the, i. 249, 251–256
Norfolk: sketches of the sea coast, iv. 247–251
Norman ships, i. 266, 268
North American naval station, i. 108
North Cape, iii. 169
North‐east passage: early voyages for discovering the, iii. 115–123,
129, 151;
the passage made by Professor Nordenskjöld, 274;
north‐eastern voyages of the Dutch, 129
“Northfleet,” wreck of the, ii. 260, 263–267
North polar regions, map, iii. 89
North Pole: expeditions to approach it, iii. 87;
projected passage over the Pole, 144, 151
_ North Star_, search for Franklin, iii. 213
North‐west passage, iii. 142, 143;
reward offered by Government for its discovery, 154, 155;
Sir John Ross’s expedition, 163, 205;
discovered by Sir John Franklin, 206;
found by Maclure, 212
Northumberland, Duke of: his interest in the Lifeboat, ii. 211;
his prizes, 213
_ Northumberland_, Napoleon I. on board the, i. 213
Norwegians, Arctic voyages of the Vikings, iii. 115, 116
Norwegian ships, ancient, i. 90
Norwegian ships, sanitary arrangements, ii. 120
“Novara” (Austrian frigate), deep‐sea soundings, i. 28
Nova Zembla, Gerrit de Veer’s Map, iii. 131;
Barents at, 133, 137;
Henry Hudson at, 146
Oar‐weed, iv. 200
Ocean, the, its Living Wonders, iv. 111–158.
(_See_ Atlantic and Pacific.)
_ Ocean_, Lord Collingwood’s ship, in a storm, i. 105
Octopus, iv. 148
Officer’s life on board a man‐of‐war, i. 214
Officers of East Indiamen, their privileges, ii. 14
Ojeda, Alonzo de, a follower of Columbus: voyages to America, iii.
301, 304;
imprisoned by Ocampo, 306;
his escape, 305, 306;
another voyage, 309;
fight with Indians, 310, 311;
quarrel with Nicuesa, _ib._;
wounded by Indians, 312;
his strange adventures and death, 312, 313, 314
Old and young ice. (_See_ Ice.)
Ommaney, Capt., search for Franklin in the _Assistance_, iii. 207
Onions in Bermuda, i. 190
Opium‐eating and smoking, iv. 38
Orellana, Don Josef Pizarro attacked by him, ii. 48
“Orient,” steam‐ship, iv. 3
Osborn, Admiral Sherard, on the loss of the _Captain_, i. 58;
his advocacy of Polar Exploration, iii. 92;
his biography of Franklin, 206;
search for Franklin in the _Pioneer_, 207, 208, 210
Ostrich farming in South Africa, i. 210
Otaheite, the crew of the _Bounty_ at, i. 236, 238
Ounimak Pass, Aleutian Islands, i. 171
Owen, Professor R., F.R.S., on the Sea‐serpent, iv. 187, 188
Oxenham, John, his connection with Drake, i. 303;
his embarkation on the Pacific Ocean, 304;
executed at Lima, 305
Oysters, British, mentioned by Juvenal, i. 262;
natural history and cultivation, iv. 130–138;
dredging for oysters, 137.
(_See_ Pearl Oysters.)
Pacific Ocean, its depth and other characteristics, i. 28;
Map of Islands, 245;
discovered by Balboa, 303;
Drake’s first view of it, 289, 302;
seen by the pirate Morgan, iii. 47;
storm in 1865, i. 139;
“patent smoke‐stack,” _ib._
Pacific Ferry, The: San Francisco to Japan and China, iv. 31–40;
to New Zealand and Australia, 45–55
Pacific Naval Station, i. 156
Pacific Railway, Life on the, iv. 19;
scene in the Sierra Nevada mountains, 20;
snow‐shed, 29
“Pacific” steamer lost, ii. 108
Paddle‐boats, History of, ii. 77, 78
Padstow, Wreck at, iv. 221
Paléocapa, M.: his co‐operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez
Canal, i. 111
Palos: departure of Columbus on his first voyage, iii. 293
Panama, i. 171;
taken and burnt by the pirate Morgan, iii. 47–49;
Spanish ships taken by the pirate Sawkins, iii. 51–54;
view of the town, 52
Panama, Isthmus of, Drake at the, i. 303
_ Pandora_ sent to find the mutineers of the _Bounty_, i. 244;
the ship wrecked, 246
“Pandora,” Cruise of the, iii. 91–99
Papin: propulsion of ships, ii. 80
Paraguayan torpedo blowing up a Brazilian ironclad, ii. 154
Parahelia, or mock suns, iii. 132
Parker, Richard, ringleader of the mutiny of the Nore, i. 252–256;
hanged, 256
Parker, Sir Peter: mutiny at Spithead, i. 250
Parma, Prince of, in the Spanish Armada, i. 284, 286, 290
Parr, Lieutenant, his arrival on board the _Alert_, iii. 113
Parry, Sir. W. E.: Arctic expedition, iii. 163, 168, 170;
boat and sledge expedition, 178;
career after his Arctic voyages, 184;
his death, 185
Parsees, i. 118
Pasley, Colonel: raising of the _Royal George_, i. 62
Patagonia, Drake in, i. 308
Payer, Lieutenant Julius, Arctic expedition of the “Germania” and
“Hansa,” iii. 259;
his discovery of coal in the Arctic regions, 267;
Austro‐Hungarian Arctic expedition in the “Tegethoff,” 271;
two years on an ice‐floe, _ib._;
sledge expedition, 272;
discovery of Franz Josef Land, _ib._;
fall of sledge into a crevasse, 273
Payerne’s “Submarine Hydrostats,” iv. 86
Peace, Men of: naval life in peace times; the cruise of the
_Challenger_, i. 28
Pearls from America taken to Spain, iii. 303
_ Pearl_, Commodore Anson’s ship, ii. 46, 50
Pearl oysters: pearls, real and artificial, iv. 67, 68, 69;
history and practice of the pearl fishery, 70
Pearson, Captain, his ship taken by Paul Jones, iii. 77
Peat‐bogs, Falkland islands, i. 177
Pemmican: an Arctic dinner, iii. 210;
mode of preparing, 216
Penguins and their eggs, i. 40, 41, 177; iii. 280
Penny, Captain W., search for Franklin in the “Lady Franklin,” iii.
207, 210
Pensioners, Greenwich, iv. 286
Penzance, iv. 219
Perez, Father, his support of the plans of Columbus, iii. 286
Perils of the Sailor’s Life, i. 54, 67
Perim Island, in the Red Sea, i. 117
Perrault, the Canadian voyageur, dividing his store with Richardson
and his crew, iii. 192
Peru, i. 172
Peter the Great: at Amsterdam, ii. 33–38;
portrait, 33;
in England, 38–41;
receiving a deputation, 36;
Saye’s Court, 39;
rise of St. Petersburg, 41
Petersen, Christian, with Captain Nares in the _Alert_;
his illness and death, iii. 105;
the “Fox” Arctic expedition, 216, 218, 220, 227, 236, 241, 252
Petropaulovski, i. 131, 132;
Avatcha Bay, 131;
scenery, 131, 134, 137;
town attacked by the allied fleets, 132;
double wedding, 135
Pett, Phineas: his improvements in war ships, i. 232;
the _Prince Royal_, ii. 22;
_ Royal Sovereign_, 29
Phillip, Captain, his voyage to Botany Bay, i. 152
Phipps, Captain, his Arctic voyage, iii. 154
Phipps, William, a fortunate diver, iv. 80
Phœnician fleets, i. 259
Phœnician remains in Malta, i. 103
Pholades, rock‐borers, iv. 203
Phosphorescence of the sea, iv. 96, 97
Physalia, iv. 119, 120, 121
Pierre le Grand, the pirate, iii. 7;
Spanish admiral’s ship taken by him, 8, 9, 12
Pigeons: pigeon despatched by Sir John Ross, iii. 211
“Pigeon English” in China, i. 126;
“Chinook jargon,” 167
Pilchards: the pilchard fishery, iv. 173, 216
Pillars of Hercules, i. 87
Pim, Lieut., of the _Resolute_, his meeting with Captain Maclure,
iii. 213
Pindar, his reference to the sea, i. 2
Pinto, Fernando Mendez, shipwrecked in Japan, i. 129
Pinzon, Vincente Yanez, his voyage to America, iii. 303
_ Pioneer_, the search for Franklin, iii. 207, 210
Pipe‐fish, iv. 162, 164
Pipon, Capt., his discovery of the survivors of the _Bounty_, i.
