TIMARIOT, a Turkish soldier who has a certain allowance made him, for

which he is not only obliged to arm, clothe, and accoutre himself, but

he must likewise provide a certain number of militia-men. The allowance

is called Timar.

The Timariots are under the immediate command of the Sangiack or

Bey, according to their particular distribution. When the Timariots

belonging to Natolia, do not join the standard, they forfeit a whole

year’s allowance, which is deposited in a chest or stock-purse called

_mankafat_. But the Timariots in Europe or Turkey, are not liable

to this fine. When they refuse to serve, they are suspended for two

years. The income of a Timariot amounts to five thousand aspres, and

the Timariots of Hungary have six thousand. When an Hungarian Timariot

dies, the Bashaw of Buda has the power of dividing his property into

two parts, which is placed to the account of the Ottoman government,

and enables it to pay two soldiers.

There are different classes among the Timariots. Some are called

_Ikmalers_, some _Isels_, and others _Bernobets_.

The _Ikmalers_ are in possession of that species of Timar which cannot

be divided for the benefit of government after the decease of the

individual.

The _Isels_ are subject to a division of property among two or three

persons, at the will of the Porte.

The _Bernobets_ are in possession of that kind of Timar which may

become the property of three or four individuals who serve together,

or relieve each other alternately, on condition that the one who

takes the field enjoys the whole benefit of the Timar during his

stay with the army. There are many of this kind in Natolia. Every

thing which appertains to the Turkish cavalry, known by the name of

Topachly, and which is regularly clothed, armed, accoutred, and paid

by certain officers, belonging to the Ottoman empire, out of revenues

called maly-mukata, may be ascertained and known under the several

appellations of _Timariots_, _Zaims_, _Begliers_, and _Beglierbeys_.

TIMARS, certain revenues, in Turkey, growing out of lands which

originally belonged to Christian clergy and nobility, and which the

sultans seized, when they conquered the countries they inhabited.

By means of these _Timars_ and _Ziamets_ the Grand Signor is enabled to

support the greatest part of his cavalry.

The Timars differ in value. The richest, however, do not exceed twenty

thousand aspres annually, which may be considered as equal to about

three hundred and fifty dollars; and the _Ziamets_ receive full as

much. Those who are entitled to _Timars_, are called _Timariots_, and

those who have _Ziamets_ are named _Zaims_.

TIMBER, in military architecture, includes all kinds of felled and

seasoned wood used in the several parts of building, &c.

_Oak_, of all the different kinds of timber known for building, is

preferred by the European nations; because, when well seasoned and dry,

it is very tough and hard: it does not split so easy as other timber,

and bears a much greater weight than any other. When it is used under

cover, it never perishes, no more than in water; on the contrary, the

older it grows the harder it becomes; and when it is exposed to the

weather, it exceeds all other timbers for durability. English oak

is said to be the best, American the next, then Norway, and lastly

Germany. But there are various kinds of American oaks.

_Elm_, if felled between November and February, is all spine, or heart,

and no sap, and is of singular use in places where it is always wet or

dry. It is very tough and pliable; it is easily worked, and does not

readily split: it bears driving of bolts and nails into it better than

any other wood; for which reason it is prepared for artillery uses.

_Beech_ is likewise a very useful wood; it is very tough and white when

young, and of great strength, but liable to warp very much when exposed

to the weather, and to be worm eaten when used within doors. It is

frequently used for axle-trees, fellies, and all kinds of wheelwright

work: but where it is kept constantly wet, and free from air, it will

outlast oak.

_Ash._ Its use is almost universal. It serves in buildings, or for any

other uses where it is skreened from the weather: hand-spikes and oars

are chiefly made of it; and indeed it is the wood that is most fit for

this, or any other purpose, which requires toughness and pliability.

_Fir_, commonly known by the name of pine is much used in building,

especially within doors. It wants but little seasoning, and is much

stronger while the resinous particles are not exhausted, than when it

is very dry: it will last long under water.

_Chesnut-tree_, especially wild chesnut, is by many esteemed to be as

good as oak.

But the best of all timber for shipbuilding is the _Teak_ of Asia; it

endures water four times as long as oak, is much more easily wrought;

iron spikes drove into it do not rust.

There are many other kinds of wood, used in military works, not

mentioned here.

_Preserving of_ TIMBER. When boards, &c. are dried, seasoned, and fixed

in their places, care is to be taken to defend and preserve them: to

which the smearing them with linseed oil, tar, or the like oleaginous

matter, contributes much.

The Dutch preserve their gates, portcullices, draw-bridges, sluices,

&c. by coating them over with a mixture of pitch and tar, whereon they

strew small pieces of cockle and other shells, beaten almost to powder,

and mixed with sea sand, which incrusts and arms it wonderfully against

wind and weather.

_Seasoning of_ TIMBER. As soon as felled, it should be laid in some dry

airy place, but out of reach of too much wind or sun, which, in excess,

will subject it to crack and fly. It is not to be set upright, but laid

along, one tree upon another, only with some short blocks between, to

give it the better airing, and prevent it becoming mouldy, which will

rot the surface and produce mushrooms on it. Some persons daub the

trees all over with cow-dung, which occasions their drying equally, and

prevents their cracking, as they are otherwise very apt to do.

Some recommend the burying timber in the earth, as the best method of

seasoning it; and others have found it a fine preservative to bury

their timber under the wheat in their granaries; but this cannot be

made a general practice. In Norway they season their deal planks, by

laying them in salt water for three or four days, when new sawed, and

drying them in the sun: this is found a great advantage to them; but

neither this, nor any thing else, can prevent their shrinking.

Timber should always be seasoned, when it is intended for piles and

other pieces that are to stand under the earth or water. The Venetians

first found out this method; and the way they do it is this: they put

the piece to be seasoned in a strong and violent flame, turning it

continually round by means of an engine, taking it out when it is every

where covered with a black coaly crust: by this means the internal part

of the wood is so hardened, that neither earth nor water can damage it

for a long time after.

TIME. The measure of duration, by which soldiers regulate the cadence

of a march: as _slow_, _ordinary_, or _quick_, and _quickest_ time or

step, _which see_.

TIME, in manœuvring. That necessary interval betwixt each motion in the

manual exercise, as well as in every movement the army or any body of

men make.

TIME, in fencing. There are three kinds of time; that of the sword,

that of the foot, and that of the whole body. All the times that are

perceived out of their measure, are only to be considered as appels or

feints to deceive and amuse the enemy.

TIME _thrust_, in fencing. A thrust given upon any opening which may

occur by an inaccurate or wide motion of your adversary, when changing

his guard, &c.

TIMING, is the accurate and critical throwing in of a cut or thrust

upon any opening that may occur as your adversary changes his position.

TIMON, _Fr._ Shafts of a cart, coach-pole.

TIMONIER, _Fr._ This word is frequently used as a sea term by the

French, and signifies helmsman, or steersman, from _Timon_, which is

applied to the part of the helm he holds.

TIN _tubes_. See TUBES and LABORATORY.

TINDALS, _Ind._ Native officers employed in the artillery, and in ships.

TIR, _Fr._ In artillery. A term used to express the explosion or

discharge of any firearm in any given direction. _Un bon, un mauvais

tir_, a good, a bad shot; or a shot well or ill directed.

_La theorie du_ TIR, _Fr._ The theory or art of firing.

TIR _perpendiculaire_, _Fr._ A shot made in a perpendicular direction.

TIR _oblique_, _Fr._ An oblique shot.

TIR _à ricochet_, _Fr._ A ricochet shot.

TIR _rasant_, _Fr._ A grazing shot; or shot made _rasant_. See

FORTIFICATION.

TIR _plongeant_, _Fr._ A downward or plunging shot.

TIR _fichant_, _Fr._ A shot made _fichant_. See FORTIFICATION.

_La justesse du_ TIR, _Fr._ The true direction of a shot. The French

say, _ce fusil n’a pas le tir juste_, this musquet has not a true

direction, or its shot diverges from the point levelled at.

TIRAILLER, _Fr._ To pester, to annoy. Hence the word _Tirailleur_.

TIRAILLEUR. A soldier who fires as he pleases; a _rifleman_.

TIRAILLEURS are likewise skirmishers or marksmen, advanced in front to

annoy the enemy, and draw off his attention; or they are left behind

to amuse and stop his progress in the pursuit; a column of infantry is

often ordered to act as tirailleurs.

TIRE, are great guns, shot, shells, &c. placed in a regular form. See

PILES.

TIRE-_balle_, _Fr._ An instrument used by surgeons to extract

musquet-balls.

TIRE-_bourre_, _Fr._ In artillery, a wad-hook. It likewise signifies a

worm to draw the charge out of a musquet.

TIRE-_fond_, _Fr._ An instrument which is used among the French to fix

a petard. It likewise means a surgeon’s tenebra or piercer.

TIRE _ligne_, _Fr._ An instrument used in drawing lines.

TIRE-_ployer_, _Fr._ To discharge; to unload.

TIRER, _Fr._ To shoot, to fire.

TIRER _à boulets rouges_, _Fr._ To fire with red hot shot.

TIRER _des armes à feu_. To fire any species of firearm. There is a

curious and well written passage on this subject in the _Supplement aux

reveries de M. le Maréchal de Saxe_, page 76.

TIRER _le canon_, _Fr._ To fire or discharge pieces of ordnance.

TIRER likewise means to move towards any place, viz. _Après la

battaille gagnee, l’armee tira vers un tel lieu_; after the battle had

been won, the army moved towards such a quarter.

TIRER _dix ou douze pieds d’eau_, _Fr._ To draw ten or twelve feet

water.

TIRER _à la mer_, _Fr._ To put off to sea.

TIREUR, _Fr._ A game keeper, a shooter.

TIREUR _d’arc_, _Fr._ A bowman, an archer.

TIREUR _d’armes_, _Fr._ A fencing-master.

TYROLIANS. A body of sharp shooters in the Austrian service. They take

their name from the Tyrol, a country formerly belonging to Germany,

about 150 miles long, and 120 broad. It is wholly mountainous, and was

part of the hereditary dominions of the house of Austria; but having

been twice conquered by the French, part has been irrevocably ceded to

Bavaria in 1809, the rest is incorporated with the kingdom of Italy.

TOCSIN, _Fr._ An alarm bell.

TOHIE, _Ind._ A canoe.

TOISE, in military mensuration, is a French measure, containing 6 feet,

or a fathom: a square toise is 36 square feet, and a cubical toise is

216 feet.

These two measures correspond in the division of the feet; but

these divisions being unequal, it is necessary to observe, that the

proportion of the yard, as fixed by the Royal Society at London, to the

half toise as fixed by the Royal Academy at Paris, is as 36 to 38.355.

TOISE _carree_, _Fr._ Any square extent, having six feet in every sense.

TOISE _cube_, _Fr._ Any substance having 6 feet in length, 6 ditto in

breadth, and 6 in depth.

TOISE, _Fr._ This word is used in the masculine gender, and signifies,

in mathematics, the science or art of measuring surfaces and solids,

and of reducing the measure by accurate calculation.

_Une affaire_ TOISEE, _Fr._ A familiar phrase signifying, the thing is

done, all over.

TOISER, _Fr._ To measure by the toise.

TOISER, _Fr._ In a military sense, to take the height of a man, as,

_toiser un soldat_, to take the height of a soldier. The French

likewise say in a figurative sense, _toiser son homme_, to examine

one’s man with great attention, in order to find out his merits, or

good qualities.

TOISEUR, _Fr._ A person employed among the French in the constructing

and repairing of fortifications.

TOISEUR, _Fr._ A measurer.

TOISON _d’or_. _Fr._ The golden fleece.

_La_ TOISON, _Fr._ The order of the Golden Fleece is so called.

TOKERY, _Ind._ A basket made with cane.

TOLE, _Fr._ Iron beat into thin plates.

TOMAN, _Ind._ Ten thousand men.

TOMAND, _Ind._ Equal to something more than three guineas.

TOMBER, _Fr._ To fall. _Le vent tombe_, the wind falls. _Tomber entre

les mains des ennemis_, to fall into the hands of enemies.

TOMBIE, _Ind._ A wind instrument made in the shape of a globe.

TOMPION. See TAMPION.

TAMSOOK _Hazin Zaminee_, _Ind._ A security for personal appearance.

TOMTOM, _Ind._ A small drum made in the shape of a tambourine.

TONDIN, _Fr._ A term in architecture which is seldom used. It is the

same as the astragal or fillet which goes round the base of pillars.

TONG. See TENAILLE.

TONGS _of a waggon_, a piece of wood fixed between the middle of the

hind ends of the shafts, mortised into the fore cross-bar, and let into

the hind cross-bar.

