refuse to receive or keep any prisoner committed to his charge, by an
officer belonging to the forces of the United States; provided the
officer committing, shall, at the same time, deliver an account in
writing, signed by himself, of the crime with which the said prisoner
is charged.
Art. 81. No officer commanding a guard, or provost marshal, shall
presume to release any person committed to his charge, without proper
authority for so doing, nor shall he suffer any person to escape, on
the penalty of being punished for it by the sentence of a court-martial.
Art. 82. Every officer or provost marshal, to whose charge prisoners
shall be committed, shall, within twenty four hours after such
commitment, or as soon as he shall be relieved from his guard,
make report in writing, to the commanding officer, of their names,
their crimes, and the names of the officers who committed them, on
the penalty of being punished for disobedience or neglect, at the
discretion of a court-martial.
Art. 83. Any commissioned officer convicted before a general
court-martial of conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman, shall
be dismissed the service.
Art. 84. In cases where a court-martial may think it proper to sentence
a commissioned officer to be suspended from command, they shall have
power also to suspend his pay and emoluments for the same time,
according to the nature and heinousness of the offence.
Art. 85. In all cases where a commissioned officer is cashiered for
cowardice or fraud, it shall be added in the sentence, that the crime,
name, and place of abode and punishment of the delinquent, be published
in the newspapers in and about the camp, and of the particular state
from which the offender came, or where he usually resides, after which
it shall be deemed scandalous for an officer to associate with him.
Art. 86. The commanding officer of any post or detachment, in which
there shall not be a number of officers adequate to form a general
court-martial, shall, in cases which require the cognizance of such a
court, report to the commanding officer of the department, who shall
order a court to be assembled at the nearest post or detachment, and
the party accused, with necessary witnesses, to be transported to the
place where the said court shall be assembled.
Art. 87. No person shall be sentenced to suffer death, but by the
concurrence of two thirds of the members of a general court-martial,
nor except in the cases herein expressly mentioned; nor shall more
than fifty lashes be inflicted on any offender, at the discretion of a
court-martial; and no officer, non-commissioned officer, soldier, or
follower of the army, shall be tried a second time for the same offence.
Art. 88. No person shall be liable to be tried and punished by a
general court-martial for any offence which shall appear to have been
committed more than two years before the issuing of the order for such
trial, unless the person, by reason of having absented himself or some
other manifest impediment, shall not have been amenable to justice
within that period.
Art. 89. Every officer authorised to order a general court-martial,
shall have power to pardon or mitigate any punishment ordered by such
court, except the sentence of death, or of cashiering an officer;
which, in the cases where he has authority (by article 65) to carry
them into execution, he may suspend, until the pleasure of the
president of the United States can be known; which suspension, together
with copies of the proceedings of the court-martial, the said officer
shall immediately transmit to the president, for his determination. And
the colonel or commanding officer of the regiment or garrison, where
any regimental or garrison court-martial shall be held, may pardon or
mitigate any punishment ordered by such court to be inflicted.
Art. 90. Every judge advocate, or person officiating as such, at any
general court-martial, shall transmit, with as much expedition as the
opportunity of time and distance of place can admit, the original
proceedings and sentence of such court-martial, to the secretary of
war, which said original proceedings and sentence shall be carefully
kept and preserved in the office of said secretary, to the end that the
persons entitled thereto may be enabled, upon application to the said
office, to obtain copies thereof.
The party tried by any general court-martial shall, upon demand thereof
made by himself or by any person or persons in his behalf, be entitled
to a copy of the sentence and proceedings of such court-martial.
Art. 91. In cases where the general or commanding officer may order
a court of inquiry to examine into the nature of any transaction,
accusation, or imputation against any officer or soldier, the said
court shall consist of one or more officers, not exceeding three, and
a judge advocate, or other suitable person as a recorder, to reduce
the proceedings and evidence to writing, all of whom shall be sworn
to the faithful performance of their duty. This court shall have the
same power to summon witnesses as a court-martial, and to examine them
on oath. But they shall not give their opinion on the merits of the
case, excepting they shall be thereto specially required. The parties
accused shall also be permitted to cross examine and interrogate the
witnesses, so as to investigate fully the circumstances in question.
Art. 92. The proceedings of a court of inquiry must be authenticated
by the signature of the recorder and the president, and delivered to
the commanding officer: and the said proceedings may be admitted as
evidence by a court-martial, in cases not capital, or extending to
the dismission of an officer, provided that the circumstances are
such, that oral testimony cannot be obtained. But as courts of inquiry
may be perverted to dishonorable purposes, and may be considered as
engines of destruction to military merit, in the hands of weak and
envious commandants, they are hereby prohibited, unless directed by the
president of the United States, or demanded by the accused.
Art. 93. The judge advocate, or recorder, shall administer to the
members the following oath:
“You shall well and truly examine and inquire, according to your
evidence, into the matter now before you, without partiality, favor,
affection, prejudice, or hope of reward. So help you God.”
After which the president shall administer to the judge advocate, or
recorder, the following oath:
“You, A. B. do swear that you will, according to your best abilities,
accurately and impartially record the proceedings of the court, and the
evidence to be given in the case in hearing. So help you God.”
The witnesses shall take the same oath as witnesses sworn before a
court-martial.
Art. 94. When any commissioned officer shall die or be killed in the
service of the United States, the major of the regiment, or the officer
doing the major’s duty in his absence, or in any post or garrison,
the second officer in command, or the assistant military agent, shall
immediately secure all his effects or equipage, then in camp or
quarters, and shall make an inventory thereof, and forthwith transmit
the same to the office of the department of war, to the end that his
executors or administrators may receive the same.
Art. 95. When any non-commissioned officer, or soldier, shall die, or
be killed in the service of the United States, the then commanding
officer of the troop, or company, shall, in the presence of two
other commissioned officers, take an account of what effects he died
possessed of, above his arms and accoutrements, and transmit the same
to the office of the department of war; which said effects are to
be accounted for, and paid to the representatives of such deceased
non-commissioned officer or soldier. And in case any of the officers,
so authorised to take care of the effects of deceased officers and
soldiers, should, before they have accounted to their representatives
for the same, have occasion to leave the regiment, or post, by
preferment, or otherwise, they shall, before they be permitted to
quit the same, deposit in the hands of the commanding officer, or
of the assistant military agent, all the effects of such deceased
non-commissioned officers and soldiers, in order that the same may be
secured for, and paid to, their respective representatives.
Art. 96. All officers, conductors, gunners, matrosses, drivers, or
other persons whatsoever, receiving pay, or hire, in the service of
the artillery, or corps of engineers of the United States, shall be
governed by the aforesaid rules and articles, and shall be subject
to be tried by courts-martial, in like manner with the officers and
soldiers of the other troops in the service of the United States.
Art. 97. The officers and soldiers of any troops, whether militia or
others, being mustered and in pay of the U. States, shall, at all
times, and in all places, when joined, or acting in conjunction with
the regular forces of the U. States, be governed by these rules and
articles of war, and shall be subject to be tried by courts-martial, in
like manner with the officers and soldiers in the regular forces, save
only, that such courts-martial shall be composed entirely of militia
officers.
Art. 98. All officers, serving by commission from the authority of any
particular state, shall on all detachments, courts-martial, or other
duty, wherein they may be employed in conjunction with the regular
forces of the U. States, take rank, next after all officers of the like
grade in said regular forces, notwithstanding the commissions of such
militia or state officers may be elder than the commissions of the
officers of the regular forces of the U. States.
Art. 99. All crimes not capital, and all disorders and neglects which
officers and soldiers may be guilty of, to the prejudice of good order
and military discipline, though not mentioned in the foregoing articles
of war, are to be taken cognizance of by a general or regimental
court-martial, according to the nature and degree of the offence, and
be punished at their discretion.
Art. 100. The president of the United States, shall have power to
prescribe the uniform of the army.
Art. 101. The foregoing articles are to be read and published once
in every six months, to every garrison, regiment, troop or company,
mustered or to be mustered in the service of the U. States, and are to
be duly observed and obeyed, by all officers and soldiers who are or
shall be in said service.
SECT. II. _And be it further enacted_, That in time of war, all persons
not citizens of, or owing allegiance to the U. States of America,
who shall be found lurking as spies, in or about the fortifications
or encampments of the armies of the U. States, or any of them, shall
suffer death, according to the law and usage of nations, by sentence
of a general court-martial.
SECT. III. _And be it further enacted_, That the rules and regulations,
by which the armies of the U. States have heretofore been governed, and
the resolves of Congress thereunto annexed, and respecting the same,
shall, henceforth be void and of no effect, except so far as may relate
to any transactions under them, prior to the promulgation of this act,
at the several posts and garrisons respectively, occupied by any part
of the army of the U. States. _April 10, 1806._
_Council of_ WAR, is an assembly of great officers called by a general,
or commander, to deliberate with him on enterprizes and attempts to
be made. On some occasions, council of war is also understood of an
assembly of officers, sitting in judgment on delinquent soldiers,
deserters, coward officers, &c.
WAR. This word is frequently prefixed or attached to things or persons,
in order to distinguish their particular state or functions, viz.
WAR _establishment_. See ESTABLISHMENT.
WAR _minister_. See SECRETARY.
_Secretary at_ WAR. An efficient character at the head of the war
office, with whom all matters belonging to the army _rest_. See OFFICE.
WAR-_Cry_, was formerly customary in the armies of most nations, when
they were just upon the point of engaging. Sometimes it consisted of
tumultuous shouts, or horrid yells, uttered with an intent to strike
terror into their adversaries; such as is now used by the Indians in
America, called the _war-whoop_.
WARASDINS, a kind of Sclavonian soldiers, clothed like the Turks,
with a sugar-loaf bonnet instead of a hat. Their arms are a fusee and
pistols; the butt end of their fusee serves for a spade, when they have
occasion to throw up earth.
_To_ WARD. To guard; to watch; to defend; to parry any attack.
WARD. Watch; the act of guarding. A garrison or party stationed for
defence of any place; a position of defence, or guard made by a weapon
in fencing. That part of a lock, which, corresponding to the proper
key, hinders any other from opening it. A district of a town; division
of a building, &c. It is also used to denote one under the care and
subject to the control of a guardian.
WARDEN. A keeper; a head officer.
WARDEN, _or lord Warden of the Cinque ports_. A magistrate that has
the jurisdiction of those havens in the east part of England, commonly
called the cinque ports, or five havens, where he is invested with
all that jurisdiction which the admiral of England has in places not
exempt. According to Cowel, from whom this explanation is taken, the
reason why one magistrate should be assigned to these havens seems to
be, because, in respect to their situation, they formerly required
a more vigilant care than other havens, being in greater danger of
invasion. On this account the lord chief warden of the cinque should
be an officer of some experience, well skilled in the art of defence,
and equal to the superintendance of so important a range of coast, upon
which France had cast a jealous eye from time immemorial, and where
Cæsar made a successful landing. It is, however, little more than a
sinecure situation, and a snug retreat for ex-ministers.
By act the 26th of Geo. III. it has been enacted, that the warden of
the cinque ports, two ancient towns, and their members, and in his
absence his lieutenant or lieutenants, may put in execution, within the
said ports, towns and members, all the powers and authorities given
and granted by this act, in like manner as lieutenants of counties and
their deputy lieutenants, may do, and shall keep up and continue the
usual number of soldiers in the said ports, towns and members, unless
he or they find cause to lessen the same. The militia of the ports
is, according to this act, to remain separate from the militia of the
counties, and may be called out, pursuant to an act passed in the 13th
and 14th years of king Charles the Second, notwithstanding the pay
advanced may not have been reimbursed.
WARDER. A guard; a truncheon by which an officer at arms forbade fight.
WARFARE. Military service, state of war.
_To_ WARFARE. To lead a military life.
WARHABLE. WARLIKE. Military; fit for war.