247, 248
Piracy, ii. 235;
pirates at Singapore, i. 146;
Scotch pirates in the 15th century, 279;
Barbary pirates, ii. 42;
Drake as a pirate, i. 309;
the Earl of Cumberland, 291–295;
Captains Quelch and Bellamy, and others, ii. 63;
“Black Beard” the pirate, _ib._;
“The Pirates and Bucaniers,” iii. 1–59;
their early history, 2;
Captain Jennings, 3;
Esquemeling’s account of the bucaniers, _ib._;
pirate vessels, 17th century, 4;
their mode of dividing spoils, 11, 45;
“Pirates of the 18th century,” 59–71;
female pirates, Mary Read and Anne Bonney, iii. 69;
Shakespeare’s allusions to pirates, iv. 294, 295
Pitcairn Island: survivors and descendants of the mutiny of the
_Bounty_, i. 247–249
Pitt, William, of Jamaica, his song on sailors, i. 42
Pittsburg, iv. 14
Pizarro, Francisco, voyage with Ojeda, iii. 309
Pizarro, Don Josef: disasters of his fleet, ii. 47
Plagues in the 14th and 15th centuries, i. 91
Plimsoll, Samuel: portrait, ii. 112;
unseaworthy ships; his efforts, ii. 113
_ Plover_: search for Sir John Franklin, Plover Bay, i. 138: iii.
156, 207, 211;
village at Plover Bay, 156
Plymouth, iv. 224
Plymouth Adventurers, ii. 11
Plymouth Breakwater, ii. 192
Plymouth men lost in the _Captain_, i. 55
Pniel, South Africa, diamond fields, i. 210
Poe, Edgar Allan, his story of a descent into the Maelström, iv. 94
Poets on the Sea, the Sailor, and the Ship, iv. 290–304
Point‐à‐Pitre, Guadaloupe, i. 186
Polar bears. (_See_ Bears.)
Polar region: extent of our knowledge, iii. 86;
a fabulous account, 87–91;
theory of a Polar Sea, 255, 257
“Polaris:” Capt. Hall’s Arctic expedition, iii. 268;
the ship run ashore, 270
Polaris Bay, iii. 107
Polynesia, Map of the islands of the Pacific, i. 245
Ponce de Leon, conqueror of Porto Rico and discoverer of Florida,
iii. 314;
search for a miraculous fountain, 315;
Tortugas discovered by him, _ib._
Pontoppidan, Bishop: the sea‐serpent, iv. 184
_ Porcupine_, Scientific cruise of the, i. 30
Port Elizabeth, Cape of Good Hope, i. 204
Porter’s torpedo‐boat, ii. 153, 154
Port Fleetwood lighthouse, ii. 182
Port Foulke, Dr. Hayes’ winter quarters, iii. 256
Port Jackson, Australia, i. 152, 154
Portland: fortifications, ii. 195;
the Verne, 196
Portland Breakwater: convict labour, ii. 191, 193, 195
Port Philip, South Australia, i. 155
Port Royal, Jamaica, i. 183
Port Saïd, i. 110, 113
Portsmouth, Mutiny at, i. 225, 251
Port of Spain, Trinidad, i. 179
Port Stanley, Falkland Islands, i. 176, 178
Portuguese exploration: King John of Portugal and Bartholomew Diaz,
iii. 281, 284;
Columbus, 284;
Vasco da Gama, 298
Portuguese man‐of‐war, iv. 119
Portuguez the pirate, iii. 13;
his escape, 13, 14
Possession Island, Australia, i. 152; iii. 280
Prahus of the Malay Archipelago, i. 149
Prairie on fire, iv. 22
Prairie schooners, iv. 18, 22
Prawns, iv. 157
Praya diphyes, a Medusa, iv. 117
“President,” devoted to the Naval Artillery Volunteers, i. 234
Press‐gangs, i. 43
Pricket, Abacuk: his account of the mutiny against and abandonment
of Hudson, iii. 147
Primrose, Joseph, a minister on board the “Polly”: his trials, i.
223
_ Prince Royal_, built for James II., ii. 22
“Princess Alice” lost in the Thames, iv. 282
“Princess Alice” on Goodwin Sands, ii. 251
Pringle, Admiral: mutiny at the Cape, i. 256
Printing presses in Arctic ships, iii. 103
Protozoa, iv. 111
Pteropoda, iv. 139, 142
Puerto Bello taken by the pirate Morgan, iii. 33
Pullen, Captain: search for Franklin in the _Herald_, iii. 211;
in the _North Star_, 213
Pullman railway car, iv. 16
Purpura lapillus: a univalve shell, iv. 145
Quarles, Francis; lines on the sea, iv. 290
Quatrefages, M.: the lighthouse of Héhaux, Brittany, ii. 178;
Hydrozoa, iv. 118
Queen Charlotte’s Island, i. 167
“Quieda Merchant,” Moorish ship, taken by Captain Kidd, iii. 57
Rae, W. F.: his account of California, i. 158;
the Rocky Mountains, iv. 21
Rae, Dr.: relics of Franklin’s last voyage found by him, iii. 215
Raffles, Sir Stamford, at Singapore, i. 143
Rafts: timber‐rafts at Singapore, i. 146;
raft of the “Medusa,” i. 76–82;
Géricault’s painting, 81;
foundering of the “Arctic,” ii. 108
Rain in the Arctic regions, iii. 182
Raleigh, Sir Walter: the Spanish Armada, i. 285;
colonisation and trade with America, 315;
Queen Elizabeth’s patronage, 316;
“Bark Raleigh,” _ib._;
colonisation of Virginia, ii. 2;
search for El Dorado, 4;
arrival at Trinidad, 4, 33;
portrait, 5;
mountains of Guiana; river Orinoco, 8;
fabulous tales, _ib._;
his observations on trade and the state of the navy, 10
Ralph the Rover: the bell of the Inchcape Rock, ii. 173
Rams of ironclads: loss of the _Vanguard_ and “Grosser Kurfürst,”
ii. 155
Ramsay, David, patents for steam‐ships, ii. 79
Ramsgate: iv. 241;
wrecks on the Goodwin Sands, ii. 212–235;
map of Ramsgate and the Goodwin Sands at low water, 252
Ramsgate Life‐boat and the “Aid” steam‐tug, ii. 215
“Ranger,” Paul Jones’s ship, iii. 72, 75
Rats on board ship, i. 222;
on the sea‐coast, iv. 197;
on Looe Island, 214
Raw meat: its medicinal value in Arctic regions, iii. 244
Rawson, Lieut., in Arctic exploration, iii. 102, 105, 106, 107
Razor‐fish, iv. 128, 129
Red‐hot shot, first record of, i. 91;
at Sebastopol, 16;
at Gibraltar, 16, 18
Red Sea, i. 115;
passage of the Israelites, _ib._;
its name; coral and animalculæ, 117;
islands, _ib._
_ Redoubtable_, at Trafalgar, i. 10, 11, 12
Reed, Sir E. J.: cost of ironclad war‐ships, i. 14;
designer of the _Iron Duke_ and _Vanguard_, 67;
big guns and armour plates, 6;
“Our Ironclad Ships,” ii. 144, 146
Reindeer in Spitzbergen, iii. 167;
at Hammerfest, 179;
venison, 246
Relics brought back by the Franklin search expedition, iii. 229
Renaud, M.: his co‐operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez Canal,
i. 110
Rendel, J. R., C.E.: his co‐operation in the Suez Canal, i. 110;
Portland breakwater, ii. 194
Rennie, James: his advocacy of steam war‐vessels, ii. 98
Rennie, John: the Bell Rock lighthouse, ii. 173, 176;
Plymouth breakwater, 190;
his use of the diving bell, iv. 81
Rensselaer Harbour: winter quarters of Dr. Kane in the “Advance,”
iii. 235
_ Rescue_: the search for Franklin, iii. 214
_ Resolute_: the search for Franklin, iii. 207
_ Resolution_: Arctic voyages, iii. 155
_ Resolution_ and _Adventure_: Captain Cook’s voyage of discovery,
iii. 277
Restoration Island named by Lieutenant Bligh: mutiny of the
_Bounty_, i. 244
Reticulosa, iv. 111
Reynaud, M.: Héhaux lighthouse, Brittany, ii. 178–181
Rhizopoda, iv. 111
