15. _Mountains, hills._ Amongst high mou_A military dictionary

roads are very rare; it is seldom more than the vallies that are

inhabited and accessible for troops; observe their slopes, if steep

or rugged. Examine the positions: means of gaining the summits: and

note the state of cultivation and general appearance of the vallies;

the pasturage, forage, cottages, villages, castles, roads, paths, and

passes. Distinguish the principal chains of hills and their direction.

Their relative heights; whether they are sufficiently extensive to form

a line of defence; their communications; their strong points; positions

proper for batteries, &c. Whether practicable for cavalry and artillery.

16. _Coasts._ Their nature; whether bordered by sand hills; surrounded

by rocks, which render their approach dangerous; or by shoals, which

make their access impracticable; note the points and headlands proper

for the forts and batteries to defend the anchorage, ports, harbors,

or other accessible parts. If there are any adjacent isles, perhaps

they will serve for the erection of advanced batteries, to form a

barrier to the efforts of an enemy. Observe the nature of the shores,

bays, roads for shipping, &c. with the winds required to go in and out

the harbors; and whether they are of easy access; their advantages

and disadvantages, their size and depth of water. If a river empties

itself on the coast, observe the particular channel for shipping, and

whether it can be defended by any of the batteries. If the coast is

already fortified, observe all the batteries, forts, or intrenchments,

established for its defence, and the protection of the anchorage, &c.

Examine the camps and other military posts, which cover the principal

points, and the interior of the country. Estimate all the dangers to

be run, and all the obstacles to be overcome in a descent, and point

out the means of augmenting them. Observe the time of the tide most

favorable for approaching the coast. Ascertain the number of artillery

and other troops constantly on the coast, and the force that can be

collected at a short notice; and how soon they can be drawn to any

particular point attacked. Examine the system of defence adopted, and

endeavor to improve it.

17. _Forts, redoubts._ Remark their form, whether ancient or modern;

whether they are permanent or temporary; elevated or low; revetted or

demi-revetted, with stone, brick or turf. Whether the ditch is wet

or dry; fraized or palisaded; natural or artificial. Observe their

situation; the face of the adjacent country; whether they effectually

command the passes, or protect the country intended. The defence they

are capable of making in their present state, and the improvements of

which they are susceptible.

18. _Castles, citadels._ Their situation; their form; their extent;

their object; the protection they give the city; their connection and

communication with it. The present state of their defence, and the

improvements of which they are susceptible. Their _Souterraines_.

19. _Villages._ Observe their situation: ascertain the number of

families they contain; the nature of the land; the quality and quantity

of their crops: their markets; the suburbs that supply these markets;

their beasts of burthen: their flocks, herds, poultry, &c. The number

of their ovens; quality of the water; stile of houses, barns, stables,

and sheep walks. The situation of the church; the nature of the church

yard, and its inclosures. The wind and water mills. Observe whether

the village is surrounded by hedges, ditches, banks, or walls; whether

it can be easily intrenched. Its streets; roads leading to it; and the

face of the surrounding country.

20. _Cities not fortified._ Their situation; population; commerce;

commodities; manufactures; the succors that may be drawn from them, as

to men, horses, &c. Their squares and principal buildings. The defence

they are susceptible of; whether they are surrounded by walls, old

towers, ditches, &c. Their gates, and the roads leading to them. The

face of the surrounding country.

21. _Fortified towns._ Their situation with respect to their position,

and with respect to other towns in the neighborhood, whether in the

first or second line; the assistance which they can afford each other.

The succors that may be drawn from them, or that may be thrown into

them in case of a siege. The direction which such relief, whether of

men or provisions, ought to take, according to the side attacked;

whether they will serve as depots or hospitals. The state of the

fortifications (see the word _fortification_ in the alphabet;) their

nature; the strength of each front. The rivers in the neighborhood;

the surrounding country within the range of the guns. The form of

investment; what lines will be required considering the nature of

the country, and the positions; and the means the country affords of

executing them. The advantages which the ground would afford between

the glacis and the lines, either to the besiegers or besieged; the

means of establishing the most certain communications between the

different quarters of the army, and the means of cutting them off.

22. _Positions._ Every military position ought to possess decided

advantages of situation, and ought to be commanded in no part of its

front, flank, or rear. All commanding grounds ought to be without the

range of cannon. There are four principal objects to be attended to in

the choice of a position: 1st. The advantages of the ground; 2d. the

ground; 3d. the objects to be attained; and, 4th. the communications

with the rear. The front of a position should be intersected by

rivers, ravines, or broken ground, or any other obstacles which can

prevent the enemy advancing in order of battle, and oblige him to

pass through defiles; but a position becomes useless when the front

is so covered by obstacles that the army cannot advance or move out

of its camp when necessary; but no obstacles can be too great on the

flanks. All obstacles which cover a position, or passes which lead to

it, must be within the range of the artillery, or the enemy will pass

them unmolested. In a flat country, where the ground does not afford

commanding situations, a position is only more or less eligible, as

being covered or protected by obstacles; these are very thick woods, in

which there are very few roads; large rivulets which cannot be forded

or passed without bridges; narrow roads; deep and broken ravines;

ground much intersected with hedges, ditches, &c. but it is essential

that all these obstacles should be under the fire of the artillery. It

is always dangerous to occupy a position, which has its rear so covered

by swamps, crossed by rivers or ravines, &c. as to render the retreat

of the army difficult. The number of passes by which an army can retire

must be examined and secured, and should never be less than 5 or 6. The

rivers, brooks, &c. in front of a position, should never be depended

upon for a supply of water, as the enemy may cut them off. The ground

for a camp should not be too much intersected by hedges, ditches, or

ravines, which occasion great intervals in the line, and obstruct the

communications through the camp.

In an offensive position it is absolutely necessary that the army

should not be too much confined by obstacles, but be at liberty

to act in every direction; but in a defensive position, the fewer

accessible points there are the better: and if the natural difficulties

in front and flank are not sufficient to render an enemy’s attack

dangerous, they must be increased by redoubts, intrenchments, abbatis,

inundations, &c. The obstacles on the flanks, should also be of such

extent that they cannot be easily turned, without the enemy makes a

very great circuit; and consequently expose his own flank, and weakens

his line of communication. In case the enemy detaches a body to attack

a defensive position in the rear; the front must be sufficiently strong

to enable the general to oppose the enemy’s detachment, by a strong

body from his own army. In short, the enemy must not be able by any

manœuvre to force the army to quit its position. The want of wood or

water, or other supplies absolutely necessary for an army, renders

every other advantage of a position useless; nor, can a position be

long tenable, that is far removed from its depots; and has not its

intermediate posts perfectly secure from the attacks of an enemy. These

principles like all others in the ordinary affairs of war, are subject

to those exceptions which the creative genius of the general may

devise. Thus the first campaign of Bonaparte in Italy, was undertaken

by an inferior force without magazines; the general determination was

to seize those of the enemy; the same took place in the campaign in

1809, the force hastily collected had no magazines, but by the first

battle he penetrated the centre, and cut off two of the corps of the

Austrians, and took magazines adequate to six months subsistence from

the Austrians. The general principles are nevertheless to be constantly

regarded. For further remarks upon positions, see ARTILLERY IN THE

FIELD, and _Amer. Mil. Lib._ Article RECONNOITRING.

_To_ RECOVER _arms_, a position of the firelock when the piece is held

with the lock in front of the left shoulder, and the sling to the

front. The steadiness of soldiers is frequently proved by bringing them

to the recover, after the word _take aim_.

_To bring to the_ RECOVER. See RECOVER ARMS.

RECRUITS, (_Recrues_, _Fr._) men raised for military purposes on the

first formation of corps, or to supply the places of such as are

disabled, or have lost their lives in the service. For particulars

respecting the enlistment of recruits, see REGULATIONS.

RECRUITING, a term prefixed to certain corps and districts, which are

specifically established for the recruiting service. Hence recruiting

districts.

All recruits made for the regular army of the U. States, are inlisted

for five years. In almost every service in Europe men are enlisted for

a certain number of years, except the British, who inlist for life.

Experience has convinced the powers upon the continent of Europe, that

the system of binding a man during the whole course of his life to

military subjection, is contrary to every sound principle of œconomy,

and effective service.

The following are the established forms and instructions for the

recruiting service, established by the United States.

_Instructions to Recruiting Officers, respecting the rendering and

settlement of their accounts of bounties and premiums for recruits._

I. Every recruit shall be inlisted, and receive the first payment of

his bounty according to the form marked (A.)

II. Every officer employed in recruiting, shall, at the expiration of

each calendar month, make musters according to the form marked (B.)

embracing all the recruits inlisted by him; one set of which muster

rolls he is regularly to transmit to the office of the paymaster of the

army of the United States, at the seat of government.

III. Every officer on quitting the recruiting service, or before, if

it is by proper authority required of him, shall state his accounts

according to the form marked (C.) (D.) and transmit the same without

delay to the office of the paymaster of the army of the United States,

at the seat of government, or to the paymaster of the district in which

he held his rendezvous; who shall with all possible dispatch examine

and adjust them.

(A.)

_STATE_ I _____________ born in __________ aged years, ____ feet ____

inches high, of _____ complexion, ______ eyes, ________ hair, and

by profession a ____________ do hereby acknowlege to have this day

voluntarily inlisted as a soldier in the army of the United States

of America, for the period of five years unless sooner discharged by

proper authority; do also agree to accept such bounty, pay, rations,

and clothing as is, or may be established by law. And I ____________

do solemnly swear, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the

United States of America, and that I will serve them honestly and

faithfully against their enemies or opposers whomsoever; and that

I will observe and obey the orders of the President of the United

States, and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according

to the rules and articles of war.

Sworn and subscribed to,

____________ at ____________ this _________ day of

____________ 18____ before ____________

_Received of_ ____________ _of the United States army, this_ ________

_day of_ ____________ 18____ _dollars, in part of my bounty for

inlisting into the army of the United States for five years_.

_Signed duplicate receipts._

_DOLLS._ ---

100

_Witness_,

(B.)

_MUSTER ROLL of a Company of_ _under the command of_

_in the_ _of the United States, commanded by_

_from_ _when last mustered, to_

---+-------------+-----+-----------+---------+---------+-------------

---+-------------+-----+-----------+---------+---------+-------------

| | | | | |

---+-------------+-----+-----------+---------+---------+-------------

| | | | | |

---+-------------+-----+-----------+---------+---------+-------------

| | | | | |

---+-------------+-----+-----------+---------+---------+-------------

| | | | | |

---+-------------+-----+-----------+---------+---------+-------------

RECAPITULATION.

-------------------+------------------------------------------------+

|Captain. |

| |Lieutenants. |

| | |Ensigns. |

-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+

-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+

[_This recapitulation goes on the back of the Return, and should

properly appear on the head of the quarter-fold._]

(C.)

_RECRUITING ACCOUNT of_ _in the_

------+---------+-------+-------+--------+---------------+

of | alpha- | of | of |allowed.| paid. |

vouch-| betical |inlist-|inlist-+--------+---------------+

------+---------+-------+-------+--------+--------+------+

| | | | | | |

------+---------+-------+-------+--------+--------+------+

------+---------------+--------+---------------+---------------------

| | | | When, and in what

| | | Bounty |company or detachment

| Balances | | paid, and | these recruits

Number| of |Premium | premium | were first mustered

of | bounty. |allowed.| allowed. | present after their

vouch-|---------------+--------+---------------+ inlistment.

ers. |_dolls._|_cts._|_dolls._|_dolls._|_cts._| Remarks, &c.

