_Definition._--#Belonaspida# with forty parmal pores (two on each plate),
without dimples and crests, also without by-spines, therefore with smooth
surface.
The genus _Thoracaspis_ is the simplest form among the Belonaspida, and
repeats in this family the nearly allied genus _Dorataspis_ among the
Dorataspida. It differs from this genus only in the characteristic
prolongation of one equatorial axis, which effects an ellipsoidal
transformation of the spherical central capsule and the enclosing
lattice-shell.
1. _Thoracaspis ellipsoides_, n. sp.
Parmal pores large, elliptical, five or six times as large as the small
circular sutural pores. Each plate surrounded by five or six sutural pores
(a single one on each side). Spines compressed triangular, sword-like,
two-edged; inner and outer half of nearly equal length.
_Dimensions._--Length of the ellipsoidal shell (or major axis) 0.15,
breadth (or minor axis) 0.12; length of the spines 0.07, basal breadth
0.016.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, surface.
2. _Thoracaspis nephropora_, n. sp.
Parmal pores large, kidney-shaped, three to four times as large as the
roundish small sutural pores. Each plate surrounded by five or six sutural
pores (a single one on each side). Spines in the inner longer part
cylindrical, in the outer shorter part conical, not compressed.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.15; length of the spines
0.06, basal breadth 0.018.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, surface.
3. _Thoracaspis circopora_, n. sp.
Parmal pores circular, of the same size as the circular sutural pores. Each
plate surrounded by five or six sutural pores (a single one on each side).
Spines compressed, thin, linear, two-edged; outer part one and a half times
as long as the inner.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.17, breadth 0.13; length of the spines
0.12, basal breadth 0.003.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 288, surface.
4. _Thoracaspis bipennis_, n. sp. (Pl. 139, fig. 8).
Parmal pores elliptical, about twice as large as the circular sutural
pores, which are of rather variable size. Each plate surrounded by eight to
twelve sutural pores (commonly two on each side). {863}Spines compressed,
triangular, gradually tapering towards both ends; outer half a little
longer, and much broader than the inner.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.12; length of the spines
0.08, basal breadth 0.025.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.
Genus 372. _Belonaspis_,[412] Haeckel, 1862, Prodromus, p. 468.
_Definition._--#Belonaspida# with forty parmal pores (two on each plate),
without dimples and crests, but with numerous by-spines on the surface.
The genus _Belonaspis_ differs from its ancestral genus _Thoracaspis_ only
in the possession of numerous superficial by-spines, and bears therefore to
it the same relation as _Diporaspis_ does to _Dorataspis_. The two latter
differ from the two former in the spherical form of the central capsule and
the enclosing shell, which here becomes ellipsoidal.
1. _Belonaspis pandanus_, n. sp.
Parmal pores elliptical, three or four times as large as the circular
sutural pores. Each plate surrounded by five or six sutural pores (a single
one on each side). Spines compressed, triangular; outer part half as long
as the inner, and twice as long as the numerous, simple, bristle-shaped
by-spines.
_Dimensions._--Length of the ellipsoidal shell (or major axis) 0.12,
breadth (or minor axis) 0.1; length of the spines 0.03, basal breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, surface.
2. _Belonaspis furcata_, n. sp.
Parmal pores elliptical, twice as broad as the circular sutural pores. Each
plate surrounded by five or six sutural pores (a single one on each side).
Spines compressed, linear, very thin; outer part longer than the inner.
By-spines very numerous, half as long as the radius, furcate, with
divergent fork-branches.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.08; length of the spines
0.12, breadth 0.003.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Cocos Islands), Rabbe, surface.
3. _Belonaspis datura_, n. sp. (Pl. 139, fig. 9).
Parmal pores elliptical, three or four times as large as the circular
sutural pores. Each plate surrounded by ten or twelve sutural pores (two on
each side). Spines triangular, two-edged, about {864}as long as the radius
of the shell; gradually tapering from its surface towards both ends.
By-spines very short and numerous, simple.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.13, breadth 0.11; length of the spines
0.08, basal breadth 0.025.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.
4. _Belonaspis lanceolata_, n. sp.
Parmal pores elliptical, six or eight times as large as the small circular
sutural pores. Each plate surrounded by ten to twelve sutural pores (two on
each side). Spines lanceolate, flat, in the distal part needle-shaped,
about as long as the diameter of the shell. By-spines very numerous,
zigzag, half as long as the shell-radius.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.15 breadth 0.13; length of the spines
0.14, basal breadth 0.03; length of the by-spines 0.04.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 235, surface.
5. _Belonaspis conifera_, n. sp.
Parmal pores kidney-shaped, three or four times as large as the small
circular pores. Each plate surrounded by ten to twelve sutural pores (two
on each side). Spines very thick, half as long in the outer conical part as
in the inner cylindrical part. By-spines very short, conical.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.16; length of the spines
0.05, basal breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 267, surface.
6. _Belonaspis multiforis_, n. sp.
Parmal pores circular, of the same size as the circular sutural pores. Each
plate surrounded by fifteen to eighteen sutural pores (three on each side).
Spines compressed, about as long as the radius. By-spines very numerous,
zigzag, half as long as the radius.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.22, breadth 0.18; length of the spines
0.12, basal breadth 0.012; length of the by-spines 0.06.
_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.
Genus 373. _Dictyaspis_,[413] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Belonaspida# with forty parmal pores (two on each plate),
without by-spines, but with a network of prominent crests on the dimply
surface.
The genus _Dictyaspis_ repeats among the Belonaspida the characteristic
structure of _Ceriaspis_ (among the Dorataspida), by the development of
prominent crests forming a {865}network with dimples on the outer surface
of the shields. Either all the dimples or only a part of them are pierced
by a pore. The forty aspinal pores are united in pairs in twenty larger
dimples. The shell is usually very thick-walled and non-transparent.
1. _Dictyaspis solidissima_, Haeckel.
_Dorataspis solidissima_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 416, Taf.
xxii. figs. 6-9.
Surface of the shell with seventy to eighty funnel-shaped dimples, each of
which is perforated at the base by one or two small meshes; twenty larger
dimples in the centre of the plates (each with two elliptical aspinal
pores), and fifty to sixty smaller sutural dimples between them (each with
a single circular pore). All pores of nearly the same size. No blind
dimples. Outer conical part of the thick radial spines of the same length
as the inner cylindrical part. Radius of the shell four times as large as
the thickness of its wall.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.1; length of the spines
0.06, basal breadth 0.012.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.
2. _Dictyaspis favosa_, n. sp.
Surface of the shell with one hundred and seventy to one hundred and ninety
deep funnel-shaped dimples, seventy to eighty of which are perforated, the
others blind; among the former each of the fifty to sixty smaller contains
a single sutural pore, each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores.
All pores of nearly the same size. Outer part of the compressed two-edged
spines triangular, half as long as the inner part. Radius of the shell six
times as large as the thickness of its wall. (Differs from _Ceriaspis
favosa_, Pl. 138, fig. 6, mainly in the ellipsoidal form of the shell and
the different size and form of the spines.)
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.13; length of the spines
0.04, basal breadth 0.025.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, surface.
3. _Dictyaspis compacta_, n. sp.
Surface of the shell with one hundred and seventy to one hundred and ninety
deep funnel-shaped dimples, seventy to eighty of which are perforated, the
others blind; among the former each of fifty to sixty each contain a single
sutural pore, twenty each a couple of aspinal pores. All dimples nearly of
the same size, very deep. Outer part of the compressed sword-like spines
somewhat longer than the inner part. Radius of the dark shell only twice as
large as the thickness of its compact wall.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.18, breadth 0.15; length of the spines
0.12, basal breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.
{866}Genus 374. _Coleaspis_,[414] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 468.
_Definition._--#Belonaspida# with forty parmal pores (two on each plate),
with numerous by-spines and with a network of prominent crests on the
dimpled surface.
The genus _Coleaspis_ differs from its ancestral genus _Dictyaspis_ in the
development of numerous by-spines, and bears therefore among the
ellipsoidal Belonaspida the same relation to it as _Hystrichaspis_ does to
_Coscinaspis_ among the spherical Dorataspida. If the four equatorial
spines in _Coleaspis_ become different in pairs, it passes over into
_Hexalaspis_. The shell is usually very dark and thick-walled.
1. _Coleaspis coronata_, n. sp.
All twenty spines of nearly equal size and form, about as long as the
radius of the shell, compressed, sword-like, two-edged; both equatorial
spines of the hydrotomical axis little longer than the eighteen others.
Crests between the dimples of the shell-surface dentated, forming around
the basal half of each spine a cylindrical sheath with a dentated,
crown-like mouth, the teeth of which are prolonged into simple by-spines.
(Similar to _Hexaconus coronatus_, Pl. 139, fig. 5, but differing in the
nearly equal size of the spines and their sheaths, and in the longer
by-spines.)
_Dimensions._--Major axis of the shell 0.2, minor 0.17; length of the
spines 0.12, basal breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.
2. _Coleaspis vaginata_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 13).
All twenty spines of nearly equal size and form, nearly as long as the
diameter of the shell, conical; both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical
axis about one-third longer than the eighteen others. Crests between the
dimples of the shell-surface serrated, forming around the basal half of
each spine a conical truncate sheath with crested surface and serrated
mouth, the teeth of which are prolonged into short by-spines. (Similar to
_Hexaconus vaginatus_, Pl. 139, fig. 7, but differing in the nearly equal
size of all the spines and in the double thickness of the shell-wall.)
_Dimensions._--Major axis of the shell 0.12, minor 0.1, length of the
spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.01.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, surface.
3. _Coleaspis obscura_, n. sp.
All twenty spines of nearly equal size and form, little longer than their
large cylindrical sheaths, which are nearly as long as the radius of the
shell, and armed on the truncated mouth with strong triangular by-spines,
both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis one and a half times as
long as the eighteen others. Shell very dark and thick walled, quite
opaque.
{867}_Dimensions._--Major axis of the shell 0.1, minor 0.08; length of the
spines 0.06, of their sheaths 0.04.
_Habitat._--Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Koch, surface.
4. _Coleaspis occulta_, n. sp.
All twenty spines of nearly equal size and form, quite concealed in their
long cylindrical sheaths, which are somewhat longer than the radius of the
shell, and armed on the truncated mouth with acute simple teeth; each
sheath deeply sulcated, apparently resulting from the concrescence of
numerous parallel leaf-shaped by-spines. Small shell very dark and
thick-walled, quite opaque.
_Dimensions._--Major axis of the shell 0.08, minor 0.06; length of the
spines and their sheaths 0.05 to 0.06.
_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean (off Kerguelen), Station 159, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Coleaspidium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis much larger
and of peculiar form, different from the eighteen other spines.
5. _Coleaspis amphilonche_, n. sp.
Both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis much longer than the
eighteen others, and of very different form; one and a half times as long
as the diameter of the shell, prismatic, with six prominent edges,
pyramidal at the distal point. The eighteen other spines triangular,
compressed, two-edged, scarcely as long as the radius of the thick-walled
shell. Pores of the shell irregular polygonal, separated by ciliated
crests, which bear simple by-spines (one-third as long as the radius).
_Dimensions._--Major axis of the shell 0.15, minor 0.12; length of the two
larger spines 0.22, of the eighteen smaller 0.06 to 0.08; basal breadth of
the former 0.03, of the latter 0.008.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 341, surface.
6. _Coleaspis hydrotomica_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 14).
Both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis much larger than the
eighteen others, and of very different form; about as long as the diameter
of the shell, in the basal half four-sided pyramidal, with four thick
prominent edges, in the middle part constricted, in the distal half
lanceolate, two-edged. Both equatorial spines of the geotomical axis of
similar form, but much smaller, scarcely one-third as long. The sixteen
other spines sword-like, thin, two-edged, about as long as the radius of
the thick-walled shell. Pores of the shell irregular roundish, separated by
high dentated crests, which bears zigzag by-spines (half as long as the
radius).
_Dimensions._--Major axis of the shell 0.12, minor axis 0.1; length of the
two larger spines 0.11, of the eighteen others 0.04 to 0.06; basal breadth
of the former 0.04, of the latter 0.01.
_Habitat._--Cape of Good Hope, Station 143, surface.
{868}Genus 375. _Phatnaspis_,[415] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 468
_Definition._--#Belonaspida# with eighty to two thousand or more parmal
pores (four to one hundred or more on each plate), without by-spines on the
surface.