Rhodosperms, iv. 200
Richard I., first maritime code, i. 268;
laws against wrecking, ii. 237
Richardson, Sir John: portrait, iii. 185;
his adventure with wolves, 189, 190;
his attempt to swim the Coppermine River, iii. 191, 193
Riou, Capt., his death at Copenhagen, i. 152
Roanoake; its colonisation, ii. 2
“Roanoake,” i. 20
Robber crab, iv. 152
“Robert J. Stockton,” iron steam‐ship, ii. 103, 104
Roberts, Captain Bartholomew, the pirate, iii. 63, 64
Roberts, Lady: her help in the wreck of the “Killarney,” ii. 314,
317
Robin Hood’s Bay, iv. 256
Robinson Crusoe: the island of Juan Fernandez, i. 33–36
“Rob Roy:” Napier’s steam‐vessel, ii. 98
Rock‐borers, iv. 203
Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Railway, iv. 21
Rodney’s naval victory, i. 186
Rôles d’Oleron: laws against wrecking, ii. 237
Roman ships and galleys, i. 261
Ronayne, John: his bravery in saving life, ii. 257–261
Rooke, Sir George: Gibraltar taken by him, i. 94
Rose, Richard: his life‐buoy seat, iv. 262
Ross, Sir John: portrait, iii. 161;
his Arctic voyages, 163;
his voyage in the _Victory_, 186;
search for Franklin in the _Felix_, 207
Ross, Sir James Clarke: Arctic voyage, iii. 163;
Arctic exploration, 179, 181, 184;
discovery of the magnetic pole, 187;
“Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, 216, 225;
discovery of the South Polar Land; Victoria Land, Possession
Island, and Mount Erebus, 280
“Rothsay Castle,” wreck of the, ii. 288, 297–304
Round the World on a Man‐of‐war, i. 87–214
“Round the World in Eighty Days,” iv. 1
_ Royal George_, loss of the, i. 59–62;
its removal by Colonel Pasley, 62;
diving operations, iv. 86
Royal Humane Society, iv. 263
Royal Observatory, Greenwich, iv. 278–282
_ Royal Sovereign_, Charles I.’s ship, ii. 29
_ Royal Sovereign_, i. 5
Rudyerd, John, second Eddystone Lighthouse, ii. 161;
destroyed by fire, 160, 163;
death of a keeper, _ib._
Russell, J. Scott, F.R.S., “The Fleet of the Future: Iron or Wood,”
i. 85; ii. 101;
portrait, 129;
construction of the “Great Eastern,” 130
Russian America, Alaska, i. 169, 170
Russian Arctic Explorations, iii. 185
Russian attempts to discover the north‐west passage, iii. 159;
Russian Arctic voyages, 159–162
Russian ironclads, i. 83
Saba Island, West Indies, i. 185
Sabine; Arctic expedition, iii. 163, 170
Saïd Pacha and M. de Lesseps, i. 108
Sailors: Lascars, Malays, and Kanakas, i. 43;
Devonshire boys on training ships, 46;
rating of sailors (able, ordinary, and boys), 51;
their hardships, 53;
flogging, 51–53;
perils of the sailor’s life, 54;
their conduct on board the _Terror_, iii. 199.
(_See_ Discipline.)
St. Catherine’s Island, taken by the pirate Morgan, iii. 45
St. Domingo: drawing by Columbus of its discovery, iii. 292;
early gold‐washing at, 293;
war, mutiny, and famine, 295;
Diego Columbus made governor, 308
St. Elias, Mount, Alaska, i. 170
St. George’s Island, Bermuda, i. 187, 189
St. Helena, i. 212, 213
St. John’s, Newfoundland: possession taken by Sir Humphrey Gilbert,
i. 318
St. Juan de Ulloa, Sir John Hawkins’s action at, i. 299, 301
“St. Lawrence,” i. 20
St. Lucia, i. 187
St. Paul’s travels; his shipwreck at Malta, i. 103, 104
“St. Valentine,” treasure‐ship, taken by Monson, ii. 21
St. Vincent, Battle of, i. 7, 8, 9
St. Vincent, Lord: suppression of the mutiny on the _St. George_, i.
256;
portrait, 257
Salmon, the, its natural history, iv. 163–168;
parr, smolt, grilse, _ib._;
abundance of its ova, 164;
tinned salmon from America, 166
Salmon: fisheries of California, Vancouver’s Island, British
Columbia, Alaska, i. 164, 168, 170, 171, 202;
mode of curing, iv. 167;
salmon leaps, _ib._
Saltness of the sea, i. 87, 97; iv. 90
Salt Lake, Great; Salt Lake City, iv. 23;
Cape Douglas garrison, 24, 25;
street in the city, 25
Salvador, i. 8
“Salvador del Mundi,” i. 9
“Samaritano,” wrecked on the Goodwin Sands; Margate and Ramsgate
lifeboats, ii. 217–223
Samphire, iv. 231, 233
Sandgate: loss of the “Grosser Kurfürst,” iv. 238
Sandwich: seal of the town, i. 274
Sandwich in the mutiny of the Nore, i. 252
Sandwich Islands: Honolulu; the king, iv. 45;
the ex‐queen Emma, 46;
sugar cultivation, _ib._;
volcanoes, 47
Sandy Hook Light, New York, i. 196
San Francisco: the bay; its entrance, the “Golden Gate,” i. 157;
the city, 158;
its history, _ib._;
society, 161;
view of the bay, 160;
a timber wharf, 156;
“John Chinaman” in San Francisco, 161;
Chinese theatres, _ib._;
earthquakes, 162; iv. 29, 30;
Drake at, i. 313
San Joseph, i. 8
San Juan Island, i. 166;
British camp, i. 165
“San Nicolas,” i. 8
San Salvador, the first land in the New World discovered by
Columbus, iii. 288
Santangel, his support of the plans of Columbus, iii. 286
Santiago, i. 172
“Santissima Trinidada,” i. 8, 10
Saracens, their ships, i. 269
Sardines: mode of fishing for, iv. 174
“Savannah,” the Atlantic first crossed by her, ii. 105
Saving life at sea. (_See_ Hovellers, Life, and Lifeboats.)
Saw‐fish, iv. 162
Sawkins, Captain, the pirate, iii. 51–55
Scaliger, J. C.: history of paddle‐boats, ii. 78
Scallops, iv. 138, 140
Scammon, Captain, soundings in Behring Sea, i. 138
Scandinavian early explorers of the Arctic regions, iii. 116
Scarborough: iv. 253;
shipwrecks, loss of the “Coupland,” 254
“Schiller,” loss of the, ii. 267
School on board the “Fox” in the Arctic regions, iii. 219
Scilly Islands, ii. 268–270
Scoresby: changes in the Greenland ice‐fields, iii. 163, 178
Scotland, pearl fisheries of, iv. 71
Scott, Mr.: buried at sea in the “Fox” Arctic expedition, iii. 221
Screw‐propeller, history of its invention, ii. 102
Screw steamer, plan and section of stern, ii. 101
Scurvy: on board in Anson’s fleet, ii. 50, 119;
in the expedition of the _Alert_ and _Discovery_, iii. 106,
107, 111, 114;
in Munk’s Arctic voyage, 150;
in Vitus Behring, Ischirikoff, and Parry’s voyages, 161, 162,
176;
in Dr. Kane’s expedition, 239
Sea, the: its living wonders, iv. 111;
its saltness, agitation, and waves, iv. 90;
the Gulf Stream, 91;
tides, 92;
its colour and phosphorescence, 96, 97
Sea‐anemones, iv. 123, 196–198
Sea coasts: “Sketches of our Coasts,” Cornwall, iv. 207–225;
South coasts, 225–247;
East coasts, Norfolk, Yorkshire, 247
Sea of Ancient Ice, voyage of the _Alert_, iii. 101
Sea‐cucumber, iv. 126, 128
Sea‐elephants, i. 34; iii. 279
Sea‐shore: “By the Sea‐shore,” iv. 190–207;
calm and storm, 192
“Sea‐goers” in guard‐ships, i. 45
Sea‐horse, iii. 155, 156; iv. 162
Sea‐lion, iv. 188
Seamen. (_See_ Sailors.)