------+--------+------+--------+--------+------+---------------------

| | | | | |

------+--------+------+--------+--------+------+---------------------

☞ _The paper (D.) next page, is usually prepared or printed on the back

of (C.)_

(D.)

_The United States in Account Current

_Dr._ (for bounties and premiums) with_

-----+------------------------+--------+------

Date.| |_Dolls._|_Cts._

-----+ +--------+------

|For bounties and | |

|premiums allowed for | |

|recruits, per within | |

|account, | |

| | |

|For advances made to the| |

|following officers, on | |

|account of bounties and | |

|premiums to recruits, | |

|for which advances the | |

|said officers are | |

|accountable, viz. | |

| | |

|To per receipt No. | |

_Cr._

+-----+---------------------+--------+------

|Date.| |_Dolls._|_Cts._

+-----+ +--------+------

| | By | |

| |For cash received of | |

| |him on account of | |

| |bounties and | |

| |premiums to recruits,| |

| | | |

I DO HEREBY CERTIFY, upon my word and honor, as an officer and

a gentleman, that this recruiting account exhibits a faithful,

accurate, and true statement of all monies received and paid away by

me, on account of bounties and premiums to recruits, not heretofore

accounted for; and that the balance of ______ dollars, ____ cents,

stated in the above account current, is due from ________ to ________

Given at ________________ in the state of ________________

this __________ day of __________ 18__

RECRUIT-_horses_, are the horses brought up for completing the

regiments of horse, and dragoons, &c.

RECTANGLE, _Fr._ rectangle.

RECTANGLE, RECTANGULAR, See ANGLE.

RECTILIGNE, _Fr._ rectilinear, or right lined.

RECTILINEAR, RECTILINEOUS, after the manner, or consisting of right

lines.

RECUIT, _Fr._ A term used its the French foundaries of artillery,

signifying the annealing or hardening of a cannon-mould.

RECUL _du canon_, _Fr._ The recoil of a piece of ordnance. See RECOIL.

RECULADE, _Fr._ The act of recoiling or falling back.

RECULER, _Fr._ To fall back. This expression is used by the French in a

figurative sense, viz.

RECULER _pour mieux sauter_, _Fr._ To fall back or retreat, in order to

return and advance with more energy.

RED _hot shot_, shot made red hot, and in that state thrown out of

cannon, against the vessels or magazines of an enemy.

REDCOAT, a familiar term for a British soldier.

REDANS, in _field fortification_, are a kind of indented works,

lines, or faces, forming sallying and re-entering angles, flanking

one another; generally constructed on the sides of a river which runs

through a garrison town. They were used before bastions were invented,

and are by some thought preferable to them. They are likewise called

_Ouvrages à scie_, from their resemblance to a saw.

REDDITION _d’une place_, _Fr._ The surrender of a besieged place.

REDIGER, _Fr._ To draw out.

REDIGER _des memoires_, _Fr._ To draw out memorials.

REDINTEGRATION, the act of restoring any single substance, from a

damaged mixed body, to its former nature and properties. Thus col.

Congreve, of the British artillery, by the _redintegration_ of nitre

from damaged gunpowder, has effected a vast saving in that article.

REDOUBT, (_Redoute_, _Fr._) in _fortification_, a square work raised

without the glacis of the place, about musquet shot from the town;

having loop-holes for the small arms to fire through, and surrounded by

a ditch. Sometimes they are of earth, having only a defence in front,

surrounded by a parapet and ditch. Both the one and the other serve

for detached guards to interrupt the enemy’s works; and are sometimes

made on the angles of the trenches for covering the workmen against

the sallies of the garrison. The length of their sides may be about 20

toises; their parapets must have two or three banquettes, and be about

nine or ten feet thick. They are sometimes (in a siege) called places

of arms.

REDOUBT, is also the name of a small work made in a ravelin, of

various forms. See FORTIFICATION.

REDOUBT, _castle_ or _donjon_, a place more particularly intrenched,

and separated from the rest of a ditch. There is generally in each of

them a high position, from whence the country round the place may be

discovered.

_Detached_ REDOUBT, is a work made at some distance from the

covert-way, much in the same manner as a ravelin with flanks. See ARROW.

REDOUBTS _en cremaillere_, differ from all the rest, because the inside

line of the parapet is broken in such a manner as to resemble steps

of stairs, or teeth of a saw; whereby this advantage is gained, that

a greater fire can be brought to bear upon the defile, than if only a

simple face was opposed to it, and consequently the passage is rendered

more difficult.

REDOUTER, _Fr._ To be alarmed at. _Redouter les armes d’un ennemi_, to

be alarmed at the strength of an enemy.

REDOUTES _de terre_, _Fr._ redoubts that are hastily thrown up, and

are made with earth, for the purpose of securing entrenchments,

circumvallations, passages of rivers, &c.

REDOUTES _de maconnerie_, _Fr._ redoubts made of mason work. These are

generally constructed in places where an enemy might derive advantage

from establishing himself; they are likewise built upon the saliant

angles of the glacis.

REDOUTES _casematées_, _Fr._ Casemated redoubts. These are arched over

and are bomb proof. Those constructed for the defence of Gibraltar, and

for the security of Dover Castle, are of this description.

REDOUTES _à machicoulis_, _Fr._ redoubts made of stone work, which are

several stories high. The highest story juts out about one foot beyond

the wall that surrounds or fronts the redoubt.

REDRESSER, _Fr._ in a military sense, to recover. To make straight

again, viz.

_Redressez vos armes_, recover arms. _Redressez la ligne_, redress the

line.

_To_ REDRILL. To drill again. To put a soldier through the first

elements of military training. Every soldier on his return from

furlough, should be _redrilled_ before he is permitted to act in the

ranks of his company.

_To_ REDUCE _a place_, is to oblige the governor to surrender it to the

besiegers, by capitulation.

_To_ REDUCE _the circle_. To restore or bring back a battalion or

company, which has been formed in circle, to its original position in

line.

_To_ REDUCE _the square_. To restore or bring back a battalion or

battalions, which have been formed in a hollow or oblong square, to

their original situation in line or column. On the word _form close

column_, the front which the column is to have is noted to stand still

by its proper officer, whether it be _flank_ or _centre_; the other

portions of the line are _faced_ towards the point of formation; and

then _quarter_ faced or wheeled to front or rear; as the columns is to

be formed. The _column upon the centre_, is the best and most effective

of all the formations for _columns of attack_.

_To be_ REDUCED, in a military sense, to be taken off the

establishment, to cease to receive pay as soldiers. When a regiment

is reduced, the officers are generally put upon half pay. Sometimes

the corps are reduced, and the officers remain upon full pay. This

happens at the close of a war, when the standing army of the country

is confined to a certain number of battalions. Hence is derived the

expression, _in_ and _out_ of the break. _In the break_, is the

liability of being reduced; _out of the break_, is the certainty of

being kept upon the establishment.

_To be_ REDUCED _to the ranks_. To be taken from a superior appointment

in a regiment, and to be ordered to the duty of a common soldier. This

sometimes happens, by way of punishment, when a serjeant or corporal

misbehaves himself.

REDUCT. See REDOUBT.

REDUCTION _des troupes_, _Fr._ A reduction of the armed force of a

country.

REDUIRE, _Fr._ in drawing, to copy, to reduce a plan or picture.

This operation differs from that of chalking out. The French use the

expression in various senses, viz.

REDUIRE _en grand_, _Fr._ To copy an original drawing, by giving it

larger dimensions.

REDUIRE _en petit_, _Fr._ To copy an original drawing, by giving it

smaller dimensions, which is literally to reduce it.

REDUIRE _un plan au petit pied_, _Fr._ To make a copy of a drawing, in

which every part is faithfully represented, though on a small scale.

REDUIT, _Fr._ literally means a nook, or bye-place; in a military

sense, it signifies a sort of citadel, which is extremely inconvenient

to the inhabitants of the town, because it takes up more ground

than those that are regularly built, and is, at the same time,

uncomfortable to the troops, because they must be very much crowded.

This word is explained by an English lexicographer, in the following

manner:--_Reduct_ or _Reduit_, an advantageous piece of ground,

intrenched and separated from the rest of the place, camp, &c. for an

army, garrison, &c. to retire to in case of surprize. _Reduits_ are

sometimes made for the purpose of securing different posts in a town

independent of its citadel. These have been proposed by the celebrated

Vauban.

REDUIT, in architecture, a recess.

REED, an arrow.

REEDIFIER, _Fr._ To rebuild.

RE-ENTERING _angle_, in _fortification_, is that which, turns its point

towards the centre of the place. See FORTIFICATION.

REFAIT, _bois refait et remis à l’equerre_, _Fr._ An expression used

among French carpenters, and by the artificers belonging to the train,

to signify any piece of wood which has been planed and made perfectly

square and level.

REFEND, _Fr._ in architecture, a partition wall, viz. _Mur de refend_.

_To_ RE-FORM, in a military sense, is after some manœuvre or evolution,

to bring a line to its natural order, by aligning it on some given

point. This frequently occurs in the passage of lines, &c. viz. When a

line or several battalions hath passed another that remains posted, by

retreating through by files, it may be reformed in the following manner:

_To_ RE-FORM _by a flank battalion, on a central battalion, in an

oblique position_.

When by a flank battalion, the line that has passed is fronted in

column, and the several pivots are dressed correctly before wheeling

up into line. To this effect, the commander of the head battalion

will instantly place the pivots of his three first platoons in a true

direction, and order the officers of his other platoons to line on

them; himself remaining with the head platoon at the point d’appui,

will see that this is correctly done. The first battalion thus

steadied, will become a sufficient direction for the second, and every

other one, to prolong it by their adjutants; and this operation, though

successive from platoon to platoon, and from battalion to battalion,

may be performed quickly and correctly; if the adjutants are timeously

detached, and if the head of the column be quickly arranged.

_To_ RE-FORM _a first line on a central battalion_. In order to give

the alignment from a central battalion, after halting and fronting,

the platoon pivots of the given battalion are from its head to be

accurately lined by its commander, in the true direction. This

battalion being placed, from which distances and dressings are taken,

the others will instantly proceed to line their pivot flanks upon it:

those that are behind it, will readily do this; those that are before

it will find more difficulty, as they must take their distances from

the rear; to facilitate this necessary object, their platoon officers

will face to the directing battalion, and will then successively take

their distances and covering from their then front; as soon as each has

acquired his true position, he will face about and make his platoon

join to and dress to him. The line will then be ready to form, by

wheeling up to the pivot flank.

_To_ RE-FORM _a first line, that has passed through a second which

remains posted, in an oblique position_.

When it is found necessary that the passing battalions, which

constitute the first line should take a new position not parallel to

the second, or to their own original formation, the commander, with

his two leading platoons, will first enter it (i. e. the new position)

and direct the others to regulate their flanks by them; and if several

battalions are passing the second line, the _new_ alignment is thus

made easier for them.