The genus _Phatnaspis_ corresponds to the spherical _Coscinaspis_ among the
Dorataspida, and differs from the other Belonaspida in the great number of
the parmal pores; whilst the four other preceding genera exhibit only two
opposite aspinal pores in the centre of each plate, in this there are
constantly numerous coronal pores in addition to these, and the plates
always possess the characteristic form of a wainscotted or panelled work,
with quadrangular meshes. The number of these parmal pores amounts in each
plate to from ten to twenty, often one hundred and twenty or more;
therefore the number of parmal pores in the whole shell amounts to two
thousand or more. Sometimes the pores are circular, but in this case too
they are surrounded by quadrangular frames. The quadrangles are sometimes
quite regular squares, sometimes more or less irregular. The thin and
fragile bars between the quadrangular pores form in each plate two peculiar
systems of parallel crests, which cross at right angles. Commonly the
parallel crests of one system (parallel to the major diameter of the
compressed radial spines) are equidistant, and pierce from one edge of the
plate to the opposite, whilst the parallel crests of the other system
(parallel to the minor diameter of the spines) are interrupted and at
different distances (Pl. 136, fig. 9); but in other species both crossed
systems are quite regular. In each plate there is one primary diagonal rib
(often stronger than the parallel crests) which connects the two opposite
corners of the rhomboidal plate. We can distinguish in this genus three
different subgenera: A. in _Phatnasparium_ the primary diagonal rib arises
from both flat sides of the compressed sword-like, radial spines; B. in
_Phatnasplenium_ from both sharp edges of them; C. in _Phatnaspidium_ two
crossed diagonal ribs arise from four edges of the spines (combination of A
and B). Therefore in the first subgenus (A) two primary aspinal pores are
placed opposite on the sharp edges of the spines, but in the second (B)
inversely on their flat sides; in the third (C) there are apparently four
primary aspinal pores, which are probably derived from B or A by division
of the two pores.
Subgenus 1. _Phatnasparium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--In the centre of each rhomboidal plate two primary aspinal
pores, opposite on both edges of the compressed spines, from both flat
sides of which the primary diagonal crest arises.
{869}1. _Phatnaspis lacunaria_, n. sp. (Pl. 136, fig. 9).
Parmal pores irregular quadrangular, of unequal size and form, ten to
twelve on each side of the primary diagonal rib, which arises from both
flat sides of the two-edged spines; two primary aspinal pores opposite on
both edges of the latter. Spines much compressed, sword-like, their outer
half shorter than the inner.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.21 to 0.23, breadth 0.18 to 0.2; basal
breadth of the spines 0.01.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, surface.
2. _Phatnaspis ensiformis_, n. sp.
Parmal pores irregular quadrangular, of unequal size and form, six to eight
on each side of the primary diagonal rib, which arises from both flat sides
of the two-edged spines; two primary aspinal pores opposite on the two
edges of the latter. Spines very broad, strongly compressed, sword-like,
their outer half larger than the inner.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.11; basal breadth of the
spines 0.02.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, surface.
3. _Phatnaspis loculata_, n. sp.
Parmal pores regular quadrangular, of nearly equal size and form, twelve to
sixteen on each side of the primary diagonal rib, which arises from both
flat sides of the two-edged spines; two primary aspinal pores on the two
edges of the latter. Spines linear, compressed, very long and thin, their
outer half three to four times as long as the inner.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.24, breadth 0.18; breadth of the
spines 0.004.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.
4. _Phatnaspis fenestrata_, Haeckel.
_Haliommatidium fenestratum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 421.
Parmal pores regular quadrangular, of nearly equal size and form, six to
eight on each side of the primary diagonal rib, which arises from both flat
sides of the two-edged spines; two primary aspinal pores on the two edges
of the latter. Spines linear, little compressed, or nearly needle-shaped,
very long and thin, their outer half five to ten times as long as the
inner.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.11 to 0.12, breadth 0.07 to 0.08;
breadth of the spines 0.002.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.
5. _Phatnaspis cristata_, n. sp. (Pl. 136, fig. 6).
Parmal pores circular, of very different size, separated by high square
crests, ten to twelve on each side of the high, comb-like, primary diagonal
rib, which arises from both flat sides of the {870}twoedged spines; two
primary aspinal pores on the two edges of the latter. Each circular pore is
surrounded by a square frame. Spines sword-like, strongly compressed, their
outer part longer than the inner.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2 to 0.22, breadth 0.16 to 0.18; basal
breadth of the spines 0.01.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 254, surface.
6. _Phatnaspis coscinoides_, n. sp.
Parmal pores circular, regular, all of nearly equal size, twelve to sixteen
on each side of the primary diagonal rib, which arises from both flat sides
of the two-edged spines; two primary pores on the two edges of the latter.
Spines linear, little compressed, their outer part much longer than the
inner.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.18, breadth 0.15; breadth of the
spines 0.006.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Phatnasplenium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--In the centre of each rhomboidal plate two primary aspinal
pores, opposite on the two flat sides of the compressed spines, from the
two edges of which the primary diagonal crest arises.
7. _Phatnaspis orthopora_, n. sp.
Parmal pores irregular quadrangular, of unequal size and form, four to six
on each side of the primary diagonal rib, which arises from both edges of
the compressed spines; two larger primary aspinal pores opposite on the two
flat sides of the latter. Spines very thin and long, linear, their outer
half three to four times as long as the inner.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.06; breadth of the
spines 0.003.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.
8. _Phatnaspis polypora_, n. sp.
Parmal pores irregular polygonal, of very unequal size and form, sixteen to
twenty on each side of the primary diagonal rib, which arises from both
edges of the compressed spines; two very large, lanceolate, primary aspinal
pores opposite on the two flat sides of the latter. Spines very thin,
linear, on the outside of the shell rudimentary. (This remarkable species
somewhat resembles _Coscinaspis polypora_, Pl. 136, fig. 8.)
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.32, breadth 0.24; breadth of the
spines 0.002.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.
{871}9. _Phatnaspis quadratura_, n. sp.
Parmal pores regular, square, all of nearly equal size and form, ten to
twelve on each side of the primary diagonal rib, which arises from both
edges of the compressed spines; two primary aspinal pores opposite on the
two flat sides of the latter, not different from the other pores. Spines
sword-like, their outer part about as long as the inner.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.16; basal breadth of the
spines 0.004.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.
10. _Phatnaspis tabulata_, Haeckel.
_Haliomma tabulatum_, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 37, Taf. v. figs. 5-8.
_Haliomma tabulatum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 429.
Parmal pores regular, circular, with square frames, all of nearly equal
size, eight to ten on each side of the primary diagonal rib, which arises
from both edges of the compressed spines; two primary aspinal pores
opposite on the flat sides of the latter. Spines sword-like, short,
scarcely half as long as the radius of the shell, their central ends are
thickened and cause by their union the deceptive appearance of an enclosed
"medullary shell."
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, breadth 0.1 to 0.12;
breadth of the spines 0.006.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean; Nice, Müller; Portofino, near Genoa, Haeckel,
surface.
Subgenus 3. _Phatnaspidium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--In the centre of each rhomboidal plate four primary aspinal
spines, forming a regular cross, the centre of which receives the
cylindrical or four-sided prismatic spine.
11. _Phatnaspis haliommidium_, n. sp. (Pl. 136, fig. 7).
Parmal pores irregular quadrangular, of unequal size and form, eight to ten
on each side of the crossed diagonal ribs, which arise at right angles from
the four edges of the prismatic spines; four primary aspinal pores not
different from the others. Outer part of the strong spines scarcely longer
than the inner. (Resembling _Icosaspis tabulata_, Pl. 136, fig. 2, which,
however, is distinguished by the spherical shell and the larger pores.)
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.22, breadth 0.17; breadth of the
spines 0.016.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, surface.
12. _Phatnaspis mülleri_, n. sp.
_Haliommatidium mülleri_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. A. Radiol, p. 419, pl.
xiii. figs. 10-12.
Parmal pores regular, square, all of nearly equal size and form, twelve to
sixteen on each side of the crossed diagonal ribs, which arise at right
angles from the needle-shaped spines; the four {872}primary aspinal pores
not different from the others. Spines very thin and long, cylindrical; four
to six times longer in the outer than in the inner part.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.24, breadth 0.16; breadth of the
spines 0.002.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.
Family XLIII. #HEXALASPIDA#, n. fam. (Pl. 139).
_Definition._--ACANTHARIA with a simple discoidal or lenticular
lattice-shell, composed of the branched apophyses of twenty radial spines
meeting in the centre and disposed according to the Müllerian law of
Icosacantha. Six larger spines in the hydrotomical plane, prominent on the
margin of the circular or elliptical biconvex lens. Fourteen other spines
much smaller or rudimentary. Central capsule biconvex lenticular, enclosed
in the fenestrated shell.
The family #Hexalaspida# represents a new small, but very interesting group
of Acanthophracta, which differs from all others in the lentelliptical or
triaxial form of the lenticular lattice-shell, the margin of which bears
six larger spines placed in the hydrotomical plane (compare above, p. 719).
They may therefore be characterised shortly as "_Acanthophracta
lentelliptica_," with three different dimensive axes and six larger
marginal spines. A closer comparison with the other ACANTHARIA leaves no
doubt that the Hexalaspida must be derived from the Belonaspida by stronger
development of six radial spines placed in the hydrotomical plane, namely,
two equatorial and four associated polar spines; whilst the six spines of
the geotomical plane (perpendicular to the former) are much smaller; the
eight tropical spines are intermediate in size between the former and the
latter.
The geometrical fundamental form of the Hexalaspida (of the central capsule
as well as of the enclosing shell) is therefore lentelliptical, with three
different dimensive axes, and they exhibit among the ACANTHARIA a relation
to the spherical Dorataspida and the ellipsoidal Belonaspida similar to
that which the lentelliptical #Larcoidea# exhibit to the spherical
#Sphæroidea# and the ellipsoidal #Prunoidea# among the #Sphærellaria#
(compare above, p. 599). The largest of the three dimensive axes (which are
perpendicular to one another) is here the hydrotomical axis, the shortest,
on the contrary, the geotomical axis; the intermediate in size being the
spineless axis. The development of the whole body is strongest in the
hydrotomical meridian plane, in which the six principal spines are placed;
it is weakest in the geotomical plane, in which the six smallest spines are
placed; the eight tropical spines are intermediate in size between the
others. This peculiar development is illustrated by the figures of Pl. 139,
where the four equatorial spines are everywhere marked by _c_, the eight
tropical spines by _b_ and _d_, the eight polar spines by _a_ and _e_.
{873}Rarely the six hydrotomical or principal spines are of equal size, and
thus the margin of the shell may be quite circular or regularly hexagonal
(Pl. 139, figs. 1-3); the two equatorial spines of the hydrotomical plane
are usually larger than its four polar spines, and thus the margin of the
shell becomes more or less elliptical (Pl. 139, figs. 4-7). Usually (almost
constantly) these six larger spines are more or less compressed,
triangular, often very broad and flat; their two edges lie in the
hydrotomical plane. Their two flat surfaces are often furrowed, with
longitudinal ribs or crests converging towards the simple apex of the
spines.
The fourteen smaller spines are regularly disposed according to the
Müllerian law of Icosacantha on both convex sides of the lenticular shell;
they are not only smaller than the six principal spines, but often also of
different form, much thinner and shorter, sometimes needle-shaped. In the
genera _Hexonaspis_ and _Hexacolpus_ (Pl. 139, figs. 1, 2) only their inner
part (inside of the shell) is developed, whilst their outer part is quite
rudimentary and not prominent on the surface. Therefore these genera appear
to possess only six marginal spines externally.
_The Lenticular Shell_ itself offers in the Hexalaspida great difficulties
in the way of accurate study, as its wall is constantly very thick and
dark, often quite opaque and non-transparent. However, prolonged accurate
researches have convinced me that its structure is essentially the same as
in the Belonaspida and especially in the genera _Dictyaspis_ and
_Coleaspis_. As in these latter the twenty plates of the shell bear high
crests or combs on the outer surface, and by these funnel-shaped dimples
are separated. The network of these crests is more or less regular (Pl.
139, figs. 1-7). Around the base of each radial spine the shell is usually
elevated in the form of a conical or cylindrical sheath; the crests are
prolonged into the sheaths as longitudinal ribs, parallel to the spine or
convergent towards its apex. Whilst in _Hexalaspis_ and _Hexonaspis_ these
basal sheaths are not at all or but little prominent (Pl. 139, fig. 2; Pl.
140, fig. 16), in _Hexaconus_ and _Hexacolpus_ they envelop the basal half
(or even more) of the spines, and very often the circular or elliptical
free distal edge of the sheath is elegantly denticulated or serrated (Pl.
139, figs. 1, 3-7; pl. 140, figs. 9-16).
_The Pores_ of the shell exhibit in the Hexalaspida the same shape as in
the majority of the Belonaspida. Each spine bears only two broad opposite
apophyses, the fork-branches of which unite to form a polygonal shield with
two pores. The number of parmal pores is constantly (?) forty, as each
plate possesses only two primary aspinal pores; there are no secondary or
coronal pores. The numerous (between fifty and one hundred, rarely more)
smaller pores between the forty parmal pores are probably always sutural
pores; however, their number and position is very difficult to determine,
on account of the high protecting crests; the majority of the funnel-shaped
dimples between the latter seem to be blind, not perforated. Sometimes all
the dimples, except the twenty spinal ones, seem to be blind and the
sutural pores appear {874}to have disappeared completely, so that there
remain only twenty aspinal pores (Pl. 139, fig. 4).
