IN CANDAHAR
On the 15th of September Angus started, after a tearful farewell
from his Armenian friends. Their gratitude to him and Pottinger was
unbounded. The presence and influence of their two English guests had
preserved them from the rapacity and cruelty of the wuzeer, while all
other merchants and traders in the town had been maltreated and robbed,
and in many cases had died under the tortures inflicted to wring from
them treasures it was believed they possessed. Kajar and his brother
and their families alone enjoyed an immunity from persecution. Both
had determined that they would leave Herat, and taking with them their
workmen, establish themselves at Teheran or Tabriz, where the profit of
their work might be less, but they would at least be able to enjoy it
in security, such as could never be hoped for as long as Yar Mahomed
was the virtual ruler of Herat.
The period that had elapsed since Angus left Teheran had changed him
much. He was no longer a boy, for he had been doing man's work. He was
now nearly eighteen years old, and had attained his full height of
nearly six feet. His illness had pulled him down much, and sharpened
his features, and except for his lighter colour, he really more
closely resembled an Afghan than the Persian trader he was dressed to
represent. The pallor caused by his illness had been succeeded by a
deep tan, caused by his passing so many hours daily in the sun during
his convalescence.
"I am glad to be out of Herat," Azim said, as he looked back at the
walls.
"So am I, Azim. I thought at one time that I was never coming out at
all."
"It is a very bad place, master. In Persia the governors squeeze the
people a bit, and sometimes there is much grumbling, but the worst of
them are very much better than Yar Mahomed, who is a son of Sheitan,
whom may Allah confound."
"He is a scoundrel," Angus agreed heartily. "I wonder myself that the
people of Herat have not long since risen and torn him to pieces. I
know that if I had been a merchant there I should have tried to stir
them up to do it."
Azim shook his head. "They cannot trust each other, effendi. There are
many who would like to do as you have said, but there are many who
cannot trust their own neighbours."
"Then I would do it myself. Look how many old men were tortured to
death; some of them must have had sons. Had my father been so tortured
I would have lain in wait for the wuzeer day after day in some empty
house--there are plenty of them in one of the streets by which he
usually went from his palace to the walls--and as he rode past I would
have put a bullet in his head. I would then have escaped from the back
of the house if possible. No one would have seen who had fired the
shot, and I should have been safe if once away. If I were overtaken I
would put a pistol to my head, so as to avoid being tortured to death.
I cannot understand thirty or forty thousand people continuing to
support the rule of a tyrant, when one bold man could put an end to
it."
Once on his way Angus felt new life in his veins, and in a week he had
entirely shaken off the feeling of lassitude that had oppressed him in
the poisoned air of Herat, and felt equal to any ordinary exertion. As
he had expected, he met with no difficulties whatever on his way, for
on the road between Herat and Candahar the Afghans were accustomed to
see Persian traders passing, and no suspicion whatever was felt that
Angus and his attendant were other than they represented themselves
to be. The journey was a long one, but Angus did not hurry. It was
pleasant to him, after being for a year cooped up in the besieged
city, to travel quietly in the fresh mountain air. The scenery was all
new to him, and though Azim felt the cold a good deal, Angus enjoyed
it immensely. He made short stages, and never exceeded twenty miles
a day, and often, when he arrived at a village which offered fair
accommodation, he was content to stay when only fourteen or fifteen
had been traversed. As this was the great high-road of trade there
were khans in almost every village, and there was no difficulty in
purchasing the necessaries of life. Everywhere the talk was of war.
Once beyond the territory over which Shah Mahomed ruled, the news that
the Persians had failed to take Herat and had retired had excited
regret. It had been regarded as certain that the place would fall,
and all had anticipated the march of a Persian and Russian army to
Candahar, to be followed by a grand invasion of India. The mountaineers
had felt sure that the army would gladly pay whatever was demanded for
permission to pass unmolested; that they would be ready to pay high
prices for provisions and the hire of transport animals, so that they
would enrich themselves in the first place, and then have a chance of
sharing in the plunder of India, and the destruction of the infidels.
Angus was appealed to by all with whom he conversed to explain how it
was that the Shah with his great army had failed to take Herat. He was
eagerly questioned, too, with regard to Russia, a country of which they
had heard many strange rumours. Were they very strong? were they really
in alliance with Persia? were they infidels? if so, how was it that the
Shah was friendly with them?