Sea‐monsters, fabulous, i. 31
Sea‐polyps from the Atlantic: voyage of the _Challenger_, i. 31
Sea‐serpent: various accounts of it, drawings, conjectures, and
probabilities, iv. 184–190
Sea‐sickness, i. 50
Sea‐sickness and remedies, iv. 6, 7
Sea songs and poems, by Dibdin and others, i. 8, 42; iv. 298–304
Sea‐trees, Falkland Islands, i. 178
Sea‐urchins, sea‐slugs, iv. 125
Sea‐weeds, iv. 200
Seal of the town of Sandwich, i. 274
Seals: on inaccessible island, i. 40;
their flesh as food, iii. 94, 217–219, 251
Sebastopol, siege and bombardment of, i. 14, 15
Selkirk, Alexander, on the island of Juan Fernandez, i. 33
Selkirk, Lady: plate taken from her by Paul Jones, iii. 73, 74;
returned five years afterwards, 75
“Serapis” taken by Paul Jones, iii. 77
Seton, Major: loss of the “Birkenhead,” i. 71
_ Severn_: Commodore Anson’s ship, ii. 46, 50
“Shah” and “Huascar:” action between them, i. 26
Shakespeare’s allusions to the sea, iv. 291–295;
“The Tempest,” 292;
“Merchant of Venice,” 294;
“Measure for Measure,” Henry VI. part ii., “Richard III.,”
“Pericles,” “Cymbeline,” “Antony and Cleopatra,” “Hamlet,” 295
Shakespeare’s Cliff, iv. 240
Shanghai, i. 122, 125
Sharks and Shark Fishing, iv. 160;
common shark; tiger shark, 161;
the shark worshipped in Africa, 162
Sharp, Captain, the pirate, iii. 55
Shells, Univalve, iv. 139
“Shenandoah:” her exploits in the American war, i. 139;
American whale ships burnt, iii. 157
Sheshaldinski, Peak of, Aleutian Islands, i. 171
Ships and shipping interests, History of, i. 258–ii. 156
Ship‐building, History of. (_See_ Naval Architecture.)
Ship‐money raised by Charles I., ii. 28
Shipwrecks and their lessons, ii. 297
Shipwrecks; Falconer’s poem, iv. 297
Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society, iv. 226, 249, 258, 272
Shrimps, iv. 158
Sieges of Gibraltar, i. 90
Sierra Leone, i. 202, 204;
Drake at, 314
Sierra Nevada, iv. 20, 27, 28;
snow‐shed, 29
Siffante, south‐west wind, i. 107
Signals of distress, ii. 266, 275; iv. 289;
necessity for electric communication, ii. 277
Sigurd, King, the crusader, at Gibraltar, i. 90
Silver Mines in Nevada, iv. 26
Simon’s Town, Cape of Good Hope, i. 206
Singapore, i. 143;
spices, foliage, fruit, climate, 145, 146;
scenery and commerce, 147;
new harbour, 146, 147;
corals, 150;
Kling gharry drivers, 150;
tiger hunting, _ib._;
views, 152, 153
Singhapura, Strait pirates, i. 146
Sinope, Battle of, i. 15
Siren signals, iv. 289
“Sirius,” ii. 106
Sirocco, i. 107
Sitka, the capital of Alaska, i. 169, 170
Skeletons of Franklin’s crews found by McClintock, iii. 230
Skerryvore Lighthouse, ii. 175–178
Slave‐trade: established, i. 295;
slaves taken by Sir John Hawkins, _ib._;
the African Company, ii. 33;
views of Columbus on slavery, iii. 295, 302;
slaves from America taken to Spain by Columbus and others,
295, 302, 307
Sledges in Arctic exploration, iii. 99–114, 133;
sledge journeys by McClintock, iii. 225;
by Morton, in Dr. Kane’s Arctic expedition, 239;
by Dr. Kane’s, 248;
by Capt. Parry’s, 179;
by Lieut. Payer’s, 272
Sleep in the Arctic regions, iii. 251
Sleepy comfort of freezing: Dr. Kane’s experience, iii. 237
Slip water bottles, for deep‐sea sounding, i. 29, 38
Smeaton, John: biographical notice, ii. 164;
third Eddystone lighthouse, 165;
portrait, 170;
diving bell, iv. 81
Smiles, Samuel: Smeaton and the Eddystone Lighthouse, ii. 164, 170;
Plymouth Breakwater, 191
Smith, Sir Sidney, i. 6
Smith, William, Discovery of South Polar Land, iii. 278
Smith’s Sound, view in, iii. 149;
discovered by Baffin, 150;
explored by Dr. Kane, 233
“Smoke‐stack, Patent,” on the “G. S. Wright,” i. 141
Smuggling, iv. 210, 234
Smyth, Rear‐Admiral: “The Mediterranean,” i. 87
Snow and ice: on American railways, iv. 21, 28;
at Plover Bay, i. 139;
crimson snow, iii. 164.
(_And see_ Ice.)
Snow‐blindness, iii. 179, 182, 239
Snow houses, iii. 244
Snow village in Greenland, iii. 173, 174
“Sofia,” Swedish Arctic expedition, iii. 257
Soldier crab, iv. 154
Soldiers at sea; burning of the “Kent,” i. 69, 70, 72;
loss of the “Birkenhead,” 74, 75;
wreck of the “Medusa,” 77, 78, 79, 80
Solen or razor‐fish, iv. 128, 129
Songs, Naval, i. 42, 43
“Souffleur, The,” or the Blower. Mauritius, iv. 95
Southampton, iv. 225
South‐east American Station, i. 175
South Sea Bubble, ii. 42–44
South Virginia Company: colonisation of America, ii. 11
Southey’s “Life of Nelson,” i. 8, 10;
“British Admirals,” 274, 275, 278;
defeat of the Armada, 290;
Sir John Hawkins and the slave‐trade, 298;
Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe, 314;
anecdotes of Drake, 315;
exploits of Sir William Monson, ii. 19;
sea anemones, iv. 197
_ Sovereign of the Seas_, launched by Phineas Pett, i. 232
Spalding’s diving‐bell, its failure, and his death, iv. 81
Spanish Armada defeated, i. 283–291
Spanish galleons taken during the Commonwealth, ii. 31;
taken by Alison, 59–61; iii. 3
Spanish expedition to El Dorado, ii. 9
_ Speedy_, commanded by Admiral Cochrane, i. 219;
action with the Spanish frigate “Gamo,” _ib._
Spiders in ships, i. 221
Spinola: action at Cerimbra Roads, ii. 19, 21
Spinous cockle, iv. 204
Spithead, mutiny at, i. 251
Spitzbergen: discovery of, iii. 142;
Magdalena Bay, 166, 167;
animal life in, 167, 257
Spolasco, Dr.: wreck of the “Killarney,” ii. 305
Spondylus, iv. 138, 140
Sponges: “Venus’s Flower‐basket,” i. 30, 32;
sponge fishing off the coast of Greece, iv. 65, 77
Sprat, iv. 173
Spray of the ocean, iv. 92
Spry, W. J. J., R.N.: cruise of the _Challenger_, i. 28
Squat lobsters, iv. 158
“Squirrel,” Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ship, i. 318
Stables, Dr., R.N., on the punishment of the “cat,” i. 52, 53;
“Medical Life in the Navy,” i. 220
Staines, Sir Thomas: his discovery of the survivors of the _Bounty_,
i. 247, 248
Stamp Act in America, ii. 66
Star‐fish from the Atlantic; voyage of the _Challenger_, i. 31; iv.