WARLIKE _virtues_, are, love of our country, courage, valor, prudence,
intrepidity, temperance, disinterestedness, obedience, wisdom,
vigilance, and patience. In the last celebration of the anniversary
of the destruction of the Bastille, which took place at Paris on the
14th of July, 1789, the French characterized these eleven virtues by
the following emblems:--a pelican, a lion, a horse, a stag, a wolf, an
elephant, a dog, a yoked ox, an owl, a cock, and a camel.
WARNED. Admonished of some duty to be performed at a given time or
place. Thus officers and soldiers are warned for guard, &c.
WARRANT. A writ of authority inferior to a commission: thus
quarter-masters are warrant officers.
_To_ WARRAY. To make war upon any state or body of men. An obsolete
word.
WARREN. A kind of park for rabbits.
WARREN, at Woolwich, England, so called from the spot having formerly
been stocked with rabbits. It now comprehends the head-quarters for the
royal artillery, the royal foundery, the royal laboratory, and royal
military academy; also famous for proofs and experiments of artillery,
and great apparatus of war.
WARRIOR. A soldier; one who fights in war.
WAR-_Whoop_. A signal of attack among the Indians. See WHOOP.
WARWOLF. In ancient military history, an engine for throwing stones and
other great masses.
WAR-WORN. Worn out in the service.
WASELAAT, _Ind._ Collections made.
WASEL _Baky_, _Ind._ Collections made, and balances struck.
WASHER. A flat circular ring put on the axle-tree, between the
linch-pin and small end of the nave, to prevent the nave rubbing
against the linch-pin and wearing it, as likewise to diminish the
friction of the nave.
WASSYOUT _Nama_, _Ind._ A will or last testament
_To_ WATCH. To keep guard; to be attentive and vigilant; to observe the
conduct of any one.
WATCH. A duty performed on board of ship. It likewise means the person
who performs that duty.
_Serjeant of the_ WATCH. A non-commissioned officer belonging to the
marines or other troops on board, who does duty for a stated period. At
sea, the term watch denotes a measure or space of four hours, because
half the ship’s company watch and do duty in their turns, so long at a
time: and they are called the starboard watch and larboard watch.
The following instructions have been published respecting the watch
duty which is to be done by troops embarked in transports, &c.
At eight o’clock in the evening, every man is to be in his birth,
except the men on watch: the officer of the watch to go round with a
lanthorn, to see that the above has been complied with.
The whole to be divided into three watches, both subaltern officers and
men; the watch gives all the sentries, &c. &c.
A captain of the day to be appointed, to whom the subaltern of the
watch will make his reports; and the captain to the commanding officer;
if there be a superior officer on board.
The whole watch to be always on deck, except when rain obliges them to
go down for shelter; and, in fine weather, every man should be upon
deck the whole day.
WATCHMAN. A centinel, one set to keep guard.
WATCHTOWER. A tower on which a centinel was posted to keep guard
against an enemy.
WATERING-_Call_. A trumpet sounding, on which the cavalry assemble to
water their horses.
WATER-_Rocket_. A kind of firework made to burn in the water.
WATERING-_Cap_. A cap, made of leather or cloth, which dragoons wear
when they water their horses or do stable-duty.
WATERING-_Jacket_. A waistcoat with sleeves, which dragoons wear on the
above occasions.
WATREGANS, _Fr._ This word is pronounced _outregans_, there being no W
in the French alphabet. It is a Flemish term which is generally used
in France, and signifies a ditch full of water, that has been made
for the purpose of separating lands and inheritances. These ditches
are sometimes large enough to receive small boats or barges, and run
through a whole village.
WATTLE. A hurdle made by entwining twigs together.
WAY. A military road among the Romans and Saxons.
WAY _of the rounds_, in fortification, is a space left for the passage
of the rounds, between the rampart and the wall of a fortified town.
This is not much in use at present. See BERME.
_To_ WAYLAY. To beset by ambush.
WAYWODE, _Ind._ A prince; a chieftain.
WEAPON. An instrument of offence.
WEAPONED. Armed; furnished with arms of offence.
WEAPONLESS. Unarmed; having no weapon.
WEAR. A sluice-gate, or dam to shut up the water.
WEDGE. See COINS, MECHANIC POWERS, &c.
WEDGE. In a work translated from the French, and which is entitled,
Observations on the Military Art, we find the following description
of this instrument. It is composed of five surfaces, two of which are
triangular, two long squared, and the fifth arbitrary. The two oblong
surfaces, by their inclination to each other, form the point that
insinuates itself into the wood, &c. that is to be split, as well as
the sides or triangular surfaces, if the triangle, as it is driven,
lengthens the slit or opening. They are the square surfaces that first
insinuate themselves into the body to be cleft; and what are called
triangular surfaces, are only what fill the space that separates the
two quadrangular sides. After this reflection it appears, that the
column has, at least, as just a claim as the triangle, to the term or
word wedge. We may even say, with confidence, it has a much better;
for a triangle of men ranged according to the same proportion as the
triangle of the mechanic wedge, would be of very little force; and a
mechanic wedge, of which the incisive angle was as great as that of a
triangle of men, would be too large to enter those bodies we should
want to cleave or split.
The double phalanx amphistome, of which Epaminondas formed the wedge,
contained 3000 men, who were ranged, in Bouchaud’s opinion, one
hundred in front, and 30 deep. This opinion, according to some is
erroneous. Among the different evolutions of the ancients, the wedge
was frequently resorted to, and was in some degree connected with the
lozenge, which is a figure in geometry composed of four sides and four
angles: of the four angles two are always obtuse, and two acute. The
angles, that are alike, are always opposed one to the other, and always
in the same number of degrees. According to Ælian, there are many ways
of ranging squadrons in a lozenge: in the first, they have ranks and
files; in the second, neither; in the third, they have files, but no
ranks; lastly, in the fourth, they have ranks alone without files. With
regard to the wedge, it was a formation which the ancients adopted both
in cavalry and infantry evolutions, and was variously used, viz:--
_The_ WEDGE _of Cavalry_. This figure was formed on the same principles
and movements as the lozenge, as far as the greatest rank of the
latter, which served as a base to the triangular wedge. It was
therefore as the half of a lozenge, cut and divided at its obtuse
angles.
_The Triangular_ WEDGE _of Infantry_.--Some people pretend, that there
were two sorts of triangular wedges in use among the ancients. The
first was full, and formed after the same manner as the lozenge, and
the wedge of the cavalry. The second was open at the base, and ranged
differently from that of the first.
_Triangular_ WEDGE _with a full centre_. The Greek soldier occupied,
at all times, a square space greater or less in proportion to the
requisite order, either at a review, advancing towards the enemy, or
standing in a position to receive him. This wedge was formed according
to the arithmetical progression ÷ 1, 3, 5, 7, &c.
_The open_ WEDGE. This species of wedge was formed two different ways,
with the Greeks and Romans. Bouchaud de Bussy, who takes them, one
from _Ælian_, whom he translates, and the other from _Vegetius_, gives
us a third, which appears to be of his own invention, and is very
much superior to the other two. According to Ælian, Epaminondas the
Theban general employed the open wedge at the battle of Leuctra, and
overthrew the Lacedemonians, whose army was much superior to the one he
commanded. To form this wedge, the two divisions of a double phalanx
amphistome, are to unite together at the head, being separate or open
at the tail or rear; which gives them a near resemblance of the Greek
letter Λ. Bouchaud de Bussy formed the wedge in the following manner:
“The same body of troops being in array, may likewise, says he,
form the wedge in marching forward, and this manœuvre requires no
preliminary movement. The three divisions being marked, as well as the
three files of the centre which compose the head of the wedge, the
following words of command are given. _Marked divisions, prepare to
form the wedge in advancing: march._ At the first notice, the files and
ranks close suddenly; at the second, the three files of the centre,
which will be the two first left files of the division on the right,
and the first right file in the division on the left, march straight
forward; at their second pace, the first file, that is contiguous to
them on the right, and that which is equally contiguous on the left,
move in their turn, so as to have their chiefs or leaders on a line,
and in a rank, as it were, with the second soldiers of the three files
of the centre; at the second pace of the files, who have made the
second motion, the files that touch them march immediately likewise,
and the same manœuvre is to continue successively; each head of a file
taking notice not to move, until the moment he finds himself on a line
with the second man of the file contiguous, &c.”
This method is beyond dispute the most simple, short, and secure that
can be devised. The men occupy necessary and proper spaces, and if
the enemy’s resistance should stop their head, the rest of the files,
continuing their movements, would all arrive on the same front to
engage together, that is, they would be in their primitive order of
the phalanx. This author, to whose observations we refer from page 170
to page 203, thus concludes: we shall only remark, that all terms,
metaphorically applied, sooner or later produce doubts and uncertainty.
Neither a column or triangle of men should have ever been denominated a
wedge; for a line of troops is not formed to be split like a piece of
timber; it may be opened, broken through, or divided into as many parts
as possible.
WEIGHTS, in military matters, are those in general use, except in
artillery, where hundreds are made use of, each of 112lb. quarters,
each of 28lb, and pounds, each of 16 ounces.
Every officer should know the weight of the ordinary musquet, rifle,
carbine, and musquetoon; the weight of ball carried by each, for proof
and service; the weight of powder according to quality required for
each gun, and for practice and service, as well as the range of each
weapon.
Artillery officers should know the weight of metal in iron and brass
guns of every calibre: they should know the difference between the
weight of metal in guns formerly and at present, and the reasons for
the reduction of the weight of metal; they should know the length as
well as weight of guns, and the weight of cannon ball, and the windage
allowed for cannon shot; they should know the weight allowed for case,
cannister, and grape shot; and the weight of powder in every case.
They should know the weight of mortars of every dimension, and of the
shells which they throw, and the powder necessary for every elevation
and use.
The weight which horses and waggons can bear and draw on given kinds of
roads. The burdens which boats, barges, and water craft can bear and
carry on streams or rivers; and the expence of carriage by weight or
measure in every situation. Military men should know the weight of men,
horses, and every description of matter used or liable to be moved in
service.
TABLE OF TROY-WEIGHT,
_Shewing the quantity of grains Troy-Weight contained by each of the
weights used in the trade of precious metals, and the relation of
foreign weights to 100 pounds Troy-Weight_.
| |Contents| Equiv.
| | of each| to 100
| | weight | pounds
Countries and | | ---- | ----
Places. |Names of the Weights. | grains |num. 100
---------------+----------------------+--------+--------
Amsterdam |marc | 3798 | 151,66
Antwerp |marc | 3798 | 151,66
Augsburgh |marc | 3043 | 158,09
Basil |marc | 3612 | 159,46
Berlin |marc | 3616 | 159,30
Bern |marc | 3813 | 151,06
Bombay |tola | 178¹⁄₄ |3231,25
Bonn |marc | 3609 | 159,62
Botzen |marc | 4330 | 133,04
Bremen |marc | 3612 | 159,46
Breslaw |marc | 3016 | 199,99
Brunswick |marc | 3603 | 159,85
Brussels |marc | 3798 | 151,66
Cairo |rotolo | 6887 | 83,64
China |tale | 579 | 994,81
Cologne |marc | 3612 | 159,46
Constantinople |cheky | 4926 | 116,93
Copenhagen |marc | 3641 | 158,19
Coromandel |seer | 4293 | 134,16
Cracow |marc | 3069 | 187,68
Damascus |rotolo |34432 | 16,73
Dantzic |marc | 3605¹⁄₂| 159,75
Dresden |marc | 3605¹⁄₂| 159,75
England {|pound | 5760 | 100,00
{|ounce | 480 |1200,00
Florence |pound | 5244 | 109,84
France {|marc | 3780 | 152,33
{|kilogramme |15446 | 37,29
Francfort |marc | 3612 | 159,46
Geneva |marc | 3787³⁄₄| 152,07
Genoa |pound | 4897²⁄₃| 117,61
Hamburgh |marc | 3608 | 159,64
Hanover |marc | 3608 | 159,64
Holland |marc | 3798 | 151,66
Japan |tale | 580⁵⁄₈| 992,02
Konigsberg {|marc | 3023 | 190,52
{|idem Berlin weight | 3616 | 159,30
Leghorn |pound | 5244 | 109,84
Leipsic |marc | 3606 | 159,75
Liege |marc | 3800 | 151,58
Lubec |marc | 3608 | 159,64
Magdeburg |marc | 3607 | 159,68
Malabar |seer | 4293 | 134,16
Manheim |marc | 3611 | 159,49
Milan |marc | 3631 | 158,63
Munich |marc | 3612 | 159,46
Naples |pound | 4954 | 116,27
Nuremberg |marc | 3688 | 156,19
Pegu |tical | 237¹⁄₄|2427,80
Persia |mitigal | 71³⁄₄|8027,90
Pisa |pound | 5237 | 110,00
Pondicherry |seer | 4293 | 134,16
Portugal |marc | 3542¹⁄₂| 162,60
Prague |marc | 3916 | 147,08
Ratisbon |marc | 3800 | 151,58
Riga |marc | 3227 | 178,50
Rome |pound | 5239 | 109,95
Russia |pound | 6314 | 91,23
Sienna |pound | 5179 | 111,22
Spain |marc | 3551 | 162,21
Sweden |marc | 3252 | 177,12
Surat |tola | 187¹⁄₂|3066,35
Tripoli |mitical | 73³⁄₄|7810,16
Tunis |ounce | 486¹⁄₂|1183,96
Turin |marc | 3799 | 151,62
Venice {|marc | 3686 | 156,26
{|ounce | 460³⁄₄|1250,12
Vienna |marc | 4333 | 132,93
Warsaw |marc | 3114 | 184,97
Wilna |marc | 3006 | 191,62
Wirtemburg |marc | 3612 | 159,46
Zurich |marc | 3615 | 159,34
The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between
the weights of any two given countries may be ascertained.