To the first of these questions Angus could only reply that, not having
been in the Persian camp, he was unable to give them information. There
were certainly Russian generals and officers leading the Persians at
the siege of Herat. They were infidels, and neighbours of the Persians.
For himself, he thought that while no doubt the Shah wished to be at
peace with such powerful neighbours, he would be wise not to trust them
very far. He could not really wish for them to become more powerful,
and if they aided him, it could only be for their own objects. As a
peaceful man he himself only desired to trade, and left these matters
to wiser heads. But at the same time he knew that Russia was constantly
extending its dominions at the expense of its neighbours; and that,
as it was a Christian country, it certainly could not be thinking of
invading India for the benefit of the Mohammedans of that country, or
those of Afghanistan--certainly not those of Persia. Whatever the Shah
and the military officers might think, the trading classes were uneasy
at the influence that Russia was gaining, and apprehensive of the
growing power and proximity of a neighbour possessed of such immense
forces, and of ambitious views.
Two months after leaving Herat Angus entered Candahar. The journey
had been wholly without any incident of importance. The appearance of
Candahar somewhat resembled that of Herat. Situated in a fertile plain,
with a range of craggy hills at no great distance, and surrounded by
a wall, it was incapable of offering any prolonged resistance to the
attack of a European force provided with siege artillery. The town was
a comparatively modern one, being founded in 1754 on the site of an
ancient city. It was built on a regular plan, the streets all crossing
each other at right angles. Like Herat, it had four principal streets
meeting in the centre, each of these 150 feet wide, and lined with
shops. Streams of water ran down almost every street.
The town made a very favourable impression on Angus after the ruin
and dirt of Herat. As a Persian he felt at home here, for Persian
inscriptions and names met his eye everywhere, as throughout
Afghanistan the whole of the trade is carried on by Persians or by
natives of India, the Afghans themselves deeming the profession of arms
the only one honourable. The upper classes among them all habitually
spoke Persian; which language was generally employed in writing and in
all official communications. Angus put up at a khan which he learned
was frequented by traders passing through the city, and soon made the
acquaintance of several merchants lodging there. From them he learned
much more of the state of affairs than he had gathered in the Afghan
villages he had passed through on the journey. The English were, it was
said, gathering a great army in Scinde with the intention of placing
Shah Soojah on the throne of Afghanistan instead of Dost Mahomed.
Of all the blunders that have been committed from the time of our
first arrival in India, none is comparable, in point of injustice,
hopeless blundering, or misfortune, to the policy thus inaugurated in
Afghanistan. Shah Soojah was the head of the Dooranee tribe, and had
been overthrown by the Barukzyes, who had gradually attained a power
which the Dooranee monarch was unable to withstand. The four princes
of that tribe divided the kingdom between themselves, and after waging
many wars against each other Dost Mahomed, the youngest of the four
brothers, became ruler of Cabul. During these wars Peshawur had been
captured by the great Sikh ruler, Runjeet Sing. In 1834 Shah Soojah
made an effort to recover his kingdom, but was defeated, and again
became a fugitive in British India.
Dost Mahomed, alarmed at the preparations made by the Sikhs for
still further dismembering his country, and by the fact that his
two brothers, who were Lords of Candahar, might at any moment take
advantage of his troubles with the Sikhs to throw off his authority
altogether, was anxious to enter into an alliance with the British,
all the more so as he had learned of the ever-increasing influence of
Russia in Persia. Lord Auckland sent Captain Burnes to Cabul; nominally
his purpose was to arrange for a larger commercial intercourse between
the two countries. He was received with great honour in Cabul, but he
had come altogether unprovided with the customary presents, and Dost
Mahomed reasonably felt this as a studied slight. Nevertheless he
exerted himself to the utmost to obtain the alliance of the British.
But Burnes had no authority whatever to treat with him, and could give
him no assurances that aid would be forthcoming if, on the fall of
Herat, which was considered certain, the Persians and Russians, aided
by the Candahar chiefs, who were known to be in correspondence with
them, were to invade his territory. Nor could he obtain any promise
that the British would use their influence with Runjeet Sing to restore
Peshawur.