125, 128
Stations, Naval: American, i. 102;
Pacific, 156;
Australian, 119, 131, 150;
China, 119, 137;
East India, 119;
Southeast American, 175;
West Indian, 178;
North American, 198;
African, 202
Steam‐power essential in deep‐sea sounding, i. 29, 30
Steam as a motive‐power for ships: early history, ii. 79–97
Steam‐ships first used for Arctic exploration, iii. 186
Steam war‐ships first introduced, i. 225
Steel ships, i. 84
Stephens, F. G.: “History of Gibraltar and its Sieges,” i. 90
Stephenson, Captain H. F.: winter quarters of the _Discovery_, iii.
100, 101;
_ Alert_ and _Discovery_ expedition, iii. 92
Stevenson, Allan: the Skerryvore lighthouse, ii. 175–178;
revolving and other lights, 186
Stevenson, Robert, Rennie’s assistant at the Bell Rock Lighthouse,
ii. 175
Stewart, Captain A.: search for Franklin, iii. 207
Stirling, J. D. Morriss, on the sea‐serpent, iv. 187, 189
Storms: the great gale of 1703;
Defoe’s account, ii. 199–209;
other accounts, 201, 202, 203;
“The Storm,” “After the Storm,” and other illustrations, iv.
292, 293, 296, 297, 300, 301
Straits of Gibraltar: scenery, i. 97
Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount: his verses on the lifeboat, ii.
211
Strombus, a univalve shell, iv. 144
Sturgeon and its roe; caviare, iv. 162
Submarine telegraph cables, iv. 98
Submerged forest, iv. 199
Suez, i. 110, 114, 115
Suez Canal: procession of ships at its opening, i. 97;
M. de Lesseps’ published works on the Canal; its origin and
completion, i. 107–115;
statistics, 115;
bird’s‐eye view, 109
Sugar plantations, Jamaica, i. 183
Sun, The. (_See_ Mock Suns.)
Sun at midnight in the Arctic regions, iii. 264
“Sunbeam:” voyage of circumnavigation, iv. 40; 61, 62
Sun‐fish, iv. 162, 164
Sunshine in the Polar regions, iii. 109
Surgeons in the navy, i. 52
_ Swallow_, i. 7
_ Swallow_, Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ship, i. 318
Swamped at sea: loss of the “London,” ii. 289, 290–297
Swedish Arctic expeditions, iii. 257
Swedish ships: sanitary arrangements, ii. 120
Sword‐fish, and mode of fishing for it, iv. 177, 178
Sydney, South Australia, i. 154;
its natural productions, _ib._;
the Domain; the botanic garden, 155; iv. 52
Symington, William: steam navigation, ii. 82;
his experiments, 83, 84, 92;
portrait, 85
Symons, Captain, lost in the “Amazon,” ii. 278, 282
Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope, i. 207
Tallack, W.: “Malta under the Phœnicians, Knights, and English,” i.
98
Tandon, Moquin, on sea‐monsters, i. 31
Tasman: his discovery of Tasmania, i. 151;
discovery of New Zealand, iv. 51;
the Maories, _ib._
Taylor, James: steam navigation, ii. 81, 83
Tchuktchi Indians: iii. 158;
building a hut, 157;
Professor Nordenskjöld at a Tchuktchi village, 275
Tea in Chili, i. 175;
Japanese, i. 133; iv. 43
Tea tax in America, ii. 67–69, 72;
thrown overboard, 69, 72
“Tegethoff:” Austro‐Hungarian Arctic expedition, iii. 271;
two years on an ice‐floe, _ib._;
the ship abandoned, 274
Telegraphy: submarine cables, iv. 98
Telescope, equatorial, at the Observatory, Greenwich, iv. 218
_ Téméraire_, i. 5, 10, 11;
her engines, i. 225
Temperature: of the depths of the sea, i. 30;
of the Atlantic Ocean, 37;
extreme cold in the Arctic regions, iii. 103, 105, 111, 135,
136, 171, 225, 236, 237, 276
Tenney, Matthew: his heroism on board the _Cumberland_, i. 22
Teredo, iv. 128
Ternati, Drake at, i. 312, 313
_ Terror_ and _Erebus_ among the icebergs, iii. 193, 197
_ Terror_: voyage of the _Terror_ under Captain Back, 196;
the ship nipped in the ice, 204;
Franklin’s last expedition, 207;
discovery of relics, 227, 230
Thames: Great Storm of 1703, ii. 204;
poetry of the, iv. 272
Theatre at Lima, i. 172
Theatres, Chinese, in San Francisco, i. 161
Theatricals: on the “Great Britain,” iv. 34;
“Royal Arctic Theatres” on the _Alert_ and _Discovery_, iii.
103;
on other Arctic ships, 170
“Thémistocle,” i. 7
Thermometers for deep‐sea sounding, i. 30, 37, 38
Thirst, sufferings from, ii. 16
Thomas, Captain, lost in the “Schiller,” ii. 267, 270
Thomson, J., “The Straits of Malacca,” i. 144
Thomson, Professor Wyville; cruise of the _Challenger_, i. 29
Thorne, Robert, his voyage of discovery, iii. 119
Thorpeness, Suffolk, iv. 247;
enterprise of Joseph Chard, _ib._
_ Thunderer_; her engines, i. 225
Tides of the Ocean, iv. 92
Tilbury Fort; Great Storm of 1703; West Indiamen wrecked, ii. 205
Time, mode of reckoning it in ships; “watches,” “bells,” “dog‐
watches,” i. 50
Time, difference between London and San Francisco, iv. 30
Timor, Lieut. Bligh at; mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 242
Tobacco in Cuba when discovered by Columbus, iii. 290
Tobago; Crusoe’s Island, i. 179
Top‐knot, a minute flat‐fish, iv. 206
Torpedo (fish), iv. 160
Torpedoes: Fulton’s submarine boat, ii. 88;
Marquis of Worcester’s inventions, 146;
Bishop Wilkins’s subaqueous vessel, or “ark,” 148;
Schott, Knuffler, Fulton’s torpedoes, _ib._, 149;
Cushing’s attack on the “Albemarle,” 151;
“Lay” torpedo, _ib._;
Porter’s, Fulton’s, Lay torpedo, Spar torpedo, 153;
Paraguayan torpedo, 154;
Harvey torpedo, 153, 155;
Whitehead or “fish” torpedo, 155
Torres, Luis Vaes de; Torres Strait, iii. 277
Tortuga, bucaniers at, iii. 5, 6;
wild dogs and horses, iii. 7;
its discovery; turtles, 315
Torture: Spaniards tortured by pirates, iii. 38
Toulon, Siege of, i. 6
“Trades’ Increase,” East Indiaman, ii. 13
Trafalgar, Battle of, i. 10–13, 227
Training Ships, i. 44;
the _Chichester_, 45, 47;
course of instruction and drill, 48, 49;
saluting officers, 48;
incessant work, 49; iv. 287
Transportation of convicts to Australia, i. 154
Treasure ships, i. 311; ii. 19, 55, 56, 59–61; iii. 60, 63
_ Trent_ in the ice, iii. 165, 166, 167
Trepang fisheries (Holothuria), iv. 127, 128
Trevethick, Robt., portrait, ii. 97
Trinidad, Columbus landing at, i. 177, 178; iii. 295;
visit of Amerigo Vespucci, 302;
Raleigh at, ii. 4, 33
Trinidad, Port of Spain, i. 179–182
Trinity House and the Trinity Corporation, iv. 287–289;
duties of the Board, 289;
light‐vessels and staff of the Corporation, _ib._;
royal and noble Masters and Brethren, _ib._;
fog‐horns or Siren signals, _ib._
Tripe de roche: rock‐lichen as food, iii. 241
Tristan d’Acunha, i. 38, 201
Triton, a univalve shell, iv. 144
Trochus, a univalve shell, iv. 141
Trollope, Anthony: “The West Indies and the Spanish Main,” i. 179,
182, 183;
Bermuda, 187, 188;
New Zealand, iv. 51;
Sydney, 52;
Melbourne, 54
Tromp, Martin, ii. 30
_ Tryal_, Commodore Anson’s ship, ii. 46, 50, 55
Tunny: tunny‐fishing, iv. 177
Turbo, a univalve shell, iv. 141
Turret‐ships: “Monitor,” “Merrimac,” “Miantonoma,” ii. 139, 140,
141;
interior of a turret‐ship, 142;
“Brooklyn,” “Ohio,” _Captain_, _Vanguard_, _Warrior_, _Black
Prince_, 143;
other turret‐ships:
_ Inflexible_, 144, 145;
_ Alexandra_, 146, 147
Turtle at the Island of Ascension, i. 202
“Tuscarora:” deep‐sea soundings, i. 28, 30
Twain, Mark: his account of the Bermudas, i. 189
Tyre, Ships of, i. 259
