its wall 0.03; medullary shell 0.03.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.
3. _Spongodruppa lentisca_, n. sp.
Cortical shell twice as long as broad, with rough surface, four times as
large as the ellipsoidal medullary shell. Spongy framework loose, with
large meshes, its thickness equal to the length of the medullary shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.25, breadth 0.13; thickness
of its wall 0.06; length of the medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.04.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 266, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Spongodruppium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the shell armed with radial spines.
4. _Spongodruppa frangula_, n. sp.
Cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad, three times as broad
as the spherical medullary shell. Spongy framework loose, with large
meshes, its thickness half as large as the diameter of the medullary shell.
Surface covered with numerous (forty to fifty) thin, bristle-shaped, radial
spines, about as long as the cortical shell.
{350}_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.24, breadth 0.18;
thickness of its wall 0.035; diameter of the medullary shell 0.06.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
5. _Spongodruppa elliptica_, Haeckel.
_Acanthosphæra elliptica_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 285, Taf. vii. fig. 4.
Cortical shell nearly twice as long as broad, four times as broad as the
ellipsoidal medullary shell. Spongy framework compact, with small meshes.
Surface covered with very numerous short radial spines, about as long as
the medullary shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.2, breadth 0.11; length of
the medullary shell 0.04, breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Philippine Sea, Ehrenberg, Station 206, depth 2100 fathoms.
6. _Spongodruppa polyacantha_, Haeckel.
_Haliomma polyacanthum_, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl., p. 36, Taf. i. figs.
10, 11.
_Haliomma polyacanthum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 430.
Cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad, twice as broad as
the ellipsoidal medullary shell. Spongy framework loose on the surface,
with large regular meshes. Surface covered with fifteen to twenty thick,
conical spines, about as long as the radius of the shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.12, of the medullary shell
0.09; diameter of the medullary shell 0.05 to 0.06.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean (south coast of France); Atlantic (Canary
Islands), Station 354, surface.
Genus 149. _Spongatractus_,[188] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Spongurida# with spongy ellipsoidal cortical shell,
enclosing a simple, spherical or ellipsoidal, latticed medullary shell. On
the poles of the axis occur two opposite strong spines.
The genus _Spongatractus_ differs from _Spongodruppa_ by development of two
strong spines in the axis of the shell, on its two opposite poles;
therefore it bears the same relation to the latter that _Lithatractus_ does
to _Druppula_, and can be derived from _Lithatractus_ by a spongy
thickening of the cortical shell.
1. _Spongatractus pachystylus_, Haeckel.
_Spongosphæra pachystyla_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xxvi. fig. 3.
Cortical shell one and a half times as long as broad, with rough surface.
Spongy framework compact, with small meshes, about as thick as the
spherical medullary shell. Polar spines very {351}stout, conical, slightly
sulcated, about as long as the breadth of the cortical shell, as broad at
the base as the medullary shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.2, breadth 0.13; thickness of
the spongy wall 0.045; diameter of the medullary shell 0.04.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the rocks of Barbados, Ehrenberg; living in the
Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth (2450) fathoms.
2. _Spongatractus fusiformis_, n. sp.
Cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad, with nearly smooth
surface. Spongy framework very compact, with very small meshes, about as
thick as the radius of the spherical medullary shell. Polar spines very
strong, three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the breadth of the cortical
shell, as broad at the base as the medullary shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.16 to 0.18, breadth 0.12 to
0.14; thickness of the spongy wall 0.02; diameter of the medullary shell
0.04.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
3. _Spongatractus streptacanthus_, n. sp.
Cortical shell twice as long as broad, with thorny surface. Spongy
framework loose, with large meshes, about as thick as the ellipsoidal
medullary shell. Polar spines very long, three-sided prismatic, with three
spirally contorted edges, much longer than the cortical shell, half as
broad as the medullary shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.25, breadth 0.13; thickness
of the spongy wall 0.03; diameter of the medullary shell 0.03 to 0.04.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, off Canary Islands, Haeckel.
Genus 150. _Spongoliva_,[189] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Spongurida# with spongy ellipsoidal cortical shell,
enclosing a double, spherical or ellipsoidal, latticed medullary shell.
Polar spines absent.
The genus _Spongoliva_ differs from the nearest _Spongodruppa_ by
duplication of the medullary shell; it bears therefore the same relation to
this that _Prunulum_ does to _Druppula_, and can be regarded as a
_Prunulum_, in which the simple latticed cortical shell is replaced by a
spongy framework.
Subgenus 1. _Spongolivetta_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the shell smooth or rough, without radial spines.
{352}1. _Spongoliva cerasina_, n. sp.
Cortical shell one and a fourth times as long as broad, with smooth
surface, four times as broad as the outer spherical medullary shell. Spongy
framework very compact, with very small meshes, its thickness equal to the
diameter of the outer medullary shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.2, breadth 0.16; thickness of
its wall 0.04; diameter of the outer medullary shell 0.04, of the inner
0.014.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.