_Examples._
It is required to reduce 100 marcs of Hamburgh into marcs of France.
The marc of Hamburgh weighing 3608 grains, and the marc of France 3780,
according to the table prefixed, state the following equation:
100 marcs of Hamb. = _x_
1 marc of Hamb. = 3608 grains
3780 grains = 1 marc of France
Result 95,45 marcs of France.
Reduce 100 marcs of France into marcs of Hamburgh.
100 marcs of France = _x_
1 marc of France = 3780 grains
3608 grains = 1 marc of Hamb.
Result 104,76 marcs of Hamburgh.
TABLE OF AVOIRDUPOIS-WEIGHT,
_Shewing the quantity of grains Troy-weight contained by each of the
weights used in the sale of merchandize, and the relation of foreign
weights to 100 pounds and 112 pounds Avoirdupois-weight_.
| | Contents|Equiv. |Equiv.
| | of each|to 100 |to 112
| | weight |pounds |pounds
Countries and | Names of | -- | -- | --
Places. | the Weights. | Grains |num. 100|num. 100
------------------+-----------------------+---------+--------+--------
Achem |catti |14675 | 47,70 | 53,42
Aix in France |pound | 6310 | 110,94 | 124,25
Aix la Chapelle |pound | 7235 | 96,75 | 108,26
Algiers |rotolo | 8345 | 83,89 | 93,95
Aleppo |idem of 720 drams |35190 | 19,89 | 22,28
|idem of 700 |34213 | 20,46 | 22,92
|idem of 680 |33235 | 21,06 | 23,59
|idem of 600 |29315 | 23,87 | 26,73
|idem of 400 |19550 | 35,81 | 40,10
Alexandria |rotolo zauro |14579 | 48,01 | 54,77
|idem zaidino | 9346 | 74,90 | 83,89
|idem forforo | 6579 | 106,40 | 119,16
Alexandretta |mine |11663 | 60,02 | 67,22
Alicante |libra mayor | 8004 | 87,45 | 97,95
|libra menor | 5336 | 131,18 | 146,93
Altona |pound | 7477 | 93,62 | 104,86
Amberg |pound | 9257 | 75,62 | 84,70
Amsterdam |pound commercial weight| 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
|pound apothecary weight| 5696 | 122,88 | 137,63
Ancona |pound | 5183 | 135,05 | 151,26
Anspach |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64
Antwerp |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Archangel |pound | 6314 | 110,87 | 124,18
Arragon |libra pensil | 5326 | 131,43 | 147,20
Augsburgh |pfund frohngewicht | 7580 | 92,34 | 103,42
|pfund kramgewicht | 7295 | 95,95 | 107,46
Avignon |pound | 6084 | 115,05 | 128,85
Bamberg |pound | 7494 | 93,41 | 104,62
Barcelona |pound | 6214 | 112,65 | 126,16
Basil or Basle |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Batavia |catti | 9450 | 74,08 | 82,96
Bautzen |pound | 6690 | 104,63 | 117,18
Bayonne |livre | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Bayreuth |pound | 7989 | 87,63 | 98,14
Beetlefakee |maund |11773 | 59,46 | 66,59
Bengal |factory maund | | 1,34 | 1,50
|bazar maund | | 1,22 | 1,36
Bergamo |pound peso forte |12581 | 55,64 | 62,31
|pound light weight | 5033 | 139,09 | 155,78
Bergen |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60
Bergen op Zoom |pound | 7343 | 95,33 | 106,77
Berlin |pound | 7233 | 96,78 | 108,40
Bern |pound | 8068 | 86,76 | 97,18
Bilboa |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Bois-le-Duc |pound | 7196 | 97,27 | 108,95
Bologna |pound | 5590 | 125,21 | 140,24
Bolzano |pound | 7733 | 90,52 | 101,38
Bombay |maund | | 2,63 | 2,95
Bordeaux |pound city weight | 7637 | 91,66 | 102,66
|pound poids de marc | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Bremen |pound | 7700 | 90,92 | 101,83
Breslaw |pound | 6256 | 111,90 | 125,33
Bruges |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Brunswick |pound | 7207 | 97,13 | 108,79
Brussels |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Bussorah |maund seffi | | 1,11 | 1,24
|maund a tara | | 3,51 | 3,93
Cadiz |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Cairo |rotolo | 6665 | 105,04 | 117,64
Calais |pound heavy weight | 7870 | 88,95 | 99,62
|pound light weight | 6501 | 107,67 | 120,59
Calicut |maund | | 3,33 | 3,73
Canary Islands |pound | 7094 | 98,67 | 110,52
Canea |rotolo heavy weight | 8127 | 86,13 | 96,47
|rotolo light weight | 5277 | 132,64 | 148,56
Canton |catti | 8640 | 81, | 90,72
Carthagena |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Cassel |pound | 4887 | 143,23 | 160,42
Castille |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Cephalonia |pound | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18
Chambery |pound | 6621 | 105,72 | 118,40
Civita Vecchia |pound | 5267 | 132,90 | 148,85
Coburg |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64
Cologne |pound | 7225 | 96,89 | 108,52
Como |pound | 4789 | 146,18 | 163,72
Constance |pound | 7285 | 96,08 | 107,61
Constantinople |rotolo | 8670 | 80,74 | 90,43
Copenhagen |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60
Corfu |pound | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18
Coromandel |vis |23333 | 30, | 33,59
Corsica |pound | 5315 | 131,70 | 147,50
Corunna |pound | 8877 | 78,85 | 88,31
Courtray |pound | 6749 | 103,58 | 116,
Cracow |pound | 6271 | 111,63 | 125,02
Cremona |pound | 5060 | 138,34 | 154,94
Culmbach |pound | 7989 | 87,63 | 98,14
Cyprus |rotolo |36710 | 19,07 | 21,36
Damascus |rotolo |27691 | 25,28 | 28,31
Dantzic |pound | 6722 | 104,15 | 116,66
Denmark |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60
Delft |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
Deventer |pound | 7259 | 96,42 | 108,
Dieppe |pound | 7630 | 91,75 | 102,76
Dixmude |pound | 6639 | 105,43 | 118,09
Dordrecht |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
Dresden |pound | 7211 | 97,07 | 108,72
Dublin |pound | 7000 | 100, | 112,
Dunkirk |pound | 6615 | 105,81 | 118,52
Elbing |pound | 6558 | 106,74 | 119,55
Elsinore |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60
Embden |pound | 7666 | 91,31 | 102,27
England |pound avoirdupois | 7000 | 100, | 112,
|pound apothecary weight| 5760 | 121,53 | 136,11
Erfurt |pound | 7285 | 96,08 | 107,61
Ferrara |pound | 5237 | 133,67 | 149,71
Ferrol |pound | 8877 | 78,85 | 88,31
Fez |rotolo | 7259 | 96,42 | 108,
Flensburg |pound | 7461 | 93,82 | 105,08
Florence |pound | 5401 | 129,60 | 145,15
Forli |pound | 5084 | 137,69 | 154,22
France |pound poids de marc | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
|pound apothecary weight| 5568 | 123,51 | 138,33
|kilogramme |15446[17]| 45,32 | 50,76
|hectogramme | 1544³⁄₅ | 453,20 | 507,60
Francfort on the | | | |
Maine |pound heavy weight | 7841 | 89,28 | 100,
|pound light weight | 7210 | 97,09 | 108,74
Francfort on the | | | |
Oder |pound | 7232 | 96,80 | 108,42
Freyberg |pound | 7210 | 97,09 | 108,74
Flushing |pound | 7189 | 97,37 | 109,06
Gaeta |pound | 4553 | 153,75 | 172,20
Galicia |pound | 8877 | 78,85 | 88,31
Gallipoli |rotolo | 6978 | 100,31 | 112,35
Gand |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Geneva |pound heavy weight | 8502 | 82,34 | 92,22
|pound light weight | 7085 | 98,70 | 110,66
Genoa |Custom-House rotolo | 8258 | 84,77 | 94,94
|rotolo peso di cassa | 7506 | 93,25 | 104,45
|rotolo cantaro weight | 7360 | 95,11 | 106,52
|pound peso grosso | 4907 | 142,65 | 159,77
|pound peso sottile | 4898 | 142,92 | 160,07
Germany |pound apothecary weight| 5527 | 126,64 | 141,84
Gibraltar |pound | 7215 | 97,01 | 108,55
|pound Cadiz weight | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Gottenburg |pound victualie weight | 6563 | 106,66 | 119,46
|pound for weighing iron| 5250 | 133,33 | 149,33
Grenada |pound heavy weight | 7707 | 90,82 | 101,72
|pound light weight | 6860 | 102,05 | 114,30
Groningen |pound | 7552 | 92,69 | 103,81
Gueldres |pound | 7205 | 97,15 | 108,81
Hamburg |pound commercial weight| 7481 | 93,57 | 104,80
|pound Cologne weight | 7224 | 96,89 | 108,52
Hanover |pound | 7494 | 93,40 | 104,61
Harburg |pound | 7494 | 93,40 | 104,61
Harlem |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
Havre de Grace |pound | 8161 | 85,77 | 96,06
Hague |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
Heidelberg |pound | 7788 | 89,88 | 100,67
Hildesheim |pound | 7207 | 97,13 | 108,79
Japan |catti | 9100 | 76,92 | 86,15
Java |catti | 9247 | 75,70 | 84,79
Kiel |pound | 7355 | 95,17 | 106,69
Kintzingen |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64
Konigsberg |pound old weight | 5869 | 119,27 | 133,58
|pound new weight | 7233 | 96,78 | 108,50
Krems |pound | 8743 | 80,37 | 89,67
Leghorn[18] |pound | 5296 | 132,17 | 148,03
Leipsic |pound butchers’ weight | 7772 | 90,07 | 100,88
|pound commercial weight| 7207 | 97,13 | 108,79
|pound miners’ weight | 6954 | 100,66 | 112,75
|pound for weighing | | |
|steel | 6718 | 104,20 | 116,70
Leyden |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Liebau |pound | 6378 | 109,76 | 122,92
Liege |pound | 7331 | 95,48 | 106,94
Lindau |pound | 7089 | 98,74 | 110,59
Lintz |pound | 8743 | 80,07 | 89,67
Lisbon |pound | 7085 | 98,80 | 110,66
Lisle |pound heavy weight | 7164 | 97,72 | 109,44
|pound light weight | 6615 | 105,81 | 118,52
London |pound avoirdupois | 7000 | 100, | 112,
Louvain |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Lubec |pound | 7461 | 93,86 | 105,08
Lucca |pound commercial weight| 5745 | 121,84 | 136,45
|pound for weighing silk| 5150 | 135,93 | 152,24
Lucern |pound | 7707 | 90,82 | 101,72
Lunenburg |pound | 7494 | 93,40 | 104,61
Lyons |pound for weighing silk| 7088 | 98,77 | 110,62
|pound city weight | 6615 | 105,81 | 118,52
Madeira |pound | 6725 | 104,10 | 116,59
Madras |maund | | 4, | 4,48
Madrid |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Magdeburg |pound | 7232 | 96,80 | 108,42
Mahon |pound | 6865 | 101,97 | 114,21
Majorca |rotolo | 6486 | 107,92 | 120,87