Burnes saw how sincere was the desire of the Ameer for a close
friendship with England, and wrote strongly to Lord Auckland in favour
of an alliance with him. He pointed out that Dost Mahomed was firmly
seated at Cabul, where he had reigned for ten years, that Shah Soojah
had no adherents, and even if placed on the throne could not maintain
himself there. Colonel Pottinger, the resident in Scinde, also gave the
same advice, but Lord Auckland paid no attention whatever to their
representations. A weak man, he was guided chiefly by Mr. Macnaghten,
his secretary, a comparatively young man, with great ambition and
an unbounded belief in himself, but, as events proved, with few of
the qualities required in a man placed in a highly responsible and
difficult position in India. Burnes was instructed to insist upon the
Ameer's binding himself to make no alliances whatever without the
consent of England, and at the same time he was to refuse to give any
pledges in return for such a concession.
A more preposterous demand was never made upon an independent
sovereign. For a long time the Ameer strove in vain to obtain some sort
of conditions, and at length, finding this hopeless, he threw himself
into the arms of the Russian agent, whom he had hitherto treated with
great coldness. Burnes's position became intolerable, and he was
recalled; and Lord Auckland at once prepared to place Shah Soojah on
the throne by force. Runjeet Sing was asked to join in the undertaking,
and at a great durbar held in the Punjaub, the conditions were
arranged, under which Shah Soojah was to pay a large amount to Runjeet
as well as to the British for the aid they were to give him. As if it
was not enough to have united all Afghanistan against us, the people of
Scinde, who had hitherto been on good terms with us, were treated as if
they were enemies. They were ordered to furnish provisions and carriage
for the army, and to pay large sums of money, although they had, by the
terms of a treaty with us, been guaranteed against any claim whatever
for money or services. It would seem, indeed, that Lord Auckland and
Mr. Macnaghten had neglected no step whatever that could ensure the
failure of their enterprise. When, after the war, the papers relating
to the policy that had occasioned it were published in the form of
a blue-book, it is significant that the passages in the letters of
Burnes and Pottinger remonstrating against the course proposed by Lord
Auckland were suppressed, dishonesty being thus added to the terrible
blunders of the weakest and most obstinate of the governor-generals of
India--blunders that caused not only the utter destruction of a British
army, but led to an almost equally unjust war for the conquest of
Scinde.
As far as Angus could learn the Candahar princes were making no
preparations whatever to take part in the war. The general idea was
that they would gladly see Dost Mahomed overthrown and Shah Soojah
placed on the throne, feeling certain that the latter would not be able
to retain his position, and that they would have a far better chance of
becoming masters of the whole of Afghanistan then than they could have
so long as their brother remained on the throne. Three days after his
arrival an officer from the palace called upon Angus and requested him
to accompany him there, as the princes wished to question him as to the
reasons for the Persians retiring from before Herat. On arriving at the
palace he was shown into a small chamber, where Kihur-el-Khan, with two
of his brothers, was sitting.
"I have heard that you have arrived here, and that you passed by Herat
just as your Shah had left with his army."
"That is so, Prince," Angus said, bowing deeply.
"You have come hither for purposes of trade? From what city do you
come?"
"From Tabriz. I represent one of the largest merchants there." And
he mentioned the name of a well-known trader. "When I left it was
considered certain that Herat would speedily be captured, and that
the Shah would move forward here, having, it was said, entered into
an alliance with you. 'Therefore,' my patron said to me, 'go you to
Candahar. Doubtless, in future, trade with Northern India will go by
that route instead of by sea, and Candahar will be a mighty centre
of trade. Therefore go and see for yourself what are the prospects,
and the price at which goods can be carried from the present frontier
to that city and thence into Scinde. Find out for me whether there
are any hindrances to trade along the road, what are the charges for
permission to travel through the passes held by various tribes, and the
disposition of the people towards traders.'"
"How was it that you did not turn back when you found that your army
was retiring without having captured Herat?"
"I thought it best still to go on as I had come so far," Angus replied.
"The Shah, it is true, was retiring, but he might return in the spring;
and I could not doubt that with your powerful friendship he would the
next time succeed, and the information that I should gain would enable
my patron to send off without delay a large caravan of merchandise if
he found it expedient to do so."
"Were you in the Persian camp?"