2. _Spongoliva prunulina_, n. sp.
Cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad, with smooth surface,
three times as large as the outer ellipsoidal medullary shell. Spongy
framework very compact, with small meshes, its thickness equal to the
diameter of the inner medullary shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.24, breadth 0.18; thickness
of its wall 0.03; size of the outer medullary shell 0.08 to 0.06, of the
inner 0.03.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
3. _Spongoliva persicina_, n. sp.
Cortical shell one and a half times as long as broad, with rough surface,
five to six times as large as the ellipsoidal outer medullary shell. Spongy
framework loose, with large meshes, its thickness about equal to the outer
medullary shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.26, breadth 0.18; thickness
of its wall 0.04; size of the outer medullary shell 0.045 to 0.035, of the
inner 0.015.
_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth (2450) fathoms.
4. _Spongoliva amygdalina_, n. sp.
Cortical shell twice as long as broad, with thorny surface, ten times as
long as the small spherical outer medullary shell. Spongy framework loose,
with large meshes, its thickness one and a half times as large as the outer
medullary shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.3, breadth 0.16; thickness of
its wall 0.045; size of the outer medullary shell 0.03, of the inner 0.015.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta).
Subgenus 2. _Spongolivina_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the shell armed with radial spines.
5. _Spongoliva opuntina_, n. sp.
Cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad, armed with numerous
thin, bristle-shaped, radial spines, nearly as long as the shell. Spongy
framework loose, with large meshes, its thickness nearly equal to the
diameter of the outer spherical medullary shell.
{353}_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.14;
thickness of its wall 0.035; diameter of the outer medullary shell 0.04, of
the inner 0.02.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.
6. _Spongoliva daturina_, n. sp.
Cortical shell one and a half times as long as broad, armed with numerous,
thick and short, conical radial spines, about as long as the outer
medullary shell. Spongy framework compact, with small meshes, its thickness
equal to half the length of the outer ellipsoidal medullary shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.24, breadth 0.16; thickness
of its wall 0.025; diameter of the outer medullary shell 0.045 to 0.035, of
the inner 0.025.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 272, surface.
Genus 151. _Spongoxiphus_,[190] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Spongurida# with spongy ellipsoidal cortical shell,
enclosing a double, spherical or ellipsoidal, latticed medullary shell. On
the poles of the axis occur two opposite strong spines.
The genus _Spongoxiphus_ differs from _Spongoliva_ by the development of
two strong spines in the axis of the shell, on its two opposite poles. From
the similar _Spongatractus_ it differs in the duplication of the medullary
shell. It may also be regarded as a _Stylatractus_, in which the simple
latticed cortical shell is replaced by an irregular spongy framework.
1. _Spongoxiphus sphærococcus_, n. sp.
Cortical shell one and a half times as long as broad, with thorny surface.
Spongy framework compact, with small meshes, its thickness equal to the
radius of the outer medullary shell. Both medullary shells spherical, the
outer three times as broad as the inner. Polar spines very stout, conical,
slightly sulcated, about half as long as the cortical shell, as broad at
the base as the outer medullary shell. (Differs from _Spongatractus
pachystylus_ almost only in the double medullary shell.)
_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.12; thickness
of the spongy wall 0.025; diameter of the outer medullary shell 0.05, of
the inner 0.016.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the rocks of Barbados (Haeckel); also living in the
Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
{354}2. _Spongoxiphus prunococcus_, n. sp. (Pl. 17, figs. 12, 13).
_Spongostylus prunococcus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 455, et Atlas,
pl. xvii. figs. 12, 13.
Cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad, with smooth surface.
Spongy framework very compact, with very small meshes, its thickness about
equals the breadth of the outer medullary shell. Both medullary shells
ellipsoidal, the outer three times as large as the inner. Polar spines very
stout, three-sided pyramidal, about half as long as the cortical shell, on
the base about as broad as the outer medullary shell. (Differs from the
preceding in the ellipsoidal form of both medullary shells, and in the
finer structure of the spongy framework.)
_Dimensions._--Length of the cortical shell 0.18 to 0.2, breadth 0.14 to
0.16; thickness of the spongy wall 0.035 to 0.04; length of the outer
medullary shell 0.04 to 0.06, breadth 0.03 to 0.04.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Stations 265 to 268, depths 2700 to 2900
fathoms.
Family XIV. #ARTISCIDA#, Haeckel (Pl. 39, figs. 9, 10; Pl. 48, fig. 5).
_Artiscida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.
_Definition._--#Prunoidea# with an ellipsoidal twin-shell divided by an
equatorial stricture into two communicating hemiellipsoidal or
hemispherical chambers, without enclosed medullary shell. Central capsule
ellipsoidal, with or without equatorial stricture.