TONGUE _of a sword_. That part of the blade on which the gripe, shell,

and pummel are fixed.

_A triangular_ TONGUE. The bayonet figuratively so called from its

shape.

TONNAGE, _Fr._ A word adopted from the English.

TONNAGE. A custom or impost due for merchandize brought or carried in

tons from or to other nations after a certain rate in every ton.

TONNAGE. The usual method of finding the tonnage of any ship is by the

following rule:--Multiply the length of the keel by the breadth of the

beam, and that product by half the breadth of the beam; and divide the

last product by 94, and the quotient will be the tonnage.

Ship’s keel 72 feet: breadth of beam 24 feet.

72 × 24 × 12

------------ = 220·6 tonnage.

94

The tonnage of goods and stores is taken sometimes by weight and

sometimes by measurement; and that method is allowed to the vessel

which yields the most tonnage. In tonnage by weight 20 cwt. make 1 ton.

In tonnage by measurement 40 cubic feet equal 1 ton. All carriages,

or other stores to be measured for tonnage, are taken to pieces and

packed in the manner which will occupy the least room on board ship.

All ordnance, whether brass or iron, is taken in tonnage by its

actual weight. Musquet cartridges in barrels or boxes, all ammunition

in boxes, and other articles of great weight, are taken in tonnage

according to their actual weight.

The following is the tonnage required for some of the most material

ordnance stores by the British usage.

TONNAGE OF ORDNANCE.

_Kinds._ No. T. ct. qr.

{Pole 264 -- 10 0

Axes, complete with handles{Pick 100 -- 9 0

{Felling 176 -- 14 0

Barrows--Wheel, packed 20 2 2 0

Do. unpacked 7 1 0 0

Hand, single 20 0 18 0

Budge barrels 32 1 0 0

Bricks 1000 2 5 0

Buckets of leather 20 0 2 0

Pontoon & carriage complete, with its appurtenances 11 0 0

Carbines.--A chest with 25 stand is 11 feet cubic

Carriages.--Standing 42 prs. 1 13 0

32 prs. 1 10 0

Howitzer 10 in. 1 10 0

24 prs. 1 9 3

18 prs. } 1 7 0

Howitzer 8 inch.}

12 prs. 1 4 0

9 prs. 1 3 0

6 prs. 1 0 0

4 prs. 0 17 0

{24 prs. 5 10 0

Carriages.--Travelling, {12 prs. 4 10 2

complete with limber boxes,{ 9 prs. 4 7 2

ladles, sponges and rammers{ 6 prs. 3 7 2

{ 3 prs. 2 19 0

Medium {24 prs.} 2 9 2

{12 prs.}

6 pr. light, with ammunition boxes} 2 3 0

5¹⁄₂ inch howitzer, Do. }

5¹⁄₂ inch howitzer of 10 cwt.}Carriages{ 3 2 0

8 inch howitzer } { 3 7 2

Sling cart complete 3 0 2

Forage cart, with limber 4 0 0

Ammunition waggon 4 18 1

Gravel cart 2 16 2

Duke of Richmond’s close bodied waggon 5 0 0

Road waggon, with upright sides 7 10 0

Gin; triangle 0 14 0

Grate for heating shot 0 4 2

Handspikes 120 1 0 0

Handcrow levers, of 5 feet 120 1 0 0

Handscrews, large 15 1 0 0

small 17 1 0 6

Helves, pick or felling 300 0 14 0

Do. sledge 300 1 0 0

Do. pinmaul 360 1 0 0

Junk 20 cwt. 1 5 0

Linstocks, with cocks 600 1 0 0

without cocks 1000 1 0 0

Musquets.--A chest with 25 is 16 feet.

Do. with 20 is 11 feet.

Match 6 cwt. 1 14 0

Powder{11 whole barrels 1 0 0

{22 half do. 1 0 0

Pitch or tar.--1 barrel is 7 feet.

Pistols.--A chest with 50 or 60 = 10 feet.

Park pickets 40 0 9 1

Pikes 280 1 0 0

Sheep skins 12 dozen 1 1 0

Shovels}of iron {100 1 0 0

Spades } {184 1 0 0

Shovels, shod with iron 138 1 0 0

Sand bags{Bushel 500 0 12 0

Bales {Half do. 500 0 7 1

{2 bushel 250 0 8 1

The following is the tonnage allowed in the British service to the

military officers of the ordnance embarked for foreign service, for

their camp equipage and baggage:

For a field officer 5 tons

For a captain 3 do.

For a subaltern 1¹⁄₂ do.

TONNE, _Fr._ A tun. It likewise signifies a large cask or vessel which

is used for stores and ammunition.

TONNEAUX _Meutriers_, _Fr._ Casks which are bound together with ropes,

or circled round by iron hoops, and are filled with gunpowder, pebbles,

&c. The particular method in which these casks are prepared may be seen

in Tom. II. page 218, _Des Œuvres Militaires_.

TOOKSOWARS, _Ind._ The vizir’s body of cavalry.

TOOLS, used in war, are of many denominations and uses, as laboratory

tools, mining tools, artificers tools, &c. which see.

TOPARCH, (_Toparque_, _Fr._) The principal man in a place.

TOPARCHY, (_Toparchie_, _Fr._) Superintendence; command in a district.

TOPAS, _Ind._ This name was originally given by the natives of India

to a native Portuguese soldier, on account of his wearing a _hat_;

contra-distinguished from the _Hindus_ and _Mahomedans_ who wear

_turbans_.

TOPE, _Ind._ A small wood or grove.

TOPE, _Ind._ A gun.

TOPEE, _Ind._ A hat.

TOPEE _Walla_, _Ind._ A person who wears a hat.

TOPEKHANA, _Ind._ The place where guns are kept; the arsenal.

TOPGI-_Bachi_. Grand master of the Turkish artillery. This appointment

is one of the most important situations in the gift of the Porte. It

is generally bestowed upon a relation to the Grand Signor, or upon a

favorite to the Grand Visier.

The name is derived from _tope_, which, in the Turkish language,

signifies cannon, and from _Bach_, which means lord, chief or

commandant.

The person next in command to the Topgi-Bachi is called _Dukigi-Bachi_,

or master of the Topgis, who are both cannonneers and founders. The

latter are paid every month by a commissary of their own, whom they

call Kiatib.

TOPGIS, sometimes written Topchis. A name generally used among the

Turks to signify all persons employed in the casting of cannon, and who

are afterwards appointed to the guns. It is here necessary to observe,

that on account of the vast extent of the Ottoman empire, the Turks do

not attach much heavy ordnance to their armies, especially when they

carry on their operations from one frontier to another. This is owing

to the scarcity of draught-horses, and to the natural obstacles of the

country. So that they seldom carry into the field guns above eight or

twelve-pounders.

But when it is their design to form any considerable siege, they load

camels with all the materials requisite for casting cannon. A certain

number of Topgis accompany them, and the instant the army takes up its

quarters near to the spot where the attack is to be made, they set to

work and cast pieces of ordnance of every species of calibre or bore.

The Turkish cannon is extremely beautiful and well cast. The ornamental

parts consist of plants, fruits, &c. for it is expressly forbidden

in the Koran to give the representation of any human figure upon

fire-arms, particularly upon pieces of ordnance; the Turks being taught

to believe that God would order the workman to give it life, or would

condemn him to eternal punishment.

The Turks are very awkward in constructing platforms for their

batteries, and are almost ignorant of the art of pointing their pieces.

From a consciousness of their deficiency on this head, they encourage

Christian artillerymen and engineers to come amongst them; but until

the year 1798, they seldom viewed them but with a jealous eye, and

always gave the preference to renegadoes. General Koehler, with a few

British officers belonging to the train, joined their army in 1800 for

the purpose of acting against Egypt.

TOPIKHANNAH, _Ind._ A house for keeping guns, an arsenal, armory.

TOPOGRAPHER. A person skilled in viewing, measuring, and describing

ground.

TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS. A body of military men which are now become

essential in war.

TOPOGRAPHICAL DEPOT. The following short sketch of the only institution

of this kind which is peculiar to France, will explain its nature and

origin. Louvois minister of Louis XIV. in 1668 undertook to reform all

the departments of government; and the war department among the rest.

His death interrupted his design which was nevertheless afterwards

pursued upon the peace of Utrecht in 1713: when all the military papers

were classed, under different heads, and tables of contents to each

prepared, amounting to 2700 volumes. These papers embraced all military

subjects from 1631 to that time.

In 1696 a corps called “engineers of camps and armies” was instituted;

who in 1726 were called “geographical engineers” employed with the

staff in drawing plans, &c. But their drawings were used only in the

camp, until 1744, when d’Argenson improved the corps and established

them at Versailles. It was from this depot that _Voltaire_ obtained

all the materials which render his concise sketches of history more

accurate and preferable to any other, who has not made use of his

materials.

In the seven years war, the _Hotel de la Guerre_ was erected at

Versailles, it was completed in 1760. Berthier who was the intimate

friend of marshal Saxe was appointed _chief geographical engineer_;

and he collected a vast body of charts, drawings, and topographical

sketches on the Rhine, Hesse, Westphalia, Hanover, &c.

But some idea of former insufficiency may be had from the following

anecdote taken from memoirs of marshal Rochambeau (the same who served

with Washington) published at Paris in 1809: the marshal was an officer

under marshal Richelieu at the attack on Minorca during the seven years

war, which he thus describes--“When the marshal left Versailles to

proceed on the expedition, there could be found only one plan very old

of Port Mahon, in the military depot, and this was merely a draft of

Fort St. Philip. M. de Valliere, a minister of that day, who was much

better adapted to be a man-midwife than a chief of the war depot, was

consulted, and said that 24 pieces of heavy ordnance and 15 mortars

would be sufficient to lay the place in ashes. At Toulon, Richelieu had

some discourse with a captain of a merchant ship who had been prisoner

at Port Mahon, who said the duke’s plan of St. Philip was no more like

it than the Bastile. This intelligence induced the duke to take 14

pieces of artillery and 7 mortars more. But what was our astonishment

when on the first sight of Fort St. Philip we discovered works bristled

with arms and fortifications presenting 140 embrasures with their

tompions out.”

There can be no greater ignorance than this in military affairs,

excepting the ignorance of the British at Walcheren in 1809, who did

not know that the channel which formerly made Cadsand an island, and

separated it from the continent, had been filled up and become terra

firma for 25 years preceding.

By an arret of 1769 the topographical board was again revived, but fell

into neglect. St. Germain made them one corps with the engineers; but

they were again separated in 1777. M. de Vault who had been the soul

of the institution for 40 years, ever since 1750, died in 1790, he

had digested all the materials of the wars down to the year 1763 in a

military historical manner, they amounted to 125 volumes. It came under

the care of his colleague M. Beaudoin, who died, and was succeeded by

general Mathieu Dumas, until the revolution; when the war depot in

1791 was removed to Paris for safety and for use. Colon, Desdorides,

Lacuer, and Carnot, were active in it; Carnot for his own advantage

and convenience formed out of this a private topographical cabinet, to

which may be attributed the developement of those grand combinations,

which put fourteen armies in motion and maintained their co-operation

in a manner which has astonished mankind, and laid the foundation for

those congenial achievements which have since subverted all previous

axioms in tactics and prostrated and encircled Europe.

But the want of topographers being so much felt in the early campaigns

of the revolution no doubt stimulated Carnot to render it perfect.

Accordingly the corps was new organized, three companies were formed,

and each composed of 12 artists and a considerable number of pupils or

assistants to each. These were employed on the topography of Bavaria,

Suabia, &c. the materials collected in Italy, Piedmont, Spain, Naples,

Egypt, and St. Domingo. The grand map of France by Cassini; the chart

by Ferraris of the Netherlands, and Piedmont by Borgonio, were engraved

under the inspection of this corps. During the war all topographical

materials were collected with zeal. General Dupont (who has been since

made prisoner in Spain) considerably improved and enriched it; Ernout

who was lately commander of one of the French W. I. islands, was for a

time at the head of this depot; its organization was completed in 1795.

General Clarke, having been educated in this corps, was placed at the

head of it in the year 1800. A library was established and 8000 volumes

appropriate to the subject added by him. In 1801 it was enriched with

all that the campaigns of Bonaparte procured.

But the most important of its works was a plan of France upon a

combined projection of 4 points of view taken on the banks of the

Rhine, 24 topographical engineers under Franchot the astronomer

accomplished this. The organization was further improved on a project

of general Clarke; general Andreossi afterwards succeeded, and under

his care numerous charts were engraved and published.