"No, your highness. An army when it is retiring is best avoided by
peaceful men. When all goes well the camp officers see that traders
are not meddled with by the soldiers, but when things are not going
favourably and there is discontent in camp, discipline is relaxed,
and it is useless for those who are robbed or maltreated to make
complaints."
"That is no doubt true, but doubtless you heard a good deal from those
who have been in the camp. How did men say it was that they failed to
capture Herat, which is but a weak town?"
"Some say one thing and some another, your highness. Some declare that
had it not been for a British officer who happened to be there the
place would have fallen in a very short time. Others say that it could
have been taken easily had all the Persian generals been of one mind,
but that each acted for himself, and that only once did all attack at
the same time."
The Prince nodded. He had seen very many times the evil of divided
counsels, and knew how necessary it was that there should be a strong
leader who could make himself obeyed by all.
"And what do people say about the Russians? We know that they had
officers there. We hear that they are a great people, and are good
friends with Persians."
"Opinions are divided, Prince. There are those who believe that their
friendship will indeed be a great advantage to Persia. There are
others, especially among the trading class, who think otherwise, and
believe that Russia is too strong to be a real friend, and that it
would be far better to maintain a close alliance with England, which
would support them against Russia, and which lies so far away across
the seas that it could gain nothing by meddling in her affairs or
taking her territory."
"But it is reported that it is the English who have now interfered and
have saved Herat, and are sending a fleet and an army to compel Persia
to desist."
"That is what was reported and generally believed, Prince, but I cannot
say how truly; I merely heard the common talk on the way."
"But why should England have interfered? What does it matter to them
whether Herat belongs to Persia or to the Suddozye, Prince Kamran."
"According to the opinion of the traders in Tabriz, England would not
have cared at all had Persia been strong and been fighting only for the
conquest of Herat, but it was known that England regards with great
jealousy the approach of Russia to India, and considers that as Persia
was certainly acting under the influence of Russia, it was the latter
who would be the real masters of Herat, and not the Persians. Then,
too, it was said--though we know that rumour often lies--that Russia
and Persia had many friends in Afghanistan, and that the conquest of
Herat would only be the first step to further advances south."
Kihur-el-Khan frowned. Such an undertaking had certainly been made by
him and his brothers, but the retreat of the Persians from Herat at
the dictation of the English, and the fact that the latter were now
gathering an army with the avowed purpose of placing Shah Soojah on the
throne of Afghanistan, gravely altered the position. They had no love
for their brother, and had a British force advanced through the Khyber
passes to Cabul, and placed Shah Soojah on the throne, they would
certainly have rendered no assistance to Dost Mahomed, for they felt
sure that Soojah would not be able to maintain himself, and saw that
there was a good chance that in the confusion which would prevail, they
themselves might obtain the mastery of Cabul. But as the English army
was evidently intending to advance through the Bolan Pass, it would
probably in the first place march on Candahar, and they themselves
would, in consequence of their intrigues with Persia and Russia, be
regarded as enemies. He was therefore silent for a minute or two,
and then said: "If the Shah has retired because he is afraid of the
English, he will not venture to send another army to aid us against
them."
"I do not think that he could do so. His army suffered very heavily."
"I hear that you speak the language of our country. How is that?" the
Afghan asked suddenly.
"I do not speak it well, your highness," replied Angus, who had thought
is possible that this question might be asked him. "Having known for
some time that I should make this journey hither, I studied for a
time with a slave who had been bought by a merchant of my employer's
acquaintance, who had himself bought him from the Turkomans in a
journey that he made in their country. But I speak it only well enough
to make my way through the country, and to obtain such necessaries as
may be required on the journey, and to converse in some fashion with
such travellers as I might meet on the road or in the khans."
"It was reported to me that you spoke so that all could understand
you," he said. "It was this that seemed strange to me that you, a
Persian, should speak Pushtoo. I will speak to you further another day."