Malabar |vis |23333 | 30, | 33,59
Malacca |vis | 9450 | 74,08 | 82,96
Malaga |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Malta |rotolo |11901 | 58,82 | 65,88
Manheim |pound | 7639 | 91,63 | 102,63
Mantua |pound | 5083 | 137,71 | 154,24
Marseilles |pound poids de table | 6203 | 112,85 | 126,39
Masulipatam |seer | 4293 | 163,05 | 182,62
Mecca |rotolo | 7144 | 97,98 | 109,74
Medina |rotolo | 7144 | 97,98 | 109,74
Memel |pound | 6378 | 109,76 | 122,92
Memmingen |pound | 7903 | 88,57 | 99,20
Messina |pound of twelve ounces | 4903 | 142,77 | 175,34
|rotolo of thirty ounces|12257 | 57,11 | 63,96
|rotolo of thirty-three | | |
|ounces |13483 | 51,92 | 58,15
Middleburg |pound | 7225 | 96,89 | 108,52
Milan |pound heavy weight |11807 | 59,29 | 66,40
|pound light weight | 5060 | 138,34 | 154,94
Minorca |libra mayor |18480 | 37,88 | 42,43
|libra menor | 6160 | 113,65 | 127,28
Mocha |maund |21000 | 33,33 | 37,33
Modena |pound | 4971 | 140,82 | 157,71
Monaco |pound | 5113 | 136,89 | 153,32
Montpellier |pound | 6282 | 111,42 | 124,89
Morea |pound commercial weight| 6168 | 113,49 | 127,10
|pound for weighing silk| 7710 | 90,79 | 101,68
|oke |18463 | 37,92 | 42,47
Morocco |pound of Castille | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Morlaix |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Muscovy |pound | 6314 | 110,87 | 124,18
Munich |pound | 8657 | 80,86 | 90,57
Munster |pound | 7355 | 95,17 | 106,60
Namur |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Nancy |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Nantes |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Naples |pound | 4954 | 141,30 | 158,26
|rotolo |13761 | 50,87 | 56,97
Narva |pound | 7225 | 96,89 | 108,52
Navarre |pound of Castille | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Naumburg |pound | 7207 | 97,13 | 108,79
Negroponti |rotolo | 8261 | 84,73 | 94,90
Neufchatel |pound | 8029 | 87,18 | 97,64
Neustadt |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64
Nice |pound | 4786 | 146,25 | 163,80
Nimeguen |pound | 7639 | 91,63 | 102,63
Nordlingen |pound | 7566 | 92,52 | 103,62
Norway |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60
Novi |pound | 5113 | 136,89 | 153,32
Nuremberg |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64
Oporto |pound Lisbon weight | 7085 | 98,80 | 110,66
|pound according to | | |
|Kruse | 6646 | 105,33 | 117,97
Oran |rotolo | 7776 | 90,02 | 100,83
Orient |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Ormus |seer | 4676 | 149,70 | 167,67
Osnaburg |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
Ostend |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Oudenard |pound | 6758 | 103,58 | 116,
Oviedo |pound of Asturias |10653 | 65,71 | 73,60
|pound of Castille | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Paderborn |pound | 7355 | 95,17 | 106,60
Padua |pound | 5157 | 135,75 | 152,04
Palermo |pound of 12 ounces | 4903 | 142,77 | 175,34
|rotolo of 30 ounces |12257 | 57,11 | 63,96
|rotolo of 33 ounces |13483 | 51,92 | 58,15
Paris |pound poids de marc | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Parma |pound | 5234 | 133,75 | 149,80
Passau |pound | 7414 | 94,41 | 105,74
Patras |pound commercial weight| 6168 | 113,49 | 127,10
|pound for weighing silk| 7710 | 90,79 | 101,68
Pegu |vis |23333 | 30, | 33,59
Pernau |pound | 6431 | 108,85 | 121,91
Piedmont |pound | 5749 | 121,77 | 139,39
Pisa |pound | 5028 | 139,21 | 155,92
Placenza |pound | 4980 | 140,56 | 157,43
Pondicherry |vis |22683 | 30,86 | 34,56
Portugal |pound | 7085 | 98,80 | 110,66
Posen |pound | 6158 | 113,87 | 127,53
Prague |pound | 7929 | 88,28 | 98,88
Presburg |pound | 8616 | 81,24 | 91,
Ragusa |pound | 5607 | 124,84 | 139,82
Ratisbon |pound | 8777 | 79,75 | 89,32
Ravenna |pound | 4623 | 151,41 | 169,58
Reggio |pound | 5093 | 137,45 | 153,95
Revel |pound | 6646 | 105,33 | 117,97
Rhodes |rotolo |36922 | 18,96 | 21,24
Riga |pound | 6454 | 108,40 | 121,48
Rochelle |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
Rome |pound Roman | 5239 | 133,61 | 149,65
|pound public scale | 5344 | 131, | 146,71
Rostock |pound | 7888 | 88,75 | 99,40
Rotenburg |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64
Rotterdam |pound heavy weight | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
|pound light weight | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97
Rouen |pound poids de marc | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
|pound poids de vicomté | 8015 | 87,34 | 97,82
Roveredo |pound | 5257 | 133,15 | 149,13
Russia |pound | 6314 | 110,87 | 124,18
St. Ander |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
St. Croix |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60
St. Eustatia |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
St. Gall |pound heavy weight | 9823 | 77,58 | 86,89
|pound light weight | 7179 | 97,51 | 109,21
St. Lucar |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
St. Malo |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69
St. Petersburg |pound | 6314 | 110,87 | 124,18
St. Sebastian |pound | 7524 | 93,04 | 104,20
Sallee |pound | 7215 | 97,01 | 108,66
Saltzburg |pound | 8643 | 81, | 90,71
Saragossa |pound of 12 ounces | 5326 | 131,43 | 147,20
Sardinia |pound | 6188 | 113,12 | 126,69
Sayd |rotolo of Acre |36776 | 19,04 | 21,32
|rotolo of Damascus |28755 | 24,34 | 27,27
Schafhausen |pound | 7094 | 98,68 | 110,52
Schweinfurt |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64
Scio |rotolo | 7647 | 91,54 | 102,52
Scotland |pound old weight | 7616 | 91,91 | 102,94
|pound new weight | 7000 | 100, | 112,
Seville |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Siam |catti | 9030 | 77,52 | 86,82
Sicily |pound of 12 ounces | 4903 | 142,77 | 175,34
|rotolo of 30 ounces |12257 | 57,11 | 63,96
|rotolo of 33 ounces |13483 | 51,92 | 58,15
Sienna |pound | 6905 | 101,38 | 113,55
Smyrna |oke |19420 | 36,05 | 40,37
|rotolo | 8739 | 80,10 | 89,71
Spain |pound of 16 ounces | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Stade |pound | 7333 | 95,46 | 106,92
Stettin |pound | 7232 | 96,80 | 108,42
Stralsund |pound | 7461 | 93,82 | 105,08
Strasburg |pound heavy weight | 7557 | 92,63 | 103,75
|pound light weight | 7277 | 96,19 | 107,74
Sweden |pound victualie weight | 6563 | 106,66 | 119,46
|pound miners’ weight | 5802 | 120,65 | 135,12
|pound cities weight | 5526 | 126,68 | 141,88
|pound for weighing iron| 5250 | 133,33 | 149,33
|pound apothecary weight| 5501 | 127,26 | 142,53
Sumatra |catti |19684 | 35,56 | 39,83
Surat |seer | 6556 | 106,78 | 119,60
Surinam |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82
Syracuse |pound | 5044 | 138,78 | 155,44
Syria |mina | 9117 | 76,78 | 85,99
Tangier |rotolo | 7426 | 94,27 | 105,58
Teneriffe |pound of Castille | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40
Tetuan |rotolo |10945 | 63,96 | 71,63
Thorn |pound | 6502 | 107,66 | 120,58
Toulon |pound | 6633 | 105,54 | 118,20
Toulouse |pound | 6418 | 109,07 | 122,15
Tournai |pound | 6721 | 104,15 | 116,65
Treves |pound heavy weight | 7975 | 87,77 | 98,31
|pound light weight | 5247 | 133,41 | 149,42
Trieste |pound Vienna weight | 8650 | 80,92 | 90,64
|pound Venice great | | |
|weight | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18
|pound Venice small | | |
|weight | 4673 | 149,80 | 167,78
Tripoli in Barbary|rotolo | 7850 | 89,17 | 99,87
Tripoli in Syria |rotolo |28037 | 24,97 | 27,96
|oke |18692 | 37,45 | 41,94
Tunis |rotolo | 7661 | 91,37 | 102,34
Turin |pound | 5696 | 122,89 | 137,63
Valencia |pound of 12 oz. | 5498 | 127,32 | 142,60
|pound of 16 oz. | 7331 | 95,48 | 106,94
|pound of 18 oz. | 8247 | 84,88 | 95,07
Valenciennes |pound | 7259 | 96,43 | 108,
Venice |pound great weight | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18
|pound small weight | 4673 | 149,80 | 167,78
Verona |pound great weight | 7677 | 91,18 | 102,12
|pound small weight | 5136 | 136,30 | 152,65
Vicenza |pound great weight | 7523 | 93,05 | 104,21
|pound small weight | 5247 | 133,41 | 149,42
Vienna |pound | 8650 | 80,92 | 90,64
Ulm |pound | 7234 | 96,76 | 108,37
United States of | | | |
America |pound | 7000 | 100, | 112,
Warsaw |pound | 5853 | 119,60 | 133,95
Wismar |pound | 7471 | 93,70 | 104,94
Windaw |pound | 6377 | 109,76 | 122,23
Wirtemberg |pound | 7225 | 96,89 | 108,52
Wurtzburg |pound | 7362 | 95,08 | 106,49
Ypres |pound | 6646 | 105,33 | 117,97
Zante |pound | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18
Zealand |pound | 7172 | 97,60 | 109,32
Zell |pound | 7494 | 93,40 | 104,61
Zittau |pound | 7221 | 96,94 | 108,57
Zurich |pound heavy weight | 8138 | 86,01 | 96,33
|pound light weight | 7234 | 96,76 | 108,37
Zutphen |pound | 7259 | 96,43 | 108,
Zwoll |pound | 7439 | 94,10 | 105,39
[17] The gramme, or the unit of French weights, is therefore
equivalent to 15,446 grains troy-weight.
[18] According to the prices current received from Leghorn, the
equivalent to 112 pounds is only 145.
The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between
the weights of any two given countries may be ascertained.
EXAMPLES.
It is required to reduce 100 kilogrammes of France into pounds of
Amsterdam.
The kilogramme of France weighing 15446 grains, and the pound of
Amsterdam 7625, according to the table prefixed, state the following
equation:
100 kilogrammes = _x_
1 kilogramme = 15446 grains
7625 grains = 1 pound
Result 202,57 pounds.
Reduce 100 pounds of Amsterdam into kilogrammes of France.