The following is an abstract of the contents of the depot. 2700 volumes

ancient archives; 8000 select additional volumes; 900 rolls of modern

topographical plans; 131 volumes and 78 rolls modern narrative, each

of which is composed of at least 50 individual memoirs; 4700 engraved

maps; 7400 manuscript plans of battles, marches, encampments, &c.

It furnished to the army before 1804, engraved maps 7278; manuscript

plans and drawings 207; 61 atlases, and upwards of 600 narrative

memoirs.

In the early formation of this and other scientific establishments, in

the talents which directed and the liberality that provided them, we

see one of the real causes why France is superior in war to all other

nations.

TOPOGRAPHY. In _military history_, a description or draught of some

particular place, or small tract of land, as that of a fortification,

city, manor or tenement, garden, house, castle, fort, or the like;

such as engineers set out in their drawings, for the information

of their prince or general. Hence a topographical chart--_Carte

Topographique_.

TOPSYTURVY. Upsidedown, or, as our old authors more properly wrote

it, (to use Mr. Tooke’s words in his Diversions of Purley,) Up so

down; bottom upward. It corresponds with the French term, _Sans dessus

dessous_; without top or bottom: _i. e._ a situation of confusion, in

which you cannot discern the top from the bottom, or say which is the

top and which the bottom. When a battalion is so awkwardly managed,

either through the ignorance of the chief who gives the several words

of command, or through the dullness of the officers and soldiers who

are to execute them, that the grenadiers get where the light infantry

should stand, and the rest of the companies out of their proper fronts

and positions, such a battalion may be said to be topsyturvy. There is

a sea-phrase in familiar use among the military, which means the same

thing, viz. to _capsize_, _renverser_. _Chavirer quelque chose, comme

une embarcation_, &c. To turn upside down, as to capsize a piece of

ordnance. Hence, figuratively, to capsize a battalion, which means the

same as to club a battalion. See TO CLUB.

TOQUE, _Fr._ A velvet cap with the sides turned up, and flat at the

top. The _Cent Suisses_, or the French king’s Swiss body guard, wore

the _toque_ during the French monarchy.

TOR. A tower or turret.

TORCHES, (_Torches_, _Fr._) In military matters, are lights used at

sieges, &c. They are generally made of thick ropes, &c.

TORCHIS, _Fr._ Mud-clay, with which cottager’s huts, &c. are made in

most countries.

TORE, _Fr._ See TORUS.

TORUS. In architecture, a large round moulding used in the bases of

columns.

TORLAQUI. A sort of priest in Turkey.

TORNADO. A Portuguese word which is used on the southern coasts of

Africa, to express furious whirlwinds that are often fatal to mariners

and seamen. Dr. Johnson calls it generally, a hurricane; a whirlwind.

TORPEDO. A military machine for defence, invented by Mr. Robert Fulton,

an American; there are various kinds adapted to positions and methods

of defence or attack; the machine is a case of copper, oblong, and

containing 100 lbs. or more of powder; to the end of the case is a

kind of _lock_ about the size of a parlor door brass lock, inside of

which are clock works so formed as to be set to any number of seconds

or minutes required, which being expired, the gunpowder in the case is

exploded, and all above is torn to pieces by the explosion.

TORSE, _Fr._ This word means literally, twisted. In architecture it

signifies a pillar, the body of which, or the part between the base and

the capitals is surrounded with concave and convex circular lines.

TORTOISE. See TESTUDO.

TORTS, _Fr._ See WRONGS.

TORTUE, _Fr._ Literally means tortoise. It likewise signifies the

testudo, or tortoise, a warlike machine which was used among the

ancients.

TORTUE _d’hommes_, _Fr._ A particular formation which was formerly

adopted by the besieged when they made a sortie.

TORTUE _de Mer_, _Fr._ A sort of vessel which has its deck raised in

such a manner, that it resembles the roof of a house, beneath which

soldiers and passengers may conveniently stand or sit with their

baggage in bad weather.

TOSHA _Khanna_, _Ind._ Store-room, wardrobe.

TOSTE, _Fr._ A rowing bench in a boat. It is likewise called _Toste de

Chaloupe_.

TOUCH-HOLE. The vent through which the fire is conveyed to the powder

in the chamber of a gun.

TOUR, _Fr._ Turn. This word is likewise used by the English in military

matters, as tour of duty.

TOUR _à feu_, _Fr._ A light house.

TOUR _de bâton_, _Fr._ By-profits. See BATON.

TOURNAMENT. From the old French word _tournoi_, which is derived From

_tourner_, to turn. An exercise of mock battle formerly practised,

wherein princes and gentlemen afforded specimens of their dexterity

and courage in public places, by entering the lists and encountering

all opposers. They were well mounted on horseback, clad in armor, and

accoutred with lance and sword; first tilted at one another, and then

drew their swords and fought hand to hand.

These exercises being designed to make the persons, who practised them,

expert in the art of war, and also to entertain the court, the arms

were in a great measure rendered so far innocuous that they could not

kill the combatants. For this purpose the points of the lances and

swords were broken off; but notwithstanding this precaution, frequent

mischief occurred. In consequence of which the Pope prohibited all

sorts of tournaments, under pain of excommunication.

Tournaments had their origin from the ancient gladiatory combats, and

not from the usage of the northern people, as is commonly believed.

In Cicero’s time they were called by the Greek name Anabatis; because

their helmet in a great measure obstructed their seeing.

TOURNEE, _Fr._ A circuitous journey made for the purpose of inspection,

&c.

_Le Général fit une_ TOURNEE _pour examiner les avant postes_. The

general went round to examine the outposts.

TOURNE _à gauche_, _Fr._ A tool used by carpenters, masons, and other

artizans, in turning screws, saws, &c.

TOURNER, _Fr._ To turn. In military matters it signifies to get upon

the flank or in the rear of any object you propose to attack.

TOURNER _un ouvrage_, _Fr._ In fortification, to turn a work. This is

effected by cutting off its communication with the main body of the

place, and taking possession of the gorge. _Tourner le flanc_, to turn

the flank. _Tourner l’aile droite ou l’aile gauche_, to turn the right

or left wing. _Tourner un poste, une montagne_, to get into the rear of

a post, mountain, &c.

TOURNIQUET, _Fr._ A turnstile. It likewise signifies a swivel or iron

ring.

TOURNIQUET, _Fr._ Among artificers, a species of firework composed of

two fusees, which, when set fire to, produces the same effect as the

_Soleil Tournant_.

TOURNIQUET, (_Tourniquet_, _Fr._) In surgery, an instrument made of

rollers, compresses, screws, &c. for compressing any wounded part so as

to stop hæmorrhages.

The common Tourniquet is very simple, consisting only of a roller,

which, with the help of a small stick, serves to stop the effusion

of blood from large arteries, in amputation, by forcibly tying up

the limb. The things required in this operation are, a roller of a

thumb’s breadth, and of an ell in length; a small cylindrical stick, a

conglomerated bandage, two fingers thick and four long; some compresses

of a good length, and about three or four fingers breadth, to surround

the legs and arms, and a square piece of strong paper or leather,

about four fingers wide. By the British regulations published in 1799,

for the better management of the sick in regimental hospitals, every

surgeon and assistant surgeon is directed to have, among other surgical

instruments, a certain number of tourniquets; and serjeants, &c. are to

be taught the method of using it.

In May, 1798, two tourniquets were directed to be sent to each English

regiment, the rest are to be made by the men of the regiment; and

besides one to each person who will be taught the use of it, it is

necessary to have four for every hundred men.

The non-commissioned officers, band, and drummers of every regiment,

are to be taught the manner of applying it according to instructions

sent down from the surgeon general’s department.

TOURNOIS, _Fr._ Tournament.

TOURS _Mobiles_, _Fr._ Moveable towers. These were made use of in

remote ages; and although the invention of them has been attributed by

some to the Greeks and by others to the Romans, it does not belong to

either; for we read of moveable towers in Ezekiel. The curious may

derive much information on this head from the Chevalier Folard in his

translation of Polybius, page 536, tom. ii. See MOVEABLE TOWERS.

TOURS _bastionnees_, _Fr._ See TOWER BASTIONS.

TOURS _isolees_, _Fr._ Detached towers; such as are made in forts, or

stand upon the coast to serve for lighthouses.

TOURS _terrieres_, _Fr._ Large pieces of wood which are used in

mechanical operations to convey or remove heavy burthens.

_La_ TOURBE _menue_, _Fr._ The common people, the rabble.

TOURBILLON, _Fr._ Whirlwind, vortex. The French likewise call a

water-spout by this name.

TOURBILLON _de feu_, _Fr._ See SOLEIL MONTANT.

TOURELLE, _Fr._ A turret.

TOURILLON, _Fr._ A sort of pivot upon which several machines, such as

draw-bridges, &c. are made to turn.

TOURILLONS. See TRUNNIONS.

TOURMENTE, _Fr._ A violent storm.

TOURTEAU _Goudronné_, _Fr._ Old rope which is untwisted, steeped in

pitch or tar, and afterwards left to dry. It is used in fosses and

other places during a siege. The French make the _Tourteau Goudronné_

in the following manner.--Take 12 pounds of tar or pitch, 6 ditto of

tallow or grease, which put to 3 pints of linseed oil, and boil the

whole together. You then take old matches, or twisted pieces of rope of

any length you want, and let them soak in the boiling liquor. If you

wish to prevent them from burning too fast, add six pounds of rosin and

two of turpentine.

TOUT _le monde haute_, _Fr._ A French word of command at sea which

corresponds with our sea phrase, Pipe! all hands up.

TOUT _le monde bas_, _Fr._ A French word of command at sea which

corresponds with Pipe! all hands down.

TOUTE _volee_, _Fr._ Random shot.

_Tirer a toute volee._ To fire at random.

TOWER, (_Tour_, _Fr._) Any high building raised above another,

consisting of several stories, usually of a round form, though

sometimes square or polygonal; a fortress, a citadel. Towers are built

for fortresses, prisons, &c. as the tower of the Bastille, which was

destroyed by the inhabitants of Paris in 1789.

_The_ TOWER _of London_, commonly called the Tower. A building with

five small turrets at different angles above it, situated on the banks

of the river Thames.

The Tower of London is not only a citadel to defend and command the

city, river, &c. but it is also a royal palace, where the kings of

England with their courts have sometimes lodged; a royal arsenal,

wherein are stored arms and ammunition for 60,000 soldiers; a treasury

for the jewels and ornaments of the crown; a mint for coining money;

the archives wherein are preserved all the ancient records of the

courts of Westminster, &c. and the chief prison for state delinquents.

The officers belonging to the Tower of London consist of

_per ann._

1 constable and chief governor at 1000 0 0

1 lieutenant governor, at 700 0 0

1 deputy lieutenant, at 365 0 0

1 major, at 182 10 0

1 chaplain, at 121 13 4

1 gentleman porter, at 84 0 8

1 gentleman gaoler, at 70 0 0

1 physician, at 182 10 0

1 surgeon, at 45 12 6

1 apothecary, 1 yeoman porter

TOWER-_bastions_, in fortification, are small towers made in the form

of bastions, by M. Vauban, in his second and third method; with rooms

or cellars underneath to place men and guns in them.

_Martello_ TOWER. See TOURS MOBILES

_Moveable_ TOWERS, in ancient military history, were three stories

high, built with large beams, each tower was placed on 4 wheels or

trucks, and towards the town covered with boiled leather, to guard it

from fire, and to resist the darts: on each story 100 archers were

posted. They were pushed with the force of men to the city wall. From

these the soldiers, placed in the different stages, made such vigorous

discharges that none of the garrison dared to shew themselves on the

rampart.

TOWN. Any walled collection of houses.

TOWN-_Adjutant_. An assistant to the town-major. See ADJUTANT.

TOWN-_Major_. An officer constantly employed about the governor or

officer commanding a garrison, &c. He issues the orders to the troops,

and reads the common orders to fresh troops when they arrive. He

commands according to the rank he had in the army; but if he never had

any other commission than that of town or fort-major, he is to command

as youngest captain. See MAJOR.

TRABAND. A trusty brave soldier in the Swiss infantry, whose particular

duty was to guard the colors and the captain who led them. He was

armed with a sword and a halbert, the blade of which was shaped like a

pertuisan. He generally wore the colonel’s livery, and was excused all

the duties of a centry. His pay was eight deniers more than the daily

subsistence of the company.

TRABEA, _Trabee_, _Fr._ A white gown bordered with purple, and adorned

with clavi or trabeæ of scarlet. See Kennett’s R. A. page 313.

TRACER, _Fr._ To trace.

TRACES. The harness by which beasts of draught are enabled to move

bodies to which they are yoked.

TRAHISON, _Fr._ Treason.