As Angus returned to the khan, he felt that he was an object of
suspicion. Up to the point when the Prince had sharply and suddenly
asked how he came to speak Pushtoo, his bland manner had led him to
believe that he had been simply desirous of obtaining the last news
from the frontier. But this showed him unmistakably that the Prince had
learned something which had excited his suspicions that he was there
either as an emissary from Kamran, or of Russia or Persia, desirous of
ascertaining the position of affairs at Candahar, the forces at the
disposal of the princes, and the feeling among the people in general
with reference to a protectorate, or occupation by one or other of
those powers. Angus knew the naturally suspicious character of Eastern
princes. In Persia no one ever ventured to discuss any public affairs
openly. In Herat, hated as Kamran and Yar Mahomed were, no one dared
breathe a word of aught but adulation, for the slightest suspicion
of disloyalty sufficed to bring about the ruin and death of the
unfortunate man on whom it fell.
The last words of the Prince were in fact a sentence of imprisonment
to the city for an indefinite time. The Prince might not send for him
again for months. But the mere intimation that he would do so was
sufficient. He could not continue his journey without running the
risk of being pursued and brought back again, in which case he might
first be tortured to extract any secret he might possess, and then be
put to death. He might, for aught he knew, be already spied upon, and
everything that he said or did reported. Consequently, when he reached
the khan, he took care to evince no appearance of thoughtfulness or
uneasiness, but chatted with the traders there upon commercial matters,
respecting the advantages of Cabul and Candahar as trading centres,
the amount of the taxes laid upon goods in the two cities, and other
topics that would naturally be of interest to a merchant intending to
establish himself in Afghanistan.
He was under no uneasiness as to Azim. He had instructed him carefully
in the account he should give of himself, the city from which he came,
the merchants whose agent he was, the route he had followed, and
other similar matters, so that their stories should correspond in all
respects. When all had lain down for the night, Angus was able to think
over quietly what was to be done. As to remaining where he was, it
was clearly out of the question. For aught he knew, the British force
said to be gathering to advance on Cabul might be months before it was
put in motion, or the expedition might be abandoned altogether. Even
if the advance was made, it might not pass through Candahar, and he
might be detained in that city for an indefinite time. It was evident,
therefore, that he must somehow escape. The question was how this could
be managed. What disguise could he adopt, and how could he evade the
vigilance of those who were watching him? The matter was rendered all
the more difficult by the fact that there were practically but two
roads open to him, that through the Kojak Pass to Quettah, and that
to the north-east through Kelat-i-Ghilzye and Ghuznee to Cabul. If he
moved off either of these regular lines of traffic he would be unable
to give any reason for his divergence, and in any case would be subject
to plunder. Even on these roads it was only as a travelling merchant he
would be respected, and as a travelling merchant he would be quickly
overtaken by the Prince's followers.
Think as he would, no plan occurred to him, and he at last went to
sleep determining to consult Azim, in whose sharpness he had much
faith. In the morning, accordingly, as soon as he was up, he sauntered
across the yard to where the boy was watching the horses feed, and
preventing other less fortunate animals from robbing them.
"Azim," he said, "the Princes have their suspicions of me, and have
as much as ordered me not to leave the town; try and think over
some manner in which we may get away, and if overtaken may not be
recognized. I do not wish to talk with you now, because for aught we
know a spy may be at present watching us, but at mid-day I will come
out and speak to you again. In the meantime think it over. Now, when
the horses have done feeding, take your basket, go into the bazaar,
and buy food for our dinner, so that anyone who may be watching us may
suppose that I have merely been giving you orders what to purchase."
He then went out into the town, and spent the morning looking into the
shops, and asking questions as to the prices of the goods, so that he
might appear to be ascertaining what profits would be made. He also
went to several shops which happened to be untenanted, asked the rent,
and made enquiries about the accommodation. At dinner-time he went over
to where Azim was squatting, attending to two earthenware pots that
were simmering over a small charcoal fire, which he was fanning to keep
it going.
"I can think of nothing, master."
"Then to-night, Azim, after everyone is asleep, get up quietly and go
round to the back of the khan. I will join you there, and we will talk
it over together. Do not be surprised if I keep you waiting some time.
Some of these people may sit up late talking. I cannot move till all
are asleep. It is quite possible that someone who is lodging at the
khan may be watching us."
It was indeed late before the talk ceased and all lay down to sleep.
Angus waited for another hour and then got up quietly and went out. Two
minutes later he joined Azim. "Well, lad, have you thought of any plan
yet?"
"Nothing, master; unless we leave our animals and goods behind us."
"That we could do," Angus said. "I can get rid of the goods to-morrow.
Why leave the animals?"