100 pounds = _x_
1 pound = 7625 grains
15446 grains = 1 kilogramme
Result 49,37 kilogrammes.
WEIGHT, (_poids_, _Fr._) Impression, pressure, burthen, overwhelming
power. The great advantage which heavy cavalry has over the light
horse, and particularly over infantry troops, consists wholly in its
pressure and overwhelming power.
WELL. In the _military art_, a depth which the miner sinks under
ground, with branches or galleries running out from it; either to
prepare a mine, or to discover and disappoint the enemy’s mine. See
SHAFT.
_To_ WET. In a sense of good fellowship and hilarity, and of course in
a military one, to take a cheerful glass, or, speaking popularly, to
“_moisten the clay_.”
_To_ WET _a Commission_. It has always been customary in the army,
for every officer, when he obtains a commission, gets promoted, or
exchanged, to afford some mark and acknowlegement to the corps he joins.
WERE. The preterite of I am.
_As you_ WERE. A word of command in the British service which
corresponds with the French _remettez vous_. It signifies to return
to the same position from which you had faced or wheeled, &c. and is
generally used when any motion of the firelock or movement of the body
has been done improperly.
WERST. A Russian measure in travelling. The Werst contains seven
hundred and fifty geometrical paces.
WHEEL, in artillery. A circular body which turns round on its axis. The
strength of these wheels is always, or should be, proportional to the
weight they carry: the diameters of the wheels of heavy gun-carriages
are 85 inches, and those for light field-pieces 52 only.
_To_ WHEEL, (_Faire conversion_, _Fr._) In a military sense, to move
forward or backward in a circular manner, round some given point. See
PIVOT. Wheeling is one of the most essential and important operations
of the squadron, necessary in many changes of position, and in the
formation of column and of the line.
WHEEL _of the squadron_. When the entire squadron is to wheel, a
caution is given to that purport, and to which hand. At the word
_March_, the front rank of the squadron remains dressed to the centre,
the leader fixes his eye and makes his circle on the standing flank
man; the standard follows him exactly, and the squadron wheels with the
same uniform front, at such a pace as is requisite to keep every where
dressed with the standard. The rear rank and the serrefiles look to the
wheeling flank, and incline, at the same time that they wheel, so as
always to cover their front leaders.
The standard must take care, never to oblige the wheeling man to exceed
a moderate gallop, otherwise the rear rank, which has still more
ground to go over, cannot keep up; the squadron will wheel loose and
in disorder, and be longer in dressing than if it had come about at a
slower pace, but close and connected.
The flanks must always conform to the centre, in case the leader does
not take his ground as exactly as he ought. At any rate, the standard
is the guide for the pace, and the point from which the distance of
files is to be preserved.
The leader must take care to time his word _Dress_ the instant before
the wheel is completed, otherwise an over wheel or reining back will be
the consequence. The whole dress by the centre.
The squadron breaks into column of any of the divisions in which it is
told off, by each of those divisions wheeling up the quarter circle.
If the body is in motion (as in column) the wheels of the divisions
all begin at the word _Wheel!_ If halted, they are begun at the word
_March!_
In all division wheelings, the whole look to the wheeling hand. In all
wheelings, the rear rank must rein back at the standing flank, and
incline towards the wheeling hand, in order to cover.
At the word _mark time! halt!_ given when the wheel is completed, the
whole turn eyes and dress to the standing flank, and remain so till a
new direction is given.
Wheelings of the squadron, or its parts, from the halt, are made on the
flanks, except those of ranks by threes, which are made on the middle
man of each.
WHEEL _of divisions into squadron_. When the squadron is to be formed
by the wheeling up of its divisions, there must not be any intervals,
and the rear ranks must rein back, and incline so as not to interrupt
the front ranks coming up together.
In division wheelings, the whole keep closed lightly towards the hand
they wheel to, and must avoid pressing the pivot man off his ground.
The outward man looks to his rank, he of course regulates the pace at
which the wheel is made; he must not press in on his rank, nor turn
his horse’s head towards the standing flank; all the horse’s heads must
be kept rather outwards (for to attempt to bend them inwards, would
certainly occasion a crowding on the standing flank) and the croupes
lightly closed inwards with the leg. The pivot man of the wheel turns
his horse on his fore-feet, keeps his ground, and comes gradually round
with his rank.
WHEELS _of divisions made on a halted, or on a moveable Pivot_. Wheels
of divisions of the squadron or line are made on a HALTED, or on a
MOVEABLE pivot. When on a _halted_ pivot, they are made from line into
column, or from column into line; and also generally by the column
of manœuvre or march, when moving on a considerable front, and when
the wheel by which its direction is to be changed, approaches to,
or exceeds the quarter circle. When on a _moveable_ pivot, they are
generally used and ordered when the front of the column is small, and
its path winding and changeable.
Whenever the wheel, made on a halted pivot, is less than the quarter
circle, the pause after the wheel will be considerable; should the
wheel be greater than the quarter circle, it must be accelerated,
otherwise more than one division will be arrived, and arrested at the
wheeling point.
WHEEL _on a moveable pivot_. When wheels or changes of direction of
bodies in column, are made on a MOVEABLE PIVOT, both flanks are kept
in motion; the _pivot_ one always describing part of a circle, and the
reverse flank, and intermediate men of the division, by a compound of
inclining and wheeling, conforming to the pivot movement.
WHEEL _made to the pivot hand, and moveable_. When the change is made
to the PIVOT hand, (the whole being in motion) the leader of the head
division, when at the distance of twenty or thirty yards from the point
of intersection of the old and new direction, will give the word,
_right or left quarter wheel_, which is a caution for each man to
give a small turn of his horse TOWARDS the pivot hand, and the leader
himself carefully preserving the rate of march, without the least
alteration of pace, will in his own person begin to circle BEFORE the
line, from the old, so as to enter the new direction twenty or thirty
yards from the point of intersection, which he in this case leaves at
some distance WITHIN his pivot hand. When this is effected (the rest
of his division having, during the transition, and on the principle of
gradual dressing, conformed to the direction he is giving them) he will
give the word _Forward!_ for the division to pursue the right line. The
leader of the second, and of every other division, when he arrives on
the ground on which the first began to wheel, will in the same manner
follow his exact tract, always preserving his proper distance from him.
WHEEL _made to the reverse flank_. When the change is made to the
REVERSE hand, the pivot leader having arrived as before, at the spot
where he gives his word _right or left quarter wheel!_ for each man
to give a small turn of his horse’s head FROM the pivot hand, will
begin in his own person to circle BEHIND the line from the old, so as
to enter the new direction twenty or thirty yards from the point of
intersection, which, in this case, he leaves at some small distance
WITHOUT his pivot hand. The rest of his division, by giving way, having
gradually conformed to his movement, he will at the proper instant
order _Forward!_ and resume a straight line.
During the change to either hand, the whole continue looking to the
pivot flank, which never alters the rate of the then march; but the
reverse flank is in the one case obliged to slacken, and in the other
to quicken its movement.
In this manner, without the constraint of formal wheels, a column,
when not confined on its flanks, may be conducted in all kinds of
winding and changeable directions; for if the changes be made gradual,
and circling, and that the pivot leaders pursue their proper path at
the same uniform equal pace, the true distances of divisions will be
preserved, which is the great regulating object on this occasion, and
to which every other consideration must give way.
The wheelings of cavalry being more difficult than those of infantry,
we have, on that account, been more particular; but the subject is
handled more amply in the _American Military Library_. The French do
not make use of any word that immediately corresponds with _Wheel_, as
a term of command. They say briefly, by platoons, &c. To the right or
left into line, march. _Par pelotons, àdroite ou à gauche en bataille,
marche._ The act of wheeling in general is expressed by quarter or
half-quarter wheel.
WHEELINGS. Are different motions made by horse and foot, either to the
right or left, or to the right and left about, &c. forward or backward.
WHEELING. The old aukward method of oblique moving and wheeling, is now
superceded by _half_ and _quarter_ wheeling.
_General rules for_ WHEELING. The circle is divided into four equal
parts: thence, wheeling to the right or left, is only a quarter of the
circle; wheeling to the right or left about, is one half of the circle.
When you wheel to the right, you are to close to the right, so near as
to touch your right hand man, but without pressing him; and to look to
the left, in order to bring the rank about even.
When you wheel to the left, you are to close to the left, and look to
the right, as above directed. This rule will serve for all wheeling
by ranks; as when a battalion is marching by subdivisions with their
ranks open, then each rank wheels distinctly by itself, when it comes
to the ground on which the ranks before it wheeled, but not before.
In wheeling, the men are to take particular care, neither to open nor
close their ranks, and to carry their arms well.
In wheeling, the motion of each man is quicker or slower, according
to the distance he is from the right or the left: thus, when you
wheel to the right, each man moves quicker than his right-hand man;
and, wheeling to the left, each man moves quicker than his left-hand
man; the circle that every man wheels being larger, according to the
distance he is from the hand he wheels to; as may be seen by describing
several circles within one another, at two feet distance from each,
which is nearly the space every man is supposed to take up.
WHEEL-_carriages_. In artillery, &c. The whole doctrine thereof, as
it stands on a mathematical theory, may be reduced to the following
particulars, viz.
1. WHEEL-_carriages_ meet with less resistance than any other kind of
carriage.
2. The larger the wheels, the easier is the draught of the carriage.
3. A carriage, upon four wheels of equal size, is drawn with less force
than with two of those wheels, and two of a lesser size.
4. If the load be all on the axle of the larger wheels, it will be
drawn with less force than if laid on the axis of the lesser wheels;
contrary to the common notion of loading carriages before.
5. Carriages go with much less force on friction-wheels, than in the
common way.
WHEELBARROW. A small carriage of burthen, pushed forward by the hands
on one wheel; a certain number are always attached to the artillery.
WHINYARD. A sword, so called by Butler in his Hudibras.
WHIPCORD. A tight spun cord, with which the cat-o-nine-tails is made.
WHOLE. All, total, containing all.
_Take care the_ WHOLE. A cautionary word which was formerly used in the
British service, and is sometimes, but improperly, given now. The term
_Attention_ is adopted in its room.
WHOOP. A shout; a loud noise which soldiers make in charging, &c. It is
a natural though a barbarous habit, and has been preserved in civilized
armies from a prevailing custom among savages, particularly the wild
Indians of America.
WICKET, (_guichet_, _Fr._) A small door in the gate of a fortified
place, through which people go in and out, without opening the great
gate.
WIDERZOUROUK. A compound word from the German, which signifies back
again. The French pronounce it _Vuiderzourouk_. It means a movement
which is made to the rear, in order to bring a squadron to the right
about, in the same manner that a battalion is faced about. Marshal
Puysegur remarks, that the French adopted this movement from the
Germans, in the year 1670. He is of opinion, that previous to this
epoch, squadrons were faced to the rear by means of a double caracol,
describing a half-circle, the extent of whose front was equal to half
of its diameter; on which account, the general order of battle in those
days had considerable intervals, and great loss of time and space of
course.
WIG. A Saxon termination of the names of men, signifying war.
WIGWAM. A hut used in America by the Indians.
WILBE, _Ind._ Guardian; protector.
WILDFIRE. A composition of firework, so called from its ready ignition
and rapid combustion.
WINCH, (_Manivelle_, _Fr._) The handle or lever by which a jack,
windlass, &c. is turned.
WINDAGE _of a gun, mortar, or howitzer_. The difference between the
diameter of the bore, and the diameter of the shot or shell. In England
the diameter of the shot is supposed to be divided into 20 equal
parts, and the diameter of the bore into 21 of those parts. The French
divide the shot into 26, and the bore into 27. The Prussians divide
the shot into 24, and the bore into 25. The Dutch nearly the same as
the English. The general windage of shells in England is ¹⁄₄ of an
inch, let them be large or small, which is contrary to all reason. It
is evident, that the less windage a shot or shell has, the farther and
truer it will go; and having less room to bounce from side to side, the
gun will not be spoiled so soon.