_Haute_ TRAHISON, _Fr._ High treason.

_Tuer en_ TRAHISON, _Fr._ To kill in a treacherous manner.

TRAIL. In gunnery. The end of a travelling carriage, opposite to the

wheels, and upon which the carriage slides when unlimbered or upon the

battery. See CARRIAGES.

_To_ TRAIL, literally means to draw along the ground. In military

matters it signifies, to carry the firelock in an oblique forward

position, with the butt just above the ground. Hence _Trail Arms_, a

word of command for that purpose.

TRAINE, _Fr._ A term known among French sailors and soldiers at sea,

to signify a thin rope or rather packthread, to which they tie their

linen; leaving it to float or be dragged through the waves until it is

clean.

TRAIN, (_Train_, _Fr._) In a military sense, all the necessary

apparatus, implements of war, such as cannon, &c. that are required at

a siege or in the field.

TRAIN _of Artillery_, (_Traine d’artillerie_, _Fr._) in a general

sense, means the regiment of artillery; it also includes the great guns

and other pieces of ordnance belonging to an army in the field. See

ARTILLERY.

TRAIN, (_Trainee_, _Fr._) In mining. A line of gunpowder laid to give

fire to a quantity thereof, which has been lodged for the purpose of

blowing up earth, works, buildings, &c.

TRAIN, is also used to denote the attendants, of a prince or general,

upon many occasions.

TRAIN-_bands_, or _trained bands_, a name formerly given to the militia

of England.

TRAINEAUX, _Fr._ Several pieces of wood made in the form of a large

sledge upon which pieces of ordnance and stores, &c. are conveyed to

the rampart, and brought from one place to another.

TRAINEURS, _Fr._ Men who on a march lag behind, and thereby occasion a

loose and unconnected appearance in the line of march. It is the duty

of the rear guard to pick up all stragglers, and to report them to

head-quarters.

TRAINEUR _d’epee_. A parasite; a man who has never done a day’s duty,

but wears a sword and looks big.

TRAITS, _Fr._ Drag-ropes, &c. used in the artillery.

TRAJECTORY _line_, is the curved line formed by the shot after the

explosion to the end of its career.

TRAJET. See FERRY.

TRAMONTANE, _Fr._ The north wind in the Mediterranean is so termed by

the French. It is so called, because it blows beyond the hills that are

near Rome and Florence.

TRANCHANT, _Fr._ Cutting.

_Une epee à deux_ TRANCHANS, _Fr._ A two-edged sword.

TRANCHEE, _Fr._ See TRENCH.

TRANCHEE _double_, _Fr._ A double trench, one side of which serves as a

traverse to the other; by which means they are mutually covered from a

reverse or enfilade filing.

TRANCHEE _a crochet_, _Fr._ A bending trench, or one in the shape of

a hook. This species of trench is found where the line turns, at the

extremities of the places of arms, and at the ends of the cavaliers.

TRANCHEE _directe_, _Fr._ A trench which is carried, or run out in a

strait forward direction, and which serves to shut up any spot from

whence you might be enfiladed.

TRANSFERS. Soldiers taken out of one troop or company and placed in

another are so called.

TRANSFIXED. An ancient term used to express the state of being

desperately wounded by some pointed instrument, as being run through

by a spear, javelin or bayonet; pierced through so that the weapon is

fixed in another body.

TRANSOMS. In artillery. Pieces of wood which join the cheeks of

gun-carriages; there is but one in a truck-carriage, placed under the

trunnion-holes; and four in a wheel-carriage, the trail, the centre,

the bed, and the breast transoms.

TRANSOM-_plates_, with hooks.--There is one on each side of the

side-pieces, against each end of the transom, the bed-transom excepted,

fastened by two transom-bolts.

TRANSOM-_bolt_, with bars. They serve to tie the side-pieces to the

transom.

TRANSPIRATION, _Fr._ This word is used by the French in hydraulics,

to signify the oozing of water through the pores of the earth. It

often happens, in digging a canal through sandy ground, that the

transpirations or oozings, are so plentiful as not to leave water

enough for the intended purposes of navigation. This occurred at

New-Brisac, when a canal was dug in order to convey materials for its

fortifications. The waters having been let in, the whole body was

absorbed in the space of twenty-four hours. This evil or inconvenience

can, however, be remedied; as may be seen in the fourth volume of

Belidor’s _Architecture Hydraulique_.

TRANSPORT. A vessel in which soldiers are conveyed on the sea. See

EMBARKATION.

TRANSPORT-_Board_. An English office established in 1794, which has

the entire arrangement of the transport service, and of prisoners of

war, in conjunction with the sick and hurt board. It consists of five

commissioners, who are captains in the navy, and a secretary.

TRANSPORTER, _Fr._ To transfer, to remove, to change the situation of

any thing.

TRANSPORTER _les files et les rangs d’un bataillon dans les

evolutions_, _Fr._ To change files or ranks in military evolutions. To

countermarch any given number of men so as to place the right where the

left stood, and make the front rank take the ground that was occupied

by rear, with a different aspect. See COUNTERMARCH.

When the countermarch is effected on the centre, or by a central

conversion, the French distinguish, and use the phrase--_Faire le

moulinet_; from the similarity of movement round a central point;

_moulinet_ signifying _capstan_, turn-stile, &c.

TRANSPOSER _les files d’un bataillon dans les évolutions_, _Fr._ To

change the relative position of files in a battalion, that is, to

countermarch the whole so as to make the natural front stand where the

rear did, and to place those on the left that originally stood on the

right.

TRAP. See AMBUSH, STRATAGEM, &c.

TRAPE, _Fr._ A falling door.

TRAPEZE, _Fr._ See TRAPEZIUM.

TRAPEZOID, (_Trapezoide_, _Fr._) A figure in geometry which is formed

by the circumvolution of a trapezium, in the same manner that a

cylinder is by that of a parallelogram.

TRAPEZIUM. A quadrilateral or square figure whose four sides and angles

are unequal, and no sides are parallel.

TRAPPINGS. See HOUSINGS.

TRATTES, _Fr._ The Several beams and long pieces of wood which support

the body of a windmill.

TRAVADE, _Fr._ A whirlwind; violent squall accompanied by thunder and

lightening.

TRAVAILLER, _Fr._ To work. In mechanics; to warp, to open, &c. The

French say, _Ce bois travaille_; this wood warps--_Ce mur travaille_;

this wall gives way, &c.

TRAVAILLER, _a la journee_, _Fr._ To work by the day--_A la piece_, by

the piece:--_à la tâche_, by the measure:--_En bloc et en tâche_, by

the great, by the lump.

TRAVAILLER _à Toise_, _Fr._ To work by the toise. Works in

fortification are generally done by this measure.

TRAVAILLER _par epaulees_, _Fr._ To execute a work with intervals of

labor.

TRAVAILLER _les esprits des soldats_. To work upon the minds of the

soldiery. To excite them to insurrection.

TRAVAILLER _un pays_. To feel the pulse of a country by working upon

the minds of the inhabitants; to excite them to support any particular

cause.

TRAVAILLEURS, _Fr._ Literally, workmen. In military matters, pioneers

and soldiers employed in fatigue duties.

TRAVAILLEURS, _à la tranchee_, _Fr._ A detachment, consisting of a

given number of men from each battalion, which is employed in the

trenches. The soldiers who are sent upon this duty have only spades and

pick-axes, and the officers who command them wear their swords.

TRAVAISON, _Fr._ Entablature.

TRAVAUX _Militaires_, _Fr._ See MILITARY WORKS.

TRAVAUX _avances_, _Fr._ Advanced works or outworks. The same as

_pieces detachees_, or _dehors_. See DEHORS.

TRAVEE, _Fr._ A bay of joists. A scaffold.

TRAVELLING _forge_. See FORGE.

TRAVERS, _Fr._ A rope which is used to fasten cannon on their

carriages, &c. and which serves for various other purposes.

TRAVERSEE, _Fr._ Passage; short trip by sea.

TRAVERSE. In fortification, is a parapet made across the covert-way,

opposite to the salient angles of the works, near the place of arms, to

prevent being enfiladed. Traverses are 18 feet thick, and as high as

the ridge of the glacis. There are also traverses made by caponiers;

but then they are called tambours.

_To_ TRAVERSE, a gun, or mortar, is to bring it about to right or left

with hand-spikes, till it is pointed exact to the object.

TRAVERSIER, _Fr._ A passage boat, &c. It likewise means a wind that

blows into port; also a pontoon.

TRAVERSINES, _Fr._ Pieces of wood which are laid cross-ways in a dyke.

TRAVERSING-_plates_, in gun carriages, are two thin iron plates, nailed

on the hind part of a truck carriage of guns, where the hand-spike is

used to traverse the gun.

TRAVERSING, in fencing, is the change of ground made by moving to right

or left round the circle of defence.

TRAVONS, _Fr._ The large main beams in a wooden bridge, which support

the joists, &c. They are likewise called _sommiers_.

TRAVESTISEMENT, _Fr._ Disguise. In the old French service, it was

ordained, that no dragoon or foot soldier should change his uniform or

regimentals whilst in garrison, nor within the boundaries of it. Every

infraction of this order was punished with three months imprisonment.

TRAUMATIC. Vulnerary; useful to wounds; as _Traumatic_ decoction.

TREACHERY. Perfidy; breach of faith.

TREASON. Disloyalty; treachery; perfidious dealing.

_High_ TREASON. An offence against the security of the commonwealth, or

of the sovereignty. It is a capital crime, and subjects the offender

not only to loss of life, but also to forfeiture of all he may possess.

TRECHETOR, TRECHEUR, One who betrays a place, or body of men. An

obsolete word.

TREFLE, _Fr._ Trefoil. A term used in mining, from the similarity of

the figure to trefoil. The simple trefle has only two lodgments; the

double trefle four; and the triple one six.

TREILLAGE, _Fr._ Any assemblage of wood which is laid cross-ways. Of

which description are the palisadoes, &c. in gardens

TREILLIS, _Fr._ A general term for iron grating, &c. Such as is used

for prisons.

TREILLIS, _Fr._ The method that is used in copying plans, &c. It

consists of a certain arrangement of strait lines, which being measured

at equal distances from one another, and crossed from right to left,

represents a quantity of small equal squares. This arrangement or

disposition of lines is used by painters, engravers, and engineers,

in taking accurate copies of plans, &c. and is called by the French

_Treillis_.

TREILLISER. To trellis. To furnish with a trellis.

TREMEAU, _Fr._ An ancient term in fortification. See MORTAR.

TRENCHANT. Sharp or cutting.

TRENCHES, in a siege, are ditches made by the besiegers, that they may

approach more securely to the place attacked; on which account they

are also called lines of approach. The tail of the trench is the place

where it was begun, and its head is the place where it ends.

Trenches are also made to guard an encampment.

The trenches are usually opened or begun in the night time, sometimes

within musquet shot, and sometimes within half or whole cannon shot of

the place; generally about 800 toises. They are carried on in winding

lines, nearly parallel to the works, so as not to be in view of the

enemy, nor exposed to the enemy’s shot.

The workmen employed in the trenches are always supported by a number

of troops to defend them against the sallies of the besieged. The

pioneers, and other workmen, sometimes work on their knees, and are

usually covered with mantlets or saucissons; and the troops who support

them lie flat on their faces, in order to avoid the enemy’s shot. On

the angles or sides of the trench, there are lodgments, or epaulements,

in form of traverses, the better to hinder the sallies of the garrison,

and to favor the advancement of the trenches, and to sustain the

workmen.

The platforms for the batteries are made behind the trenches; the

first at a good distance, to be used only against the sallies of the

garrison. As the approaches advance, the batteries are brought nearer,

to ruin the defences of the place, and dismount the artillery of the

besieged. The breach batteries are made when the trenches are advanced

near the covert-way.

If there are two attacks, it will be necessary to have lines of

communication, or boyaus, between the two, with places of arms at

convenient distances. The trenches are 6 or 7 feet high with the

parapet, which is 5 feet thick, with banquettes for the soldiers to

mount upon.

The approaches at a siege are generally carried on upon the capitals

of the works attacked; because the capitals produced are, of all other

situations in the front of a work, the least exposed to the fire of

either the cannon or musquetry; and are the least in the line of fire

between the besieged and besieger’s batteries. But if, from particular

circumstances, these or other advantages do not attend the approaches

upon the capitals, they are by no means to be preferred to other

positions.

The trenches of communication, or zig-zags, are 3 feet deep, 10 feet

wide at bottom, and 13 feet at top, having a berm of one foot, beyond

which the earth is thrown to form a parapet.