The internal cavity of the shell in all Hexalaspida is very small, on
account of the thickness of the massive wall; the latter is often greater
than the diameter of the cavity. Setting aside this disproportion, the
space of the cavity is further much reduced by the internal parts of the
thick radial spines, which are united in the centre by their pyramidal
bases (Pl. 140, fig. 15). Usually the twenty bases seem to remain free
(supported one upon another by means of their triangular faces); but
sometimes they seem to grow together perfectly and to form a single central
star of acanthin. In some species, too, the sutures of the meeting branches
of the apophyses of neighbouring spines seem to grow together, so that the
whole shell exhibits a single piece of acanthin.
_The Central Capsule_ of the Hexalaspida is therefore very small and seems
to fill up the greatest part of the shell-cavity. Its form is constantly
more or less lenticular, sometimes lentelliptical. On account of the
opacity of the shell I could not make out its shape more closely.
_Synopsis of the Genera of Hexalaspida._
All twenty spines externally } Sheaths of the spines
developed, prominent on } not prominent, 376. _Hexalaspis_.
the surface of the }
lenticular shell. } Sheaths of the spines
} prominent, 377. _Hexaconus_.
Only six spines (the }
hydrotomical spines) } Sheaths of the spines
externally developed and } not prominent, 378. _Hexonaspis_.
prominent on the margin }
of the disk; the other } Sheaths of the spines
fourteen spines not } prominent, 379. _Hexacolpus_.
prominent. }
Genus 376. _Hexalaspis_,[416] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Hexalaspida# with twenty prominent radial spines, which are
not surrounded by prominent sheaths; the six hydrotomical spines much
larger than the fourteen others.
The genus _Hexalaspis_ is the simplest form among the Hexalaspida, and may
be derived directly from _Dictyaspis_ among the Belonaspida, by stronger
development of the six hydrotomical spines. As in the following genus
_Hexaconus_ all twenty spines are prominent externally.
Subgenus 1. _Hexalasparium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Six hydrotomical spines of equal size.
{875}1. _Hexalaspis heliodiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 139, fig. 2).
All six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size (or sometimes the two
equatorial a little larger than the four polar spines), isosceles
triangular, compressed, smooth; about as long as the radius of the shell,
and half as broad at the base. The fourteen other spines very small, also
triangular and compressed, but little prominent on the two convex sides of
the lenticular shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.11; length of the six hydrotomical
spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271 to 274, surface.
2. _Hexalaspis stellata_, n. sp.
All six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size, lanceolate compressed,
with two longitudinal furrows on each flat side, about as long as the
diameter of the shell, and one-fourth as broad at the base. The fourteen
other spines very thin, also compressed, half as long and only one-fourth
as broad as the six large spines.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.14; length of the six hydrotomical
spines 0.13, basal breadth 0.035.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 284, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Hexalaspidium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, two opposite
(equatorial) much larger than the four other (polar) spines.
3. _Hexalaspis sexalata_, n. sp.
Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size; the two equatorial spines about as
long as the shell-radius and twice as long as the four polar spines, which
are isosceles triangular. The fourteen other spines are only half as long
and one-fourth as broad as the latter, little prominent. (Resembles
_Hexonaspis hastata_, Pl. 140, fig. 16, which is distinguishable by the
furrows on the six spines and by the total absence of the fourteen external
rudimentary spines.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15; length of the two equatorial
spines 0.08, of the four polar spines 0.04, of the fourteen other spines
0.02.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 240, surface.
4. _Hexalaspis hexalastrum_, n. sp.
Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size; the two equatorial spines somewhat
longer than the diameter of the shell and three times as long as the four
polar spines, all six triangular, smooth, of the same basal breadth (equal
to half the radius). The fourteen other spines very thin, conical at the
base, nearly as long as the radius.
{876}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.21; length of the two
equatorial spines 0.24, of the eighteen others 0.08 to 0.1; basal breadth
of the six larger spines 0.05, of the fourteen others 0.01.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, surface.
5. _Hexalaspis hexaglypha_, n. sp.
Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size; the two equatorial very large,
six-sided prismatic, twice as long as the diameter of the shell and four
times as long as the four pyramidal polar spines; each of these six spines
with six deep furrows between the six prominent edges. The fourteen other
spines very thin, compressed, two-edged, about as long as the radius of the
shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.11; length of the two equatorial
spines 0.2, of the eighteen others 0.04 to 0.06; basal breadth of the six
larger spines 0.03, of the fourteen others 0.01.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 352, surface.
Genus 377. _Hexaconus_,[417] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Hexalaspida# with twenty prominent radial spines, which are
surrounded at the base by prominent sheaths; the six hydrotomical spines
much larger than the fourteen others.
The genus _Hexaconus_ differs from the preceding _Hexalaspis_ in the
development of conical or cylindrical sheaths surrounding the basal parts
of the radial spines; these sheaths are developed sometimes around all
twenty spines, sometimes only around the six larger hydrotomical spines.
Subgenus 1. _Hexaconarium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Six hydrotomical spines of equal size.
1. _Hexaconus ciliatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 139, fig. 3).
All six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size, pyramidal, with six
prominent edges, somewhat longer than the radius of the shell. Sheaths
sulcated, finely ciliated at the mouth, twice as broad as long and only
one-fourth as long as the spines. The fourteen smaller spines very thin,
bristle-shaped, shorter than the radius of the shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.16; length of the six hydrotomical
spines 0.11; basal breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.
{877}2. _Hexaconus coronatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 139, fig. 5).
All six hydrotomical spines of equal size, conical, somewhat compressed,
with two prominent edges, scarcely as long as the radius of the shell.
Sheaths crested, strongly dentated on the mouth, three times as broad as
long and only one-sixth as long as the spines. Fourteen smaller spines
about half as large as the six principal spines, of the same form, but
without coronated sheaths.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2; length of the six hydrotomical
spines 0.1; basal breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, surface.
3. _Hexaconus velatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 139, fig. 6).
All six hydrotomical spines of equal size, conical, somewhat compressed,
shorter than the radius of the shell. Sheaths very large, truncated
conical, enveloping the spines almost entirely, with crested wall, only
half as broad at the constricted mouth as at the base. The fourteen smaller
spines about half as large as the six principal spines, of the same form,
but without large sheaths.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12; length of the six hydrotomical
spines 0.05; basal breadth 0.01.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Hexaconidium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, two opposite
(equatorial) much larger than the four other (polar) spines.
4. _Hexaconus serratus_, n. sp. (Pl. 139, fig. 4).
Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, the two equatorial being as long
as the radius of the shell and one and a half times as large as the four
polar; all of the same form, triangular, compressed, with six prominent
edges. Sheaths cylindrical, half as long as the spines, with prominent
crests, and with strong serrated teeth at the distal mouth. The fourteen
smaller spines scarcely one-fourth or one-sixth as large as the six
principal spines, without prominent sheaths.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2; length of the equatorial spines
0.1, basal breadth 0.05; length and breadth of the sheaths 0.05.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 288, surface.
5. _Hexaconus vaginatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 139, fig. 7).
Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size; the two equatorial very stout,
pyramidal, six-edged, nearly as long as the diameter of the shell, and on
the base three to four times as broad as the eighteen other spines, which
are much thinner, all nearly of equal length, and two-edged. All
{878}twenty spines are provided with prominent basal sheaths, which are
truncate conical, sulcate, and dentate on the narrowed distal mouth. The
sheaths of the six hydrotomical spines are twice to three times as large as
those of the fourteen smaller spines.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15; length of the spines 0.12; basal
breadth of the equatorial spines 0.04, of the other spines 0.02; length of
the hydrotomical sheaths 0.05, of the other sheaths 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.
6. _Hexaconus echinatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 12).
Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size; the two equatorial, and their
sheaths twice as large as the four polar spines. These six spines are
six-edged, pyramidal, and their basal half enveloped by very large conical
sheaths which are sulcate, and twice as broad on the dentate distal mouth
as on the narrower base. The other fourteen spines are very thin,
two-edged, half as long, with low sheaths. Approaches some forms of
_Diploconus_.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15; length of the equatorial spines
0.13, of the polar spines 0.08.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Belligemma, Ceylon, Haeckel, surface.
Genus 378. _Hexonaspis_,[418] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Hexalaspida# with six prominent radial spines (in the
hydrotomical plane) which are not surrounded by prominent sheaths; the
fourteen other spines quite rudimentary, not prominent.
The genus _Hexonaspis_ and the following _Hexacolpus_ differ from the two
preceding genera in the rudimentary shape of the fourteen reduced and
stunted smaller spines; these are only developed inside the shell, and are
not prominent outside over its surface.
Subgenus 1. _Hexonasparium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Six hydrotomical spines of equal size.
1. _Hexonaspis heliosestrum_, n. sp.
All six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size, isosceles triangular,
compressed, smooth, about as long as the diameter of the shell and three
times as long as broad at the base. This species is very similar to
_Hexalaspis heliodiscus_ (Pl. 139, fig. 2), but differs in the larger size
of the six marginal spines and in the complete external absence of the
fourteen smaller spines.
{879}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.13; length of the six marginal
spines 0.12, basal breadth 0.04.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, surface.
2. _Hexonaspis hexapleura_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 15).
All six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size, triangular, compressed,
six-edged, about as long as the radius of the shell and twice as long as
broad on the base. Two strong prominent ribs on each flat side of the
spines. Shell very thick-walled, with a very small cavity.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.11; length of the six marginal
spines 0.06, basal breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.
3. _Hexonaspis hexagona_, n. sp.
All six hydrotomical spines of equal size, very short, triangular, only
half as long as broad at the base. The whole shell accordingly forms a
regular hexagon, the six corners of which are formed by the distal points
of the rudimentary spines, the six sides by their straight lateral edges.
Shell very dark.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2; length of the six marginal spines
0.03, basal breadth 0.06.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic (east of Patagonia), Station 318, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Hexonaspidium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, two opposite
(equatorial) much larger than the four other (polar) spines.
4. _Hexonaspis hastata_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 16).
Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size; two larger equatorial spines with
six prominent wings, about as long as the radius of the shell and half as
broad at the base; the four polar spines quite as broad, but only half as
long, nearly equilateral triangular, with two shallow furrows on each flat
side at the broader base. The fourteen smaller spines not visible on the
surface, quite rudimentary. Crests of the surface elegantly denticulated.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.14; length of the two equatorial
spines 0.08, of the four polar spines 0.04; basal breadth 0.04.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.
{880}Genus 379. _Hexacolpus_,[419] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Hexalaspida# with six prominent radial spines (in the
hydrotomical plane), which are surrounded by prominent sheaths at the base;
the fourteen other spines quite rudimentary, not prominent.
The genus _Hexacolpus_ differs from the preceding _Hexonaspis_ in the
development of conical or cylindrical sheaths around the basal parts of the
radial spines. It bears to the latter the same relation as _Hexaconus_
exhibits to _Hexalaspis_.
Subgenus 1. _Hexacolparium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Six hydrotomical spines all nearly of equal size.
1. _Hexacolpus nivalis_, n. sp. (Pl. 139, fig. 1).
_Hexalaspis nivalis_, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript et Atlas.
All six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size and equidistant, thin,
lanceolate, compressed, somewhat shorter than the diameter of the hexagonal
shell. Sheaths nearly prismatic, conical in the distal third, each with
twelve prominent parallel crests, which are separated by twelve deep
furrows; their contracted distal opening or mouth denticulate. The sheaths
are as long as the radius of the shell, and envelop two-thirds of the
spines. (Resembles certain forms of snow-crystals.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15, thickness of its wall 0.08;
length of the spines 0.1, of the sheath 0.007; breadth of the latter 0.04.
_Habitat._--West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, surface.
2. _Hexacolpus conifer_, n. sp.
All six hydrotomical spines of equal size and equidistant, triangular,
compressed, about as long as the radius of the circular shell. Sheaths
conical, sulcate, half as broad on the serrate distal end as on the base.
The sheaths envelop the basal half of the spines.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.18; length of the spines 0.1, of the
sheaths 0.06; basal breadth of the latter 0.07, distal breadth 0.04.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 236, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Hexacolpidium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, two opposite
(equatorial) much larger than the four other (polar) spines.
{881}3. _Hexacolpus trypanon_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 11).
Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, two equatorial about as long as
the diameter of the shell and nearly twice as large as the four polar; all
of the same form, quadrangular prismatic, with prominent edges and pointed
distal ends. Sheaths six-sided prismatic, with strong prominent edges and
thinner parallel ribs between them; their distal mouth with six strong
denticulated teeth. The sheaths envelop two-thirds of the spines, and are
as broad as the radius of the shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.13; length of the equatorial spines
0.12, of their sheaths 0.08; breadth of the latter 0.06.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 288, surface.
4. _Hexacolpus dodecodus_, n. sp.
Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, two equatorial about as long as
the radius of the shell and twice as large as the four polar; all of the
same form, triangular, compressed, sulcated. Sheaths prismatic, with twelve
prominent, parallel edges, and twelve strong serrated triangular teeth on
the mouth. The sheaths envelop the basal half of the spines. This species
greatly resembles _Hexaconus serratus_ (Pl. 139, fig. 4), but differs in
the larger size of the equatorial spines and the complete reduction of the
fourteen smaller spines.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2; length of the equatorial spines
0.1, of their sheaths 0.06; breadth of the latter 0.08.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 248, surface.
5. _Hexacolpus infundibulum_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 10).
Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, two equatorial about twice as long
as the diameter of the shell and as the four polar spines; all six spines
of the same form, quadrangular prismatic, pointed at the distal pyramidal
end. Sheaths conical, two to three times as broad at the denticulate distal
mouth as at the narrow base, sulcate; the mantle of the cone concavely
vaulted. The large sheaths envelop two-thirds or three-fourths of the
spines.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.13; length of the equatorial
spines 0.15 to 0.2, of their sheaths 0.1 to 0.15; basal breadth of the
latter 0.04, distal breadth 0.12.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.
Family XLIV. #DIPLOCONIDA#, Haeckel (Pl. 140).
_Diploconida_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p.404.
_Definition._--ACANTHARIA with simple diploconical shell, composed of two
very large equatorial spines which are opposite in the hydrotomical axis,
are surrounded by conical or cylindrical, often compressed sheaths, and
arise from a small central {882}lattice-shell. Eighteen other spines
(disposed according to the Müllerian law of Icosacantha) much smaller,
often rudimentary. Central capsule ellipsoidal or diploconical.
The family #Diploconida#, founded by me in 1862 for a single Mediterranean
species (_Diploconus fasces_), appears to be the most aberrant and strange
form among the ACANTHARIA. As I had met with only a single specimen, very
dark and intransparent in its central part, my observations on its
structure were imperfect and the explanation of it partly erroneous
(compare my Monograph, pp. 46, 404, Taf. xx. figs. 7, 8). However, I
regarded _Diploconus_ as the representative of quite a peculiar family,
derived from the Acanthometrida, and I correctly compared the large
opposite radial spines of one equatorial axis with the corresponding parts
in _Amphilonche_.
Afterwards Richard Hertwig observed some specimens of _Diploconus fasces_
in the same locality (Messina), and gave an accurate description of its
central capsule, including numerous small nuclei (1879, Organismus d.
Radiol., p. 28, Taf. ii. fig. 3). He found also that the peculiar
diploconical skeleton is not composed of silex, but of acanthin. In the
explanation of the shell-structure he adopted my opinion.
In the rich collections of the Challenger I detected ten different forms of
Diploconida, all very rare, and for the most part represented only by
single specimens. A twelfth species was found by me in the collection of
Captain Rabbe from the Indian Ocean. By the study of these new forms, and
particularly by their comparison with the most nearly allied Hexalaspida
and Belonaspida, it was possible for me to correct some errors in my former
description and to give a much more correct description and natural
explanation of this very peculiar and strange family of Radiolaria (compare
Pl. 140).
The most characteristic and the most voluminous part of the acanthinic
skeleton in all Diploconida appears as the diploconical or nearly
cylindrical solid "mantle" giving them their name and odd appearance (Pl.
140). Usually this mantle is broader on its two opposite terminal openings
than in its more or less constricted middle part. This latter is now more
spherical or ellipsoidal, now more lenticular, and usually separated from
the two cones by two slight transverse strictures. On the surface of this
middle part twelve to eighteen radial spines, which in _Diplocolpus_ are
rudimentary or absent, are visible in _Diploconus_. The longitudinal axis
of this shell is constantly occupied by a very large pair of opposite stout
prismatic or cylindrical principal spines, which are united in the centre
and usually more or less prominent with their distal apex over the two
openings of the double cone.
In my first communication on the _Diploconus_ (1862, _loc. cit._) I
correctly compared these two large spines in the prolonged main axis of the
shell to the principal equatorial spines of _Amphilonche_ (or to the
"hydrotomical spines," _c_1, _c_3); but my explanation of the two peculiar
cones enveloping them was erroneous. I supposed at that time that they were
formed by the eight flattened and leaf-shaped curved {883}tropical spines,
so that around each principal spine the four neighbouring tropical spines
(two of the northern and two of the southern hemisphere) had grow together
by their edges and formed the peculiar conical sheath. I can now say that
this opinion (afterwards adopted also by Hertwig) was quite erroneous, the
two conical or funnel-shaped sheaths being the enlarged basal sheaths of
the two hydrotomical spines, which we have already seen in the Hexalaspida
(Pl. 139). But whilst in these latter all six principal spines of the
hydrotomical meridian plane are hypertrophied (two equatorial and four
polar spines), in the nearly allied Diploconida only the two opposite
equatorial spines are developed, whilst all other eighteen spines are more
or less atrophied or quite rudimentary. In _Diploconus_ the latter are more
or less evident, whilst in _Diplocolpus_ they disappear externally.
The true lattice-shell of the #Acanthophracta# (constantly composed of the
meeting apophyses of twenty radial spines) is therefore represented in the
Diploconida by the small roundish middle part of the whole shell, which is
usually much smaller than the two opposite cones, and separated from them
by the two slight transverse strictures. Usually this small but most
important middle part of the shell is very dark and opaque, on account of
its very thick wall and small pores; but in some species it is clear enough
to ascertain that the structure of this lattice-shell is the same as in the
lenticular Hexalaspida, there being a network of thick crests on the outer
surface and small pores in the dimples between them. Indeed, in many (and
probably in all) Diploconida the forty aspinal pores are present which we
found in all Hexalaspida, Belonaspida, and Diporaspida, so that these four
families of #Acanthophracta# represent one continuous phylogenetical
series; _Phractaspis_ among the Diporaspida is at the beginning, and
_Diplocolpus_ among the Diploconida at the end of this remarkably
transformed morphological series.
The twenty radial spines in all Diploconida are probably united very firmly
(or even perfectly grown together) in the centre of the small thick-walled
lattice-shell, the inner space of which is extremely reduced. Probably,
too, the sutures between the meeting apophyses of the thick radial spines
are often (or even constantly) obliterated by concrescence, so that the
whole shell forms a single piece of acanthin. But I regret that I cannot
ascertain these and other points in the structure of the shell, as the
small number of specimens observed did not permit an anatomical examination
to be made. I have no doubt, however, that the structure of the whole of
the middle main part of the shell is quite the same as in the lenticular
shell of the thick-walled Hexalaspida, and that in both families each of
the twenty radial spines bears originally only two opposite apophyses.
The characteristic mantle of the double cone of the Diploconida, or the
basal sheath of their two large, perfectly developed principal spines is
usually much larger than the shell itself, and more or less compressed from
both poles of the shortened geotomical axis. Therefore the transverse
section of the two cones is usually elliptical, more {884}rarely circular.
Their widest part is generally the distal opening; more rarely this is a
little constricted. The thin transparent lamella of acanthin, representing
the mantle of the double cone, is commonly ribbed or furrowed by
longitudinal, parallel or divergent crests, and elegantly denticulated on
the edge of the distal opening.
The two conical or cylindrical halves of the mantle are connected with the
two enclosed principal spines not only at the base, where they arise from
the small central lattice-shell, but also throughout a certain part of
their length, by means of two, four, or six wings or leaves, which lie
opposite and in pairs in the meridian planes of those spines. These
meridian wings are more or less triangular (with broader concave outer
bases), and connected by their axial edge with the spine and by their
peripheral edge with the mantle. They separate two, four, or six conical
spaces or pyramidal compartments in each cone. But these aspinal
compartments and the separating septa are not new productions of the
Diploconida, but are inherited from their ancestral family, the Hexalaspida
(compare above, p. 873).
The eighteen smaller spines in _Diploconus_ are either of nearly equal size
or more or less differentiated. The eight tropical spines are often much
larger than the eight polar spines. The two geotomical spines, (or the two
opposite equatorial spines of the shortened geotomical axis) are often
quite rudimentary. In _Diplocolpus_ the external part (outside the shell)
is in all eighteen smaller spines rudimentary or atrophied.
_The Central Capsule_, as shown by Hertwig, contains numerous small nuclei,
and is divided into three parts by the above named two transverse
strictures; the smaller central part (in the original lenticular
lattice-shell) and the two opposite larger parts, filling up the greater
part of the two conical or cylindrical sheaths, and more or less adopting
their form. Corresponding to the shell itself the enclosed capsule is often
more or less flattened, being compressed at both poles of the geotomical
axis. The pseudopodia seem to proceed only from the two large polar
apertures of the sheaths, and form therefore two opposite conical tufts or
bunches.
_Synopsis of the Genera of Diploconida._
All twenty spines more or less developed (sometimes
eight of them rudimentary), 380. _Diploconus_.
Only the two hydrotomical spines developed (all the
eighteen others rudimentary), 381. _Diplocolpus_.
Genus 380. _Diploconus_,[420] Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 404.
_Definition._--#Diploconida# with two very large spines (opposite in the
hydrotomical axis) and ten to eighteen other much smaller spines externally
visible.
{885}The genus _Diploconus_ must be derived from _Hexacolpus_ (among the
_Hexalaspida_) by the stronger development of the two hydrotomical spines
and their large sheaths; all the other eighteen spines are much smaller,
and usually devoid of prominent sheaths. Sometimes the eight tropical
spines are rudimentary.
Subgenus 1. _Diploconulus_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Mantle of the double cone not compressed; its transverse
section therefore circular.
1. _Diploconus amalla_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 1).
Mantle of the double cone thick walled, not compressed, its transverse
section circular; its contour little convex; its surface nearly smooth; its
distal margin regularly denticulated. Diameter of its mouth twice as large
as the equatorial diameter of the shell and one-third as long as its total
length. The two large spines prismatic, one-fourth longer than their
conical sheath. The eighteen smaller spines very thin, about half as long
as the former, a little curved.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.3; equatorial breadth 0.05, polar
breadth 0.1.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, station 271, surface.
2. _Diploconus cyathiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 3).
Mantle of the double cone thin walled, not compressed; its transverse
section circular; its contour strongly convex; its surface with six
stronger and many smaller ribs; its margin with numerous straight and long,
parallel denticles. Diameter of its mouth half as long as the whole shell
and one and a half times as long as its equatorial diameter. The two
principal spines one-fourth longer than their conical sheath. The eighteen
smaller spines about half as long, thin, straight. Both geotomical spines
thick and short.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2; equatorial breadth 0.07, polar
breadth 0.1.
_Habitat._--West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, surface.
3. _Diploconus cylindrus_, n. sp.
Mantle of the double cone thick walled, dark, cylindrical, not compressed;
its transverse section circular; its contours straight, parallel; its
surface with strong parallel straight longitudinal ribs; its margin
irregularly dentated. Diameter of its mouth one-fifth as long as the whole
shell and two-thirds as long as the diameter of the equatorial
intumescence. The two principal spines prismatic, nearly twice as long as
their cylindrical sheath. The smaller spines about half as long, thin,
conical, straight. (Resembles the medial part of _Hexacolpus trypanon_, Pl.
140, fig. 11.)
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.25; equatorial breadth 0.08, polar
breadth 0.05.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, surface.
{886}Subgenus 2. _Diploconium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Mantle of the double cone compressed from both poles of the
shortened geotomical axis; its transverse section therefore elliptical.
4. _Diploconus fasces_, Haeckel.
_Diploconus fasces_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 405, Taf. xx.
figs. 7, 8.
_Diploconus fasces_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 28, Taf.
ii. fig. 3.
Mantle of the double cone compressed, with elliptical transverse section;
its contour straight; its surface with numerous longitudinal furrows; its
margin finely denticulated. Diameter of its mouth two-fifths as long as the
whole shell and three times as broad as its equatorial diameter. The two
main spines one-third longer than their conical sheath, four-edged. The
eighteen smaller spines thick and short, cylindrical or a little
compressed.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.18; equatorial breadth 0.025, polar
breadth 0.07.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.
5. _Diploconus cotyliscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 4).
Mantle of the double cone compressed, thin walled, with elliptical
transverse section; its contour convex; surface and margin nearly smooth.
Diameter of its mouth half as long as the whole shell and twice as long as
its equatorial diameter. The two main spines scarcely longer than their
hemispherical sheath. The smaller spines conical, straight, nearly of the
same length.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.3; equatorial breadth 0.08, polar
breadth 0.15.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface,
6. _Diploconus saturnus_, Haeckel.
_Diploconus saturnus_, Haeckel, 1879, Natürl. Schöpfungsgesch., Aufl.
vii. p. 706, Taf. xvi. fig. 11.
Mantle of the double cone compressed, thick walled, with elliptical
transverse section; its contour convex; its surface with numerous deep and
irregular longitudinal furrows and marginal incisions. Diameter of its
mouth one-third as long as the whole shell and twice as broad as its
equatorial diameter. The two hydrotomical spines short, scarcely longer
than their sheath. The eighteen other spines thin, cylindrical, nearly of
the same length, curved. (Resembles a sheaf.)
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.24; equatorial breadth 0.04, polar
breadth 0.07.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, surface.