It is true that some artillery officers say, that the windage of a gun
should be equal to the thickness of the ladle; because, when it has
been loaded for a while, the shot will not come out, without being
loosened thereby, in order to unload it--and when this cannot be
done, it must be fired away, and so lost: but the most advantageous
windage should be in dividing the shot into 24 equal parts, and the
bore into 25, on account of the convenient scale it affords, not only
to construct guns thereby, but also their carriages. Hence, agreeable
to this plan, the windage of a nine-pounder will be 166 of an inch,
consequently a sufficient thickness for a ladle; and those of a higher
calibre become still thicker in proportion: but suppose this thickness
is not enough, the loss of a shot is a mere trifle, in respect to the
advantage gained thereby.
WINDAGE. The usual windage of English guns is ¹⁄₂₀ of the calibre. It
appears by experiments, that ¹⁄₄, or nearly ¹⁄₃ of the force of the
powder is lost by this windage. See VELOCITY.
_Windage of Mortars and Howitzers._
From the 13 to 5¹⁄₂ inch the windage is ·15 of an inch, and that of the
4²⁄₅ is ·2 of an inch.
_Windage of Guns and Carronades._
+--------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|Kind. | 68| 42| 32| 24| 18| 12| 9 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
+--------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|Guns. | --|·33|·30|·27|·25|·22|·20|·17|·15|·14|·12|·09|
|Carrona.|·15|·15|·15|·14|·12|·12| | | | | | |
+--------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
_Windage of French Guns._
_Field Guns._--All one line of windage; about ¹⁄₅₀ in an 8 pounder.
_Siege Guns._--All 1¹⁄₂ line; about ¹⁄₄₈ in a 24 Pr.
_Mortars._--12 inch; 4 lines of windage.
10 inch; 1 line, 5 points do.
8 inch; 1 line, do.
_Howitzers._--All; 2 lines do.
WIND-GUN. See AIR-GUN.
WINDLASS, (_Vindas_, _Fr._) Is a roller of wood, square at each end,
through which are either cross holes for handspikes or staves across
to turn it round: by this means it draws a cord, one end of which is
fastened to some weight which it raises up. They are used in gins, and
about Dutch mortars, to help to elevate them. The French say _Vindas ou
Cabestan horizontal_, the latter being a sea term.
WINDSAILS, (_Manches à vent_, _Fr._) Large pieces of canvas, which
are used in ships at sea for the purposes of ventilation, &c. During
voyages in hot climates, the most beneficial effects are derived from
the use of windsails. The master of the vessel should be desired to
have them made immediately as troops are embarked, if not already
provided, and they should be constantly hung up.--These sails throw a
stream of cold air between decks, and it is not an unusual practice
among the men, at least among the unexperienced soldiers, to tie up
the bottom of them, by which this salutary purpose is defeated. The
serjeant of the watch must be responsible that this irregularity is
never committed.
_To_ WINDWARD, (_Au Vent_, _Fr._) As St. Domingo is to the windward of
Jamaica.
WINGS _of an army_. When drawn up in battle, are the right and
left parts counting from the centre; when a battalion is drawn up,
the divisions on the right and left of the centre are called the
wings. The word wing is sometimes used to denote the large sides of
horn-works, crown-works, tenailles, and other out-works, &c.
WINTER-_Quarters_. See QUARTERS.
WITHERBAND. A piece of iron laid under a saddle, about three inches
above the withers of the horse, to keep tight the two pieces of wood.
WITNESSES. In fortification. See TEMOINS.
WITNESSES. In a military judicial sense, persons summoned by the
judge-advocate, or any of his deputies, to attend at a general
court-martial, there to speak to facts which they know of their own
knowlege, and to which they can bona fide swear, from having been
present at the transaction, &c. See _Macomb on Court-Martials_.
According to the articles of war, witnesses attending courts-martial
are to be privileged from arrests, and not attending are liable to be
attached.
WOHKEELE, _Ind._ An ambassador.
WOLF-_Holes_. In the defence of places, are round holes, generally
about two or three feet in diameter at the top, one at bottom, and
two and an half deep, dug in the front of any work. Sometimes a
sharp-pointed stake or two are fixed at the bottom, and covered with
very thin planks, and green sods; consequently the enemy, on advancing,
fall in, and are put into confusion.
WOOD. Artillery carriages are generally made of elm, ash, and oak. The
bed and house of a sea mortar are made of oak, and the bolster of elm.
The bottoms of land mortar beds are of oak, and the upper parts of elm.
_Carriages_--_Ship_.--The cheeks, transoms, and trucks of elm; the axle
trees of live oak.
---- _Garrison_.--The whole of oak; trucks, iron.
---- _Field_.--Heavy 24 and 12 Pr. the cheeks and transoms of elm; the
axle trees of ash or hickory. In the wheel the nave and fellies are of
elm; the spokes of ash; limber shafts, bars, and axle trees are of ash.
Light guns, from 3 to 12 prs. the cheeks and transoms are of elm: the
ammunition boxes are of sycamore. In the wheels, the nave is of elm,
the spokes of oak, and the fellies of ash. In the limber the shafts and
bars of ash.
WOOD _Matches_. See PORTFIRE.
WOODEN-_Bottoms_. In laboratory works, are cylindrical pieces of
wood, of different lengths and diameters, agreeable to the size of
the gun. They are hollowed at one end to receive the shot, and the
flannel cartridge is fastened to the other end: the whole forming one
cartridge, which is put into the piece at one motion. Iron bottoms are
to be preferred.
WOOL-_Packs_. Bags of wool. They are frequently ranged in form of a
breastwork, because they resist cannon-shot. See SIEGE.
WORD (_Mot_, _Fr._) A single part of speech, consisting of one or more
syllables, for the purpose of expressing ideas; In a military sense, it
signifies signal, token, order; as watch-word, &c.
_The_ WORD, _Watch_ WORD, Is a peculiar word that serves for a token
and mark of distinction, given out in the orders of the day in times
of peace, but in war every evening in the field, by the general who
commands, and in garrison by the governor, or other officer commanding
in chief, to prevent surprise, and hinder an enemy, or any treacherous
person, to pass backwards and forwards. This watchword is generally
called the _parole_, and to which is added the _countersign_. The first
is known to all officers and non-commissioned officers, the latter
only to the centinels. The officers that go the rounds, or patroles,
exchange the word with the officers on duty; nor must the centinels let
any one pass who has not got the countersign.
WORDS _of command_, (_Mots de commandement_, _Fr._) Certain terms which
have been adopted for the exercise and movement of military bodies,
according to the nature of each particular service. Words of command
are classed under two principal heads, and consist of those which are
given by the chief or commander of a brigade, battalion, or division,
and of those which are uttered by the subordinate leaders of troops or
companies, &c.
_Cautionary_ WORDS, (_Commandement d’advertissement_, _Fr._) Certain
leading instructions which are given to designate any particular
manœuvre. The cautionary words precede the words of command, and are
issued by the chiefs of corps.
WORKMEN. Are persons that attend the ammunition, boatsmen, carpenters,
smiths, millers, bakers, waggoners, miners, pioneers, &c.
When soldiers are employed upon fatigue, or working parties, the drums
and fifes, &c., should invariably play to time and measure. According
to marshal Saxe, they should be relieved at the expiration of two hours
and an half; by which means the individuals are less harrassed, and
all the troops share alike. With regard to accompanying them in their
labor with music, the policy of it is warranted by antiquity. The
Lacædemonians, with a detachment of only three thousand men, under the
command of Lysander, destroyed the famous Pyræus of Athens in less than
six hours. During the whole of the operation, the flutes were playing,
to enliven and encourage the troops. This custom existed in France
to a late period among the galley-slaves at Marseilles; who, whilst
they were employed in removing enormous loads of rubbish, &c. were
constantly accompanied by musical instruments and drums. Marsh. Saxe’s
Reveries, pages 157 and 158.
WORKS. This term is generally understood to comprehend the
fortifications about the body of a place; as by outworks are meant
those without the first inclosure. The word is also used to signify the
approaches of the besiegers, and the several lines, trenches, &c. made
round a place, an army, or the like, for its security.
_To_ WORM _a Gun_, (_Décharger un canon avec la tire-bourre_, _Fr._) To
take out the charge of a firearm by means of a worm.
_Worm of a_ GUN, (_Tire-bourre_, _Fr._) An instrument vermiculated or
turned round, that serves to extract any thing into which it insinuates
itself by means of a spiral direction. It is much the same as wad-hook,
with this difference, that the one is more proper for small-arms, and
the other for ordnance.
_To_ WORST. To defeat, to overthrow.
WORSTED. Defeated; put to the rout.
WORTHY. A man particularly distinguished, more especially for his
valor, as the worthies of antiquity.
WREATH _of victory_. The garland or chaple, of triumph. See TRIUMPH.
WRESTLER. One who contends in wrestling.
WRESTLING. A contest for ascendancy of bodily strength; as when two
wrestlers attempt to throw each other down. It was in great vogue among
the Olympic games.
WRONG. An injury; a designed or known detriment; not right, not justice.
WRONGS. We have already observed under the article _Rights_, that
although they are not specifically mentioned or described in the mutiny
bill, they nevertheless exist in military life. Every officer and
soldier possesses rights, and when either is wronged he is authorized
to seek for redress. In the articles of war, it is expressly laid
down, that if any officer shall think himself to be wronged by his
colonel, or the commanding officer, of the regiment, and shall upon due
application made to him, be refused to be redressed, he may complain to
the general commanding, in order to obtain justice; who is required to
examine into such complaint; and either by himself or by the secretary
at war, to make his report. It will be observed, that officers may be
peremptorily dismissed the service without trial or investigation.
If any inferior officer, non-commissioned officer, or soldier shall
think himself wronged by his captain, or other officer commanding the
troop or company to which he belongs, he is to complain thereof to the
commanding officer of the station or regiment.
WUHAH, _Ind._ Sandals.
WULANDA, or WULANDEZ, _Ind._ The Dutch are so called in India.
X.
XEBEC, (_Chébec_, _Fr._) A sort of armed vessel, with lateen sails,
which is used in the Mediterranean.
XENOPHON. A Greek general who has rendered his name immortal by a
well-conducted retreat; and is equally celebrated for good military
maxims, which are still extant in his Cyropœdia.
XERIFF. A prince, or chief ruler in Barbary is so called.
XERXES. A king of Persia, son of Darius, and grandson of Cyrus. This
monarch has been rendered notorious in history, by the extravagance
of his preparations to invade Greece, and his ultimate failure; which
latter may be attributed to the undisciplined state of his army, and
to the presumption of his general Mardonius. He entered the Hellespont
with so numerous a fleet, that it covered its surface between the two
lands. The number he embarked exceeded 1,000,000 men, who were entirely
defeated by 40,000 well-disciplined troops from Greece.
XYSTARCHA. In antiquity, the master and director of the Xystus.
In the Greek Gymnasium, the Xystarcha was the second officer, and the
Gymnasiarcha the first; the former was his lieutenant, and presided
over the two Xysti, as well as over every species of exercise that was
practised therein.
XYSTER. An instrument used by surgeons to scrape and shave bones with.
XYSTUS. Among the ancients, a long portico, open or covered at the top,
where the athletæ practised wrestling and running: the gladiators who
exercised therein, were called Xystici.
Among the Romans, the xystus was only an alley, or double row of trees,
meeting like an arbor, and forming a shade to walk under; so that, in
this sense, it might be considered as an open walking place, where the
Romans entertained one another.
Y.
YACHT, (_Yacht_, _Fr._) This word is taken from the Dutch. It is a
small ship with one deck, carrying four, eight, or twelve guns, and
thirty or forty men. Yachts, in general, are from 30 to 160 tons;
contrived and adorned both within side and without, for carrying state
passengers. They answer the purposes of business as well as pleasure,
being remarkable good sailers.
YADDASHT, _Ind._ A memorandum.
YEHOODY, _Ind._ A Jew.
YEOMAN. The French use this word when they allude to the yeomen of the
guards. In a general acceptation of the word among us, yeoman signifies
a free man, who has land of his own.