The parallels or places of arms of the trenches are 3 feet deep, 12

feet wide at bottom, and 17 or 18 feet wide at top, having a banquette

of about 3 feet wide, with a slope of nearly as much. See SAP.

The first night of opening the trenches, the greatest exertions are

made to take advantage of the enemy’s ignorance as to the side of

attack; and they are generally carried on as far in advance as the

first parallel, and even sometimes to the completion of that work. The

workmen set out on this duty, each with a fascine of 6 feet, a pick

axe, and a shovel; and the fascines being laid so as to lap one foot

over each other, leave 5 feet of trench for each man to dig.

The usual method of directing the trenches or zig-zags is, by observing

during the day some near object in a line with the salient parts of

the work, and which may serve as a direction in the night; or if the

night be not very dark, the angles of the works may be seen above the

horizon; but as both these methods are subject to uncertainty, the

following is proposed to answer every case:--Having laid down the plan

of attack, the exact positions of the flanked angles of the works of

the front attacked, and particularly of those most extended to the

right and left; marked on the plan the point of commencement for the

first portions of zig-zag, the point where it crosses the capital, 2nd

the point to which it extends on the other side of the capital: this

last point will be the commencement of the second branch: then mark off

the point where this branch crosses the capital, and its extent on the

other side; and this will give the commencement of the third branch;

and so on for the others. Thus provided with a plan ready marked off,

it will be very easy, even in the darkest night, to lay down the points

where the zig-zags are to cross the capital, and the points to which

they are to be produced beyond them. The first parallel is generally

run about 600 yards from the place, and of such extent as to embrace

the prolongation of the faces of all the works which fire upon the

trenches; and each end has a return of about 30 or 40 yards.

The second parallel is constructed upon the same principles, and of

the same extent as the first, at the distance of about 300 yards from

the salient angles of the covert-way. This parallel is usually formed

of gabions; each workman carrying a gabion, a fascine, a shovel, and a

pick axe. After this the trenches are carried on by sap.

The half parallels are about 140 or 150 yards from the covert-way, and

extend sufficiently on each side to embrace the prolongation of the

branches of the covert-way.

The third parallel must not be nearer than the foot of the glacis, or

it will mask the ricochet batteries. It is generally made rather wider

than the other parallels.

Cavaliers of the trenches must not be nearer than 28 yards from the

covert-way, or they will be liable to be annoyed by hand grenades.

_Returns of a_ TRENCH, are the elbows and turnings, which form the

lines of approach, and are made, as near as can be, parallel to the

place, to prevent their being enfiladed.

_To mount the_ TRENCHES, is to mount guard in the trenches, which is

generally done in the night.

_To relieve the_ TRENCHES, is to relieve the guard of the trenches.

_To scour the_ TRENCHES, is to make a vigorous sally upon the guard

of the trenches, force them to give way, and quit their ground, drive

away the workmen, break down the parapet, fill up the trench, and spike

their cannon.

_Counter_-TRENCHES, are trenches made against the besiegers; which

consequently have their parapets turned against the enemy’s approaches,

and are enfiladed from the several parts of the place, on purpose to

render them useless to the enemy, if they should chance to become

masters of them; but they should not be enfiladed, or commanded by any

height in the enemy’s possession.

_To open the_ TRENCHES, is to break ground for the purpose of carrying

on approaches towards a besieged place.

TRENTE-_six mois_, _Fr._ Thirty-six months. A sea phrase. By this term

was understood among the French, before the revolution, _Un Engagé_,

a person who hired himself for that period to another, on condition

that the latter defrayed his passage to the East Indies; after the

expiration of which term the former was at liberty to settle in that

country.

TREPAN, _Fr._ An instrument which is used to find out the quality

of any ground into which beams or sticks are to be driven. Also an

instrument used in surgery.

TREPIGNER, _Fr._. To clatter. In horsemanship it is used to describe

the action of a horse who beats the dust with his fore-feet in

managing, without embracing the vault; who makes his motions and time

short and near the ground, without being put upon his haunches. This

defect is usually occasioned by a weakness in the shoulders.

TRESOR, _Fr._ The military chest.

TRESORIER, _Fr._ Paymaster. There were formerly on the French

military establishment two classes of paymasters, viz. _Trésoriers

de l’ordinaire_, et _trésoriers de l’extraordinaire_, paymasters or

treasurers for the ordinary expences of the service, and ditto for the

extraordinary. The latter were accountable to government for a just

distribution of stores and provisions, and gave in their estimates

and vouchers to the comptroller general’s office in Paris. These were

formerly called _Clercs du trésor_ ou _payeurs_, clerks attached to

the military chest or paymasters. They were partly the same as our

paymasters and commissaries-general on service.

During the monarchy in France there were several treasurers or

paymasters-general in ordinary belonging to the army, who had their

several departments, viz.

TRESORIERS _de la gendarmerie et des troupes de la maison du roi_,

_Fr._ Treasurers or paymasters attached to the gens d’armes and the

king’s household.

TRESORIERS _de l’extraordinaire des guerres_, _Fr._ Treasurers or

paymasters of the extraordinaries of the army.

TRESORIERS _des Maréchaussées de France_, _Fr._ Treasurers or

paymasters of the marshalsey or armed police of France.

TRESORIERS _payeurs des troupes_, _Fr._ Treasurers or

paymasters-general of the forces.

TRESORIERS _des gratifications_, _Fr._ Treasurers or paymasters of

compensations, gratuities, &c.

TRESORIERS _de la prévôté de l’Hotel_, _Fr._ Treasurers or paymasters

of the provost-marshal’s department at the hotel or town hall in Paris.

_Le_ TRESORIER _général de l’artillerie_, _Fr._ The treasurer or

paymaster-general of the artillery.

_Le_ TRESORIER _général des fortifications_, _Fr._ The treasurer or

paymaster-general of fortifications.

All these treasurers or paymasters were subject to their several

comptrollers of accounts, and their issues, &c. were audited

accordingly. There were likewise provincial or subordinate paymasters

of the extraordinaries of the army. They were appointed by the

treasurers or paymasters-general, and resided in the different

departments and general districts of the kingdom. These appointments

fell, of course, at the revolution, and they have since been replaced

by a more simple and economical consolidation. The artillery has

still its separate treasurer or paymaster. The district paymasters,

which have been established in Great Britain, &c. during the present

war, seem manifestly to have taken their origin from the old French

arrangement.

TREVET. Any thing that stands upon three legs. An iron instrument

to set a pot or saucepan on over the fire. It is likewise used in

field-ovens.

TREUIL, _Fr._ A roll, an axle-tree, &c.

TRIAIRES, _Fr._ See TRIARII.

TRIAL. Test, examination, experiment. It is in the power of the

president to dismiss an officer from the regular, militia, or volunteer

service, without any species of investigation or trial. See COURTS

MARTIAL, _&c._

TRIANGLE, (_Triangle_, _Fr._) The triangle may be considered as the

most simple of all figures. It is composed of three lines and three

angles, and is either plain or spherical.

_A plain_ TRIANGLE is one that is contained under three right lines.

_A spherical_ TRIANGLE is a triangle that is contained under three

arches of a great circle or sphere.

_A right-angled_ TRIANGLE is one which has one right angle.

_An acute-angled_ TRIANGLE is one that has all its angles acute.

_An obtuse-angled_ TRIANGLE is that which has one obtuse angle.

_An oblique-angled_ TRIANGLE is a triangle that is not right angled.

_An equilated_ TRIANGLE is one whose sides are all equal.

_An isosceles_ TRIANGLE, _An equilegged_ TRIANGLE, A triangle that has

only two legs or sides equal.

_A scalenus_ TRIANGLE. One that has not two sides equal.

_Similar_ TRIANGLES are such as have all their three angles

respectively equal to one another.

TRIANGLE. The psaltery of the Scriptures. A small triangular piece of

metal, which is used in military bands, emitting a sharp reverberating

sound in concord with the rest of the music.

TRIANGLE likewise means a wooden instrument consisting of three poles

which are fastened at top in such a manner, that they may spread at

bottom in a triangular form, and by means of spikes affixed to each

pole, remain firm in the earth. An iron bar, breast high, goes across

one side of the triangle. The triangles are used in the British army

for the purpose of inflicting the barbarous and unmilitary punishment

of whipping; a usage which is rendered the more odious by a comparison

of the valor and discipline of the French, who do not allow of any

such punishments. To the shame of the United States, the practice is

tolerated even by law at this moment!

_Shake the_ TRIANGLE. A phrase in the British army, applied to the

condition of a man who is whipped with corded lashes on the bare back

till he falls into convulsions; when he is said to shake the triangle.

Where such barbarity is the _costume_ it is not surprising that they

are always beaten in the field.

TRIANON, _Fr._ A generical French term signifying any pavilion that

stands in a park, and is unconnected with the castle or main building.

Of this description was the French queen’s petit trianon in the

neighborhood of Versailles.

TRIARII. Soldiers so called among the Romans. According to Kennett,

the Triarii were commonly veterans, or hardy old soldiers, of long

experience and approved valor. They had their name from their position,

being marshalled in the third place, as the main strength and hopes

of their party. They were armed with a pike, a shield, a helmet, and

a cuirass. They are sometimes called _Pilatii_, from their weapon the

Pila. See _Kennett’s Roman Ant._ p. 190. They were likewise stiled

_Tiertiarii_. A certain number of these veterans was always distributed

in each cohort.

Polybius, in his 6th book, classes the Roman troops under four

different heads; the first he calls _Pilati_ or _Velites_, light-armed

men, selected from the lower order of the people, and generally

composed of the youngest men in the army. The second class, consisting

of pikemen, _Hastati_, were more advanced in age, and had more

experience. The third class, called _Principes_, were still older, and

more warlike than the second.

The fourth class consisted of the oldest, most experienced, and bravest

soldiers. These were always posted in the third rank, as a reserve, to

support the others in case they gave way. Hence their appellation of

_triarii_ or _tiertiarii_; and hence the Roman proverb, _Ad triarium

ventum est_, signifying thereby, that the last efforts were being made.

The _triarii_ were likewise named _post signani_, from being posted in

the rear of the _princeps_ who carried the standard in a legion.

TRIBUNE, (_Tribun_, _Fr._) A title which was originally given to

certain Roman magistrates, who were established for the specific

purpose of maintaining the rights of the tribes or mass of the people,

in opposition to the possible encroachments of the aristocracy or

patricians, on which account they were stiled the tribunes of the

people, _les tribuns du peuple_. The number, at first, was limited to

two; but they were subsequently augmented to ten. There were likewise

military tribunes, _tribuns militaires_. These held commands of

considerable extent in the Roman armies.

TRIBUNATE, (_Tribunat_, _Fr._) The office of tribune.

TRICKER, TRIGGER, (_Deténte_, _Fr._) The catch, which being pulled,

disengages the cock of a gun-lock, that it may strike fire.

_Hair_ TRIGGER, (_détente à cheveux_, _Fr._) The hair trigger is

generally used for rifles, when there is a great nicety required in

shooting. The difference between a hair-trigger and a common trigger is

this--the hair-trigger, when set, lets off the cock by the slightest

touch, whereas the common trigger requires a considerable degree of

force, and consequently is longer in its operation.

TRICOISSES, _Fr._ Pincers used by farriers.

TRICOT, _Fr._ A cudgel.

TRICOLORE, _Fr._ Three-colored. Hence the tricolor-cockade, which was

adopted by the French at the commencement of their revolution. It

consists of _sky-blue_, _pink_, and _white_ and was emblematical of the

three estates, nobility, clergy, and people. The armies still wear the

tricolor, although the first order, or the nobility, was abolished 10th

of August, 1792; however, Bonaparte has re-established a new nobility,

and a new device on his standards, which is an eagle; conformable to

his peculiar interests or policy.

TRIER, _Fr._ To pick and chuse. Hence, _trier les plus beaux soldats_,

to pick out the finest soldiers. _Triage_ is used as the substantive,

signifying the act of picking and chusing.

TRIGON, a triangle. Hence,

TRIGONOMETRY, (_Trigonométrie_, _Fr._) The art of measuring triangles,

or of calculating the sides of any triangle sought. This is either

plain or spherical.

TRILATERAL. Having three sides.

TRIMESTRE, _Fr._ A space of three months.

TRINGLE. In architecture, a name common to several little square

members or ornaments, as reglets, listels, and platbands. It is

more particularly used for a little member fixed exactly over every

triglyph, under the platband of the architrave; from whence hang down

the guttæ or pendent drops.

TRINGLE, _Fr._ A wooden rule.

TRINGLER, _Fr._ To draw a strait line upon wood by means of a stretched

piece of packthread, or cord that is chalked.