It frequently happens, that a height in the rear is to be crowned by

a retiring line. In this case, each officer must not dress exactly to

the platoon that precedes him, but in joining it he must _halt_, and

arrange his own in such a manner, that the _slope_ of the rising or

ascent can be entirely seen and commanded, which is here the great

object, and would not be attained, if the troops were to adhere to a

straight line.

_To_ REFORM, (_Reformer_, _Fr._) is likewise to reduce a corps of men,

by either disbanding the whole, or only breaking a part, and retaining

the rest; or sometimes by incorporating them with other regiments.

REFORME, _Fr._ reduced.

_Officier_ REFORME, _Fr._ An officer put upon half-pay; or _seconded_

according to the regulations of the old French service.

REFORMED _officer_. One whose troop or company being broke, is

continued on whole or half-pay. He preserves the right of seniority,

and continues in the way of preferment.

REFOULER, _Fr._ To ram down.

REFOULOIR, _Fr._ A cannon rammer.

REFUGEE, (_Réfugeé_, _Fr._) See EMIGRANT.

_To_ REFUSE. A military phrase, signifying to throw back, or to keep

out of that regular alignment which is formed when troops are upon the

point of engaging an enemy. This often occurs in order to occupy a

particular position, to prevent the enemy’s designs on any particular

part of a line, or at least to make him take a greater detour to

effect his purpose; or that he may be obliged to align his own on a

height which is occupied, and from which he may be flanked. When a

first line has passed through a second, and it is found necessary to

refuse a wing, the several platoons of that line must pass according to

the wing which is to be refused. If the left, for instance, is to be

posted, and the right to be refused, the platoons may pass from their

left by the facing of the platoon to the left, and marching to the

required position in succession; the column will thereby have its left

in front, will be more readily directed on the point d’appui, and the

preservation of the distances will be facilitated, as they will then be

taken from the front. If the right is to be posted, the platoons may

pass from their right; but the movement into echellon, and wheeling

into line is preferable to any mode, as errors can always be remedied

in an instant, and without confusion.

It may happen where the passing line is to post one flank and _refuse_

the other, that the officers will have their distances to take from

behind; halt the whole at any time after passing, and countermarch each

platoon, which will then cause the future formation to be taken from

the front of the column.

A retiring line may also _refuse_ a wing, by forming in line very soon

after passing, and then taking up an oblique position to the rear, by

the echellon march, or some other of the modes prescribed. See _Amer.

Mil. Lib._

Frederic, surnamed the great, king of Prussia, who had attentively

studied the tactics of the ancients, first adopted the method of

refusing a wing in the forming of an attack. This method has been since

successfully followed by the best modern generals. It answers to a

partial reserve of a force which is always ready at command; and in

point of security, it is the reverse of what the French mean in _préter

un aile_, to expose a wing, or post it in a precarious manner. The

French during the whole of the action which was fought in Egypt, on the

21st of March, 1801, refused their right wing. Notwithstanding this

precaution they were defeated by the British.

As a correct formation of the line by the echellon march, whether it

advance or retire in the presence of an enemy, is generally resorted to

when it is found necessary to refuse any part of a line, it will not

appear superfluous to submit the following mode which is practised by

the French.

_Formation of the line by the echellon march of divisions, by the

covering serjeants or guides running out to mark the point in the new

alignment, for their respective divisions._

When the battalion changes position to the front on a fixed flank

company, by throwing forward the rest of the battalion, the commander

having determined the new line, and wheeled a given company into that

line the named number of paces (say 4) the remaining companies wheel

two paces on their right forward into echellon. The _guide_ or covering

serjeant of the second company instantly moves out, takes about ³⁄₄th

distance for his company, faces the point d’appui, and places himself

in such a manner, that the outside of his right arm will pass in line

with the breast of the men of the company already in the line. He is

corrected, if necessary, on the distant point of formation by a proper

person placed on the right for that purpose. On the words _form line_

and _march_ being given by the commander, the _guide_ or covering

serjeant of the third company runs briskly out, places himself so as

to cover the second _guide_ or serjeant, faces the point d’appui, and

takes the order ³⁄₄th distance, corrected on the distant point by the

person on the right. The officer commanding the second company, marches

on till he sees himself clear of the left flank of the right company;

he then gives the word _quarter face to the right_, (his right pivot

marking time) and when he observes his company square with the new

line, he gives the word _forward_, runs nimbly out and places himself

in front of the third left file of the first formed company, and when

the men of his company have their feet off the ground ready to finish

the last pace to bring them into line, he gives the word _mark time_,

and dresses his men close to the outside of the right arm of the

covering serjeant: and then gives the word _halt_. Taking care that the

outward flank of his company does not shut out the distant point of

dressing: he then places himself on the right of his division, covered

by his serjeant, who quits his ground and briskly passes through the

interval on the right of his division, at the word _halt_.

In this manner division after division arrives in the new line; and as

the covering serjeants of each of the other divisions approach within

15 or 20 paces of the line, they run out to mark the points for their

respective companies, face the point d’appui as already directed, and

there remain till the word _mark time_--_front_--_halt_, when the

guides quit their places in front and take post on the flank or in the

rear.

In forming line to the rear by the echellon march, (suppose on a left

company) the same operation takes place with regard to the covering

serjeants running out, to mark the points of dressing for their

respective divisions; but with this difference, that instead of their

taking only about ³⁄₄th distance, they are to take about one pace more

or less than the proper distance; face the point of appui, and are

corrected on the distant point, as before, by a proper person on the

left. The commanders of companies will, as soon as they see the proper

front rank of their companies touch that part of the line already

formed, give the word _mark time_, _front_, _halt_. Each officer

dresses the men of his platoon at the _marked time_, till he brings

them in line with the outside of the left arm of his covering serjeant;

he then gives the word _halt_; taking post on the right of his company,

covered by his serjeant, who quits his ground as before on the word

_halt_.

It is to be observed, in order to preserve the proper interval, on

the covering serjeant quitting his division to mark the point in

the true line, the officer’s place is to be immediately filled by a

supernumerary or other man from the rear, where he is to remain till

replaced by the officer, or covering serjeant.

It is likewise to be observed, that in forming line to the front on a

right division, the dressing is close to, and on the outside of the

right arm of the covering serjeant; and on forming the line forward on

a left company or division, the dressing is close to and on the outside

of the left arm. In forming line to the rear on a right division, the

dressing is on the right arm: and in forming line to the rear on a left

division, the dressing is on the left arm of the covering serjeant.

In forming line to the rear, the officers, or other persons appointed

to correct the serjeants on the distant point of formation, move along

in the rear and correct the serjeants, as they successively arrive to

mark the points for their respective divisions.

By the foregoing method of sending out the covering serjeants or guides

to mark the point in the new line for their respective companies, that

inaccuracy of dressing, which so often takes place when forming line to

the front; and that very great confusion and incorrectness, which too

frequently occur when forming to the rear, (particularly so, when the

wheel into echellon is in any degree less than the one eighth of the

circle or four paces,) are entirely obviated.

REFUSER, _Fr._ For its application in a military sense, see TO REFUSE.

REFUSER, _Fr._ This word is used among the French as a sea-phrase, viz.

_le vaisseau a refusé_. The ship has missed the wind.

REGAIN, _Fr._ in carpentry and masonry, means the surplus of a piece of

stone or wood when it proves too broad or too long for any particular

use, and must of course be taken off. It likewise means after-grass or

math.

REGALER, _Fr._ to level or make even.

REGIE, _Fr._ government, administration.

REGIMENT, (_Regiment_, _Fr._) a term applied to any body of troops,

which, if cavalry, consists of one or more squadrons, commanded by a

colonel; and, if infantry, of one or more battalions, each commanded

in the same manner. The squadrons in cavalry regiments are divided,

sometimes into six, and sometimes into eight, nine, or ten troops.

The battalions of infantry are generally divided into ten companies.

There is not, however, any fixed rule on this head; as both cavalry

and infantry regiments differ according to the exigencies of service

in time of war, or the principles of economy in time of peace. The

German regiments frequently consist of 2000 men: and the regiment of

Picardy in the old French service had 6000. The French formerly made a

distinction between the commanding officer of a regiment of cavalry,

and the commanding officer of a regiment of infantry. The former

was stiled _Mestre de camp_, the latter _colonel_ as with us; but

according to the establishment of the present French army, the term of

regiment is confined to the cavalry and artillery: and the name of half

brigade is given to the infantry. So that _chiéf de brigade_, chief of

brigade, corresponds with our colonel of a regiment of infantry. The

denomination of colonel is again established in the French cavalry.

With respect to the derivation of the word, it appears, that the best

etymology is from the French word _Régie_, management, which comes

from the Latin _regere_, to govern. Hence a regiment is said to be

governed by a colonel. M. Beneton, a celebrated French etymologist,

differs from this explanation. He traces it from the French _régime_,

which signifies system, regimen, administration, and which is again

derived from the Latin _regimen_, bearing the same import. In a

physical acceptation of the term, _regime_ is used to express any body

that is composed of several others. But this is mere conjecture on his

part.

Regiments were first formed in France in the year 1558, and in England

in the year 1600.

_Dromedary_ REGIMENT, a corps raised by the French during their stay

in Egypt. The men were mounted upon dromedaries. To quote the words

of Mr. Morier, in his account of a campaign with the Ottoman army in

1800, the dromedaries composing this troop are made to go through a

number of evolutions, and when attacked, they are formed into a hollow

square: they kneel, and by means of a cord which is thrown round one

of the knees, they are prevented from getting up, and thus they afford

a breast-work for the soldiers. The same author observes in a note,

page 59, that the most convenient and only way of travelling in Egypt

is upon dromedaries. The traveller need not encumber himself with food

for his animal, as a very scanty allowance of beans suffices for many

days journey. Travellers ride upon convenient saddles; and the animal

is so docile, that he is guided only by touching him with a small stick

on the side that he is to turn. Some have a ring through each nostril,

which serves as a bit to a bridle fastened to them. They walk very

fast; and their trot is swift, but very inconvenient.

_Cape_ REGIMENT. We have already mentioned under the article

_Hottentots_, (which see) that a proposal had been delivered in to the

British government to raise, train, and discipline a certain number of

the original inhabitants of the Cape of Good Hope. This proposal, after

considerable delay, and much deliberation, was finally accepted; and

a few days previous to the sudden cessation of arms between England

and France. Sir John Dalrymple many years ago proposed to the British

government the raising of African corps for the subjection of the West

and East Indies, and South America.

_Malays_ REGIMENT, a corps which has been raised by the British on the

islands and on the coasts of Malacca, for the specific purpose of doing

duty in the island of Ceylon.

REGIMENTAL, any thing belonging to a regiment.

REGIMENTAL _staff_. See STAFF.

REGIMENTALS, the uniform clothing of the army; as a leather cap, coat,

waistcoat, breeches, stocks, shoes, boots, spats, spatterdashes, &c.

REGIMENTAL _courts-martial_. See COURTS-MARTIAL.

REGIMENTAL _bond_. See BOND.

REGIMENTAL _parade_. See PARADE.

REGIMENTAL, belonging to a regiment.

REGIMENTAL _orders_. See ORDERS.