YEOMAN _of the guard_. One belonging to a sort of foot guards, who
attend at the British king’s palace. The yeomen were uniformly required
to be six feet high. They are in number 100 on constant duty, and 70
off duty. The one half wear arquebuses, and the other pertuisans. Their
attendance is confined to the king’s person, both at home and abroad.
They are clad after the manner of king Henry VIII., and are commonly
known by the name of the _beefeaters_.
The yeomen of the guards were anciently 250 men of the next rank under
gentry. This corps was first instituted by king Henry VII. anno. 1486.
YEOMANRY. The collective body of yeomen. In this class may be
considered men of small landed property, independent farmers, &c.
YESAWUL, _Ind._ A state messenger; a servant of parade, who carries a
gold or silver staff; an aid-de-camp.
YETESAB, _Ind._ An officer who regulates the weights.
YOG, _Ind._ Junction, or union.
YIELD. See SURRENDER.
YOUNGER _regiment_, is that which was last raised. See SENIORITY.
YOUNGER _officer_, is he whose commission is of the latest date;
and according to these rules, regiments and officers are posted and
commanded. See SENIORITY.
YOUNGSTERS. A familiar term to signify the junior officers of a troop
or company. The word youngster is likewise used in the navy. The French
say _mousse_ in naval phraseology.
Z.
ZAAT, _Ind._ Division of people into tribes or sects.
ZAGAIE, _Fr._ A weapon made in the form of a long dart, which the Moors
make use of in battle, and which they cast with extreme dexterity.
ZAIMS. Principal leaders or chiefs; after whom a mounted militia which
they support and pay is called among the Turks.
ZAYM, _Ind._ A feudal chief, or military tenant.
ZEAL. More than common ardor for the good of the service.
ZEBANBUNDY, _Ind._ A deposition.
ZEINAUB, _Ind._ A term of distinction used to persons of rank or
eminence.
ZEMEEN, _Ind._ Ground.
ZEMEENDAR, _Ind._ A person who holds a tract of land in his own right.
ZEMEENDARY, _Ind._ The lands of a zemeendar.
ZENITH, _Zenith_, _Fr._ The point or vertex in the heavens directly
over one’s head. If we conceive a line drawn through the observer and
the centre of the earth, which must necessarily be perpendicular to
the horizon, it will reach to a point among the fixed stars called the
zenith.
The zenith is directly opposite to the Nadir; one above our heads, and
the other below our feet.
ZERAKET, _Ind._ Agriculture.
ZERB, _Ind._ A blow; a stroke.
ZERB SHALLAAK, _Ind._ A blow given with a stick.
ZIG-ZAG, _Fr._ A term used in mechanics. The working beams or balances
which give motion to the several pumps to throw the water up from the
river to the hill at Marly, near Paris, form a sort of zig-zag.
ZIG-ZAGS, in fortification, are trenches or paths with several
windings, so cut, that the besieged are prevented from enfilading the
besieger in his approaches.
ZIMRA, _Ind._ A certificate.
ZINDIGEE, _Ind._ Grain, cattle, lands, plantations.
ZIYAMUT, _Ind._ A fief bestowed for military services.
ZULLUM, _Ind._ Violence; oppression.
ZUROOREAT, _Ind._ Necessaries.
THE END.
Transcriber’s Notes
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quote marks in multi-paragraph quotes has not been standardised.
In some tables dashes may indicate lack of data and/or they may
be used as a ditto symbol: it is not always clear what the author
intended. The author or printer have abbreviated many words and
phrases in the tables to fit the width they had available (the
source document was printed in two rather narrow columns); these
abbreviations have been kept unchanged (apart from the insertion of
periods or apostrophes etc.) unless mentioned below. Where column
headers, units etc. are not present in this e-text, they were lacking
in the source document as well. Some digits have been replaced with
a question mark ? because the data were illegible in the source
document and could not be verified through other sources.
Internal references
Internal references (for example, See ...) do not always provide
relevant or additional information. Some articles that are not
referred or linked to may provide more information than the articles
that are referred to. Some of the text contains reference letters
that appear to refer to illustrations; such illustrations are not
present in the source document, with the exception of those on pages
123 and 124.
The source document contains the following references to non-existing
or irrelevant articles: Page 54, See Curb; Page 79, See Instruments;
Pages 110 and 112, See Cutlass; Pages 112, 145, 203, 276, See
Sword Exercise and page 333, See Sword-Exercise; Page 113, See
Encyclopoedia; Page 116, see Drum-Out; Page 117, See Spoils;
Page 119, See Disorder; Page 136, See Enlistment; Page 138, See
Contractor; Page 139, reference to Conserves; Page 140, see Spy;
Page 149, See Atchievement; Page 154, See Lights; Pages 229, 472,
528, See Jets de Feu; Page 254, See Acid (Muriatic, oxigenized);
Page 263, See Border la Haye; Page 266, See Ginguet; Page 289, See
Inclination; Page 308, See Articles of War, section XIX; Page 310,
See Junction and See Priming Irons; Pages 313, 559, See Quay; Page
368, See Plotting; Page 467, See Mute; Page 470, See Livery; Page
497, See Fleece; Page 505, See Parabolic Conoid; Page 507, See Park;
Page 509, See Watering; Page 537, See Polygraphy; Page 564, reference
to exterior ... radius; Page 583, See Bond; Page 649, See Intrenching
Tools; Page 702, See Spun Hay; Page 705, See Waggon-Master; Page 708,
See Avant courier; Page 718, See Sonnette.
Other remarks
Various pages, Durtubie: probably (Théodore) d’Urtubie, author of the
Manuel de l’Artilleur.
Page 43, Gros Jegerndorff: probably Groß Jägerndorff.
Page 51, Battle of Spaudau: possibly an error for Battle of Spanden.
Page 90, Thus -3, is 8 times less than nothing: possibly an error for
Thus -8, is 8 times less than nothing.
Page 91, < or ⫎ are signs of minority: the symbol ⫎ as given in this
e-text is an upside-down rendition of the symbol as printed in the
source document.
Page 91, Characters in fire-works: the characters as given in this
text are used to represent the shape of the characters in the source
document rather than the actual characters.
Page 91, Thus 40°, 55′, 18″, 55‴, is read 40 degrees, 35 minutes: as
erroneously printed in the source document.
Page 116, being divided into 60″ seconds: the repeated units (″ and
seconds) are as printed in the source document.
Page 120, table Diameters of the shots ...: the missing digit (second
row 3, column 4) is probably 5 (6.541).
Page 121, table Diameters of the bullets ..., row 1, column 0: the
value .715 is likely to be incorrect; the missing digit in row 1,
column 1 is probably 7 (.751).
Page 185, Alain Marrison Mallet: probably Alain Manesson Mallet.
Page 224, Supplément aux Rêveries de ce Mar: the title of the work is
Supplément aux rêveries du Maréchal de Saxe.
Page 318, 2 sticks of about 5.5 feet long, and 1-5 inches square: the
author may have intended 1 to 5 inches square or ¹⁄₅ inches square.
Page 323, Maria Parcia lex appeared in 1691: probably an error for
... appeared in 691 (see the other years mentioned in this context).
Page 338, “At the same time of the year: the closing quote mark is
lacking.
Page 396, “It has already been shewn with what obstinacy: there is no
closing quote mark.
Page 414, Grouda: probably an error for Gouda.
Page 417, kanen (two bottom rows Dresden in table Liquid Measure):
probably an error for kanne; 953 (same table, row Florence, barile
wine measure) possibly an error for 9,53.
Page 439, Table of the quantity of powder required ..., bottom line
(Rock): item number 9 is probably an error for item number 6.
Page 446-447, In order to the attainment ... the following tables are
subjoined: the fourth through tenth tables are not included under
this keyword; the tables referred to appear to be present elsewhere
in the book (under Weights and under Measures).
Page 450, table Gold Coins, entries France (40 and 20 franc piece)
and Geneva: the two values 2²⁄₅ cover three rows (the last two rows
for France and the row for Geneva), but are assumed to belong to the
rows for France’s 20 and 40 franc pieces.
Page 474, entry Naumachiæ, ... may probably lead to great na-
exertions: some text appears to be missing. A contemporary book
(Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary ..., 2nd
Edition, London 1805) has ... may probably lead to great naval
exertions.
Page 496-497, Brigade Orders, orders which are issued by the generals
commanding, through the brigade majors, to the several adju- corps
that do duty together, or are brigaded: there is some text missing.
Contemporary books (e.g., Charles James, An Universal Military
Dictionary, London, 1816) have ... Brigade Orders, orders which are
issued by the generals commanding, through the brigade majors, to the
several adjutants of regiments, for the government of corps that do
duty together, or are brigaded.
Page 499: Keyword Ostage: possible error for Otage.
Page 509, Hâter le Pas, Fr. to slacken your pace; to go slower:
actually means the opposite: to increase your speed; to go faster.
Page 518, Penal, (Pénale, ale, Fr.): possibly intended to read Penal,
(Pénal, -ale, Fr.).
Page 524, Pied de Roi and Pied Quarré, one hundred and forty lines
and one hundred and forty inches errors for one hundred and forty
four lines and inches respectively.
Page 525, a triangular square, or a rectangle: probably an error for
a triangle, a square, or a rectangle;
Page 525, table Triangular Piles of Shot: as printed in the source
document, though there are several mistakes in the numbers given,
nor do the numbers agree with the formula as given in the text that
follows the table.
Page 532, Il lui planter sa poltronnerie au nez: planter is an error
for a past or perfect tense.
Page 537, polkowink: possibly an error for pułkownik.
Page 539, Porstick method: possibly an error for Poristic method.
Page 554: the symbol ╳ has been used merely to represent the shape of
a large cross.
Page 600, given for good performed: one or more words appear to be
missing.
Page 606, General Table of Sky Rockets: the meaning of the values in
the row Mallet for driving may be intended to read 3lb. 8oz. etc.
Page 629, “This term does not come from serviens: the closing quote
mark is absent.
Page 646, A five heures Sonnantes, Fr.: as printed in the source
document.
Page 692, exercise of mock battle formerly practised: possibly an
error for exercise or mock battle formerly practised.
Page 698, Where such barbarity is the costume: probably an error for
Where such barbarity is the coutume or coûtume.
Page 704, “The Turks are a nation: there is no closing quote mark.
Page 705/706, We have already remarked under Table d’Officiers, ...
it was strictly forbidden: the prohibition is not mentioned in the
article referred to.
Page 745, the windage of a nine-pounder will be 166 of an inch: as
printed; 166 is possibly intended to be a fraction (¹⁄₆?).
Changes made to the text
General remarks
Footnotes, tables and illustrations have been moved outside text
paragraphs.
Several obvious minor typographical and punctuation errors (including
missing and incorrect punctuation) have been corrected silently when
this correction would not change the meaning of the text. Some dashes
that were used to fill out justified text in the source document’s
narrow columns have been removed. Several erroneously repeated words
have been deleted.
In some of the tables, ditto marks (or blank spaces, periods and
dashes etc. acting as such) have been replaced with the dittoed text
or data. Some tables and table entries have been split or otherwise
re-arranged for better readability.
Global changes and standardisations
In the source document some of the keywords are printed on top of
each other, with braces combining them:
KEYWORD1,} Explanatory text.
KEYWORD2,}
Where possible, this presentation has been standardised to the usual
in-line lay-out for this text document:
KEYORD1, KEYWORD2, Explanatory text.
The indications of the source language and their italics mark-up have
been standardised (Fr. to _Fr._, etc.); cheval- and chevaux-de-frize
(and variants) have been standardised to cheval-de-frize and
chevaux-de-frize (with otherwise unchanged spelling); seige(s)
has been standardised to siege(s); frustrum(s) was standardised
to frustum(s). A period has been added after the Roman ordinal in
regnal names etc. where this was not present. Various ways in which
numerical fractions (for example, 1/2, 1-2, ½) were printed have been
standardised to ¹⁄₂.