Unclassed ships, ii. 123
_ Union_ gun‐boat, i. 6
“United Kingdom,” steam‐ship, ii. 98, 99
“United States,” Dr. Hayes’s Arctic expedition, iii. 255
Univalves, iv. 139
Unseaworthy ships, ii. 112–119
Upernavik, Danish settlement at, iii. 254
Urchins: sea‐urchins, iv. 126, 128
Utah, iv. 23
Valetta, i. 98
Valparaiso, i. 172, 173
Vancouver: his discoveries, iii. 319
Vancouver Island: Esquimalt; Victoria, i. 163, 165;
Exploring Expedition, 167;
cedar canoes, _ib._;
“Chinook jargon,” _ib._;
Nanaimo, 168
Vandepat, Admiral, anecdotes of, i. 218
Vane, Captain Charles, the pirate, iii. 69;
betrayed by a former friend, and executed, 70
_ Vanguard_ (Nelson’s ship), i. 105; ii. 74
_ Vanguard_, loss of the, i. 33, 63–66; ii. 143
Van Tromp, Admiral, ii. 31
Vasco da Gama: the Cape doubled by him, i. 203;
discovery of Natal, 211;
his first voyage to India, iii. 298;
arrival at Calicut, 299;
second expedition, _ib._;
arrival at, and death in, Cochin China, 300;
portrait, 301
Vasco Nuñez, his discoveries in the Pacific, iii. 314
Vasco Perez de Meira; his siege of Gibraltar, i. 91
Veddahs, wild men of the woods in Ceylon, i. 119
“Vega”: Professor Nordenskjöld’s Arctic voyage, iii. 274
_ Venerable_: mutiny of the Nore, i. 254
Venetian ships, i. 262
Venice, Breakwater at, ii. 188
“Venus’s Flower‐basket,” i. 30, 32
Verne, Jules: “Round the World in Eighty Days,” iv. 2, 5
Verne: citadel of the Verne, Portland, ii. 196, 197
Vernon, Admiral (“Old Grog”), i. 51
“Vesta” (Russian) and “Assari Tefvik” (Turkish) ships: action
between them, i. 27
Victoria (Hong Kong), described by Baron Hübner, iv. 43
Victoria, Vancouver Island, i. 163, 165
Victoria Land discovered by Sir James Ross, iii. 280
_ Victory_: Sir John Ross’s Arctic ship, iii. 186, 225
_ Victory_: Queen Elizabeth’s ship, i. 292
_ Victory_: Nelson’s ship, i. 4–12, 96, 227
Vikings: their galleys, i. 263;
their Arctic voyages, iii. 115
Viking ship discovered at Gokstad, iv. 230
Villeneuve, Admiral of the French fleet at Trafalgar, i. 11
Virgil’s “Æneid,” references to the sea, iv. 291
“Virginia,” “Merrimac,” i. 19
Virginia discovered by Amadas and Barlow, i. 319;
named by Queen Elizabeth, _ib._;
colonisation of, ii. 2
Vogt, on the _Agalma rubra_, iv. 118
Voices of fish, iv. 178
Volante, a carriage in Havana, i. 184
Volcanoes: in the Antarctic region, iii. 280;
in Japan, iv. 47;
in New Zealand, 50;
in the West Indies, i. 186;
volcanic origin of Bermuda, i. 187
Volunteers, Naval, i. 232–234
Voluta, a univalve shell, iv. 141
_ Wager_, Commodore Anson’s ship, ii. 46, 51, 54
“Waisters” in guard ships, i. 45
Walker, Dr. David: “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 216
“Walnut Shell” boat, for Franklin’s second expedition, iii. 194
Walrus, iii. 146, 157, 166;
early description of it, 130
Walrus meat, iii. 238, 240, 245, 263
Walter, Rev. R., “Anson’s Voyage Round the World,” ii. 46
Warburton, Eliot, “The Crescent and the Cross,” i. 98;
lost in the “Amazon,” ii. 283
_ Warrior_, the first English ironclad, i. 18, 85; ii. 143;
her engine‐room, i. 225, 226
Warwick, the King‐maker: his piracies, i. 276
“Watches” and “dog‐watches,” i. 50
Watt, James: the steam‐engine, ii. 80;
portrait, 97
Waves off the Cape of Good Hope, iv. 89
Webb, Capt. Matthew, his “Art of Swimming,” iv. 258;
his wonderful feats in natation, iv. 258–266;
portrait, 265
Weddell, Captain: voyage to the South Seas, iii. 279
Weever‐fish, iv. 205, 206
Weppner, Margharita: Falls of Niagara, iv. 15;
San Francisco, 30
West Indian Islands, map, iii. 17
West India Naval Station, i. 178
West Indies: the home of the bucaniers, iii. 2
Weymouth’s attempt to discover North‐West Passage, iii. 143
Weyprecht, Lieutenant: Austro‐Hungarian Arctic expedition in the
“Tegethoff,” iii. 271
Whales and whale‐fishing, iv. 179–184;
Northern and Southern whales, 180, 181;
sperm whale, spermaceti, 181, 182;
blubber and oil, 182;
harpooning, 183;
whales in North Pacific, 32
Whalers of Behring Sea, i. 139, 140
Whale Sound, Greenland, iii. 233
Whirlpools: iv. 92, 93, 95
Whitby, iv. 256
White, John, first governor of Virginia, ii. 2
White, Walter: “A Sailor Boy’s Log‐book,” i. 48
Whitehaven attacked by Paul Jones, iii. 72
Whitehead torpedo, ii. 155
“White Star” Line of Steam‐ships, ii. 111
“White Star” Liner crossing the Atlantic, iv. 1
Whitstable oyster beds, iv. 137
Whitworth, Sir Joseph; big guns and armour‐plates, i. 86
Wilkes, Lieut., discovery of South Polar land, iii. 279
Wilkins, Bishop; submarine vessel or “ark,” ii. 148
William the Conqueror’s ships, i. 266
William III.’s Navy, i. 232
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, his disastrous voyage, iii. 122
Wind in the Polar regions, iii. 111
Winds in the Mediterranean, i. 107
Wine for sailors in the French Navy, i. 51
Winstanley, Henry, first Eddystone Lighthouse, ii. 159, 199
Wolf Rock, Land’s End, iv. 210;
Lighthouse, _ib._
Wolves, Sir John Richardson’s adventure with, iii. 189, 190
Woman at Sea, iv. 56–65
Women, Life saved by, iv. 221
Wooden and Iron Ships compared, i. 9, 13;
“The Fleet of the Future: Iron or Wood,” by J. Scott Russell,
F.R.S., 85
Wood, Sir Andrew, of Largo: his victory over English ships, i. 277,
278;
commander of the “Great Michael,” 281
Wood, Rev. J. G.: sea‐weeds, iv. 200, 202
Woodcroft, Bennett, on “Steam Navigation,” ii. 79, 81, 83, 84;
the screw propeller, ii. 104
“Woolpacket,” wreck of the, ii. 224;
hovellers, 251
Worcester, Marquis of; his inventions: torpedoes, ii. 146;
use of steam, ii. 79
Worden, Lieutenant, wounded in the first “Monitor,” i. 24
Worley, Captain, the pirate, hanged, iii. 70
Wrangell: Russian Arctic exploration, iii. 185
Wrecks, Statistics of, i. 3; iv. 285
Wreckers, ii. 304, 310
“Wrecking,” as a profession, ii. 235;
the king’s privileges, 237;
Cœur de Lion and his enactments, _ib._;
the Rôles d’Oleron, _ib._;
false pilots, _ib._;
laws of George II., _ib._;
false lights, 238;
waiting for a wreck, 241;
wreckers at work; murders; actual examples, 239;
wreckers executed, 240;
plunder of the “Inverness,” 241, 244;
police attacked by thousands, 242;
“Bergetta” plundered, 242;
arguments of wreckers, _ib._;
wrecking at the Bahamas, 244;
“hovelling _v._ wrecking,” 245;
moral aspect of “wrecking” 256
Wreck Register of the National Life‐boat Institution, ii. 318
“Wright, G. S.,” telegraph steamer, i. 138, 143
Xavier, Francis: Christianity introduced by him into Japan, i. 129
Yarmouth, iv. 248;
herring fishery, 250;
shipwrecks; loss of the “Osprey,” 249, 250
Yeh, Commissioner: capture of, i. 122
Yellow Sea, i. 122
Yokohama, i. 128, 129, 130; iv. 40
Yorkshire: sketches of the sea‐coast, iv. 251
Young, Captain Allen: cruise of the “Pandora,” iii. 92–98;
“Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, 216, 218
Young, Brigham: Mormonism, iv. 2–4
Ysbrants: his voyage of discovery, iii. 129
Yukon river, i. 170
Zeigai Islands in the Red Sea, i. 117
Zeni, The Brothers: their Arctic exploration, iii. 117
Zoology, Marine. (_See_ _Challenger_, Cruise of the.)