REGIMENTAL _necessaries_. By the British mutiny act, it is declared,

that any person, buying, detaining, or exchanging any articles called

regimental necessaries, or who shall cause the color of the clothes to

be changed, shall forfeit 5_l_. Soldiers selling or exchanging them,

are liable to military punishment, &c.

REGIMENTAL _receipts for forage on service_. Vouchers which must be

produced by the contractors of an army to authorize them to have their

claims discharged by the commissary general, or his deputies. It is

sensibly observed in page 32 of the British Commissary, that in every

case there should, if possible, be only one voucher for one issue. The

mode of accomplishing this must be simple, and it is adopted by those

who certainly have most experience; for every German corps, or German

officer, who draws forage, or any other article, from the commissariat,

sends a mere receipt. This prevents farther writing or trouble, because

the receipt may be presented in the open field, and is in itself a

complete voucher. All that is required, is, for the regiment to order

its forage party to bring back the receipt, if the quantity be not

obtained; and the quarter-master, or foraging serjeant, to give a

receipt for what he gets, if only part can be had.

REGIR, _Fr._ to govern; to manage; to take charge of, viz.

_Régir des soldats_; to take charge of soldiers.

REGLE, _Fr._ See RULE.

_Vent_ REGLE, _Fr._ a trade wind.

REGALEMEN. See REGULATION.

REGRATTER, _Fr._ in architecture, to scrape the outside of a building.

Among engravers this word signifies to re-touch a plate.

REGULAR. In geometry, a _regular_ body is a solid, whose surface is

composed of regular and equal figures, and whose solid angles are all

equal.

REGULAR _attacks_, in a _siege_, are such as are made in form; that is,

by regular approaches. See ATTACKS.

REGULAR, when applied to the army, signifies those troops that are

inlisted for a regular period, do duty as soldiers and nothing else;

contradistinguished from those who are citizens occasionally exercising

the duties of soldiers; thus the militia are not ranked among the

regulars, unless on actual service and well disciplined, and fit for

any service. Hence regular troops, or regulars.

REGULARS, (_Troupes Régulieres_, _Fr._) Those troops whose conditions

of enrollment are not limited to time or place, in contradistinction

to fencibles, militia, or volunteer corps; called also _the line_.

_To_ REGULATE, to adjust by rule or method.

REGULATING _Battalion_. See PARALLELISM OF A MARCH.

REGULATION, the act of regulating, or adjusting by rule or method.

REGULATION, a term generally used in the British army to signify

the regulated price at which any commission, or saleable warrant is

permitted to be disposed of. These prices have been fixed by the king.

For particulars see Military Finance, page 160.

REGULATIONS, _for the American army_.

There is no coherent or consistent system of regulations in existence

for the military establishment of the United States. The economy

of military arrangement is as essential as the discipline of the

field, to assure the effects of military operations. There should be

a well digested system of regulations, and upon that system should

be engrafted a staff, susceptible of adaptation to the peace or the

war establishment, to the smallest or the largest force. The French

have derived the greatest advantage from their regulations, which

have been formed by a well digested body of principles adapted to all

circumstances, and the enforcement and execution of which is always

distinctly appropriated to the proper officers of the staff. At present

the regulations of the United States army is confined to a few general

orders from the war department, on detached points of service; and

of occasional orders of the commander in chief, issued upon some

exigency, at remote periods; and adopted into permanent use. In many

instances these regulations have been altered by the war office, in

others the circumstances which gave rise to them have ceased, and the

regulations become obsolete or inappropriate. In 1810, an attempt was

made, by the establishment of a quarter-master general’s office, to

commence something like a system; should this be accomplished it may be

beneficial, though the want of information in the duties of a staff,

particularly if those heretofore arranged under the quarter-master

general’s department alone are to be adopted, that it is to be feared

the system may remain defective, should the old English model, now

exploded by the British themselves, be kept in view instead of the more

enlarged system introduced in modern wars. The treatise on the staff by

_Grimoard_, contains the best body of regulations extant. It has been

translated, and will form a part of the American Military Library.

The following are among the principal regulations in force at the

beginning of the year 1810.

(GENERAL ORDERS.)

HEAD QUARTERS,

_Fort Washington, May 22, ’97_

To prevent the necessity of repetition, to establish principle,

without which there can be no permanent order, to define the rights of

individuals, to exclude caprice, to promote economy, and precision, to

disseminate an uniformity of duty and of service throughout the army,

and to impress the necessary ideas of subordination and discipline, the

following regulations have been digested, and must be duly respected by

all ranks.

I. Precedence in command is attached to seniority of corps, and the

oldest commission subject to such deviations as the commander in chief

may deem essential to the national weal, and the point of honor is

determined by the following gradation.

1. Guard of the president.

2. The attack.

3. Reconnoitring parties, and corps of observations.

4. Foraging before the enemy.

5. Posts in the enemy’s country.

6. National barriers.

7. Detachments and out posts.

8. Guard of the trenches.

9. Van guards to the front.

10. Rear guards in retreat.

11. General courts-martial.

12. Guard of the commander in chief.

13. Guards of camp or garrison taken from the line.

14. All other guards mounted from the grand parade.

15. Guards of general officers, and the staff according to rank.

16. Pickets.

17. General fatigues.

18. Regimental police.

Should a tour of service occur while an officer is on any subordinate

duty, he shall be relieved, but the tour on which he was engaged shall

pass to his credit. If an officer’s tour for general court-martial,

picket, or fatigue, occurs while he is on any other duty from the grand

parade, he shall not be relieved, but is to stand for the next tour.

II. In all services by detachment, the corps are to furnish according

to their strength, the longest off the first on; but in all cases of

duty and of service where it may be found practicable, the troops are

to operate by companies, battalions, or regiments.

III. Marching off the grand parade, or swearing in on general

court-martial, is to pass for a tour of duty.

IV. Return detachments not to be excused from duty more than two days.

V. Police in conformity to the regulations of Baron de Stuben.

VI. Fatigues, general or particular, to be regulated by detail, and

duty of every kind to be apportioned impartially.

A soldier, by voluntary compact, becomes the servant of the state, but

not the slave of any individual. Extra men are never to be drawn from

the ranks, but by permission of the commanding officer of a district,

department, or regiment; and when employed in the service of officers,

they are to be paid one third of a dollar per day, by the individual

for whom they work. To abstract a soldier from his professional

duties, and to subject him to the orders of persons not attached to

the army, or to impose upon him menial laborious services, is an abuse

of authority, a breach of contract, and a deep injury to the service;

because it authorizes negligence in the soldier, and in effect destroys

his arms and clothes. This practice is therefore positively prohibited.

VII. The annual clothing should be issued in the following manner.

_In the Southern States._

On the first day of December, woollen overalls and vests, two shirts,

two pair shoes, and two pair socks.

On the first day of April, the residue.

_In the middle and Eastern States._

On the first day of November, woollen overalls and vests, two shirts,

two pair shoes, and two pair socks.

On the first day of May, the residue.

Where circumstances will permit, it is to be drawn by the paymasters

of corps, under the orders of the commanding officers, upon returns

certified by the captains, or officers commanding companies, who are

to receive it, and are to be held responsible for the distribution;

extraordinary arrangements will be applied to extraordinary cases.

VIII. Company books and papers belong to the company, and are never

to be separated from it, therefore whenever an officer is taken from

his company, by promotion, transfer, or leave of absence, he is to

deposit all the books and papers belonging to it, with the officer

next of rank, taking duplicate receipts for the same, one of which is

to be lodged with the paymaster of his corps; and whenever a man is

transferred or ordered upon distant service, the commanding officer

of the company from which he is taken, will be held responsible, that

the date of his inlistment and a state of his accounts, as to pay,

clothing, arms, ammunition, and accoutrements, be transmitted to the

commanding officer of the corps, garrison, or detachment, which he is

to join: certificates of provision are always to accompany individual

soldiers and non-commissioned officers commands, from post to post.

IX. Servants to be taken by voluntary consent from the regiment, corps,

or detachment, to which the officer served may belong, in the following

proportions, viz.

A lieutenant colonel commandant on duty, three, one without arms.

Major on duty, two, one without arms.

Captain commanding a post or battalion, two, one without arms.

Captain on ordinary duty, one with arms.

Subaltern on duty, one with arms.

Surgeon on duty, two do.

Surgeon’s mate, one do.

Quarter-master general with the army, two, one without arms.

Paymaster general two, one without arms.

Subordinate staff, at the discretion of the commanding officer.

The servants of platoon officers are always to accompany them on duty,

and will be included in the same detail: no officer on furlough can be

allowed more than one servant, and him without arms.

This allowance is a liberal one, and but too sensibly impairs the

strength of the line. If gentlemen will mess, as in all other armies,

it will be found abundant; otherwise they must employ domestics to

be fed, paid, and clothed from their privy purses, as no further

indulgence on the part of the public can be admitted.

The commanding officers of corps, posts, and detachments, will be held

responsible for the strict observance of this order, and the violation

by whomsoever permitted or committed, will be followed by an arrest,

and the sentence of a general court-martial.

X. Four women per company complete, and in that ratio, are permitted to

draw provisions and no more; washing the clothes of the company is to

be performed by these women, at such price as the commanding officer of

the regiment may establish; the officer commanding the company will be

held responsible that it is fairly and impartially distributed, rating

an officer as four men; mistresses or kept women are prohibited to the

officers--the habit is a vicious one, it is repugnant to the rules of

society, it is burthensome to the service, ever pregnant with discord,

often afflictive to the meritorious soldier, always disgraceful, and

frequently destructive to men of merit; the ceremony of marriage

heretofore performed by the officers of the army, is also strictly

forbid.

XI. Discharges for services fully performed to be given by the

commandants of regiments, upon the certificate of the captain or

commanding officer of the company in which the soldier served;

but in all other cases by the commander in chief, or superior

authority--retiring officers are not to take off soldiers with them as

waiters or in any other capacity; a contrary practice has lost many

valuable men to the service, and has perplexed the company accounts.

XII. The power of granting furloughs is in the commander in chief, on

the recommendation of the colonel or officer immediately commanding the

applicant, unless where the authority of the president is interposed.

XIII. Settling is restricted to the permission of the commander in

chief, or officer commanding a separate department, but no permission

is to be granted, except to citizens of the United States of known

probity, and attachment to the government.

XIV. As we have no chaplain, the troops are to be inspected by

companies every Sunday, and by regiments, battalions, or detachments,

monthly; when returns of inspection are to be made out agreeably to the

established form, these returns are to be regularly transmitted to the

commander in chief, under the certificate of the commanding officers

of companies, and the inspecting officer, who in the absence of the

inspector, is to be appointed by the commanding officers of corps,

posts, or detachments.

XV. The appointment of adjutants and quarter-masters of corps,

hertofore in the commander in chief, appertains of right to the

lieutenant colonels commandant, who have the power of removal from

office. The regimental paymaster is elective by the officers of the

regiment, under the orders of the colonel.

XVI. The appointment of non-commissioned officers, held of great

importance in all services, because it is the root of all subordination

and discipline, has been much neglected in ours. More circumspection on

this interesting point is strictly enjoined, the captain or commanding

officers of companies may recommend, but the appointment is in the

colonel or commanding officer of the corps only.