Individual changes
Page
etc. Source document This text
v a class of beings which a class of beings of which
1 ---- Start letter A inserted
20 translated from the Aide Momoire translated from the Aide Mémoire
29 The piece itself weighs 42 50 The piece itself weighs 42-50
pounds pounds
39 exigencies of state they require exigencies of state that require
47 Battle of Maubege, Cobourg Battle of Maubeuge, Cobourg
Austrian Austrian
48 1795. Battle of Bonnel 1795. Battle of Bommel
51 Action at Unberhausen Action at Ungerhausen
52 Battre de’écharpe Battre d’écharpe
59, table Weight when filled
---- footnote anchor [7] inserted in
bottom row of table
68 3597270 .3597270
one-twenty-eighth of a pound one twenty-eighth of a pound
70 by the testimony of four by the testimony of four
gentlemen! officers’ sons, gentlemen. Officers’ sons,
however, however,
Caisson, in military affairs, as Caisson, in military affairs, is
a wooden frame or chest a wooden frame or chest
battre la Tambour battre le Tambour
72, table Distribution of the depth of a camp
brace covers rows To the staff brace covers rows To the first
officers through To the front of row of batmen’s tents through To
the grand sutler’s tent the front of the grand sutler’s
tent
81 See Aigremone See Aigremore
83 2 spare skafts 2 spare shafts
84, table Wood axletrees
---- sub-group column heading Di. of
arm. inserted under Limber
85, table Ranges with carronades 1798
---- column heading Yards inserted
above all but the column Charge
---- table Diameter of the wheels of
the field carriages moved from
keyword Carronades to keyword
Carriages.
91 chargez vos arms, un, deux, chargez vos armes, un, deux,
92, tables Charges for medium and light guns
---- column heading Kinds inserted
cf. table Charges for heavy guns
....
99 Commissaire-général de la Commissaire-général de la
cavalerie degére cavalerie légère
Commissaire provinciaux Commissaires provinciaux
d’artillerie d’artillerie
Commissaire ordinaires Commissaires ordinaires
d’artillerie d’artillerie
Commissaire géneral des poudres Commissaire général des poudres
et saltpetres et salpêtres
Commissaire provinciaux et Commissaires provinciaux et
ordinaires des guerres ordinaires des guerres
105 the pallisade on the the pallisade on the
counterscrap counterscarp
110 from nose to croop from nose to croup
112 x y 2 = a x y² = a
Cunette. See Culvette Cunette. See Cuvette
115 être en de défense être en défense
116 Denonciateur d’un désertur Denonciateur d’un déserteur
119 Desorde, Fr. See Disorder Desordre, Fr. See Disorder
Developpe, Fr. to unfold Developper, Fr. to unfold
120 and the number 58.24, under the and the number 5.824, under the
first first
123 in the memoirs of general in the memoirs of general
Montecuculi Montecuculli
140 See Armicer See Armiger
151 La-mer falaise La mer falaise
153 On these tresles On these tressels
155 Their corps d’armie or legion Their corps d’armée or legions
158 _asnaphaan_, which being a low a _snaphaan_, which being a low
Dutch word Dutch word
162 From Sadan down the Meuse to From Sedan down the Meuse to
Charlemont Charlemont
164, paragraphs Square foot and Cubic foot:
... + 12 = ... × 12 = (three occurrences)
184 In the first vertical column In the first horizontal row (for
this e-text the table has been
rotated by 90°)
187 Minno, Baron of Coehorn Menno, Baron of Coehorn
192 The author of Oeuvres Militares The author of Oeuvres Militaires
201 Mr. Emerson, in his principles Mr. Emerson, in his Principles
of Mechanics of Mechanics
217 Every timarist in Turkey Every timariot in Turkey
219 General de bettaile General de bataille
237 grenadiers posteiches grenadiers postiches
242 Exploits Guerrieres Exploits Guerriers
Délcarer la Guerre Déclarer la Guerre
249, table Length and weight of English Brass guns
---- column Kind aligned with other
columns (misprint in source
document)
---- 5th group in column Kind: poorly
aligned 1 and 2 in left-most
column combined to 12 (pounders)
table Ranges of brass guns with one shot
two-column header lbz. two headers lbs. and oz.
---- braces added to grouped rows for
24 and 12 (pounders) as with 6
(pounders)
250, table Effects of case shot from a battalion gun
8z. 8 oz.
3z. 3 oz.
---- column Kind of charge: direction
of braces standardised
There were three rounds fired at There were three rounds fired at
each change each charge
251 Table heading Ranges with 5¹⁄₂ Table heading _Ranges with 5¹⁄₂
inch shells ... inch shells ..._
255 mud forts made in India so called mud forts made in India are so
called
259 preserved by Boxhoom preserved by Boxhoorn
261 Harquebuseir, a soldier Harquebusier, a soldier
272 likewise terminated without likewise terminated without
bloodshead bloodshed
280 compagnies de bas-officers compagnies de bas-officiers
292 100 of the garrison of 100 of the garrison of
Tritchinoply Tritchinopoly
304 1 catlin, 2 tenaculems 1 catlin, 2 tenaculums
1 elevator, 1 lanticular, a 1 elevator, 1 lenticular, a
brush brush
a tenaculem, thread for a tenaculum, thread for
ligatures ligatures
321 the chevaliers and gens darmes the chevaliers and gens d’armes
fought on foot fought on foot
333 The French armies now form corps The French armies now form corps
d’armie d’armée
336 in the verticle plane of the in the vertical plane of the
mortar’s axis mortar’s axis
351 Longrinis Longrines
353 may be posted in the several may be posted in the several
machicoulies machicoulises
357 in a semicular form in a semicircular form
360 le Service des Armées contenant le Service des Armées contenant
sur organasion son organisation
366 être mener à la promenade être mené à la promenade
to make solders go through to make soldiers go through
399 bôete aux rondes boîte aux rondes
400 viv. Les travaux de Mars viz. Les travaux de Mars
407 differing from the pallaisse differing from the paillasse
426, last two tables (Jewish and Roman long measures)
---- right-hand side of tables
(English measures) aligned with
the left-hand side
table Jewish Long or Itinerary Measure
cubic cubit
Roman long Measure, deduced to Roman long Measure, reduced to
English English
430-431, There are four kinds of levers ... Inclined plane.
Several paragraphs and lines in Re-arranged to form a more
the source document were mixed coherent text
up
435 The hyperbola too in all The hyperbola too in all
probability be attempted probability he attempted
The first material deviations The first material deviation
436 from some of these series’s the from some of these series the
area hath been computed area hath been computed
the area will be 7853981633, the area will be .7853981633,
451, first row Hamburgh
rixdoller banco rixdollar banco
454 those who have not professed those who have not professed
mehomedanism mahomedanism
456, Table Medium Ranges with Land Service ... 1798, row 3lbs. 4 oz.,
column 13 Inch, Range
244 yards 1244 yards
457 are erroneously fix-to an angle are erroneously fixed to an
of 45 degrees angle of 45 degrees
460 movement égal, ou uniforme mouvement égal, ou uniforme
Rejecter la motion Rejeter la motion
466 called officires a husse-col called officiers a hausse-col
468 Mur de pierres léches Mur de pierres sèches
469 ---- closing quote mark inserted
after ... they endeavored to
undermine the foundations
471 Nobobs, however, often kept Nabobs, however, often kept
possession possession
474 the art of was carried on by the art of war carried on by
ships at sea ships at sea
and of the Nile and Trafalgar and of the Nile and Trafalgar
where fought were fought
479 Niveau de la campaign Niveau de la campagne
482 ---- closing quote mark inserted
after The same by me
486 Otoedrical, having eight sides Octoedrical, having eight sides
489 ---- closing quote mark inserted
after ... or in covers open at
the sides
493 Il se sont offusqué Il se sent offusqué
496 and the Spanish South America and the Spanish in South America
497 Fortitudoe jus Rhodum tenuit Fortitudo ejus Rhodum tenuit
505 xy = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d xy = ax³ + bx² + cx + d
yy = ax3 + bx2 + cx + a yy = ax³ + bx² + cx + d
according to senority according to seniority
in fencing, to miss one’s party in fencing, to miss one’s parry
Parallelipiped, Parallelepiped,
(Parallelopepide, Fr.) (Parallelepipede, Fr.)
507 Parc d’Höpital Parc d’Hôpital
508 Se delarer d’un Parti Se declarer d’un Parti
509 Returner sur ses Pas Retourner sur ses Pas
513 mais sont fruit est doux mais son fruit est doux
518 Penal, (Pénale, ale, Fr.) Penal, (Pénal, ale, Fr.)
519 and of one half-second pendulum and of one half-second pendulum
⁹⁄₈ inches 9.8 inches
527 instead of the two statutes of instead of the two statues of
the emperors the emperors
528 and the but end so sharped, that and the but end so shaped, that
when fired when fired
535 Ette de poids Etre de poids
536 Poix refine, Fr. Rosin Poix résine, Fr. Rosin
537 Polynomial, (Polyname, Fr.) Polynomial, (Polynôme, Fr.)
539 haut les armes, corresponds haut les armes, corresponds
with out recover with our recover
540 _as porter toutes ses voiles_ as _porter toutes ses voiles_
544 Poudrier, Fr. a gunpowder make Poudrier, Fr. a gunpowder maker
547 Il voulut tiret, mais son Il voulut tirer, mais son
pistolet pris qu’un rat pistolet ne prit qu’un rat
548 discover- a promptitude of discovered a promptitude of
conception conception
550 Prisonners de guerre Prisonniers de guerre
551 Program, a word derived ... Program, (Programme, Fr.) a
Projectiles (Programme, Fr.) are word derived ... Projectiles,
such bodies ... are such bodies ...
552 Project, Fr. Project, (Projet, Fr.)
556 être énvoyer en garnison être envoyé en garnison
559 Batalion Quarre d’hommes Bataillon Quarre d’hommes
572 _Recoil of Sea Service, ..._ RECOIL _of Sea Service, ..._
576
100
DOLLS. --- DOLLS. ---
100
579 Redoubter, Fr. To be alarmed at Redouter, Fr. To be alarmed at
604 in a virmicular direction in a vermicular direction
606 tables Composition and Composition for the Stars
Salpetre, Seltpetre Saltpetre
608 ronde de governeur ronde de gouverneur
609 Roulemens, Fr. The several ... Roulements, Fr. The several ...
613 Sachets de ballas de plomb Sachets de balles de plomb
616 whose three sides and three whose three sides and three
angels are unequal angles are unequal
625 the neglect or military science the neglect of military science
626 de côté et d’autre se son tués de côté et d’autre se sont tués
627 and was styled Musterschriéber and was styled Musterschreiber
631 Capitaines de Serre-Files Capitaine de Serre-File
632 To Set a sentry. Poser une To Set a sentry, (Poser une
sentinelle. sentinelle, Fr.)
641 signaux mutes signaux muets
660 Regiments, not having Regiments, not having paillasses
paillaisses
664 Surintendant général des poudres Surintendant général des poudres
et saltpêtres de France et salpêtres de France
679 De taper un Canon Détaper un Canon
688 Tocsin, Fr. An alarm ball Tocsin, Fr. An alarm bell
689, table
5¹⁄₂ howitzer of 10 cwt. 5¹⁄₂ inch howitzer of 10 cwt.
694 Belidor’s Architecture Hydraulic Belidor’s Architecture
Hydraulique
698 Hair Trigger, (détente à Hair Trigger, (détente à
chevaux, Fr.) cheveux, Fr.)
702 which project pieces of ordnance which project from pieces of
ordnance
706 in the abbey church of St. in the abbey church of _St.
Germain, _des Prés des Paris_ Germain des Prés de Paris_
714 Rer Polic Rer. Polic.
Traites des Subsistances Traité des Subsistances
Militaires Militaires
718 Voil, Fr. Theft Vol, Fr. Theft
tête et queue piece tête et queue d’une piece
738 rotolo peso dicassa rotolo peso di cassa