TRINOME, _Fr._ A word used among the French, in algebra, to express

any quantity which is produced by the addition of three numbers or

quantities that are incommensurable.

TRINOMIAL, or TRINOMIAL _root_, in mathematics, is a root consisting of

three parts, connected together by the signs + or -, as x + y + z, or x

- y - z.

TRINQUET, _Fr._ A word used in the Levant to signify the mizen or

foremast of a ship.

TRINQUETTE, _Fr._ A sail used on board the ships in the Levant, which

is of a triangular shape.

TRIOMPHE, _Fr._ See TRIUMPH.

_Arc de_ TRIOMPHE, _Fr._ A triumphal arch.

TRIPASTE, _Fr._ A machine which consists of three pullies, and is used

in raising of heavy weights.

TRIQUE, _Fr._ A large cudgel.

TRIQUE-BAL, _Fr._ A sling cart or machine which is used to convey

pieces of ordnance from one quarter to another.

TRIREME, _Fr._ A galley with three benches for rowers.

TRISECTION, (_Trisection_, _Fr._) The division of a thing into three.

The term is chiefly used in geometry for the partition of an angle into

three equal parts.

The trisection of an angle geometrically, is one of those great

problems whose solution has been so much sought by mathematicians;

being in this respect on a footing with the quadrature of the circle,

and the duplicature of the cube angle.

TRIUMPH. A solemnity practised by the ancient Romans, to do honor to a

victorious general.

There were two sorts of triumphs, the greater and the lesser,

particularly called ovation; of these the triumph was by much the more

splendid procession. None were capable of this honor but the dictator,

consuls, and prætors; though there are examples to the contrary, as

particularly in Pompey the Great, who had a triumph decreed him when he

was only a Roman knight, and had not yet reached the senatorial age.

The triumph was the most pompous show among the ancients: authors

usually attribute its invention to Bacchus, and tell us, that he first

triumphed upon the conquest of the Indies; and yet this ceremony was

only in use among the Romans. The Grecians had a custom which resembled

the Roman triumph; for the conquerors used to make a procession through

the middle of their city, crowned with garlands, repeating hymns and

songs, and brandishing their spears: their captives were also led by

them, and all their spoils exposed to public view. The order of a

Roman triumph was chiefly thus: the senate having decreed the general

a triumph, and appointed a day, they went out of the city gate and

marched in order with him through the city. The cavalcade was led

up by the musicians, who had crowns on their heads; and after them

came several chariots with plans and maps of the cities and countries

subdued, done in relievo: they were followed by the spoils taken from

the enemy; their horses, arms, gold, silver, machines, tents, &c. After

these came the kings, princes, or generals subdued, loaded with chains,

and followed by mimics or buffoons, who exulted over their misfortunes.

Next came the officers of the conquering troops, with crowns on their

heads. Then appeared the triumphal chariot, in which was the conqueror,

richly clad in a purple robe, embroidered with gold, setting forth

his glorious atchievements. His buskins were beset with pearl, and he

wore a crown, which at first was only laurel, but afterwards gold;

one hand held a laurel branch, the other a truncheon. His children

were sometimes at his feet, and sometimes on the chariot-horses.

As the triumphal chariot passed along, the people strewed flowers

before it. The music played in praise of the conqueror, amidst the

loud acclamations of the people, crying, to triumph. The chariot was

followed by the senate clad in white robes; and the senate by such

citizens as had been set at liberty or ransomed. The procession was

closed by the sacrifices, and their officers and utensils, with a white

ox led along for the chief victim. In the mean time all the temples

were open, and the altars were loaded with offerings and incense;

games and combats were celebrated in the public places, and rejoicings

appeared every where.

TRIUMVIRI, or TRESVIRI CAPITALES. Men employed among the ancient Romans

to preserve the public peace, &c. For particulars, see Kennett’s Roman

Antiquities, page 121. They likewise signify the three persons, Cæsar,

Crassus, and Pompey, who seized on the government of the republic, and

divided it among them. Hence,

TRIUMVIRATE (_Triumvirat_, _Fr._) An absolute government administered

by three persons with equal authority. There are two triumvirates

particularly recorded in history: Pompey, Cæsar, and Crassus, who had

all served the republic as generals of marked reputation, in the first

instance; and Augustus, Mark Antony, and Lepidus, in the second.

TROCHLEA. One of the mechanical powers usually called a pulley.

TROCHOID, in mathematics. The same as cycloid.

TROCHOLIQUE, _Fr._ A name used among the French for that branch of

mathematics which treats of circular movements.

TROMBE, _Fr._ A water-spout. It is likewise called _Siphon_ or _Syphon_.

TROMPE, _Fr._ In architecture; an arch which grows wider towards the

top.

TROMPES, _Fr._ In artificial fireworks; a collection of _pots à feu_,

or fire-pots so arranged, that upon the first being inflamed, a

ready communication takes place with the rest, and the explosion is

successively effected.

TROMPETTE, _Fr._ This word, which signifies trumpet, is applied by the

French, not only to the instrument, but to the man who blows it; in the

same manner that we say fifes and drums, for fifers and drummers; but

we do not say trumpet for trumpeter. _Trompette_, when used in this

sense, is of the masculine gender.

TROMPETTE _sonnante_, _Fr._ With sound of trumpet, or trumpet sounding.

TROMPETTE _parlante_, _Fr._ A speaking trumpet. This instrument is

generally used at sea; and owes its invention to an Englishman.

_Deloger sans_ TROMPETTE, _Fr._ To steal away, to take French leave.

TROMPILLON, _Fr._ The diminutive of trompe. A term used in

architecture, which owes its origin to the resemblance that exists

between the wide part of a trumpet, and the arch or vault so called.

TROOP, in cavalry. A certain number of men on horseback who form

a component part of a squadron. It is the same, with respect to

formation, as company in the infantry. When a troop dismounts and acts

on foot, it is still called a troop.

TROOP. A certain beat of the drum. See DRUM.

_To_ TROOP _the colors_. See COLORS.

TROOPS. The same as _copiæ_ in Latin. Any collective body of soldiers.

_Heavy_ TROOPS. Soldiers armed and accoutred for the purpose of acting

together, in line, &c.

_Light_ TROOPS, (_Troupes legères_, _Fr._) Hussars, light horse,

mounted riflemen, light infantry are so called, in opposition to

cavalry or heavy horse. Skirmishing is solely the business of light

horse, who, according to count Turpin, should be constantly exposed

as the forlorn hope of the army; or as troops whose duty it is to be

continually watchful for its repose and security.

When the light horse compose an advanced camp, the men should keep

their horses constantly saddled; it being only an indulgence to allow

those off duty to have their horses unsaddled. It is very true, that

a camp of cavalry cannot be managed after the same manner; but then

cavalry is seldom so situated as to be attacked, or to attack every

day, which is the real business of light horse. They should serve

as vedets to the whole army, in order to prevent the enemy from

approaching it; whereas cavalry should never be employed, but in the

greatest operations; and on occasions which are to decide the fate of a

campaign.

Light troops, according to the same writer, are employed to gain

intelligence concerning the enemy, to learn whether he hath decamped,

whether he hath built any bridges, and other things of the same nature,

of which the general must necessarily be informed, and should have a

day fixed for this return. There are other detachments, which should be

sent out under intelligent officers, and which should never lose sight

of the enemy, in order to send in daily intelligence, to attack small

convoys and baggage, to pick up marauders, and harrass the advanced

guards. There should not be any time fixed for the return of these

detachments, neither should they be confined to particular places;

they should, however, return to the camp at the expiration of eight or

ten days at farthest. The inconvenience, arising from confining these

detachments to a particular time, would perhaps be, that the very day

appointed for their return, would be that on which they might have the

fairest opportunity of learning intelligence of the enemy: consequently

their being forced to return, would defeat the objects for which they

were sent out. See page 122, vol. II. of Count Turpin’s Art of War. See

_Am. Mil. Lib._

_Light_ TROOPS have been sometimes called irregulars, as they act

in detached and loose bodies. The tirailleurs, Tyrolians, Yagers,

sharp-shooters, and the _Chasseurs a cheval et a pied_, to which

the French owe so much during the whole course of their stupendous

revolution, were of this description. What was called advancing _en

masse_, by the French, was nothing more than very large bodies of

irregulars (or light troops), which covered the country, in the front

of their armies, like an inundation. To their irregulars, and to their

light artillery are the French indebted for most of the victories

they have gained. The troops stiled in France chasseurs, are, more or

less, to be met with in every service in Europe, except the British.

The Austrians have many regiments of them; the Prussians have them

attached, in a certain proportion, to each corps; but the French,

seeing the good effect of these irregulars, have brought them more into

the field than all the combined powers together.

The operations in the spring of 1794, were in an open country near

Cambray; the French then felt the superiority of the enemy’s cavalry;

and saw that the irregulars, with which the French army abounded, were

useless, and would continue so, unless they could force the British to

make war in an enclosed country; and this they effected by obliging

them to return into Flanders, to protect their magazines, and cover

their communication with them. That country is much inclosed; and there

all the irregulars could act. From that hour the British constantly

lost ground, holding only those points they thought proper to cover

with works; and in the short space of a few weeks, it may be said in a

few days, those armies which had been acting offensively, were actually

obliged to act defensively. Was that army diminished by slaughter or

sickness? No: but the French armies, it is said, were increased: true;

and with what? Irregulars: requisition men or volunteers; first without

discipline, but not without ardor to fight: and from the moment the

British commenced their sad retreat from Tournay, till they arrived

near Breda, nothing was to be seen but the French irregular troops,

that is tirailleurs or riflemen.

TROOPER, (_Cavalier_, _Fr._) A horse soldier. According to Dr. Johnson,

a trooper fights only on horseback; a dragoon marches on horseback,

but fights either as a horseman or footman. There is no such thing

as a trooper in the British service. The Blues were the last corps

that deserved that appellation; but they now act, like the rest of the

cavalry, on foot.

TROPHEE, _Fr._ See TROPHY.

_Faire_ TROPHEE, _Fr._ To glory in.

TROPHY. Something taken from an enemy, and shewn or treasured up in

proof of victory. Among the ancients, it consisted of a pile or heap of

arms of a vanquished enemy, raised by the conqueror in the most eminent

part of the field of battle.

The trophies were usually dedicated to some of the gods, especially

to Jupiter. The name of the deity to whom they were inscribed, was

generally mentioned, as was that also of the conqueror. The spoils were

first hung upon the trunk of a tree; but instead of trees, succeeding

ages erected pillars of stone or brass, to perpetuate the memory of

their victories. To demolish a trophy was looked upon as a sacrilege,

because they were all consecrated to some deity.

TROPHY-_money_. Certain money annually raised in several countries

towards providing artillery harness, and maintaining the militia.

TROPIQUE, _Fr._ Tropic. It is likewise used as an adjective, and

signifies tropical.

_Baptême du_ TROPIQUE, _Fr._ The ceremony which is performed when a

person crosses the line for the first time.

TROSSERS, TROUSE, TROWSERS, kind of breeches reaching down to the

ankles, worn by some regiments of infantry and light cavalry. See

PANTALOON.

TROTTOIR, _Fr._ Footway. It more properly means a raised pavement on

the sides of a street or bridge, for the convenience of foot passengers.

TROU, _Fr._ A hole.

TROU _de mineur_, _Fr._ A lodgement which is made for the safety and

convenience of a miner, when he first begins his operation.

TROU _de loup_. A cone reversed. Diameter of the base 4 feet 6 inches:

depth 6 feet; picket 6 feet long, and from 4 to 5 inches square;

contain ³⁄₄ of a cubic fathom of earth, and are usually placed 2 in 3

fathoms.

TROUBLESOME, from the verb to trouble. Importunate, teazing, full of

molestation. This word is frequently misapplied in military matters.

Many officers who have the public service of their country at heart,

are improperly called _troublesome_, because they will not add, by

negligence or connivance, to the too frequent abuses which exist in the

interior economy of military establishment.

TROUGH. A hollow wooden vessel to knead bread in. It is used among the

utensils of field bakery.

TROUPES, _Fr._ Troops, forces.

TROUPES _legeres_, _Fr._ Light troops.

TROUS-DE-LOUP, in field fortifications, are round holes, about 6 feet

deep, and pointed at the bottom, with a stake placed in the middle.

They are frequently dug round a redoubt, to obstruct the enemy’s

approach. They are circular at the top, of about 4¹⁄₂ feet diameter.

TROUSSE, _Fr._ A quiver. It also signifies any bundle of things tied

together, viz. _Une trousse de foin_, a bundle of hay. See TRUSS.

TROUSSEAU, _Fr._ A long piece of wood in the shape of a cane, that is,

having one end smaller than the other, which is used in foundries to

make cannon-moulds.