XVII. Reformation being the end of all punishments, a soldier is

never to be punished when drunk, but when found in that disgraceful

situation, he is to be confined until he recover his senses, and is

then to be punished.

XVIII. The residence of the regimental staff is at the head quarters of

the regiment, except the surgeons mates, who are subject to be detached.

XIX. Stoppages of pay are to be rigorously enforced for lost arms,

ammunition, accoutrements, and clothing, which cannot be satisfactorily

accounted for, it therefore becomes indispensible that company and

regimental books, as well as those of the paymaster and quarter-master,

should be kept with great exactness, and that councils of

administration should sit quarterly whenever practicable, to scrutinize

the regimental accounts.

XX. Garrisons of posts are not to be varied, except by the officer who

establishes them, or his superior, but subordinate officers commanding

posts in the department, are to report monthly to the head quarters of

the regiment to which they belong.

XXI. Commanding officers of posts, under the grade of field officers,

are to be relieved annually, and majors biennially, this rotation is

founded in the principles of justice and sound policy.

XXII. The use of cards and dice are strictly prohibited in camp or

quarters, except for the game of backgammon.

XXIII. In military institutions the force of example is incalculable,

no officer, therefore, off duty, can be excused from parades,

regimental or general, except in case of actual sickness or

confinement; the officer who feigns sickness to elude duty, is

a dishonor to his cloth, and will be held in infamy: and should

any officer or non-commissioned officer, (be his command ever so

diminutive,) betray such indolence and insensibility of professional

obligation, as to omit one regular roll call, he shall be made an

example to the army.

These orders are to be read to the troops, on the first day of the

months of January, April, July, and October.

(EXTRACT OF GENERAL ORDERS.)

HEAD QUARTERS,

_Loramiers, June 12, 1797._

To correct and extinguish the abuses which have crept into the service,

is an herculean task, yet the commander in chief owes it to his own

honor, to the honor of the army, and to his country, to effect a

reform, and he calls upon his officers of every grade, for their

co-operation in the arduous undertaking.

The spirit of cropping,[16] which is almost every where to be seen, is

repugnant to the principles of soldiership, destructive to the service,

and disgraceful to those who indulge it; not less exceptionable is the

practice of collecting and breeding live stock in large quantities.

[16] This term refers to a practice which found its way into the

army, in the western cantonments, who had employed the soldiery in

raising crops of produce to the neglect of discipline.

The highest obligations of a soldier are briefly comprised to be

ever ready to march, to fight, and to die, but the principles and

condition of the former are at utter variance with this solemn text;

gentlemen in commission must reflect, that it is to them the private

looks for example; the national bounty is expended not to improve the

agricultural arts, but to instruct men in the use of arms; the hoe

and plough must be laid aside, and every moment from professional

duty, devoted to form, instruct, and to train them in the glorious

science of war. It is for this noble purpose gentlemen receive the pay

and subsistence of their country, and their honor is pledged for the

performance.

Planting and improving of corn fields is prohibited; garden, sufficient

for the accommodation of officers and soldiers, are proper and

necessary, and it is obligatory on all commanding officers to pay

attention to this subject, the labor is however to be done by detail;

the idea of an officer’s farming for profit is inadmissible, as it

tends to a neglect of duty, a relaxation of discipline, abuse of the

public service, and the disgrace of the profession.

In marching from one post of the continent to another, it is repugnant

to every principle of economy and of justice, that the public should

transport private provisions (other than groceries) or household

furniture; if one officer is indulged in this way, another is equally

intitled to indulgence, what a spectacle should we behold was every

officer to move, with all the baggage and stock accumulated at the

several posts, we should look more like a horde of Tartars than a

regular military corps; while such practices prevail the public service

will be embarrassed and delayed, and in effect exposed to destructive

consequences, they are therefore prohibited.

(EXTRACT OF GENERAL ORDERS.)

HEAD QUARTERS,

_South West Point, September 1, 1801._

Besides the rolls of muster directed to be furnished to the pay

department, one roll of each company or detachment of the army, and

of the regimental staff for the months of June and December annually,

are to be transmuted to the inspector of the army, at the city of

Washington, on the first of January, and the first day of July

following such musters, in the same manner that inspection and other

returns are directed to be transmitted to him by the order of the 30th

of November last; for the strict observance of which all commanding

officers will be held responsible.

(GENERAL ORDERS.)

HEAD QUARTERS,

_Washington, July 9, 1804._

The opinion having prevailed that an officer may throw up his

commission and abandon the service at his discretion, the general

considers it his duty to correct a delusion so pregnant with mischief

to the public interest, and so subversive of every principle of

subordination and discipline; it is therefore to be clearly understood

that no officer, bearing a commission in the United States, has the

power to resign the same, or quit the service without the president’s

permission, or that of some subordinate duly authorized, and all

offences against this order are to be punished with rigor.

(EXTRACT OF GENERAL ORDERS.)

HEAD QUARTERS,

_Natchitoches, Sept. 24, 1806._

To recover lost ground, and to revive the languishing principle of

subordination, it is essential this little corps should recollect the

rights and attributes of rank and commission; agreeably, therefore, to

a standing rule, which can never be dispensed with, without prejudice

to the service.

The general can hold no communication on a professional topic, except

in cases of public or personal grievances but through the commandant

of the post; or commanding officers of corps, nor can these gentlemen

receive any similar application from their subalterns, but through

their respective captains.

(EXTRACT OF GENERAL ORDERS.)

HEAD QUARTERS,

_New Orleans, January 22, 1807._

It is deemed unnecessary to muster the troops every month, since it

rarely happens that a payment is made for so short a period: the

general therefore directs that in future the several companies be

mustered on the last day of February, April, June, August, October, and

December, and that each muster, comprise the casualties of two months.

(EXTRACT OF GENERAL ORDERS.)

HEAD QUARTERS,

_New Orleans, March 31, 1807._

The following regulations are to be considered of standing import, and

are to be punctually observed until revoked.

All commanding officers are in person to command the daily parades of

their respective garrisons, unless prevented by indisposition.

The troops are to be exercised once a week in battalion, and by

companies twice a week when the weather may permit, without prejudice

to the arms or the health of the men.

Whenever a superior officer shall visit a post or garrison, it is the

duty of the commanding officer immediately to wait upon him, and make

a tender of the keys, returns, reports, regulations, and instructions

relative to the said post or garrison, and receive his orders.

Quarter guards are not permitted in garrison, nor are guards of

quarters allowed, except to the commanding officer, and those who are

entitled to them by established regulation.

The guards are invariably to be exercised by the officer of the day,

when the weather may permit, before they are marched off the grand

parade for their posts.

Awkward recruits are to be drilled daily until perfected in the

elements of their profession.

(GENERAL ORDERS.)

HEAD QUARTERS,

_New Orleans, April 15, 1807_

In all cases where men are discharged, the full complement of clothing

to which they are intitled by law, is to be paid up out of the company

stock.

_Inspector’s Office_,

_Washington, January 21, 1810._

The foregoing are true copies from the orderly books in this office.

A. Y. NICOLL,

_Adjutant and Inspector_.

BY THE DEPARTMENT OF WAR.

REGULATIONS _to be observed in the allowances for barracks or quarters

to the officers of the army, and in the delivery and distribution

of fuel and straw to the garrisons on the sea coast and recruiting

parties._

BARRACKS OR QUARTERS.

To the commanding general, for himself, four rooms and a kitchen.

To his aid, one room.

To the quarter-master general, three rooms and a kitchen, and two rooms

for offices and clerks.

To each field officer, two rooms.

To the inspector of the army, one room in addition to his allowance as

a field officer.

To each captain, one room.

To each of the regimental staff, one room.

To a field officer, or a captain, when commanding a separate post, in

addition, a kitchen.

To two subalterns, one room.

To every mess of eight officers, one room and a kitchen.

FUEL.

_From the first day of October to the first day of April, in each year._

To the commanding general, two cords and one half of wood per month.

To the quarter-master general, two cords per month.

To the inspector of the army, two cords per month.

To each field officer, one and an half cord per month.

To every commanding officer of a garrison, one and an half cord per

month.

To every officer commanding a recruiting party, one cord per month.

To every other commissioned officer, one cord per month.

To every room occupied as barracks by eight non-commissioned officers,

musicians and privates, one cord per month.

To a garrison barrack guard, half a cord per month.

To officers and soldiers half of the aforesaid allowances of fuel from

the first day of April until the first day of October in every year,

but none for offices.

To the sick in hospital, the allowance of wood is to be regulated by

the surgeon.

The commanding general, under special circumstances, may by orders in

writing, enlarge or diminish the foregoing allowances of fuel, and may

by the like orders, direct or withhold allowances of fuel or straw at

such other posts as he may judge expedient, in cases not provided for

by any special regulation.

No compensation in money to be made in lieu of allowances of fuel, nor

is any compensation to be received by or paid to officers, in lieu of

quarters or barracks.

STRAW.

1. One truss of straw weighing thirty six pounds, is allowed for each

palliass for two men. At the expiration of sixteen days, each palliass

is to be refreshed with eight pounds. At the expiration of thirty two

days, the whole straw is to be removed, and a fresh bedding of one

truss to be furnished, and so on, every succeeding period of sixteen

and thirty two days.

2. The same quantity of straw is allowed for servants or batmen

not soldiers, and for washer-women attached to each company in the

proportion of one washer-woman to every seventeen non-commissioned

officers and privates.

3. The straw is to be changed for the sick in the hospital as often

as may be deemed necessary: this necessity to be determined by the

surgeon, or surgeon’s mate, in the absence of the surgeon.

_Requisitions for Fuel or Straw._

1. Requisitions for wood or straw, must state the number and rank, of

the officers; the number of non-commissioned officers, and privates,

servants and batmen not soldiers, and of washer-women for whom

demanded, and be certified by the commandant of the garrison, or

recruiting party.

2. No wood or straw shall be drawn for officers, or wood or straw for

soldiers, whilst on furlough, or any allowance made to them for the

same.

3. Whenever it shall appear that more wood or straw has been drawn

than there were officers, soldiers, servants or batmen not soldiers,

and washer-women actually present and entitled thereto; the commanding

officer signing such requisition, shall be held responsible for the

value of the article drawn beyond the quantity allowed by these

regulations, and shall have his name and the circumstances of the case,

reported to the secretary for the department of war.

4. Requisitions thus signed, and the receipts given by the officers, to

whom the articles are delivered for consumption, shall be produced as

vouchers by the contractor, agent, or quarter-master, in the settlement

of his accounts.

As a smaller quantity of fuel may suffice for the garrisons and

recruiting parties to the southward than ordered by these regulations,

their commandants are enjoined to regulate the demands for this article

by the nature of the climate.

_Given at the war office of the United States in the city of

Washington, this twenty eighth day of April_, A. D. 1801.

HENRY DEARBORN,

_Secretary of War_.

_Additional regulations relative to fuel._

At all posts, garrisons, or recruiting rendezvous, to the northward of

the 39th degree of north latitude, should be allowed in addition to the

present allowance of wood, from the first day of October, to the first

day of April in each year;

To each field officer, half a cord per month.

To every commanding officer, of a garrison, consisting of one company,

half a cord per month.

To every other commissioned officer, one third of a cord per month.