7. _Diploconus hexaphyllus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 2).
Mantle of the double cone compressed, thick walled, with elliptical
transverse section; its contour straight; surface with six stronger and
numerous smaller straight ribs and six marginal {887}denticulate incisions.
Diameter of its mouth one-third as long as the whole shell and somewhat
smaller than the equatorial diameter. Hydrotomical spines about twice as
long as their sheath, pyramidal, with emarginate point and six wings.
Geotomical spines short and strong, pyramidal. Sixteen other spines thin,
straight, conical.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.3; equatorial breadth 0.11, polar
breadth 0.1.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.
Genus 381. _Diplocolpus_,[421] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Diploconida# with only two developed, very large spines
(opposite in the hydrotomical axis); all the other eighteen spines quite
rudimentary or externally atrophied.
The genus _Diplocolpus_ is the last and the most modified genus among the
ACANTHARIA. The eighteen smaller spines of _Diploconus_ are here quite
rudimentary or have even perfectly disappeared by atrophy, so that the
shell seems to consist only of the large hydrotomical spines and their
enveloping sheaths.
Subgenus 1. _Diplocolpulus_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Mantle of the double cone not compressed; its transverse
section therefore circular.
1. _Diplocolpus costatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 7).
Mantle of the double cone thin walled, not compressed; its transverse
section circular or nearly hexagonal; its contour little convex; surface
with six thick longitudinal equidistant ribs and many thinner ribs between
them; margin denticulate. Transverse diameter of the shell one-third as
long as the longitudinal. The two hydrotomical spines thick and short,
little prominent over the polar mouth. No rudiments of other spines visible
externally.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.15; equatorial and polar breadth 0.05.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.
2. _Diplocolpus cristatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 6).
Mantle of the double cone thick walled, not compressed; its transverse
section circular or hexagonal; its contour nearly straight; surface with
six thick prominent longitudinal equidistant ribs; margin irregularly
dentated. Transverse diameter of the shell half as long as the
longitudinal. {888}The two hydrotomical spines very thick and short,
pyramidal, little prominent. Short rudiments of the eighteen other spines
present, bristle-shaped.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.05.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Diplocolpium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Mantle of the double cone compressed from both poles of the
shortened geotomical axis; its transverse section therefore elliptical.
3. _Diplocolpus serratus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 5).
Mantle of the double cone thick walled, compressed, with elliptical
transverse section; its surface with numerous delicate ribs; contour little
convex; margin regularly serrate. Hydrotomical spines short, pyramidal,
with six serrate wings. Transverse diameter of the shell nearly twice as
great at the polar mouth as at the equator and half as long as the whole
shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.15; breadth on the equator 0.035, on
the poles 0.07.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.
4. _Diplocolpus dentatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 9).
Mantle of the double cone thin walled, compressed, with elliptical
transverse section; its contour straight; surface with six deeper and
numerous shallower furrows; margin denticulated, with six triangular
prominent larger teeth. Hydrotomical spines very large prismatic, pyramidal
at the ends. Transverse diameter of the shell a little larger at the polar
mouth than at the equator and half as long as the whole shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2; breadth on the equator 0.08, on the
poles 0.1.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, surface.
5. _Diplocolpus sulcatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 8).
Mantle of the double cone thin walled, compressed, with elliptical
transverse section; its contour straight; surface with twelve to sixteen
deep longitudinal furrows, which are separated by thin, undulating, double
edged ribs; margin little dentated. Hydrotomical spines short, pyramidal,
with six dentate wings. Transverse diameter of the shell a little larger at
the polar mouth than at the equator, about one-third of the whole length of
the shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.17; breadth on the equator 0.05, on
the poles 0.06.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 291, surface.
Notes.
[1] The numbers preceded by L. N. refer to the list of names of authors
in the Bibliography on p. clxxvi.
[2] _Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena_, February 16, 1883.
[3] _Loc. cit._
[4] _Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin_, 1858, p. 28.
[5] Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, Taf. ii. p. 253.
[6] Histologie der Radiolarien, pp. 43-73, Taf. iii.-v.
[7] _Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena_, February 16, 1883.
[8] _Actissa_ = Radiant, [Greek: aktis].
[9] _Thalassolampe_ = Sea-scum; [Greek: thalassa] and [Greek: lampê].
[10] _Thalassopila_ = Sea-ball; [Greek: thalassa], [Greek: pila].
[11] _Thalassicolla_ = Sea-jelly, [Greek: thalassa], [Greek: kolla].
[12] _Thalassophysa_ = Sea-bladder; [Greek: thalassa], [Greek: physa.]
[13] _Collozoum_ = Jelly-animal; [Greek: kolla], [Greek: zôon].
[14] _Thalassosphæra_ = Sea-sphere; [Greek: thalassa], [Greek: sphaira].
[15] Atlantic, vol. i. p. 233, fig. 51, 1877.
[16] _Thalassoxanthium_ = Sea-burdock; [Greek: thalassa], [Greek:
xanthion.]
[17] _Physematium_ = Small vesicle; [Greek: Physêmation].
[18] _Thalassoplancta_ = Floating on the sea; [Greek: thalassoplankta].
[19] Compare _Thalassoplancta cavispicula_, Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, p.
261, Taf. iii. figs. 10-13.
[20] _Lampoxanthium_ = Scum-burdock; [Greek: lampe], [Greek: xanthion].
[21] _Loc. cit._, Taf. xxxii., xxxiii.
[22] _Belonozoum_ = Needle-animal; [Greek: belonê], [Greek: zôon].
[23] _Sphærozoum_ = Spherical animal; [Greek: sphaira], [Greek: zôon].
[24] _Rhaphidozoum_ = Needle-animal; [Greek: rhaphis], [Greek: zôon].
[25] Ethmosphærida = Liosphærida simplicia = Monosphærida anacantha.
[26] _Cenosphæra_ = Hollow sphere; [Greek: kenos], [Greek: sphaira].
[27] _Stigmosphæra_ = Sphere with central point; [Greek: stigma], [Greek:
sphaira].
[28] _Ethmosphæra_ = Sieve-sphere; [Greek: êthmos], [Greek: sphaira].
[29] _Sethosphæra_ = Sieve-sphere; [Greek: sêthos], [Greek: sphaira].
[30] _Carposphærida_ = Liosphærida duplicia = Dyosphærida anacantha.
[31] _Carposphæra_ = Fruit-shaped sphere, [Greek: karpos], [Greek:
sphaira].
[32] _Liosphæra_ = Smooth sphere; [Greek: leios], [Greek: sphaira].
[33] Thecosphærida = Liosphærida triplicia = Triosphærida anacantha.
[34] _Thecosphæra_ = Capsule-sphere; [Greek: thêkê], [Greek: sphaira].
[35] _Rhodosphæra_ = Rose-sphere; [Greek: rhodon], [Greek: sphaira].
[36] Cromyosphærida = Liosphærida tetraplicia = Tetrasphærida anacantha.
[37] _Cromyosphæra_ = Onion-sphere; [Greek: chromyon], [Greek: sphaira].
[38] Caryosphærida = Liosphærida multiplicia = Polysphærida anacantha.
[39] _Caryosphæra_ = Nut-sphere; [Greek: karyon], [Greek: sphaira].
[40] Plegmosphærida = Liosphærida spongiosa = Spongosphærida anacantha.
[41] _Styptosphæra_ = Hemp-sphere; [Greek: styptos], [Greek: sphaira].
[42] _Plegmosphæra_ = Sphere of wicker-work; [Greek: plegma], [Greek:
sphaira].
[43] _Spongoplegma_ = Spongy wickerwork; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
plegma].
[44] _Spongodictyon_ = Spongy network; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: diktyon].
[45] _Loc. cit._, pp. 17, 55, 1858.
[46] _Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin_, p. 55, 1858.
[47] _Loc. cit._, p. 530, 1862.
[48] _Loc. cit._, pp. 30, 133, 1879.
[49] _Loc. cit._, p. 471, 1881.
[50] _Loc. cit._, p. 535, Taf. xxxiv. fig. 1.
[51] _Collosphæra_ = Jelly-sphere; [Greek: kolla], [Greek: sphaira].
[52] _Tribonosphæra_ = Cloak-sphere; [Greek: tribôn], [Greek: sphaira].
[53] _Pharyngosphæra_ = Throat-sphere; [Greek: pharynx], [Greek: sphaira].
[54] _Buccinosphæra_ = Trumpet-sphere; [Greek: bykanê], [Greek: sphaira].
[55] _Acrosphæra_ = Pointed-sphere; [Greek: akros], [Greek: sphaira].
[56] _Odontosphæra_ = Teeth-sphere; [Greek: odous], [Greek: sphaira].
[57] _Choenicosphæra_ = Shell with coronel trepans; [Greek: choinikê],
[Greek: sphaira].
[58] _Siphonosphæra_ = Sphere with tubes; [Greek: siphôn], [Greek:
sphaira].
[59] _Mazosphæra_ = Teat-sphere; [Greek: mazos], [Greek: sphaira].
[60] _Trypanosphæra_ = Auger-sphere; [Greek: trypanon], [Greek: sphaira].
[61] _Caminosphæra_ = Chimney-sphere; [Greek: kaminos], [Greek: sphaira].
[62] _Solenosphæra_ = Sphere with tubules; [Greek: sôlên], [Greek:
sphaira].
[63] _Otosphæra_ = Shell with ears; [Greek: otosphaira].
[64] _Coronosphæra_ = Coronal-sphere; [Greek: koronê], [Greek: sphaira].
[65] _Clathrosphæra_ = Lattice-sphere.
[66] _Xanthiosphæra_ = Burdock-sphere; [Greek: xanthion], [Greek:
sphaira].
[67] Stylosphærida = Sphæroidea dissacantha, Prodromus, p. 449.
[68] _Xiphosphæra_ = Sword-sphere; [Greek: xiphos], [Greek: sphaira].
[69] _Xiphostylus_ = Sword style; [Greek: xiphos], [Greek: stylos].
[70] _Saturnalis_ = Similar to _Saturnus_, with a ring.
[71] _Stylosphæra_ = Sphere with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek:
sphaira].
[72] _Sphærostylus_ = Sphere with styles; [Greek: sphaira], [Greek:
stylos].
[73] _Saturnulus_ = Small _Saturnus_, with a ring.
[74] _Amphisphæra_ = Sphere with spines on both poles; [Greek: amphi],
[Greek: sphaira].
[75] _Amphistylus_ = Shell with styles on both poles; [Greek: amphi],
[Greek: stylos].
[76] _Saturninus_ = Similar to Saturnus, with a ring.
[77] _Stylocromyum_ = Onion with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek:
kromyon].
[78] _Cromyostylus_ = Onion with styles; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek:
stylos].
[79] _Spongolonchis_ = Spongy shell with spears; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
lonchis].
[80] _Spongostylus_ = Spongy shell with styles; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
stylos].
[81] _Spongostylidium_, diminutive of _Spongostylus_.
[82] Staurostylida = Staurosphærida simplicia = Monosphærida tetracantha.
[83] _Staurosphæra_ = Cross-sphere; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: sphaira].
[84] _Staurostylus_ = Cross-style; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: stylos].
[85] _Stylostaurus_, Style-cross; [Greek: stylos], [Greek: stauros].
[86] Staurolonchida = Staurosphærida duplicia = Dyosphærida tetracantha.
[87] _Staurolonche_ = Crossed spear; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: lonchê].
[88] _Staurancistra_ = Crossed fish-hook; [Greek: stauros], [Greek:
ankistra].
[89] _Staurolonchidium_ = Diminutive from _Staurolonche_.
[90] _Stauroxiphos_ = Sword with cross; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: xiphos].
[91] Stauracontida = Staurosphærida triplicia = Triosphærida tetracantha.
[92] _Stauracontium_ = Crossed dart; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: akontion].
[93] Staurocromyida = Staurosphærida quadruplicia = Tetrasphærida
tetracantha.
[94] _Staurocromyum_ = Cross-onion; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: kromyon].
[95] _Cromyostaurus_ = Onion-cross; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek: stauros].
[96] Staurocaryida = Staurosphærida multiplicia = Polysphærida
tetracantha.
[97] _Staurocaryum_ = Cross-nut; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: karyon].
[98] Staurodorida = Staurosphærida spongiosa = Spongosphærida tetracantha.
[99] _Staurodoras_ = Crossed spear; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: doras].
[100] Hexastylida = Cubosphærida simplicia = Monosphærida hexacantha.
[101] _Hexastylus_ = Shell with six styles; [Greek: hexa], [Greek: stylos].
[102] _Hexastylarium_ = Shell with six styles; derivation from
_Hexastylus_.
[103] _Hexastylidium_ = Shell with six styles; derivation from
_Hexastylus_.
[104] Hexalonchida = Cubosphærida duplicia = Dyosphærida hexacantha.
[105] _Hexalonche_ = Shell with six spears; [Greek: hexalonchê].
[106] _Hexancistra_ = Shell with six fish-hooks; [Greek: hexankistra].