"Because, sir, they will be looking for a man with a fair complexion,
and a boy, mounted on horses."
"That is so; but if we left the horses behind us and walked it would be
just as bad."
"I did not think of walking, master. I thought that perhaps you might
buy a camel and go on that."
"That would be better certainly, Azim. We might both darken our faces,
and in my Afghan dress might make our way easily enough, if it were
not that we should be hotly pursued, and then a man and boy, however
they were dressed, or however they were travelling, would be sure to
be closely examined. I have it!" he said after a pause. "You might
go as a woman; well wrapped up, little more than your eyes would be
seen. You might ride on the camel, and I might lead it. In that way
we might pass as natives of some village among the hills. The first
difficulty, however, is how to buy a camel. I have my Afghan dress,
and, if I were sure that I was not watched, could get to some quiet
spot, change my Persian dress for it, and go boldly into a shop and buy
a woman's clothes for you; I could then go down into the quarter where
the tribesmen encamp and buy a camel. But if I were caught doing so,
it would be almost proof positive that I was going to try to leave the
city, and in that case I should no doubt be arrested and thrown into
prison at once."
"We might steal one," Azim suggested. "There are many always grazing
outside the wall while their masters are here doing their business."
"Yes, but they have not saddles. However, I will think it over, Azim.
Your idea about having a camel has certainly shown me a way in which we
can get away if it is managed well, and I ought to be able to find some
plan by which we can carry it out. It is of no use talking any longer
over it, there is no hurry for a day or two; and the longer I appear to
be really engaged in looking for a place of business, the more careless
the watch may become."
Angus did not go to sleep that night, but thinking the situation over
in every way decided that the first step to be taken was to ascertain
for certain whether they were watched. If they were not, the matter
would be comparatively easy, but if his every movement were followed,
he could see no way out of the difficulty. When he paid his usual visit
to Azim in the morning, he said: "I want to find out if I am followed.
I will walk straight along this street towards the southern gate. When
I get to the last turning to the left, I will turn up it; then I shall
be out of the crowd. Do you keep a good long way behind me. I shall go
on for some distance, and then mount the wall and walk along there,
looking over the country. I want you to observe if any man follows
me. You must be so far off that even if he looks round he will not
recognize you. I don't want you to find out this time who he is, we can
do that later on; I only want to know if I am followed. Each time I
turn a corner he is likely to look round before he turns, so when you
see him getting near a corner that I have turned, hide yourself if you
can."
"I understand, master."
Accordingly, when half an hour later Angus came out, the lad waited for
a time, and then followed him. His master was out of sight, and Azim
walked quickly till he saw him looking as usual into one of the shops,
and then dropped behind again and followed slowly until Angus turned
off the street that he had named. Azim walked still more slowly, and on
reaching the corner saw him a considerable distance ahead. There were
but a few people about, for beyond the four principal streets were many
large open spaces dotted here and there with ruined walls of houses
that had stood there at the time when the city was far more populous
than it was at present. Angus was walking at a steady pace, as if he
had some definite object in view, and of the various people in sight
only one, who was about half way between him and Azim, was walking at
anything like the same rate. A hundred yards farther Angus turned to
the right. Azim kept on until he saw the man he was watching was close
to that point; he then stepped aside into an empty piece of ground
between two houses. Half a minute later he looked out; the man was no
longer visible. He walked on fast until he reached the corner, and saw
the man again turn off after Angus. They were near the wall now, and
the boy went forward with greater caution than before. When he got to
where he had last seen his master, he caught sight of him on the wall
some fifty yards away. The man who had been following him had stopped
at a low wall, and over it was watching Angus furtively. That settled
the point, and Azim at once returned to the khan. It was an hour later
before Angus came in. He did not pay any attention to Azim, but went in
and engaged in talk as usual with some of the occupants. It was an hour
before he came out to the yard.
"Well, lad?" he asked.
"You were watched, master. A man followed you all the way, and hid
behind a wall to watch you when you went on the wall. I thought at the
time that I might have crept up to him and stabbed him if I had wanted
to, but of course I would not without your orders."
"No, that would not have done at all till we are ready to go; and I
don't like stabbing anyhow. Still, I will think it over. Come round
again to the same meeting-place to-night; by that time I shall have
decided what to do."