Zoophytes, i. 31; iv. 111
[Illustration]
FOOTNOTES
1 Mrs. Brassey: “A Voyage in the _Sunbeam_.” Her trip occupied eleven
months.
2 From a rare work in the author’s possession, entitled, “Songs of the
Ship; or the British Seaman’s Jovial and _Everlasting_ Songster.”
3 Margharita Weppner, Author of “The North Star and the Southern
Cross.”
4 “American Notes for General Circulation.”
5 The late Mr. W. S. Lindsay, in his “History of Merchant Shipping,”
stated that Mr. and Mrs. Inman, “greatly to their credit, made a
voyage in one of their earliest emigrant steamers, expressly for the
purpose of ameliorating the discomforts and evils hitherto but too
common in emigrant ships.”
6 Margharita Weppner.
7 “Westward by Rail.”
8 _Vide_ page 18.
9 Pronounced _Kanyon_. The word is of Spanish origin, and signifies a
deep rocky defile.
10 All in the territory, and there are now a large number of miners,
who are not believers in the Mormon faith, are considered outsiders
and “Gentiles.”
11 The highest newspaper offices in the United States, and, it is
hardly to be doubted, in the world, are in Colorado. Georgetown,
8,452 feet elevation, has one; Central City, has two dailies,
published at 8,300 feet above the sea level.
12 Although the railway had remained intact, avalanches had occurred
that winter in the mountain districts of Nevada and Utah,
accompanied by serious loss of life.
13 “A Ramble Round the World.” Translated by Lady Herbert.
14 A. D. Carlisle, B.A., in “Round the World in 1870.”
15 A. W. Guillemard: “Over Land and Sea. A Log of Travel Round the
World in 1873‐4.”
16 E. K. Laird: “The Rambles of a Globe Trotter in Australia, Japan,
China, Java, India, and Cashmere.”
17 This fine vessel while lying at anchor in the roadstead of Yokohama,
on the 24th of August, 1872, was destroyed by fire. In seven minutes
after the first flames were discovered the ship from stem to stern
was one sheet of flame. At the last moment the captain, terribly
burnt, threw himself in the water and was rescued. Three Europeans
and sixty Chinamen were either burnt to death or drowned. The
Chinese, determined not to lose their savings, dawdled a little, and
then threw themselves all together on a ladder, which broke with
their weight. The gold found on their corpses proved that not one
had returned poor from California. It is needless to say that
Hübner’s description of the size of the _America_ is incorrect.
18 “A Voyage in the _Sunbeam_.”
19 Hübner.
20 _Vide_ “Over Land and Sea.”
21 E. K. Laird: “The Rambles of a Globe Trotter.”
22 In “Australia and New Zealand.”
23 In 1872 there were 41,000,000 sheep and 4,340,000 horned cattle in
Australia. The tinned meat and extract works employ a large number
of hands at good wages.
24 Let the reader compare the following verses of Genesis:—“In the six
hundredth year of Noah’s life, in the second month, the seventeenth
day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great
deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened.”—Chap. vii.,
verse 11.
“And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the
first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up
from off the earth: and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and
looked, and, behold, the face of the ground was dry.
“And in the second month, on the seven and twentieth day of the
month, was the earth dried.”—Chap. viii., verses 13 and 14.
25 Vol. III., First Series, page 509.
26 This chapter is based on the works of Tennant, Darwin, Gosse,
Figuier, and other authorities.
27 About £48,000.
28 In “The Origin of Species.”
29 The bulk of this chapter is derived from the following works:—“The
Conquest of the Sea,” Siebe; “English Seamen and Divers,” M.
Esquiros; an Article in “The Shipwrecked Mariner,” Vol. XXII.; &c.
30 “Tales of Mystery and Imagination.”
31 This account is mainly derived from the “History of the Atlantic
Telegraph,” by Dr. Henry M. Field; “The Story of Cyrus Field;” and
Dr. Russell’s letters in the _Times_.
32 Leblond: “Voyage aux Antilles.”
33 “A Year by the Sea‐side.”
34 “La Mer.”
35 The popular idea regarding the necessity for the letter _r_ in the
open months for oyster‐eating is tolerably correct in Europe, but
will not apply to all parts of the world.
36 The varied information concerning the oyster contained in this
chapter is mainly derived from Bertram’s “Harvest of the Sea”;
Figuier’s “Ocean World”; and from an interesting little _brochure_
entitled “The Oyster, Where, How, and When to Find;” &c.
37 The ancients masticated their oysters, and did not bolt or gulp them
down. Many distinguished modern authorities agree with them. Dr.
Kitchiner says it must be eaten alive. “The true lover of an
oyster,” says he, “will have some regard for the feelings of his
little favourite, and contrive to detach the fish from the shell so
dexterously that the oyster is hardly conscious he has been ejected
from his lodging till he _feels the teeth_ of the piscivorous
gourmet tickling him to death.”
38 “The Harvest of the Sea.”
39 _Vide_ “The Natural History and Fishery of the Sperm Whale.”
40 In “The World of the Sea.” M. Tandon is commenting on the account
published by M. Sabin Barthelot, then French Consul at the Canary
Islands.
41 This account of the crustaceans is derived from the works of Milne‐
Edwards, Pennant and Bell, Gosse, Couch, Broderip, Rymer Jones and
Major Lord, Figuier and Tandon.
42 Louis Cecil.
43 The contents of this chapter are derived from Dr. Bertram’s “Harvest
of the Sea,” Figuier’s “Ocean World,” Hartwig’s “Sea and its Living
Wonders,” Murphy’s “Rambles in North‐Western America,” &c.
44 The reader interested in further details will do well to peruse J.
Mortimer Murphy’s “Rambles in North‐Western America.”
45 A very stout man, placed where no food is obtainable, will (health
and age being identical) live longer than a lean one. There is a
recorded case of a fat man living nearly sixty days without food.
46 In his “Rambles beyond Railways.”
47 This watcher also receives a percentage on the “take” of fish.
48 The contents of this chapter are derived mainly from the works of
Owen, Beale, Maury, Scammon, Gosse, and Timbs.
49 Formerly, when spermaceti was only used in medicine, many tons of it
were annually thrown into the Thames as useless, the supply being so
much in excess of the demand.