[107] _Hexaloncharium_ = Shell with six spears; derivation from
_Hexalonche_.
[108] _Hexalonchidium_ = Shell with six spears; derivation from
_Hexalonche_.
[109] Hexacontida = Cubosphærida triplicia = Triosphærida hexacantha.
[110] _Hexacontion_ = Shell with six darts; [Greek: hexakontion].
[111] _Hexadendron_ = Shell with six trees; [Greek: hexadendron].
[112] _Hexacontarium_ = Shell with six darts; derivation, from
_Hexacontion_.
[113] Hexacromyida = Cubosphærida quadruplicia = Tetrasphærida hexacantha.
[114] _Hexacromyum_ = Onion with six rays; [Greek: hexa], [Greek: kromyon].
[115] Hexacaryida = Cubosphærida multiplicia = Polysphærida hexacantha.
[116] _Cubosphæra_ = Sphere with three axes of a cubus; [Greek: kubos],
[Greek: sphaira].
[117] _Hexacaryum_ = Nut with six spines; [Greek: hexa], [Greek: karyon].
[118] Hexadorida = Cubosphærida spongiosa = Spongosphærida hexacantha.
[119] _Cubaxonium_ = Shell with three axes like those of a cube; [Greek:
kubos], [Greek: axônion].
[120] _Hexadoras_ = Shell with six spears; [Greek: hexadoras].
[121] _Hexadoridium_ = Shell with six small spears; derivation from
_Hexadoras_.
[122] _Acanthosphæra_ = Spiny sphere; [Greek: akantha], [Greek: sphaira].
[123] _Heliosphæra_ = Sun sphere; [Greek: hêlios], [Greek: sphaira].
[124] _Conosphæra_ = Sphere with cones; [Greek: kônos], [Greek: sphaira].
[125] _Coscinomma_ = Sieve eye; [Greek: koskinon], [Greek: omma].
[126] _Cladococcus_ = Nucleus with branches; [Greek: klados], [Greek:
kokkos].
[127] _Elaphococcus_ = Shell with harts' horn-shaped spines; [Greek:
elaphos], [Greek: kokkos].
[128] Haliommida = Astrosphærida duplicia = Dyosphærida polycantha.
[129] _Haliomma_ = Sea-eye; [Greek: hals], [Greek: omma].
[130] _Heliosoma_ = Sun-body; [Greek: hêlios], [Greek: sôma].
[131] _Elatomma_ = Pine-eye; [Greek: elatê], [Greek: omma].
[132] _Leptosphæra_ = Delicate sphere; [Greek: leptos], [Greek: sphaira].
[133] _Diplosphæra_ = Double sphere; [Greek: diploos], [Greek: sphaira].
[134] _Drymosphæra_ = Woody sphere; [Greek: drymos], [Greek: sphaira].
[135] _Astrosphæra_ = Star-sphere; [Greek: astron], [Greek: sphaira].
[136] Actinommida = Astrosphærida triplicia = Triosphærida polyacantha.
[137] _Actinomma_ = Radiant eye; [Greek: aktis], [Greek: omma].
[138] _Echinomma_ = Urchin-eye; [Greek: echinos], [Greek: omma].
[139] _Pityomma_ = Pine-eye; [Greek: pitys], [Greek: omma].
[140] Cromyommida = Astrosphærida quadruplicia = Tetrasphæria polyacantha.
[141] _Cromyomma_ = Onion-eye; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek: omma].
[142] _Cromyechinus_ = Onion-shaped Urchin; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek:
echinos].
[143] _Cromyodrymus_ = Onion with trees; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek: drymos].
[144] Caryommida = Astrosphærida multiplica = Polysphæria polyacantha.
[145] _Caryomma_ = Nut-eye; [Greek: karyon], [Greek: omma].
[146] _Arachnopila_ = Cobweb ball; [Greek: arachnê], [Greek: pilos].
[147] _Arachnopegma_ = Cobweb-building; [Greek: arachnê], [Greek: pêgma].
[148] _Arachnosphæra_ = Cobweb-sphere; [Greek: arachnê], [Greek: sphaira].
[149] Spongiommida = Astrosphærida spongiosa = Spongosphærida polyacantha.
[150] _Spongiomma_ = Spongy-eye; [Greek: spongia], [Greek: omma].
[151] _Spongodrymus_ = Spongy wood; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: drymos].
[152] _Spongechinus_ = Spongy Urchin; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: echinos].
[153] _Spongothamnus_ = Spongy shrub; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: thamnos].
[154] _Spongopila_ = Spongy ball; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: pilos].
[155] _Rhizoplegma_ = Root-shaped wicker-work; [Greek: rhiza], [Greek:
plegma].
[156] _Lychnosphæra_ = Lantern-sphere; [Greek: lychnos], [Greek: sphaira].
[157] _Centrocubus_ = Shell with a central cube; [Greek: kentron], [Greek:
kubos].
[158] _Octodendron_ = Shell with eight trees; [Greek: oktô], [Greek:
dendron].
[159] _Spongosphæra_ = Spongy sphere; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: sphaira].
[160] _Rhizosphæra_ = Root-sphere; [Greek: rhiza], [Greek: sphaira].
[161] _Cenellipsis_ = Hollow ellipsoid; [Greek: kenos], [Greek: elleipsis].
[162] _Axellipsis_ = Ellipsoid with an axial beam; [Greek: axis], [Greek:
elleipsis].
[163] _Ellipsidium_ = Small ellipsoid; [Greek: elleipsidion].
[164] _Ellipsoxiphus_ = Ellipsoid with swords; [Greek: elleipsis], [Greek:
xiphos].
[165] _Axoprunum_ = Plum with axis; [Greek: axis], [Greek: prounon].
[166] _Ellipsostylus_ = Ellipsoid with styles; [Greek: elleipsis], [Greek:
stylos].
[167] _Lithomespilus_ = Siliceous medlar; [Greek: lithos], [Greek:
mespilos].
[168] _Lithapium_ = Siliceous pear; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: apion].
[169] _Pipettella_ = Small pipette.
[170] _Druppula_ = Small drupe or [Greek: druppa], ripe Olive.
[171] _Druppocarpus_ = Olive-fruit; [Greek: druppa], [Greek: karpos].
[172] _Prunulum_ = Little-plum.
[173] _Prunocarpus_ = Plum fruit; [Greek: prounon], [Greek: karpos].
[174] _Cromyodruppa_ = Onion-olive; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek: druppa].
[175] _Cromyocarpus_ = Onion fruit; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek: karpos].
[176] _Lithatractus_ = Spindle of silex; [Greek: lithos], [Greek:
atraktos].
[177] _Druppatractus_ = Spindle-like olive; [Greek: druppa], [Greek:
atraktos].
[178] _Stylatractus_ = Spindle with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek:
atraktos].
[179] _Xiphatractus_ = Sword-spindle; [Greek: xiphos], [Greek: atraktos].
[180] _Cromyatractus_ = Onion-spindle; [Greek: kromyon], [Greek: atraktos].
[181] _Pipetta_ = Small pipe.
[182] _Pipettaria_ = _Pipetta_-like.
[183] _Spongellipsis_ = Spongy ellipsoid; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
elleipsis].
[184] _Spongurus_ = Spongy tail; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: oura].
[185] _Spongocore_ = Spongy puppet; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: korê].
[186] _Spongoprunum_ = Spongy plum; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: prounon].
[187] _Spongodruppa_ = Spongy olive-fruit; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
druppa].
[188] _Spongatractus_ = Spongy-spindle; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
atraktos].
[189] _Spongoliva_ = Spongy olive; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: eleia].
[190] _Spongoxiphus_ = Spongy sword; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: xiphos].
[191] _Artiscus_ = Small loaf; [Greek: artiskos].
[192] _Stylartus_ = Bread with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek: artos].
[193] _Cannartus_ = Leaf with tubes; [Greek: kanna], [Greek: artos].
[194] _Cyphanta_ = [Greek: Kyphanta], Mediterranean port in Laconia.
[195] _Cyphonium_ = Roundish vessel; [Greek: kyphônion].
[196] _Cypassis_ = [Greek: kypassis]; A girl's girdle.
[197] _Cyphocolpus_ = Vaulted-bosom; [Greek: kyphos], [Greek: kolpos].
[198] _Cyphinus_ = [Greek: kyphinos]; derivation from [Greek: kyphos] =
roundish vessel, a kind of fruit.
[199] _Cyphinidium_ = Small Cyphinus; [Greek: kyphinidion].
[200] _Cannartiscus_ = Small loaf with tubes; [Greek: kanna], [Greek:
artiskos].
[201] _Cannartidium_ = Small loaf with tubules; [Greek: kanna], [Greek:
artidion].
[202] _Panartus_ = quite bread-like; [Greek: panartos].
[203] _Peripanartus_ = _Panartus_ with mantle; [Greek: peripanartos].
[204] _Panicium_ = A kind of bread.
[205] _Peripanicium_ = _Panicium_ with mantle.
[206] _Panarium_ = Bread-basket.
[207] _Peripanarium_ = _Panarium_ (or bread-basket) with mantle.
[208] _Ommatocampe_ = Caterpillar with eyes; [Greek: omma], [Greek: kampê].
[209] _Ommatartus_ = Loaf with eyes; [Greek: omma], [Greek: artos].
[210] _Desmocampe_ = Chain-like caterpillar; [Greek: desmos], [Greek:
kampê].
[211] _Desmartus_ = Chain-like loaf; [Greek: desmos], [Greek: artos].
[212] _Zygocampe_ = Caterpillar with paired joints; [Greek: zygon], [Greek:
kampê].
[213] _Zygartus_ = Loaf with paired joints; [Greek: zygon], [Greek: artos].
[214] _Cenodiscus_ = Hollow disk; [Greek: kenos], [Greek: diskos].
[215] _Zonodiscus_ = Disk with girdle; [Greek: zônê], [Greek: diskos].
[216] _Stylodiscus_ = Disk with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek: diskos].
[217] _Theodiscus_ = Divine disk; [Greek: theos], [Greek: diskos].
[218] _Crucidiscus_ = Disk with cross.
[219] _Trochodiscus_ = Wheel-disk; [Greek: trochos], [Greek: diskos].
[220] _Sethodiscus_ = Sieve-disk; [Greek: sêthos], [Greek: diskos].
[221] _Phacodiscus_ = Lenticular disk; [Greek: phakos], [Greek: diskos].
[222] _Periphæna_ = Shell with transparent girdle; [Greek: periphaina].
[223] _Perizona_ = Shell with surrounding girdle; [Greek: peri], [Greek:
zônê].
[224] _Sethostylus_ = Sieve with styles; [Greek: sêthos], [Greek: stylos].
[225] _Phacostylus_ = Lens with styles; [Greek: phakos], [Greek: stylos].
[226] _Triactiscus_ = Shell with three rays; [Greek: triaktiskos].
[227] _Sethostaurus_ = Sieve-cross; [Greek: sêthos], [Greek: stauros].
[228] _Phacostaurus_ = Lens with cross; [Greek: phakos], [Greek: stauros].
[229] _Distriactis_ = Shell with twice three rays; [Greek: distriaktis].
[230] _Heliosestrum_ = Sun-sieve; [Greek: hêlios], [Greek: sêstron].
[231] _Astrosestrum_ = Stellated sieve; [Greek: astron], [Greek: sêstron].
[232] _Heliodiscus_ = Sun-disk; [Greek: hêlios], [Greek: diskos].
[233] _Heliodrymus_ = Sun-forest; [Greek: hêlios], [Greek: drymos].
[234] _Astrophacus_ = Star-lens; [Greek: astron], [Greek: phakos].
[235] _Lithocyclia_ = Circular stone; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: kyklion].
[236] _Coccodiscus_ = Disk with nucleus; [Greek: kokkos], [Greek: diskos].
[237] _Stylocyclia_ = Circular shell with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek:
kyklion].
[238] _Amphicyclia_ = Circular shell with spines on both sides; [Greek:
amphi], [Greek: kyklion].
[239] _Trigonocyclia_ = Triangular shell with circular rings; [Greek:
trigonon], [Greek: kyklion].
[240] _Staurocyclia_ = Circular shell with four crossed spines; [Greek:
stauros], [Greek: kyklia].
[241] _Astrocyclia_ = Stellated circular shell; [Greek: astron], [Greek:
kyklion].
[242] _Coccocyclia_ = Circular shell with nucleus; [Greek: kokkos], [Greek:
kyklios].
[243] _Diplactura_ = Stellated shell with double tail; [Greek: diplous],
[Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].
[244] _Amphiactura_ = Stellated shell with tail on both sides; [Greek:
amphi], [Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].
[245] _Trigonactura_ = Triangular shell with three rays; [Greek: trigonon],
[Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].
[246] _Hymenactura_ = Star-shaped shell with membrane between the rays;
[Greek: hymên], [Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].
[247] _Astractura_ = Star-shaped shell with many rays; [Greek: astron],
[Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].