To every room occupied by eight men, half a cord per month.

To a garrison or quarter guard, half a cord per month.

_May 1, 1806._

REGULATIONS _respecting certain supplies and objects of special and

extra expense._

The several contractors, besides rations including ardent spirits and

vinegar, shall only provide and furnish _quarters, transportation,

forage, fuel, straw, and stationery_, to recruiting parties where there

is no appropriate officer of the quarter-master general’s department to

furnish the same. The quarters intended, are those of a temporary kind.

The power to provide them shall not extend to the building or repairing

of barracks. In what they furnish, they shall govern themselves

_exclusively_ by the regulations which have been established by law or

by the war department, and in cases to which no regulations apply, by

the orders of the particular commanding officer.

No repairs shall be made to any barracks or buildings which shall incur

a disbursement of money exceeding fifty dollars, but by an order of the

secretary of war.

As often as any matter which may require any special or extra expense

can wait without material injury to the service, for a communication

to, and the direction of the secretary of war, or the commander of the

army; it is not to be undertaken till after such communication and

direction shall have been had.

The quarter-master general, his deputies and assistants, are primarily

charged with making the disbursements in the cases abovementioned.

When there is no such officer, the agent of the war department in

the vicinity shall do it. All orders for such disbursements must be

definite and in writing, to be transmitted with the accounts of them

to the accountant of the war department; and all disbursements made in

pursuance of these regulations must be substantiated by such vouchers

as shall be prescribed by the said accountant.

_Given at the war office of the United States in the city of

Washington, this twenty eighth day of April_, A. D. 1801.

HENRY DEARBORN,

_Secretary of War_.

_Rules adopted by the president of the United States relative to

promotions in the army._

Promotions in the army of the United States, shall hereafter be made

agreeably to the regulations in force previous to those of the 3d of

September 1799, which were promulgated in general orders, dated the

ninth of that month.

Promotions to the rank of captain shall be made regimentally, and to

the rank of major and lieutenant colonel in the lines of the artillery

and infantry respectively.

The officer next in rank, will, on the happening of a vacancy, be

considered, in ordinary cases, as the proper person to fill the same;

but this rule may be subject to exceptions in extraordinary cases.

_Given at the war office of the United States, this twenty sixth day

of May_, A. D. 1801, _and of independence the twenty fifth_.

HENRY DEARBORN,

_Secretary of War_.

The above rules for promotion in the infantry and artillery, are

applicable to the cavalry and riflemen.

No officer will consider himself as filling a vacancy until he receives

notice thereof through the department of war.

H. DEARBORN.

_March 7, 1808._

_Regulations respecting salutes._

Salutes from the forts in the several ports and harbors of the United

States shall, as a general rule, be of sixteen discharges from guns of

a calibre not exceeding nine or twelve pounders.

No salute shall be fired to foreign ships or vessels of war, but in

return; and in every such case, their salute shall be returned gun for

gun.

Each military post within the United States may fire a national salute

on the morning of the fourth of July, annually; and when there shall

be a collection of citizens at, or within the immediate vicinity of

a military post for the purpose of celebrating the anniversary of

American independence, sixteen guns may be fired in the course of the

feast.

A national salute shall be fired on a visit to the post from the

president or vice president of the United States, or the governor of

the state in which the post may be.

A gun not exceeding a six pounder, should be fired daily at reveille

beating, immediately after the break of day; after which, no officer or

soldier should remain in bed.

_Given at the war office of the United States in the city of

Washington, this tenth day of June_, A. D. 1801, _and in the twenty

fifth year of American independence_.

(Signed) HENRY DEARBORN,

_Secretary of war_.

REGULATIONS _respecting extra pay, and allowance of soldiers, when

ordered on constant labor, for a term not less than 40 days._

The non-commissioned officers and privates of the artillery or infantry

who may be drawn as artificers, to work constantly on fortifications

or bridges, for a term not less than 40 days, Sundays excepted, shall

be allowed, for each day’s actual labor, fourteen cents, and one gill

of spirits each, in addition to their pay and rations, and one pair

of linen overalls, and one frock; and if they shall be continued at

work for 120 days, Sundays excepted, they shall each be allowed an

additional frock, and an additional pair of overalls.

Other non-commissioned officers and privates, not artificers, who

shall be drawn from the artillery and infantry for constant labor on

fortifications, roads, or bridges, for a term not less than 40 days,

Sundays excepted, shall be allowed for each day’s actual labor, ten

cents and one gill of spirits each, in addition to their pay and

rations; and if they shall be continued at work for 120 days, an

additional frock and pair of overalls in like manner as the artificers.

It shall be the duty of the officer commanding any such working party,

to have a regular account, kept under his inspection of every day’s

work performed by each non-commissioned officer or private, signed by

the commanding officer, and to transmit monthly a fair abstract thereof

to the paymaster of the district in which the labor may be performed,

which paymaster will be authorised to draw the money on the said

abstracts, and pay the men conformably therewith.

It is to be understood, that the extra daily pay and allowance, is only

to be given for actual day’s work, and not to be granted, when from

sickness or other causes, the work shall not actually be performed.

(Signed) H. DEARBORN,

_Secretary of war_.

_War department, June 25, 1801._

The above regulations, so far as they respect allowances of extra

clothing, are considered as being superseded by the act fixing the

military peace establishment, which grants fatigue clothing to all

the non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates of that

establishment, annually.

H. DEARBORN.

_March 7, 1808._

_The following rates are to govern in the allowance to officers for the

transportation of their baggage, when ordered on distant commands._

A colonel 750 pounds.

Lieut. colonel, 600

Major, 500

Captain, 400

First lieutenant, 300

Second do. 250

Ensign, 250

Surgeon, 500

Surgeon’s mate, 300

Each officer to be allowed the usual and customary prices of

transportation by land or water per hundred, on the route which shall

be necessary for him to transport himself and baggage, for as many

hundred as he is entitled to the transportation of, by the regulations

hereto annexed. An average price by land, will not exceed two dollars

per hundred for 100 miles, and by water there are but few cases where a

certain rate per cwt. is not known.

(Signed) H. DEARBORN.

_War department, June 23, 1801._

In addition to the foregoing regulations, there shall be allowed to

each officer, when ordered on general courts-martial, at the rate of

three dollars for every hundred miles, for the transportation of his

baggage.

(Signed) H. D.

_Ordinance, regulating and ascertaining the quantity of stationery

which each officer, serving in the army of the United States, shall be

entitled to receive annually._

To every officer commanding a separate post, the garrison of which

shall consist of, from one to two companies, twenty quires of writing

paper.

To every officer commanding a separate post, the garrison of which

shall consist of, from three to five companies, thirty-six quires of

writing paper.

To every officer commanding a separate post, one blank book containing

two quires of paper.

For the use of the garrison of every separate post, ingredients

sufficient to make two quarts of ink.

For the use of the garrison of every separate post, twenty dozen of

wafers.

For the use of the assistant military agent, at every separate post,

one blank book containing two quires of paper.

For the use of every military company, whether in garrison or

otherwise, two quires of paper, and one blank book containing the same

quantity.

For the use of every other commissioned officer in the army, two quires

of letter paper, with a proportionate allowance of ink, quills, and

wafers.

_Done at the war office of the U. States, this 25th day of February,

1802._

H. DEARBORN,

_Secretary of war_.

_Regulations relative to the employment of physicians._

In future, no surgeon, surgeon’s mate, or physician, not holding an

appointment in the army of the United States, is to be employed on

public account, by any officer or other person whatever to act in the

capacity of surgeon or physician, for any man or men attached to the

army, unless by special agreement first entered into, in which the

compensation for medical service to be performed, shall be stipulated

in writing, either by the day or month.

When the services required shall be such, as not to exceed the usual

duties of a surgeon’s mate, the compensation per month, should not

exceed the pay and emoluments of a surgeon’s mate.

For any number of men, not exceeding twenty, the compensation should

not exceed the rate of two hundred dollars a year, including medicine;

and for any number of men, not exceeding thirty, the compensation

should not exceed the rate of three hundred dollars a year, including

medicine.

In no instance, extraordinary cases excepted, should the compensation

for medical assistance, for a shorter period than one month, exceed the

rate of four dollars per day, exclusive of medicine.

Charges for medical services, after the promulgation of these

regulations, will require certificates, of their having been performed

agreeable thereto.

_April 2, 1806._

_Regulations relative to returns of clothing._

It shall be the duty of the commanding officers of companies, to make

out in December each year correct returns of the clothing necessary

for their respective companies for the succeeding year, including what

is on hand fit for service; also correct returns or all clothing on

hand, noting such as is fit for use: the said returns to be forwarded

annually, by the 1st day of January, to the department of war, through

the commanding officer of the military post, garrison, or encampment,

at which the officer making the returns is stationed. The commanding

officers of companies, shall be responsible for the correctness of

their respective returns.

_War department, Dec. 1, 1807._

REGULATIONS _to be observed by officers commanding detachments of the

army to be embarked, and on ship board_.

I. The officer commanding the embarkation, prior to the men’s going on

board, must personally inspect the transports, to ascertain that the

quantity of provisions assigned, and every necessary accommodation is

provided.

II. As soon as the troops are on board, an officer from each company

will personally see, that the arms and accoutrements, the clothing

neatly packed in the knapsacks, together with the hats, are to be

placed in order, and properly secured, over their respective births,

on the racks and pins ordered for the purpose: the arms are all to be

provided with cloth tompkins; they are to be oiled, and handled daily,

during the voyage, and are to be frequently inspected by the officers,

to prevent their being injured by rust.

III. The men must be allotted to births, in the order in which they

roll in their companies, and are to be divided into messes by squads,

with a non-commissioned officer at the head of each, who is to be

responsible for the good order and cleanliness of it; particular

attention must be paid to the cooking, for which purpose two men must

be detailed weekly from the company to attend to this duty, and it is

essential that every other soldier should be prohibited from going to

the camboose.

IV. An officer of the day will be appointed, whose duty it will be

to enforce regularity, cleanliness and order amongst the men; to see

that their provisions are well cooked and equally distributed; and

in case of neglect, in any instance, he must immediately report the

circumstance to the officer commanding, who will chastise the offender,

if necessary.

V. The men must not be permitted to go below during the day, except in

case of indisposition, or bad weather; and the bedding must invariably

be brought on deck every morning, if not prevented by rain, and taken

down always before sun set.

VI. To prevent accidents by fire, no candles must be suffered below,

but in lanterns, and smoking between decks must be on no account,

permitted. All lights are to be extinguished at eight o’clock; and

the officers, to set an example of good order, should not indulge

themselves in sitting up beyond a reasonable hour.

VII. General parades and calls of the roll are to be had at troop and

retreat, with arms and accoutrements, in good weather, and without in

bad; and on every Saturday, the commanding officer must make a complete

inspection of arms, accoutrements and clothing.

VIII. To ensure cleanliness, the men must be compelled to wash their

heads and hands every morning, and their feet every evening.

IX. A serjeant’s guard must be mounted daily, and a sufficient number

of sentries posted, to enforce these regulations; and particularly one

or more at the necessary, camboose and hatchways, with their side arms.