TROUSSEPAS, _Fr._ A sort of iron spade which is used in cutting turf.

TRUCE, (_Treve_, _Fr._) A suspension of arms, or a cessation of

hostilities, between two armies, in order to settle articles of peace,

bury the dead, &c.

TRUCK. Wooden wheels for the carriage of cannon, &c.

TRUCKS of a ship-carriage, are wheels made of one piece of wood, from

12 to 19 inches diameter; and their thickness is always equal to the

calibre of the gun.

The trucks of garrison-carriages are sometimes made of cast iron.

A truck-carriage goes upon four trucks of 24 inches diameter; has

two flat side pieces of ten inches broad, and serves to carry guns,

ammunition boxes, or any other weights, from the store houses to the

water side, or to any small distance.

_To_ TRUCKLE. This word is adopted from the trucklebed, which is a low

mean bed that can be pushed under another. Hence,

_To_ TRUCKLE TO. To submit to; to allow the superiority of another.

TRUEBORN. According to Dr. Johnson, having a right by birth to any

title.

TRUELLE, _Fr._ A trowel.

TRULL. A vagrant strumpet; or one that has promiscuous dealings upon

the road or elsewhere, with men of all descriptions. Hence, a soldier’s

trull. In every well regulated camp and garrison the utmost precaution

should be taken, to prevent these wretches from having the least

intercourse with the soldiery. Notwithstanding the presumed, or reputed

immorality of the French nation, the strictest regard was paid to the

character and health of their armies. During the monarchy, prostitutes

were publicly exposed upon a wooden horse. See CHEVAL DE BOIS.

TRUMEAU, _Fr._ In architecture, the space in a wall which is between

two windows. It also signifies a pier-glass.

TRUMPET, or _Trump_. A wind instrument made of brass or silver, with a

mouth piece to take out and put in at pleasure. Each troop of cavalry

has one.

TRUMPETER. The soldier who sounds the trumpet.

TRUMPET _Soundings_. See SOUNDINGS.

TRUNCHEON. A club; a cudgel; also a staff of command. The _truncheon_

was for several ages the sign of office; generals were presented

with the truncheon as the sign of investiture with command; and all

those officers who belonged to the suite of the general, and were not

attached to regiments, carried a _truncheon_ or _staff_, whence the

name of officers of the _staff_. See BATOON.

_To_ TRUNCHEON. To beat with a truncheon. Dr. Johnson has quoted a

passage out of Shakespeare, which is extremely apposite to those

blustering imposing characters that sometimes annoy public places,

and commit swindling acts of depredation under the assumed title of

captain. _Captain! thou abominable cheater! if captains were of my

mind, they would truncheon you out of taking their names upon you

before you earned them!_

TRUNCHEONEER. One armed with a truncheon.

TRUNNIONS, in guns. Two cylindric pieces of metal in a gun, mortar, or

howitzer, which project from pieces of ordnance, and by which they are

supported upon their carriages. See CANNON.

TRUNNION-_plates_, are two plates in travelling carriages, mortars,

and howitzers, which cover the upper parts of the side-pieces, and

go under the trunnions. The French have made improvements on this

article; they have two pair of _trunnion_ plates; one pair, in which

the gun is placed for _action_; the gun is removed into the other for

_travelling_; and are so denominated. See _Am. Mil. Lib._

TRUSQUINS, _Fr._ Tools made use of by carpenters and joiners. They are

called _trusquins d’assemblage_, and trusquins _à longue pointe_.

TRUSS. A bundle; as a bundle of hay or straw. Any thing thrust close

together. Trusses of this description have been sometimes used in

military affairs. The men carrying them in front for the purpose of

deadening shot.

TRUSS _of forage_, is as much as a trooper can carry on his horse’s

crupper. See SPUN HAY.

_To_ TRUST. To give credit to, on promise of payment. No soldier shall

be liable to be arrested for a sum under 20_l._ and then an oath of the

debt must be made before a magistrate.

TRUSTY. Honest; faithful; true; fit to be trusted. This word is used in

the preamble of military commissions, &c. viz. To our _trusty and well

beloved_.

TUBE, _Fr._ A pipe, a siphon. It is particularly applied to optical

instruments.

TUBES of tin plates are the best for service. Tubes must pass through

a guage of ²⁄₁₀ of an inch diameter. The composition is mealed powder,

mixt up stiff with spirits of wine. They are made up in bundles of 100

each.

_Length of tin tubes._

-------+-------------------------------------------------

| Kind of Ordnance.

+------+-------+------+---------+--------+--------

| | | | | Land | Sea

Length.|Heavy.|Medium.|Light.|Howitzer.|Mortars.|Mortars.

-------+------+-------+------+---------+--------+--------

Inches.| Pr. | Pr. | Pr. | Inch. | Inch. | In.

12·2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 13

8·8 | 24 | 24 | -- | -- | -- | --

8·2 | 18 | 18 | -- | -- | -- | --

7·75 | 12 | 12 | -- | -- | 13 | 10

6·8 | 9 | 9 | -- | -- | -- | --

6·5 | 6 | -- | 24 | 8 | 10 | --

5·9 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 5¹⁄₂ | -- | --

5·0 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 8 | --

4·75 | 1¹⁄₂| 1¹⁄₂| 6 | -- | -- | --

4·2 | -- | -- | -- | 4²⁄₅ | 5¹⁄₂ | --

3·6 | - | -- | -- | -- | 4²⁄₅ | --

-------+------+-------+------+---------+--------+--------

If tin tubes get damaged by wet, the composition may be cleared out of

them, and they may be fresh filled. If spirits of wine cannot be had,

good rum or brandy will answer the purpose.

TUCDUMMA, _Ind._ An account which is closed, after it has been examined.

TUCK. A long narrow sword.

TUDESQUE, _Fr._ Teutonic; Germanic.

TUERIE, _Fr._ Slaughter; massacre.

TUF. A soft sandy stone which answers two purposes, either to build

upon or to build with. It is likewise _tufeau_. The French say,

figuratively, _C’est un homme de tuf_--He is a man of no depth or

profound knowlege.

TUG, _Fr._ A Turkish term for tail; a sort of standard called so by

the Turks. It consists of a horse’s tail which is fixed to a long pole

or half pike, by means of a gold button. The origin of this standard

is curious. It is said, that the Christians having given battle to the

Turks, the latter were broken, and in the midst of their confusion lost

their grand standard. The Turkish general, being extremely agitated at

the untoward circumstances which happened, most especially by the loss

of the great standard, cut off a horse’s tail with his sabre, fixed

it to a half pike, and holding it in his hand, rode furiously towards

the fugitives and exclaimed--_Here is the great standard; let those

who love me, follow into action!_ This produced the desired effect.

The Turks rallied with redoubled courage, rushed into the thickest

of the enemy, and not only gained the victory, but recovered their

standard. Other writers assert, that six thousand Turks having been

taken prisoners during a general engagement, contrived to escape from

their guard or escort, and afterwards fought so gallantly, that they

regained another battle; that in order to recognize one another, they

cut off a horse’s tail which they carried as a standard; that when

they joined the Ottoman army, they still made use of the tug or tail;

that the Turks, in consequence of the victory which was obtained under

this new standard, looked upon it as a happy omen; and that since that

period they have always fought under it as their banner, and the signal

of success.

Whatever may have been the origin, it is certain, that when the Grand

Signor takes the field in person, seven of these tails are always

carried before him; and when he is in camp, they are planted in front

of his tent.

The Grand Visier is entitled to three of these tails.

The three principal bashaws of the empire, (viz. those of Bagdad, Grand

Cairo, and Breda,) have the grand signor’s permission to use this mark

of distinction, throughout the whole extent of their jurisdiction.

Those bashaws that are not visiers, have the privilege of having two

tails.

The beys, who are subordinate to the bashaws, have only one.

In the bas-relievo which is under the tomb-stone of John Casimir, king

of Poland, in the abbey church of _St. Germain des Prés de Paris_, that

monarch is represented at the head of his cavalry, with a horse’s tail

or tug for its standard.

TUGPINS, are the iron pins which pass through the fore end of the

shafts of the army carts, to fasten the draught chains for the fore

horses.

TUILE, _Fr._ A tile.

TUILE _creuse_, _Fr._ A gutter tile.

TUILE _de petit moule_, _Fr._ A tile measuring about ten inches in

length, and six in breadth. About 300 cover a square toise.

TUILE _de grand moule_, _Fr._ A tile measuring about 13 inches in

length, and about eight and a half in breadth. One thousand are

sufficient to cover seven toises.

TUILEAU, _Fr._ Shard of a tile.

TUILERIE, _Fr._ Tile kiln.

TUILERIES, _Fr._ The gardens, belonging to the ci-devant royal palace

in Paris, are so called, from the spot having originally been used for

tile-kilns.

TUKKEKYAH, _Ind._ Carpenters.

TUKNAR JUMMA, _Ind._ Money brought more than once to account.

TULUBANA, _Ind._ A fee, taken by Peons when placed as guards over any

person.

TULLUB, _Ind._ This word literally means a demand; but it also

signifies _wages_, _pay_.

TULLUB _chitty_, _Ind._ A summons for _pay_.

TULWAR, _Ind._ A sword.

TUMBRELS, (_Tombereaux_, _Fr._) Covered carts, which carry ammunition

for cannon, tools for the pioneers, miners, and artificers; and

sometimes the money of the army.

TUMSOOK, _Ind._ A bond.

TUNKAW, _Ind._ An assignment.

TUNES, _Fr._ Small twigs which are inlaced, or twisted across, around

several stakes planted in the earth, and which serve to keep the

fascines together.

TUNIC, (_Tunique_, _Fr._) A coat with short sleeves above the elbow;

a tunic. It derives its name from the Latin word _Tunica_, a close

coat, which was the common garment worn within doors by itself, and

abroad under the gown. It was distinguished by different names among

the Romans, corresponding with the several classes of the people that

were clothed according to their rank in life. See _Kennett’s Roman

Antiquities_, p. 311, &c.

This sort of clothing is still worn in the east, and was prevalent

among the French after their return from the crusades to the Holy Land.

They adopted it from the Saracens, and seemed ambitious of appearing

in a garb which bore testimony to their feats of valor. These tunics,

which were converted into a sort of uniform, obtained the name of

_Saladines_ among the French, in compliment to the emperor Saladin.

Hence too the origin of _Salade_, which not only signified the armor

that was worn beneath the _tunic_ or _saladine_, but also the light

helmet of that name.

TUNIQUE, _Fr._ Among the French signifies likewise a particular dress

which was worn by the kings, under their robes of state at a coronation.

TUNTUNGI-_Bashi_. A Turkish term signifying master of the pipes, a

situation under the pacha.

TUQUE, _Fr._ A tarpaulin.

TURBAN, TURBANT, TURBAND, (_Turban_, _Fr._) A cover consisting of

several folds of white muslin, &c. which was worn by the Turks

and other oriental nations. The blacks belonging to the different

bands that are attached to British regiments likewise wear turbans,

ornamented with fictitious pearls and feathers. Those of the foot

guards are particularly gorgeous. The French say familiarly _Prendre le

Turban_, to turn Turk.

The great Turk bears over his arms a turban enriched with pearls and

diamonds, under two coronets. The first, which is made of pyramidical

points, is heightened up with large pearls, and the uppermost is

surmounted with crescents.

_Green_ TURBAN. A turban worn by the immediate descendants of Mahomed,

and by the idiots or saints in Turkey.

_White_ TURBAN. A turban generally worn by the inhabitants of the East.

_Yellow_ TURBAN. A turban worn by the Polygars who are chiefs of

mountainous or woodland districts in the East Indies. By the last

accounts from India, this turban has been adopted by the revolted

natives of that part of the globe, as a signal of national coincidence

and national understanding. The Polygars are in possession of very

extensive tracts of country, particularly among the woods and

mountains, and are likely to be extremely troublesome to the British.

For an interesting account of them see _Orme’s History of the

Carnatic_, pages 386, 390, 396, 420, &c.

TURCIE, _Fr._ Mole; pier; dyke.