[248] _Stauractura_ = Cruciform shell with four rays; [Greek: stauros],
[Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].
[249] _Pentactura_ = Stellated shell with five rays; [Greek: pente],
[Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].
[250] _Echinactura_ = _Echinus_-like shell with five rays; [Greek:
echinos], [Greek: aktis], [Greek: oura].
[251] _Archidiscus_ = Primordial disk; [Greek: archidiskos].
[252] _Axodiscus_ = Disk with certain axes; [Greek: axis], [Greek: diskos].
[253] _Porodiscus_ = Porous disk; [Greek: poros], [Greek: diskos].
[254] _Perichlamydium_ = Shell surrounded by a mantle; [Greek: peri],
[Greek: chlamydion].
[255] _Ommatodiscus_ = Disk with eyes; [Greek: omma], [Greek: diskos].
[256] _Stomatodiscus_ = Disk with openings; [Greek: stoma], [Greek:
diskos].
[257] _Xiphodictya_ = Net with swords; [Greek: xiphos], [Greek: diktyon].
[258] _Tripodictya_ = Net with tripod; [Greek: tripous], [Greek: diktyon].
[259] _Staurodictya_ = Cross-net; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: diktyon].
[260] _Stylodictya_ = Net with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek: diktyon].
[261] _Stylochlamydium_ = Shell with styles and mantle; [Greek: stylos],
[Greek: chlamydion].
[262] _Amphibrachium_ = Shell with two arms; [Greek: amphi], [Greek:
brachiôn].
[263] _Amphymenium_ = Shell with veil on both sides; [Greek: amphi],
[Greek: hymênion].
[264] _Amphirrhopalum_ = Shell with clubs on both sides; [Greek: amphi],
[Greek: rhopalon].
[265] _Amphicraspedum_ = Shell with borders on both sides; [Greek: amphi],
[Greek: kraspedon].
[266] _Dictyastrum_ = Reticulated star; [Greek: diktyon], [Greek: astron].
[267] _Rhopalastrum_ = Club-star; [Greek: rhopalon], [Greek: astron].
[268] _Hymeniastrum_ = Membranous star; [Greek: hymên], [Greek: astron].
[269] _Euchitonia_ = Nice shell; [Greek: eu], [Greek: chitônia].
[270] _Chitonastrum_ = Star-shell; [Greek: chitônia], [Greek: astron].
[271] _Trigonastrum_ = Triangular star; [Greek: trigônon], [Greek: astron].
[272] _Stauralastrum_ = Crossed sea-star; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: hals],
[Greek: astron].
[273] _Hagiastrum_ = Holy starrulet; [Greek: hagion], [Greek: astron].
[274] _Histiastrum_ = Star with enveloping tissue; [Greek: histion],
[Greek: astron].
[275] _Tessarastrum_ = Starrulet with four rays; [Greek: tessara], [Greek:
astron].
[276] _Stephanastrum_ = Garland-starrulet; [Greek: stephanos], [Greek:
astron].
[277] _Dicranastrum_ = Fork-starrulet; [Greek: dikranon], [Greek: astron].
[278] _Myelastrum_ = Medullary starrulet; [Greek: myelos], [Greek: astron].
[279] _Pentalastrum_ = Little sea-star with five rays; [Greek: pente],
[Greek: hals], [Greek: astron].
[280] _Pentinastrum_ = Starrulet with five rays; [Greek: pente], [Greek:
inos], [Greek: astron].
[281] _Pentophiastrum_ = Starrulet with five snakes; [Greek: pente],
[Greek: ophis], [Greek: astron].
[282] _Hexalastrum_ = Little sea-star with six rays; [Greek: hexa], [Greek:
hals], [Greek: astron].
[283] _Hexinastrum_ = Starrulet with six rays; [Greek: hexa], [Greek:
inos], [Greek: astron].
[284] _Triolena_ = Shell with three arms; [Greek: tria], [Greek: ôlenê].
[285] _Triopyle_ = With three gate-openings; [Greek: tria], [Greek: pylê].
[286] _Triodiscus_ = Disk with three openings; [Greek: triodiskos].
[287] _Pylolena_ = Disk with alternating gates and arms; [Greek: pylê],
[Greek: ôlenê].
[288] _Hexapyle_ = With six gate-openings; [Greek: hexa], [Greek: pylê].
[289] _Pylodiscus_ = Disk with gates; [Greek: pylê], [Greek: diskos].
[290] _Discozonium_ = Disk with girdle; [Greek: diskos], [Greek: zônion].
[291] _Discopyle_ = Disk with gate; [Greek: diskos], [Greek: pylê].
[292] _Spongodiscus_ = Spongy disk; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: diskos].
[293] _Spongophacus_ = Spongy lens; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: phakos].
[294] _Spongolonche_ = Spongy disk with spontoons; [Greek: spongos],
[Greek: lonchê].
[295] _Spongotripus_ = Spongy disk with tripod; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
tripous].
[296] _Spongostaurus_ = Spongy disk with crossed spines; [Greek: spongos],
[Greek: stauros].
[297] _Stylotrochus_ = Wheel with styles; [Greek: stylos], [Greek:
trochos].
[298] _Spongotrochus_ = Spongy wheel; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: trochos].
[299] _Spongolena_ = Spongy disk with two arms; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
ôlenê].
[300] _Spongobrachium_ = Spongy shell with two arms; [Greek: spongos],
[Greek: brachiôn].
[301] _Rhopalodictyum_ = Network with clubs; [Greek: rhopalon], [Greek:
diktyon].
[302] _Dictyocoryne_ = Net with clubs; [Greek: diktyon], [Greek: korynê].
[303] _Spongasteriscus_ = Spongy star; [Greek: spongos], [Greek:
asteriskos].
[304] _Spongaster_ = Spongy star; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: astêr].
[305] _Cenolarcus_ = Hollow basket; [Greek: kenos], [Greek: larkos].
[306] _Larcarium_ = A kind of basket; [Greek: larkarion].
[307] _Coccolarcus_ = Basket with kernel; [Greek: kokkos], [Greek: larkos].
[308] _Larcidium_ = Little basket, diminutive of _Larcus_; [Greek:
larkidion].
[309] _Spongolarcus_ = Spongy basket; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: larkos].
[310] _Stypolarcus_ = Hemp basket; [Greek: stypê], [Greek: larkos].
[311] _Larnacilla_ = Little chest, diminutive of _Larnax_; [Greek: larnax].
[312] _Larnacidium_ = Little chest, diminutive of Larnax; [Greek: larnax].
[313] _Larnacalpis_ = Tankard-shaped chest; [Greek: larnax], [Greek:
kalpis].
[314] _Larnacantha_ = Chest with spines; [Greek: larnax], [Greek: akantha].
[315] _Larnacoma_ = Shell of chest form; [Greek: larnax].
[316] _Larnacospongus_ = Spongy chest; [Greek: larnax], [Greek: spongos].
[317] _Larnacostupa_ = Chest with hemp envelop; [Greek: larnax], [Greek:
stupê].
[318] _Monozonium_ = With one girdle; [Greek: monozônion].
[319] _Dizonium_ = With two girdles; [Greek: dizônion].
[320] _Trizonium_ = With three girdles; [Greek: trizônion].
[321] _Amphipyle_ = With one gate on both sides; [Greek: amphi], [Greek:
pylê].
[322] _Tetrapyle_ = With four gate-openings; [Greek: tetrapylê].
[323] _Octopyle_ = With eight gate-openings; [Greek: oktô], [Greek: pylê].
[324] _Pylonium_ = Building with gates; [Greek: pylônion].
[325] _Amphipylonium_ = With one large gate on either side; [Greek: amphi],
[Greek: pylônion].
[326] _Tetrapylonium_ = Building with four gates; [Greek: tetra], [Greek:
pylônion].
[327] _Pylozonium_ = Shell with gates and girdles; [Greek: pylê], [Greek:
zônion].
[328] _Tholartus_ = Cupola-bread; [Greek: tholos], [Greek: artos].
[329] _Tholodes_ = Cupola-shaped; [Greek: tholôdês] _vel_ [Greek:
tholoeidês].
[330] _Amphitholus_ = Shell with two opposite cupolas; [Greek: amphi],
[Greek: tholos].
[331] _Amphitholonium_ = Small shell with two opposite cupolas; [Greek:
amphi], [Greek: tholônion].
[332] _Tholostaurus_ = Cross of four cupolas; [Greek: tholos], [Greek:
stauros].
[333] _Tholoma_ = Dome-building; [Greek: tholôma].
[334] Alternating, [Greek: metallassôn].
[335] _Staurotholus_ = Cupolas cross-wise disposed; [Greek: stauros],
[Greek: tholos].
[336] _Staurotholonium_ = Small shell with cupolas cross-wise disposed;
[Greek: stauros], [Greek: tholônion].
[337] _Tholocubus_ = Cube with six cupolas on its sides; [Greek: tholos],
[Greek: kubos].
[338] _Tholonium_ = Shell with cupolas; [Greek: tholônion].
[339] _Cubotholus_ = Shell with cupolas disposed on six cube-sides; [Greek:
kubos], [Greek: tholos].
[340] _Cubotholonium_ = Small shell with cupolas disposed on the six sides
of a cube; [Greek: kubos], [Greek: tholônion].
[341] _Zonarium_ = Small girdle; [Greek: zônarion].
[342] _Zoniscus_ = Elegant girdle; [Greek: zôniskos].
[343] _Zonidium_ = Little girdle; [Greek: zônidion].
[344] _Spirema_ = Convolution, turning; [Greek: speirêma].
[345] _Lithelius_ = Stony sun; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: hêlios].
[346] _Larcospira_ = Spiral basket; [Greek: larkos], [Greek: speira].
[347] _Pylospira_ = Spiral shell with internal gates; [Greek: pylê],
[Greek: speira].
[348] _Tholospira_ = Shell with spiral domes; [Greek: tholos], [Greek:
speira].
[349] _Spironium_ = Shell with spiral structure; [Greek: speirônion].
[350] _Streblonia_ = Screw-shell; [Greek: streblônion].
[351] _Streblacantha_ = Screw-shell with spines; [Greek: streblê], [Greek:
akantha].
[352] _Streblopyle_ = Screw-shell with gates; [Greek: streblê], [Greek:
pylê].
[353] _Phorticium_ = Small vessel; [Greek: phortikion].
[354] _Spongophortis_ = Spongy vessel; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: phortis].
[355] _Soreuma_ = [Greek: sôreuma], heap.
[356] _Sorolarcus_ = Basket heap; [Greek: sôros], [Greek: larkos].
[357] _Actinelius_ = Radiant sun; [Greek: aktis], [Greek: hêlios].
[358] _Astrolophus_ = Star-like bunch; [Greek: astron], [Greek: lophos].
[359] _Actinastrum_ = Radiant star; [Greek: aktis], [Greek: astron].
[360] _Litholophus_ = Stony brush; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: lophos].
[361] _Chiastolus_ = With crossed arms; [Greek: chiastos], [Greek: ôlos].
[362] _Acanthochiasma_ = Spine-cross; [Greek: akantha], [Greek: chiasma].
[363] _Acanthometron_ = Spine proportion; [Greek: akantha], [Greek:
metron].
[364] _Zygacantha_ = Spines opposite in pairs; [Greek: zyga], [Greek:
akantha].
[365] _Acanthonia_ = Spiny article; [Greek: akantha], [Greek: ônia].
[366] _Lithophyllium_ = With stony leaves; [Greek: lithos], [Greek:
phyllion].
[367] _Phractacantha_ = Spines enclosed by a hedge; [Greek: phraktos],
[Greek: akantha].
[368] _Doracantha_ = Spear-like spine; [Greek: dory], [Greek: akantha].
[369] _Astrolonche_ = Star-spear; [Greek: astron], [Greek: lonchê].
[370] _Xiphacantha_ = Sword spine; [Greek: xiphos], [Greek: akantha].
[371] _Stauracantha_ = Cruciate spine; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: akantha].
[372] _Phatnacantha_ = Spine with fretwork; [Greek: phatnê], [Greek:
akantha].
[373] _Pristacantha_ = Saw-spine; [Greek: pristos], [Greek: akantha].
[374] _Acanthostaurus_ = Spine-cross; [Greek: akantha], [Greek: stauros].
[375] _Belonostaurus_ = Needle cross; [Greek: belonê], [Greek: stauros].
[376] _Lonchostaurus_ = Spear-cross; [Greek: lonchê], [Greek: stauros].
[377] _Zygostaurus_ = Pair-cross; [Greek: zygon], [Greek: stauros].
[378] _Quadrilonche_ = Square-spear.
[379] _Xiphoptera_ = Sword-wing; [Greek: xiphos], [Greek: pteron].
[380] _Lithoptera_ = Stone wing; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: pteron].
[381] _Amphilonche_ = With two opposed spears; [Greek: amphi], [Greek:
lonchê].
[382] _Amphibelone_ = With two opposed needles; [Greek: amphi], [Greek:
belonê].
[383] _Acantholonche_ = Spiny spear; [Greek: akantha], [Greek: lonchê].