X. In case of coming to anchor, care must be taken to prevent the men

having any communication with the shore; and attention must be paid to

prevent their purchasing liquor or green fruit, from boats coming along

side.

XI. The commanding officer is to co-operate with the master of the

transport, in whatever may be necessary to promote the voyage; and in

approaching a sail, he is positively forbid shewing a single soldier on

deck: the sentries are in such case to be removed below.

XII. The men are to be furnished with two flints; twenty four rounds of

ball cartridges, each: six in their cartridge boxes, and the residue

packed in kegs.

These regulations are to be strictly observed in every particular; and

any officer who may violate them, by omission or commission, will be

brought before a general court-martial.

_Given at Head Quarters, city of

Washington, Dec. 15, 1808._

This closes the whole body of Regulations for the United States force,

as far as the American editor has been able to collect them.

_To buy or sell at the_ REGULATION, to give or receive no more for a

commission than what has been settled by the king’s authority in the

British service. When an officer is allowed to retire from a regiment

with permission to sell, the one next for purchase is supposed to pay

the regulation price or his commission; but it frequently happens that

parties agree among themselves with respect to terms; and it sometimes

occurs, that young men of interest and fortune stop the regular

promotions of officers by overbidding the market. This traffic, so

infamous in its principle, as well as in its abuses, was exhibited in

an odious light in the case of the duke of York and his courtesans in

1809.

_Cavalry_ REGULATIONS, specific instructions for the formations and

movements of cavalry.

_Infantry_ REGULATIONS. A system of tactics for infantry. The general

principles for the formations and movements of cavalry and infantry

being invariably the same, their more particular explanation in several

points, is to be found in the regulations for the infantry. See

_American Military Library_.

_General_ REGULATIONS _and orders_. A collection of certain general

rules which were published for the British army by authority on the

20th of August, 1799, and which are to be considered as the ground

work of those instructions that generals commanding districts, and

officers in the command of brigades and regiments, forts or garrisons,

may find it necessary to issue to the troops under their respective

commands. To use the words of the adjutant general, this publication

does by no means comprehend the whole detail which the various duties

and services, and the interior economy and management of regiments

may require. They are principally extracted from a book, intituled

_The Rudiments of War_, which was published by N. Conant in 1777,

they are directed to be considered as the _standing_ orders of the

army at large. They cannot be altered, or in any sense be deviated

from, without the king’s or commander in chief’s approbation. It is

however to be observed, that a book manifestly calculated for the

interior management of the army, and consequently a necessary companion

to the rules and regulations, should have been more specific. Many

circumstances, apparently insignificant in themselves, and, of course,

unnoticed at head quarters, grow into objects of serious discussion

among the different regiments of the service, both at home and abroad.

It is an old maxim, that he who neglects small faults will soon fall

into great offences.

RE-IMBODY. To re-imbody, is to imbody again any regiment or corps

that has been disbanded. Thus, the English militia is disbanded, and

partially re-imbodied for 28 days in every year during peace.

REIN, that part of a bridle which extends from the head of a horse to

the hands of the rider, &c.

REINFORCE, in _founding guns_, that part of a gun next to the breech,

which is made stronger than the rest of the piece, in order to resist

the force of the powder. There are generally two in each piece, called

the first and second reinforce: the second is something smaller than

the first, upon the supposition that when the powder is inflamed, and

occupies a greater space, its force is diminished, which is not the

case. See CANNON.

REINFORCE _ring_. There are three in each gun, called the first,

second, and third: they are flat mouldings, like flat iron hoops,

placed at the breech end of the first and second reinforce, projecting

from the rest of the metal by about ¹⁄₄ of an inch.

REINFORCEMENT _to the army_, is an addition of fresh troops to

strengthen an army, in order to enable it to go on with an enterprise,

&c.

_To_ REJOIN. To meet again. To return. He left his regiment when it

broke up camp, but rejoined it again before the army marched into the

enemy’s country·

REJOUISSANCES _publiques_, _Fr._ Public rejoicings, or thanksgivings.

Chevalier Folard makes a curious and interesting comment relative to

this subject, in one of his notes upon Polybius. He therein asserts,

that the _Te Deum_, or thanksgiving to God, was as much practised among

the heathens as it is among the moderns.

REITRES, _Fr._ a body of armed horsemen, who came out of Germany, and

entered into the French service during the reign of Henry III. They

were incorporated with the carabineers.

RELAYER, _Fr._ to relieve; to lessen the labor of any particular set of

men by occasionally sending fresh workmen.

RELAIS, _Fr._ a term used in fortification to signify a space,

containing some feet in breadth, which is between the foot of the

rampart and the scarp of the fosse. It serves as a convenient

receptacle for the earth that occasionally crumbles off.

RELAY _horses_, in the _artillery_, are spare horses that march with

the artillery and baggage, ready to relieve others, or to assist in

getting up a hill, or through bad roads, &c.

RELEASE. The commanding officer alone has the prerogative of releasing

a prisoner from confinement, after he has once been duly given in

charge to the guard, with his crime or crimes stated in writing; or of

remitting after he has been adjudged to suffer military punishment;

except in cases of a general court-martial, when the general of the

district in certain cases, and the president of the United States in

higher cases, can remit or mitigate.

_Cheval de_ RELAIS, _Fr._ a hackney horse.

RELEVEE, _Fr._ The afternoon.

RELEVER, _Fr._ to relieve. Hence,

RELEVER _une sentinelle_, _Fr._ To relieve a sentry, by posting another

soldier in his room.

RELEVER _la garde_, _Fr._ To relieve guard.

RELIEF, _Fr._ an order, given by the minister at war, to authorize an

officer to receive the arrears of pay which had accumulated during his

absence from the regiment.

RELIEF, _Fr._ In architecture means the same as the term does when used

in English.

RELIEN, _Fr._ The broken grains of gunpowder which have not passed

through the sieve.

_To_ RELIEVE _the guard_, is to put fresh men upon guard, which is

generally done every 24 hours.

_To_ RELIEVE _the trenches_, is to relieve the guard of the trenches,

by appointing those for that duty, who have not been there before, or

whose turn is next.

_To_ RELIEVE _the sentries_, is to put fresh men upon that duty from

the guard, which is generally done every two hours, by a corporal who

attends the relief, to see the proper orders are delivered to the

soldier who relieves.

RELIEVER, an iron ring fixed to a handle by means of a socket, so as to

be at right angles to it: it serves to disengage the searcher of a gun,

when one of its points is retained in a hole, and cannot be got out

otherwise. See SEARCHER.

_A_ REMAIN, a term used among store-keepers belonging to the board of

ordnance, &c. to express the actual quantity of stores which is found

at an outport, &c. when a new store-keeper is appointed.

REMAINS of stores are ordered to be taken at all places at home, once

in seven years, as also at the expiration of a war. In foreign parts a

_remain_ is taken only on the appointment of a new store-keeper. See

OFFICE OF ORDNANCE, or BOARD OF ORDNANCE.

_To_ REMAND, to send back; as when a soldier who has been brought out

of prison, or the guard-house, for the purpose of being examined or

tried, is sent back without any thing final occurring relative to his

case

_To_ REMARK, to take note of any thing.

REMARKS. Army returns, regimental statements, guard reports, &c. have a

column allotted for remarks and observations relative to extraordinary

occurrences.

REMBLAI, _Fr._ Earth collected together for the purpose of making a

bank way, &c.

REMBLAYER, _Fr._ To collect earth together.

REMBARQUER, _Fr._ To re-embark.

REMBOITER, _Fr._ The same as _Emboiter_. To replace, to put together.

The latter term is used by the French in artillery and cavalry

manœuvres. It is the correlative to _Déboiter_; to break off.

REMETTEZ _vous_. This term agrees with the phrase--_as you were_. _Se

Remettre._ To take a former position, to return to the original ground

REMETTRE, _Fr._ to restore, to bring back again. It is frequently used

in a military sense, viz. _Remettre un bataillon_; to restore or bring

back a battalion to its original formation

REMIT To lessen; as to remit a part of a soldier’s sentence.

_To_ REMONSTRATE, to make a representation of a case or cases wherein

one or more may consider themselves to be aggrieved. Military men

may remonstrate through their superior officers; but where the duty

of the service is concerned, that duty must be first performed with

cheerfulness and fidelity.

REMONTER, _Fr._ To Remount.

REMONTER _une compagnie de cavalerie_, _Fr._ To remount a troop of

horse.

REMONTER _une rivière_, _Fr._ To sail up a river.

REMORA, _Fr._ This word is sometimes written _Rémora_, and signifies

obstacle, hindrance. It comes from the Latin _Remora_, a small fish,

which was supposed by the ancients to impede the progress of a ship.

REMORAL, _Fr._ an officer belonging to a galley, who has charge of the

oars.

_To_ REMOVE, to change the situation of a person.

_A_ REMOUNT, means a supply of good and serviceable horses for the

whole or part of a cavalry regiment. The following instructions have

been copied from a compilation of English general and regimental

orders, viz. The size of the horses for the heavy cavalry must run

from 15 hands and 1 inch, to 15 3; and the age be 4 or 5 off, if

possible; the taking horses coming four must be avoided as much as can

be. No horse must be taken for the public service, unless he be very

close and compact in his make, very broad across the loins, short and

straight backed, close coupled, round barrelled, and well carcassed,

wide between the rider’s thighs, deep at the girt and shoulders, and

full, though not heavy chested, with short jointed, clean, bony legs,

and full furnished, with strong thighs: the shoulders must lay well

back; the forehand rise so as to give the horse freedom; and the head

must be so set on as to admit of his getting his nose in. To this must

be added, action, and good sound, full feet, with open heels. No horse

must be taken with flat feet, or any lameness, or visible defect. No

heavy, fleshy legged, lumbering horse must be taken on any account.

_To_ REMOUNT. To remount the cavalry or dragoons, is to furnish them

with horses in the room of those which have been either killed,

disabled, or cast.

RENCONTRE, _Fr._ This word has been adopted amongst us, and signifies

either a private quarrel, in which individuals accidentally meet and

fight; or an unexpected and irregular combat between two bodies of

armed men, who belong to armies that are in hostile opposition to each

other. Thus, as in the former instance it serves to distinguish the

casual determination of a feud or difference from the pre-determined

and settled plan of a duel; so in the latter it marks the difference

between a skirmish, &c. and a regular battle.

RENDER. See SURRENDER.

RENDEZVOUS, the place appointed for troops to assemble at. It likewise

means any particular spot that is fixed upon for two duellists to

decide their quarrel.

RENDEZVOUS, RENDEVOUS, in a _military sense_, the place appointed by

the general, where all the troops that compose the army are to meet at

the time appointed, in case of an alarm. This place should be fixed

upon, according to the situation of the ground, and the sort of troops

quartered in the village. In an open country it is easy to fix upon a

place of rendezvous, because the general has whatever ground he thinks

necessary. In towns and villages the largest streets, or market places,

are very fit; but let the place be where it will, the troops must

assemble with ease, and be ready for the prompt execution of orders.

RENDU, _Fr._ Surrendered, given up.

_Soldat_ RENDU, _Fr._ This term is used, to express the difference

between a soldier who deserts to the enemy, and one who lays down his

arms. In the former instance he is called _déserteur_; in the latter,

_soldat rendu_. It is sometimes used as a substitute, viz. _Un rendu_,

a man who has surrendered.