50 From an article entitled “Shipmates I have Known,” in _The
Shipwrecked Mariner_: Journal of the Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society.
51 The bulk of this chapter is derived from Philip Henry Gosse’s
“Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devonshire Coast;” “Tenby: a Seaside
Holiday;” “A Year at the Shore;” the Rev. J. G. Wood’s “Common
Objects of the Sea‐shore;” and Madame de Gasparin’s charming idyl,
“By the Sea‐shore.”
52 “By the Sea‐shore.”
53 The reader may have found in his own experience that a garment which
has been well drenched in salt water will always attract damp,
however much dried by the fire. The only remedy is to thoroughly
wash it in fresh water, and then dry it.
54 This account is mainly derived from Wilkie Collins’s “Rambles beyond
Railways,” and the Rev. C. A. Johns’s “Week at the Lizard.”
55 “A Week at the Lizard.”
56 The writer acknowledges his indebtedness to a series of papers
entitled “Visits to the Sea Coasts,” published in the _Journal of
the Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society_. That noble institution relieved
in 1878‐9 no less than 3,452 shipwrecked persons, by clothing them,
and forwarding them to their homes, and in the case of fishermen,
helping them to repair damage done in gales, &c., to their boats and
fishing‐gear. Seven thousand four hundred and ninety widows of
mariners were relieved during that period, while 2,400 receive small
_annual_ allowances. A Seamen’s Provident Fund is also managed by
the Society, to which 50,000 mariners contributed. During the period
mentioned above ten gold and silver medals, a handsome sextant, and
£25 in money, were awarded for saving fifty‐one lives on the high
seas or abroad. The society also organised the “Royal Alfred Aged
Merchant Seamen’s Institution,” the home of which, at Belvedere,
Kent, shelters about 100 poor mariners, and relieves by an out‐
pension a still larger number. Readers of this work who have been
moved by the many tales of peril and heroism undergone and displayed
by seamen and fishermen, will do well to remember, and remember
practically, this worthy and most economically‐managed society.
57 _United Service Gazette._
58 _United Service Gazette._
59 This account of the loss of the _Grosser Kurfürst_ is condensed from
an article in the _United Service Gazette_.
60 R. M. Ballantyne; “The Floating Light on the Goodwin Sands.”
61 “Visits to the Sea Coasts,” in _The Shipwrecked Mariner_.
62 Sarah Doudney.
63 In a letter to _The Shipwrecked Mariner_, January, 1873.
64 Leander.
“Who was nightly wont
(What maid will not the tale remember?)
To cross thy stream, broad Hellespont!”
65 The feat of swimming across the Dardanelles was also successfully
accomplished by Lieut. Moore and Gunner Mahoney, of H.M.S.
_Shearwater_, on the 25th November, 1872.
66 We are indebted to Captain Webb’s “Art of Swimming,” edited by A. G.
Payne; “The Channel Feats,” &c., by “Dolphin”; the Journals of the
National Life‐Boat Institution and the Shipwrecked Mariners’
Society.
67 It will be remembered that Captain Webb has since remained
respectively _sixty_ and _seventy‐two_ consecutive hours in the
water, with, of course, little attempt at natatory exertion.
68 _United Service Magazine._
69 Edwin Hodder; “Heroes of Britain in Peace and War.”
70 “Memoirs of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, Bart.,” edited by his son.
71 The _brochure_ which Mr. Reade wrote with the view of raising a fund
for poor Lambert is entitled, “A Hero and a Martyr.” It was printed
mainly for private circulation.
72 _A wean wastit_—a child thrown away.
73 Flood.
74 Tense of the old verb “wend”—to go.
75 Run and squeal.
76 Upset.
77 Fan.
78 These.
79 Those.
80 The scale of relief to members, their widows, orphans, or parents
(when dependent) is as liberal as one could expect. A fisherman or
mariner receives compensation for loss of boat or clothes; a widow
with two children may obtain as much as £19 2s. 6d.; and with four
children, £25 10s.
81 Extract from address of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh at annual
meeting.
82 “English Seamen and Divers.”
83 Condensed from an article by W. Senior in the _Shipwrecked Mariner_.
84 The most powerful fog‐horns introduced into this country are those
known as the Siren signals, which are illustrated in our plate. This
name is given to them on account of the sound being “produced by
means of a disc, with twelve radial slits, being made to rotate in
front of a fixed disc exactly similar. The moving disc revolves
2,800 times a minute, and in each revolution there are, of course,
twelve coincidences between the two discs; through the openings thus
made steam or air at high pressure is allowed to pass, so that there
are actually twelve times 2,800 (or 33,600) puffs of steam or
compressed air every minute. This causes a sound of very great
power, which the cast‐iron trumpet, twenty feet in length,
compresses to a certain extent, and the blast goes out as a sort of
sound‐beam in the direction required.” The Siren, which was
originally designed in New York, and was first adopted by the
American Lighthouse Board, can be heard in all kinds of weather at
from two‐and‐a‐half to three miles, and on favourable occasions at
as many as sixteen miles out at sea.
85 Francis Quarles.
86 “Virgil’s Sea Descriptions,” _Cornhill Magazine_, October, 1874.
87 Bermudas.
88 Let Shakespearian students note the allusions to piracy contained in
the following references:—_Twelfth Night_, Act V. scene 1; _Measure
for Measure_, I. 2, and IV. 3; _Merchant of Venice_, I. 3; Second
Part of _Henry VI._, IV. 1, 9; _Richard III._, I. 3; _Antony and
Cleopatra_, I. 4, II. 6; _Pericles_, IV. 2, 3–V. 1; _Hamlet_, IV. 6.
89 Pillaged.
90 Wanton.
91 The father, Charles Dibdin, and his two sons, one of the latter of
whom was the author of the popular “All’s Well.” Many popular sea‐
songs, written by others during the epoch of the Dibdins and later,
are, however, very commonly but erroneously placed to their credit.
Among those often ascribed to them are the following, really written
by the subjoined authors:—“The Death of Nelson” (S. J. Arnold), “The
Bay of Biscay” (Andrew Cherry), “Rule, Britannia” (J. Thompson),
“The Saucy Arethusa” (Prince Hoare), “The Storm” (“Cease, rude
Boreas”: G. A. Stevens), “The Sailor’s Consolation” (“One night came
on a hurricane”: W. Pitt), “Ye Mariners of England” (Thomas
Campbell), “Ye Gentlemen of England” (Martin Parker). The well‐known
song “William and Susan,” in the nautical drama “Black‐eyed Susan,”
is in like manner sometimes attributed to Douglas Jerrold, the real
author of the ever‐verdant play, but the ballad itself was written
by Thomas Gay.
92 The reader not familiar with the poetical works of this authoress is
recommended to peruse “’Tis a Wild Night at Sea” and “The Rover’s
Death.”
93 The _Cornhill Magazine_, March, 1871.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs
and are near the text they illustrate.
An illustration which was missing from the List of Illustrations has been
added to it.
The following changes have been made to the text:
page iii, dash added after “Soaped Rails”
page iv, dash added after “The First Idea of the Atlantic Cable” and
after “The Employment of the _Great Eastern_”
page vi, dash added after “Bold and Timid Lads” and after “The ‘True
Ring’”
page 11, quote mark added after “petulantly.”
page 38, double “the” removed before “captain”
page 66, quote mark added before “I saw”
page 74, quote mark removed after “breadth.”
page 90, “suphuretted” changed to “sulphuretted”
page 91, period added after “hour”
page 133, dash removed after “that” and added before it
page 134, second quote mark added before “That”, “The oysters” and
“True,”
page 153, comma removed after “lucky”
page 165, quote mark added after “stage.”
page 256, quote mark removed before “If”
page 299, quote mark removed before “Rover’s”
page 303, quote mark added before “new departure”
page 304, quote mark added after “sea.”
page 308, “vovage” changed to “voyage”
page 310, “Fiskernœs” changed to “Fiskernæs”
Additionally, the punctuation in the General Index has been regularized in
several places.
Differences between the table of contents and the chapter summaries have
not been corrected. Neither have variations in hyphenation been
normalized.