[384] _Sphærocapsa_ = Spherical capsule; [Greek: sphaira], [Greek: kapsa].
[385] _Astrocapsa_ = Star-capsule; [Greek: astron], [Greek: kapsa].
[386] _Porocapsa_ = Porous capsule; [Greek: poros], [Greek: kapsa].
[387] _Cannocapsa_ = Tubular capsule; [Greek: kanna], [Greek: kapsa].
[388] _Cenocapsa_ = Hollow Capsule; [Greek: kenos], [Greek: kapsa].
[389] _Phractaspis_ = Hedging shield; [Greek: phraktos], [Greek: aspis].
[390] _Pleuraspis_ = Shield formed by ribs; [Greek: pleura], [Greek:
aspis].
[391] _Dorataspis_ = Spear on the shield; [Greek: dory], [Greek: aspis].
[392] _Diporaspis_ = Shield with two pores; [Greek: diporos], [Greek:
aspis].
[393] _Orophaspis_ = Roof shield; [Greek: orophos], [Greek: aspis].
[394] _Ceriaspis_ = Dimply shield; [Greek: kêrion], [Greek: aspis].
[395] _Hystrichaspis_ = Porcupine-shield; [Greek: hystrix], [Greek: aspis].
[396] _Coscinaspis_ = Sieve-shield; [Greek: koskinon], [Greek: aspis].
[397] _Acontaspis_ = Shield with spears; [Greek: akontion], [Greek: aspis].
[398] _Stauraspis_ = Cross-shield; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: aspis].
[399] _Echinaspis_ = Urchin with shields; [Greek: echinos], [Greek: aspis].
[400] _Zonaspis_ = Shell with a girdle of shield; [Greek: zônê], [Greek:
aspis].
[401] _Dodecaspis_ = Shell with twelve shields; [Greek: dôdeka], [Greek:
aspis].
[402] _Tessaraspis_ = Shield with four pores; [Greek: tessara], [Greek:
aspis].
[403] _Lychnaspis_ = Lantern-shield; [Greek: lychnos], [Greek: aspis].
[404] _Icosaspis_ = Shell with twenty shields; [Greek: eikosi], [Greek:
aspis].
[405] _Hylaspis_ = Forest shield; [Greek: hylê], [Greek: aspis].
[406] _Phractopelta_ = Hedging shield; [Greek: phraktos], [Greek: peltê].
[407] _Pantopelta_ = Shell everywhere with shields; [Greek: pantê], [Greek:
peltê].
[408] _Octopelta_ = Shell with eight shields; [Greek: oktô], [Greek:
peltê].
[409] _Dorypelta_ = Spear with a light shield; [Greek: dory], [Greek:
peltê].
[410] _Stauropelta_ = Cross-shield; [Greek: stauros], [Greek: peltê].
[411] _Thoracaspis_ = Cuirass-shield; [Greek: thôrax], [Greek: aspis].
[412] _Belonaspis_ = Arrow-shield; [Greek: belonê], [Greek: aspis].
[413] _Dictyaspis_ = Net-shield; [Greek: diktyon], [Greek: aspis].
[414] _Coleaspis_ = Shield with sheaths; [Greek: koleos], [Greek: aspis].
[415] _Phatnaspis_ = Panel-shield or fretwork; [Greek: phatnê], [Greek:
aspis].
[416] _Hexalaspis_ = Shield with six wings; [Greek: hexalos], [Greek:
aspis].
[417] _Hexaconus_ = Shell with six cones; [Greek: hexa], [Greek: kônos].
[418] _Hexonaspis_ = Shield with six auricles; [Greek: hexonos], [Greek:
aspis].
[419] _Hexacolpus_ = Shell with six bosoms; [Greek: hexa], [Greek: kolpos].
[420] _Diploconus_ = Double cone; [Greek: diploos], [Greek: kônos].
[421] _Diplocolpus_ = Double bosom; [Greek: diploos], [Greek: kolpos].
* * * * *
Corrections made to printed text
Page iii, § 7: 'Radiolaria' corrected from 'Radioloria'.
Page xiv, § 29: 'Octodendron' corrected from 'Octodendrum'.
Page xvii, § 36: 'allopolar' corrected from 'alloplar'.
Page xxii, § 47: 'rhombic' corrected from 'rombic'.
Page xxvi, § 54B: 'Capsule' corrected from 'Caspule'.
Page xxxiii, § 63: 'Thalassosphærida' corrected from 'Thallassosphærida'.
Page xxxv, § 66.5: 'Nassellaria' corrected from 'Nasellaria'.
Page xlvii, § 77A: 'Mediterranean' corrected from 'Meditteranean'.
Page lxxvi, § 112: 'Phæodinida' corrected from 'Phoeodinida';
'Cannorrhaphida' from 'Cannorhaphida'.
Page lxxxvi, § 131: Heliosphæra referred to Pl. 28, figs. 1-3 but these are
not of this genus.
Page xciv, § 142B: 'Sphærozoea' corrected from 'Sphæozoea'.
Page xcix § 151: Reference to '§ 213' corrected from '§ 273'.
Page cx, § 166: 'interrupted' corrected from 'interruped'.
Page clxxiii, § 249: 'Cannorrhaphida' corrected from 'Cannorrhapida'.
Page clxxix, § 252: 'Karl' (Brandt) corrected from 'Karlt'.
Page clxxxii, § 252: 'Kenntniss' corrected from 'Kentniss'.
Page 29, Thalassosphærida, definition: 'Cannorrhaphida' corrected from
'Cannorhaphida'.
Page 36, Thalassoplancta, definition: 'Cannorrhaphis' corrected from
'Cannorhaphis'.
Page 43, Sphærozoum armatum: 'fig. 9' corrected from 'figs. 1, 9'.
Page 85, Cromyosphæra antarctica refers to Pl. 30, fig. 8 but that does not
show this species
Page 87, Genus 26: 'Liosphærida' corrected from 'Liospærida'.
Page 99, Buccinosphæra invaginata, crystals: '0.008' corrected from
'0.088'.
Ib., Buccinosphæra tubaria, pores: '0.008 to 0.012' corrected from '0.008
to 0.002' (cf. "three to four times as broad as the bars").
Page 130, Xiphostylus alca: 'Pl. 13' corrected from 'Pl. 14'.
Page 132, Saturnalis annularis, major axis: '0.27 to 0.3' corrected from
'0.27 to 0.03'.
Page 137, Stylosphæra jugata, pores: '0.005 to 0.02' corrected from '0.005
to 0.002'.
Page 141, Sphærostylus ophidium, pores: '0.005 to 0.008' corrected from
'0.05 to 0.008'.
Page 201, Hexacromyida, definition: 'concentric' corrected from
'concentic'.
Page 203, Cubosphæra concentrica, dimensions (A) and (B): '0.02' and '0.04'
corrected from '0.2', '0.4' (cf. the given radial proportions).
Page 222, Coscinomma: 'n. gen.' corrected from 'n. sp.'.
Page 224, Cladococcinus: 'Subgenus' corrected from 'Sugenus'.
Page 241, Heliosoma hastatum, outer pores: '0.006' corrected from '0.06'.
Ib., Heliosoma indicum, outer pores: '0.004 to 0.01' corrected from '0.004
to 0.1' (cf. "twice to five times as broad as the bars").
Page 253, Actinomma japonicum, middle: '0.1' corrected from '0.01'.
Page 260, Pityomma piniferum, middle: '0.05' corrected from '0.5'; inner
'0.025' from '0.25'.
Ib., Pityomma drymodes, middle: '0.1' corrected from '0.01'.
Page 261, Cromyomma perplexum, diameter (B): '0.13' corrected from '0.013'.
Page 271, Spongiomma spathillatum: 'Octodendron' corrected from
'Octodendrom'.
Page 291, Cenellipsis ehrenbergii, shorter axis: '0.08 to 0.1' corrected
from '0.8 to 0.1'.
Page 307, synopsis, 141: 'Cromyatractus' corrected from 'Cromyotractus'.
Page 308, Druppula cocos, medullary shell: '0.03 and 0.035' corrected from
'0.03 and 0.35'.
Page 309, Druppula phoenix, minor axis: '0.08' corrected from '0.8'.
Page 310, Druppula elliptica: 'irregularly' corrected from 'irreguarlly'.
Page 314, Prunulum triplex, minor axis: '0.065' corrected from '0.65'.
Page 324, Druppatractus hippocampus: 'Druppatractus' corrected from
'Druppactractus'.
Page 372, Cyphinidium apicatum, pores: '0.005 to 0.01' corrected from
'0.005 to 0.001'.
Page 380, Panartus fusiformis, breadth: '0.08 to 0.1' corrected from '0.08
to 0.01'.
Ib., Panartus profundissimus, pores: '0.015' corrected from '0.15' (cf.
"six to eight times as broad as the bars").
Page 405, ref. to Saturnalis: 'Pl. 13, fig. 16' corrected from 'fig. 6'.
Page 418, Trochodiscus solaris: reference to 'Heliodiscus solaster'
corrected from 'solaris' per main text entry.
Page 468, Coccocyclia heliantha: 'Coccocyclia' corrected from 'Coccocylia'.
Page 469, Diplactura: reference to 'Spongolena' corrected from
'Spongolene'.
Page 485, synopsis, 236: 'Tessarastrum' corrected from 'Tesserastrum'.
Page 508, Staurodictya ocellata: 'Stylodictya' corrected from 'Stylodicta'.
Page 513, Stylodictya dujardinii: 'Stylodictya' corrected from
'Stylodicyta'.
Page 538: 'Chitonastrum dicranoides' corrected from 'Chitonastrum
dicranodes' (per Index).
Page 544, Hagiastrum christi: 'Tessarastrum' corrected from 'Tesserastrum'.
Page 548, subgenus 2: 'Tessarastromma' corrected from 'Tessarostromma'.
Page 557, Pentinastrum, definition: 'Histiastrum' corrected from
'Histriastrum'.
Page 561, last paragraph: 'Archidiscus hexoniscus' corrected from
'Archidiscus hexonicus'.
Page 564, Triolena trispinosa, diameter: '0.55' corrected from '0.55'.
Page 577, Spongodiscus favus, outer meshes: '0.008 to 0.012' corrected from
'0.08 to 0.012'.
Page 580, Spongolonche conostyla refers to Pl. 48, fig. 7 which does not
show this species.
Page 593, Dictyocoryne trigona: (basal) 'breadth' corrected from 'breath'.
Page 606, first paragraph: 'Actilarcus' corrected from 'Actolarcus'.
Page 606, Cenolarcus: 'Actilarcus' corrected from 'Actolarcus'.
Page 608, Larcarium amphistylum, breadth: '0.12' corrected from '0.012'.
Page 612, Larcidium polyacanthum, medullary shell: '0.03 to 0.09' corrected
from '0.3 to 0.09'.
Page 625, Larnacoma quadruplex, breadth (A): '0.016' corrected from '0.16'.
Ib., Larnacoma hexagonium: 'inner cortical and outer medullary' corrected
from 'outer cortical and inner medullary'.
Page 632, synopsis: 'Amphipylonium' corrected from 'Amhipylonium'.
Page 654, Octopyle decastyle, breadth: '0.032' corrected from '0.32'.
Page 657, Amphipylonium spinosissimum, length of the inner cortical shell:
'0.16' corrected from '0.016'.
Page 657, Amphipylonium tetraceros: 'breadth' corrected from 'breath'.
Page 660, Tholonida: (we distinguish in this) 'family' corrected from
'subfamily'.
Page 665, Tholodes, definition: 'Tholartus' corrected from 'Thalartus'.
Page 666, Amphitholus: 'lentelliptical' corrected from 'lentelleptical'. So
also p. 666, Amphitholonium octostylium.
Page 677, pores: '0.004 to 0.008' corrected from '0.04 to 0.008', cf. "once
to three times as broad as the bars".
Page 709, Phorticium pylonium, breadth: '0.045' corrected from '0.45'.
Page 742: 'Acanthometron elasticum' corrected from 'Acathometron'.
Page 748, Zygacantha semicompressa, habitat (author): 'Car' corrected from
'Czar'.
Page 765, Phatnacantha: 'Tessaraspida', 'Tessaraspis' corrected from
'Tesseraspida', 'Tesseraspis'.
Page 786, Amphilonche messanensis, length of the minor spines: '0.05 to
0.09' corrected from '0.5 to 0.09'.
Page 826, Coscinaspis rhacopora, diameter: '0.15' corrected from '1.15'.
Page 827, Coscinaspis orthopora: 'Phatnaspis lacunaria' corrected from
'Phatnaspis lacumaria'.
Page 834, Dodecaspis tricinata, diameter: '0.016' corrected from '0.16'.
Page 844, Icosaspis elegans, smaller pores: '0.001 to 0.003' corrected from
'0.01 to 0.003'.
Page 852, Phractopelta: 'apophyses' corrected from 'aphophyses'.
Page 867, Coleaspis occulta: 'Coleaspis' corrected from 'Coleapsis'.