RENEGADE, RENEGADO, a deserter; any one who goes over to the enemy.

RENFORCEMENT, _Fr._ a hollow place.

RENFORCER, _Fr._ to reinforce, to strengthen, to fortify.

RENFORT, _Fr._ Reinforcement.

RENFORT, _Fr._ a certain part or a cannon so called. See REINFORCE.

REPARATIONS _dans un regiment_, _Fr._ repair of arms, necessaries, camp

equipage, &c.

_To_ RENEW, (_renouveler_, _Fr._) to repeat, to begin afresh. Hence to

renew hostilities.

RENEWAL. The act of renewing, as the _renewal_ of hostilities.

RENVOI, _Fr._ Sending back; any thing returned.

_Chevaux de_ RENVOI, _Fr._ Returned horses.

REPARTIR, _Fr._ To divide, to separate, to detach.

REPARATION _des troupes_, _Fr._ Distribution of troops in different

quarters.

REPERTORY. See MAGAZINE.

REPLIER, _se replier_, _Fr._ To fall back, to retreat. In military

movements, to take a rear direction towards any particular part of the

line, viz.

_Se_ REPLIER _sur la droite_, _Fr._ To fall back upon the right.

REPLY. After the prisoner’s defence before a court-martial, the

prosecutor or informant may _reply_, but without noticing any matter

foreign to the specific crime or crimes expressed in the charge.

REPORT, sound; loud noise, as that made by the discharge of a musquet

or cannon.

REPORT. Specific statement of persons and things. Although this word

may, in some sense, be considered the same as _return_, yet it so far

differs in military matters, that it is less comprehensive, and relates

more immediately to persons and occurrences than to things.

General officers report to the commander in chief only.

The commander in chief’s guard reports to himself by one of his

aid-de-camps.

Reports of cavalry are given in to the senior generals of cavalry;

and reports of infantry, to the senior general officers of infantry.

On a march the field officer of the piquet reports to the general of

the day who leads the column; and in camp to the next superior officer

to himself. A provost martial gives in his return of prisoners, and

reports to the general of the day.

Judge advocates, acting in districts or garrisons, &c. send in the

minutes of courts-martial, and report to the district general.

Regimental surgeons report to their commanding officers, and surgeons

in districts, &c. to the war office.

_Monthly_ REPORT. Every company in the service of the United States, is

required to make a monthly inspection and report, according to forms

furnished by the adjutant and inspector.

All troops belonging to the British service, the marines excepted,

who report to the admiralty, report through their several commanding

officers, &c. to the adjutant general and secretary at war, and to the

commander in chief.

_Special_ REPORT. A special report is said to be made when the name

of an officer is transmitted by his commander to the general of a

district, independent of the regular returns; and some specific

instance of misconduct is laid before him; every officer on his

arrival from abroad with a regiment or detachment of troops, must

report himself to the governor or commanding officer of the seaport at

which he arrives; and every officer who takes his passage for foreign

service, must do the same previous to his departure.

The senior officer in each recruiting quarter reports weekly to the

field officer of the district, the number and strength of the parties

therein. The field officers commanding recruiting parties in districts,

report to the adjutant and inspector, to whom all returns and reports

are to be transmitted by them, and not direct from the recruiting

officers.

Reports are made daily, weekly, or monthly, according to circumstances.

The various subordinate reports consist of

Report of a rearguard.

Report of a barrack guard.

Report of a quarter guard.

Report of a main guard and its dependencies, &c. &c.

In the column of remarks which must accompany each of these reports, it

is necessary, for the person who signs, to specify all casualties and

extraordinary occurrences according to the particular nature of each

report. The different hours at which the grand rounds, visiting rounds,

and patroles went, must likewise be put down.

REPOS, _Fr._ Rest, ease. It is used by the French as a word of command,

viz.

REPOS, _Fr._ a word of command which agrees with _stand at ease_.

_Quartiers de_ REPOS, _Fr._ These places are so called where troops

remain for some days to refresh themselves.

_Soldat_ REPOSE _sur l’arme_, _Fr._ a soldier standing at ease with

ordered arms.

REPOSEZ _vous sur vos armes_, _Fr._ Order arms.

_In_ REPOSE, (_en repos_, _Fr._) This term, which is manifestly taken

from the French, applies to troops that are allowed to be stationary

for any given period during an active campaign either through sickness,

or from some other cause. Thus the 5th regiment being _in repose_, it

was judged expedient to order the 28th to advance by forced marches.

REPOSITORY, a place or repertory, in which any thing is preserved.

Thus the British Repository at Woolwich, contains models of every

sort of warlike stores, weapons, and fortification: whether invented

by officers of the army or civilians, as well of other nations as of

Britain, receipts being given to preserve the title to the inventor.

The British Repository is indebted to the ingenuity of colonel

Congreve, for some of its most useful and important instruments of

escalade, fortification, and gunnery.

REPOUSSER, _Fr._ to drive back, to repel.

REPOUSSOIRS, _Fr._ Drivers, chissels.

REPOUSSOIR, _Fr._ a small stick which artificers and fire-workers use

in making fire pots and other works.

REPRESAILLES, _Fr._ Reprisals.

REPRIMAND, a slighter kind of punishment sometimes inflicted on

officers and non-commissioned officers. It consists in reproving or

reprimanding them at the head of their respective regiments, troop, or

company, as the cases may be. A reprimand is sometimes inserted in the

orderly books.

REQUISITION, (_réquisition_, _Fr._) A term peculiarly used by the

French during the course of their revolution, and applicable to most

nations in its general import. It signifies the act of exacting either

men or things for the public service. Hence--_Denrées, marchandises

mises en réquisition_; necessaries of life, goods, &c. put in a state

of requisition, or subject to be disposed of for the common good at a

fixed price.

_Jeunes gens de la_ REQUISITION, _Fr._ Young men required or called

upon to serve in the army.

REQUISITIONNAIRE, _Fr._ A person liable to be put in a state of

requisition.

RESERVE, _corps de réserve_, _Fr._ any select body of troops posted by

a general out of the first line of action, to answer some specific or

critical purpose, in the day of battle. The French likewise call that

body a _corps de réserve_, which is composed of the staff of the army,

and moves with the commander in chief, from whom it receives the parole

or word; but in every other respect it is governed by its own general.

RESINE, _Fr._ Rosin.

RESOLUTION, in algebra, the solution of a problem.

RESOLUTION, (_résolution_, _Fr._) an indispensible quality of the mind,

which every general of an army should possess to its full extent. It

is the advice of all wise men, leisurely to digest plans, and calmly

deliberate upon them; but when once it becomes necessary to put them

into execution, the person entrusted with command, should be prompt and

vigorous.

RESOOM, _Ind._ Fees or dues.

_To_ RESPITE, to suspend, to delay; from the French _respiter_.

_To be_ RESPITED _on the muster-roll_, to be suspended from pay,

&c. during which period all advantages of promotion, pay, &c. are

stopped. It is originally derived from respite, which signifies delay,

forbearance, &c. Thus in Clarendon’s history of the civil wars we

read, that an act passed for the satisfaction of the officers of the

king’s army, by which they were promised payment in November following;

till which time they were to _respite_ it, and be contented, that the

common soldiers and inferior officers should be satisfied upon their

disbanding. At present to _respite_ means to deprive an individual

of all the advantages attached to his situation; in which sense it

signifies much the same as to suspend.

When an officer has exceeded his leave of absence, and has not sent a

satisfactory account of himself to his commanding officer, the latter

reports him, in an especial manner, to the general of the district,

by whom he is returned absent without leave. It sometimes happens,

that the colonel or commanding officer gives directions to have him

noted on the muster-roll of the regiment; in which case he is said

to be respited or deprived of pay. This is the first step towards

suspension from rank and pay, which ultimately terminates in a total

exclusion from the service, by the offending party being peremptorily

superseded. The name of the person is laid before the secretary at war,

who with the approbation of the president, directs the adjutant and

inspector to strike it off the list of the army.

The money which is respited upon the muster-roll is accounted for by

the account of the war department, and placed to the credit of the

public by the paymaster-general.

RESPONSIBILITY. The state of being answerable. All public officers,

civil or military, are in a state of responsibility with respect to

national concerns.

RESPONSIBLE. Answerable; accountable; liable to be called upon.

Colonels of regiments are responsible for the discipline of their men;

and captains for the interior economy and clothing of their companies.

RESPONSION, _Fr._ A term used by the French. In military orders

signifying the same as _charge_ or _redevance_, charge or service. Thus

each commandery pays a certain sum, called _somme de responsion_, to

its order in proportion to its value.

RESSERRER, to hem in; to confine. _Une garnison fort resserrée_, a

garrison narrowly watched by a besieging army, and kept within its

walls.

RESSORT, _Fr._ Spring. Elasticity. This word is used in various senses

by the French, viz.

_Dernier_ RESSORT, _Fr._ the last shift.

_N’agir que par_ RESSORT, _Fr._ To do nothing of one’s own free will;

to be influenced, to be acted upon by others.

_Manquer de_ RESSORT, _Fr._ To want energy, vigor, &c.

_Un caractère qui a du_ RESSORT, _Fr._ A firm, determined character.

RESSOURCE, _Fr._ Resource, shift, refuge.

_Un homme de_ RESSOURCES, _Fr._ a man who has resources within himself.

_Un homme plein de_ RESSOURCES, a man full of resources, full of

expedients.

_To_ REST _arms_, to bring the firelock to the same position as in

present arms. See MANUAL.

_To_ REST _upon arms reversed_. At military funerals the arms are

reversed. The soldiers belonging to the firing party, rest upon the

butt ends of their firelocks, while the funeral service is performed,

leaning with their cheeks, so as to turn from the corpse.

REST _upon your arms reversed!_ A word of command which is used at

military funerals.

RESTANT, _Fr._ the remainder; what is left.

RESTE, _Fr._ Remainder, viz. _Le reste des troupes_, the remainder of

the troops.

_Etre en_ RESTE, _Fr._ To be in arrears.

RESTER, _Fr._ to remain behind.

RETENUE, _Fr._ Stoppage; any thing kept back.

RETIAIRE, _Fr._ See RETIARIUS.

RETIARIUS, a kind of gladiator who fought in the amphitheatre during

the time of the Romans. He is thus described by Kennett, in his Roman

Antiquities, page 274.

The Retiarius was dressed in a short coat, having a fuscina or trident

in his left hand, and a net, from which he derives his name, in his

right. With this he endeavored to entangle his adversary, that he might

then with his trident easily dispatch him: on his head he wore only a

hat tied under his chin with a broad riband.

RETIRADE, _or Coupure_, _Fr._ In fortification, a retrenchment, which

is generally made with two faces, forming a rentrant angle, and is

thrown up in the body of a work for the purpose of receiving troops,

who may dispute the ground inch by inch. When the first means of

resistance have been destroyed, others are substituted by cutting a

ditch, and lining it with a parapet. The _retirade_ sometimes consists

of nothing more than rows of fascines filled with earth, stuffed

gabions, barrels or sand bags, with or without a ditch, and either

fenced with palisadoes, or left without them.

15. _Mountains, hills._ Amongst high mountains, such as the Alps,