TURK, (_Turc_, _Fr._) The following account of the Turks has been given

by a modern French writer:--“The Turks are a nation that is naturally

warlike, whose armies are commanded by experienced generals, and are

composed of bold and executive soldiers. They owe their knowlege of

war, and their experience in tactics to three national causes, two of

which do credit to their intellects. In the first place, they become

enured to arms, from being bred to the profession from their earliest

infancy: in the second, they are promoted upon the sole ground of

merit, and by an uninterrupted gradation of rank: and in the third,

they possess all the opportunities of learning the military art that

constant practice and habitual warfare can afford. They are naturally

robust, and constitutionally courageous, full of activity, and not

at all enervated by the debaucheries of Europe, or the effeminacy of

the East. Their predilection for war and enterprise, grows out of

the recollection of past victories, and is strengthened by the two

most powerful incentives to human daring, viz. reward and punishment;

the first of which is extremely attractive, because it is extremely

great, and the other equally deterring, because it is rigorous in the

extreme. Add to these the strong influence of a religion, which holds

out everlasting happiness and seats near Mahomed in heaven, to all

who die fighting for their country on the field of battle; and which

further teaches them most implicitly to believe, that every Turk has

written upon his forehead his fatal moment, with the kind of death he

must submit to, and that nothing human can alter his destiny. When any

thing is to be put into execution, the order they receive is absolute,

free from every species of intervention or control, and emanating

from one independent authority. The power which is entrusted to their

generals (like that of the Romans to their dictators) is brief and

comprehensive, viz.--“Promote the interests of your country or your

sovereign.” See _Essai sur la Science de la Guerre_, tom. i. p. 207.

Such is the character of the Turks, as detailed by their old allies

the French. How far it corresponds with reality, especially in

regard to military knowlege, we must leave to future historians to

determine; observing at the same time, that a few sparks of British

valor and perseverance have contributed more to the preservation of

the Ottoman empire, during the present war, than all the fantastic

images, or well-devised hypocrisies of Mahomed could have done. Our

brave countrymen, on their return from Egypt, will probably be enabled

to give a more faithful and correct account of their characters as

soldiers.

TURMA. A troop of cavalry among the ancient Romans. The horse required

to every legion was three hundred, divided into ten turmæ or troops,

thirty to a troop, every troop making three decuriæ, or _squads_. See

_Kennett_, R. A. p. 192.

TURNCOAT. A renegade, a deserter; one who abandons his party.

TURNOVER. A piece of white linen which is worn by the soldiers

belonging to the British cavalry over their stocks, about half an inch

deep.

_To_ TURN _out_. To bring forward, to exhibit; as, to turn out the

guard; to turn out so many men for service.

_To_ TURN _in_. To withdraw; to order under cover; as, to turn in the

guard.

TURNPIKE, (_Barriere_, _Fr._) An obstacle placed across a road to

prevent travellers, waggons, &c. from passing without paying an

established toll. British officers and soldiers regimentally dressed,

and on duty, pass through turnpikes gratis.

TURNPIKE is also used in the military art, for a beam stuck full of

spikes, to be placed in a gap, a breach, or at the entrance of a camp,

to keep off the enemy. It may be considered as a sort of _cheval de

frize_.

TURPENTINE. A very combustible resin, much used in the composition of

fire-works. All resins are discriminated from gums, by being soluble in

oil but not in water; gums the contrary.

TURRET. A small tower.

_Moveable_ TURRETS. See TOWERS.

TUSSULDAR, _Ind._ The East India company’s collector of the kistybundy.

TUYAU, _Fr._ Any pipe, &c. of lead, or gutter, or canal, made of burnt

clay, &c. which serves to carry off the water from the roof of a house.

TUYAU _de cheminee_, _Fr._ The cylindrical conduit which receives and

lets out the smoke at the top of a chimney.

TUYAUX _de descente_, _Fr._ The pipes which convey the water downwards.

TYMPAN, (_Tympan_, _Fr._) In architecture, the area of a pediment,

being that part which is on a level with the naked part of the frize.

Or it is the space included between the three cornices of a triangular

pediment, or the two cornices of a circular one.

TYMPAN _of an arch_, is the triangular space or table in the corners

or sides of the arch, usually hollowed and enriched, sometimes with

branches of laurel, olive-tree, or oak, or with trophies, &c. Sometimes

with flying figures, as fame, victory, &c. or sitting figures, as the

cardinal virtues.

TYMPANUM. A drum, a musical instrument which the ancients used, and

which consisted of a thin piece of leather or skin, stretched upon a

circle of wood or iron, and beat with the hand. Hence the origin of our

drum.

TYMPANUM. In mechanics, a kind of wheel placed round an axis or

cylindrical beam, on the top of which are two levers, or fixed staves,

for the more easy turning the axis about, in order to raise a weight

required. It is also used for any hollow wheel, wherein one or more

persons or animals, such as horses, dogs, &c. walk to turn it. This

wheel is found in cranes, calenders, &c.

V.

VACANCY, (_vacance_, _Fr._) State of an office or commission to which

no one is appointed.

VACANT, (_Vacant_, _e._ _Fr._) Empty; not filled.

VACANT _Companies_, (_Compagnies vacantes_, _Fr._) Companies to the

permanent command of which no person is appointed.

_Emplois_-VACANS, _Fr._ During the French monarchy, seniority of rank

or standing did not give the right of promotion. It belonged solely

to the king to appoint and nominate all persons to vacant commissions

or employments. No other rule can be consistent with the efficiency

of a military institution; rotation should be considered only as a

contingency, which is only admitted, not permanently established; as

no institution so much calls for _merit_ and _application_ to study,

as the military profession; merit alone should be the foundation of

promotion; then all would endeavor to acquire knowlege; where rotation

exists there is no incitement. In the American army, no attention is

paid to merit; there is, therefore, very little study.

VACCINE _pock_, a disease which has been found to affect the cow on the

teat or udder, which arises in pustules resembling small pox; it has

been found that this is a perfect preventive of small pox and is now

growing into use against prejudice among all civilized nations. All

armies should undergo the vaccine inoculation, to prevent the ravages

of small pox; one half of the American army that went against Quebec in

1775 was swept off by small pox.

VAGUE-_Mestre_, _Fr._ See WAGGON-MASTER.

VAISSEAU, _Fr._ Ship.

VAISSEAU _du premier rang_, _Fr._ A first rate.

VAISSEAU _du second rang_, _Fr._ A second rate.

VAISSEAU _de guerre_, _Fr._ A man of war.

VAISSEAU _Marchand_, _Fr._ A merchant-man.

VAISSELLE _d’Argent_, _Fr._ Silver utensils; plate. We have already

remarked under _Table d’Officiers_, that during the old government of

France, it was strictly forbidden to use any other plate than silver

goblets, spoons, and forks.

VAIVODE, _Fr._ An old Sclavonian word, which signifies prince or

general. This title was formerly given to the sovereign princes of

Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania.

VAJIB UL ARZEE, _Ind._ A petition, memorial, or proposal to a superior.

VAKEEL, _Ind._ An agent--deputy--attorney--a subordinate envoy or

ambassador.

VAKIAS, _Ind._ A weight nearly equal to a pound. It also signifies a

measure.

VAKILIT, _Ind._ The first office in the empire.

VALET, _Fr._ An instrument which is used by carpenters to keep boards,

that have been glued, close together.

VALETS _de l’Armee_, _Fr._ Officers’ servants; they are likewise called

by the French, Tartares. In the American army, _waiters_.

_Valets d’Artillerie_, _Fr._ Men attached to the guns on board ships

of war, for the purpose of assisting the regular cannoneers. In the

American service they are classed by numbers and called, _first_,

_second_, or _third_ AIDS.

_Valet à Patin_, _Fr._ An instrument which is used by surgeons--A small

pincer to rake up the arteries when it is found necessary to make a

ligature.

VALIANT, VALOROUS, personally brave, fearless of danger in war, &c.

VALLEY, (_Val_, _Fr._) A hollow space of ground, generally between

hills.

VALOR, (_Valeur_, _Fr._) Courage, bravery, intrepidity. A generous

quality, which, far from assuming brutality and violence, with-holds

the fury of the soldier, protects helpless women, innocent infants,

and hoary age. Nothing which is incapable of resistance, can ever be

the object whereon true valor would exercise its prowess. Courage is

that grandeur of soul, which prompts us to sacrifice all personal

advantages, and even the preservation of our beings, to a love of

our country and its liberty. The exercise of this determined courage

in the profession of arms, is called _valor_. It is composed of

bravery, reason, and force: by bravery we understand that lively ardor

which fires us for the combat; reason points out to us the method of

conducting it with justice and prudence; and force is necessary for

the execution. It is bravery which animates the heart, reason springs

from the soul, and force depends upon the body; without bravery we

fear obstacles, danger, and death; without reason, courage would have

no legitimate view; and without force it would be useless: these three

qualities should concur to form the true military valor.

Dr. Johnson defines valor, bravery, and courage almost as synonymous

terms. Mr. Addison distinguishes between that sort of courage which

springs, by instinct, from the soul, and from that which originates in

a sense of duty, and is strengthened by reflexion. Count Turpin, on the

other hand, establishes a wide difference between bravery and courage,

which he makes two terms. In page 5, of the preliminary discourse to

his Essay on the Art of War, he has the following passage:

“Is the officer--speaking of the requisite qualifications in a

general--who loves his duty, and who would make himself master of

it, under no obligation to ascertain what qualifications his station

requires? That he ought to have such or such a quality, under such or

such a circumstance? That here only bravery is necessary, there only

courage? And that he is not always obliged to have both at the same

time?”

These two qualities, which are often confounded in the same subject,

merit a particular distinction; they are not so closely united, but

that one may be found without the other. Courage seems fittest for a

general, and for all those who command; bravery more necessary for a

soldier, and for all those who receive orders; bravery is in the blood;

courage in the soul; the first is a kind of instinct, the second a

virtue; the one is an impulse almost mechanical, the other a noble

and a sublime conception. A man is brave at a particular time, and

according to circumstances; but he has a courage at all times, and

upon all occasions: bravery is impetuous, in as much as it is less

the result of reflexion; courage, on the contrary, in proportion as

it grows out of reason, becomes more or less intrepid. Bravery is

inspired by the force of example, by insensibility of danger, and

by the mingled fury of conflict and action; courage is infused by

the love of our duty, the desire of glory, and by the zeal we feel

to serve our country: courage depends on reason, but bravery on the

constitution. Achilles, such as Horace describes him from Homer,

implacable, cruel, despising every law except that of the strongest!

presents nothing to the idea, but the hardiness of a gladiator. But

the Roman general, whose death would have occasioned the ruin of

the army, the great Scipio, when covered by the bucklers of three

soldiers, to avoid a shower of arrows, which the enemy directed against

him, approaches in safety the walls he besieged, and standing only a

spectator of the action, exhibits the picture of true courage, whilst

he contents himself with giving the necessary orders. Bravery again, is

involuntary, and does not depend wholly upon ourselves; whereas courage

(as Seneca observes) may be acquired by education; provided nature has

sown the first seeds of it. Cicero, sheltering himself from the hatred

of Cataline, undoubtedly wanted bravery; but certainly he possessed

an elevated firmness of mind (which is in reality courage) when he

disclosed the conspiracy of that traitor to the senate, and pointed out

all his accomplices; or when he pleaded for Deiotarus against Cæsar,

his friend and his judge.

Coolness is the effect of courage, which knows its danger, but makes

no other use of that knowlege, than to give directions with greater

certainty; courage is always master of itself, provided against all

accidents, and regulated by existing circumstances; never confounded by

any danger, so as to lose sight of the motions of the enemy, or of the

means by which he may be most effectually opposed:

The chevalier Folard makes the following remarks upon this quality

of the mind and heart. He says, in his notes on Polybius, there are

various kinds of that species of courage, intrepidity, or strength of

soul, which no circumstances can vanquish, and no events can shake. I

do not know whether a quality, so diversified in its nature, can be

found united in the same person to the full extent of its activity. We

generally, discover that some men possess a larger proportion of it

than others.

In order to form a correct opinion of its existence in the human

character, we should find out some individual who had acted through

all the vicissitudes of life, and had uniformly discovered the same

firmness of mind and intrepidity of heart. But where shall we pick out

a character of this sort? Life is too short for the full exercise of

its various powers, and were it of a longer date, the circumscribed

faculties of man render the research useless. I do not believe it

possible to point out an individual who, free from the natural

weaknesses that are attached to our constitution, has in adversity as

well as prosperity been equally firm, and equally determined throughout

all the changes to which military operations are unavoidably subject.

This intrepidity and strength of mind, have been peculiarly visible

on manifold occasions in some extraordinary characters, who have been

equally remarkable on others for weakness and pusillanimity. We have

seen them bold to the full extent of hardihood during a succession

of triumphs; we have then beheld them shamefully agitated under a

temporary reverse of fortune, and we have again seen them recover

their wonted energy on the first favorable opportunity. These opposite

qualities succeed one another; and we see boldness and timidity occupy

by turns the same man, so as to produce, according to circumstances,

the utmost solicitude and caution in some instances, and the greatest

courage, firmness, and decision in others, during the prosecution of a

war.