The family #Artiscida# has a simple fenestrated outer shell, like that of
the Ellipsida, but differs from these in the presence of an equatorial
constriction, by which it assumes a characteristic twin form, somewhat
similar to a violin (Pl. 39, figs. 9, 10). From the Cyphinida, which have
the same form of the cortical shell, the Artiscida differ in the absence of
the medullary shell. It is possible that the Artiscida are descended from
the Cyphinida (by loss of the medullary shell), but it is more probable
that they arise from the Ellipsida by an annular constriction in the
equatorial plane (perhaps the formation of the shell originally took place
while the central capsule was undergoing division). Both halves of the twin
shell are always of the same size and form. Its outer surface is either
smooth or covered with radial spines (_Artiscus_, Pl. 39, fig. 9).
Sometimes on the opposite poles of the main axis are developed solid spines
(_Stylartus_, Pl. 48, fig. 5) or hollow fenestrated tubes (_Cannartus_, Pl.
39, fig. 10).
_The Central Capsule_ is either simply ellipsoidal, or has also an
equatorial constriction, which divides it into two equal halves. It is
constantly smaller than the surrounding shell, and separated from its inner
surface by a thicker or thinner jelly-mantle, the calymma.
_Synopsis of the Genera of Artiscida._
On the poles of the main axis neither solid spines
nor hollow tubes, 152. _Artiscus_.
On the poles of the main axis two solid spines (or
bunches of spines), 153. _Stylartus_.
On the poles of the main axis two hollow fenestrated
tubes, 154. _Cannartus_.
{355}Genus 152. _Artiscus_,[191] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.
_Definition._--#Artiscida# without peculiar polar appendages (without
strong solid spines or hollow fenestrated tubes on the poles of the main
axis).
The genus _Artiscus_ represents the most simple and primitive form of the
Artiscida, and may therefore be regarded as the ancestral form of this
subfamily. It resembles an ordinary double loaf, composed of two equal,
nearly ellipsoidal fenestrated shells separated by the stricture in the
equatorial plane. _Artiscus_ can be derived from _Cenellipsis_ simply by
this equatorial constriction. But it can also be derived from _Cyphanta_ by
loss of the medullary shell.
Subgenus 1. _Artiscium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the shell smooth or rough, without radial rods or
spines.
1. _Artiscus paniscus_, n. sp.
Pores of the shell regular, hexagonal, four times as broad as the bars; ten
to twelve pores on the half meridian, eight to nine on the half equator.
Surface smooth. (The network of this species is quite the same as that of
the proximal cameræ of _Panartus diploconus_, Pl. 40, fig. 1.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the shell 0.12, equatorial axis 0.07; meshes
0.013, bars 0.003.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425.
2. _Artiscus facetus_, n. sp.
Pores of the shell regular, circular, with prominent hexagonal frame, twice
as broad as the bars; twenty-two to twenty-four pores on the half meridian,
fourteen to fifteen on the half equator. Surface a little thorny. (The
shell of this species exhibits nearly the same formation as that of
_Cyphonium virgineum_, Pl. 39, fig. 12, but without enclosed medullary
shells.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the shell 0.15, equatorial axis 0.09; meshes
0.01, bars 0.005.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
3. _Artiscus paniculus_, n. sp.
Pores of the shell regular, circular, without hexagonal frame, as broad as
the bars; fourteen to sixteen pores on the half meridian, ten to eleven on
the half equator. Surface quite smooth.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the shell 0.13, equatorial axis 0.06; meshes
0.01, bars 0.01.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados (Haeckel).
{356}4. _Artiscus panarius_, n. sp.
Pores of the shell irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the
bars; sixteen to eighteen pores on the half meridian, twelve to thirteen on
the half equator. Surface smooth.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the shell 0.11, equatorial axis 0.06; meshes
0.005 to 0.02, bars 0.001 to 0.004.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Artidium_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.
_Definition._--Surface of the shell covered with radial rods or spines.
5. _Artiscus elegans_, n. sp.
Pores of the shell regular, circular, with hexagonal frames, twice as broad
as the bars; fourteen pores on the half meridian, eight to nine on the half
equator. From every corner of the hexagonal frames (between every three
pores) starts a thin, three-sided pyramidal spine, twice as large as a
pore.
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.13, equatorial axis 0.08; meshes 0.007, bars
0.004; spines 0.015 long.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.
6. _Artiscus nodosus_, n. sp. (Pl. 39, fig. 9).
Pores of the shell subregular, circular, without hexagonal frame, three
times as broad as the bars; sixteen to eighteen on the half meridian, ten
to twelve on the half equator. Irregularly scattered on the whole surface a
variable number (twenty-five to thirty in all) of stout short radial spines
or rather blunt rods; the length and thickness of these is the same, and
equals the size of two to three meshes; its form resembles a truncated
six-sided pyramid.
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.11, equatorial axis 0.08; meshes 0.01, bars
0.003; length and thickness of the radial sticks 0.02.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
7. _Artiscus hystrix_, n. sp.
Pores of the shell irregular, roundish, of very unequal size and dissimilar
form, twice to eight times as broad as the bars; ten to fifteen on the half
meridian, seven to nine on the half equator. Irregularly scattered on the
whole surface a large number of thin conical spines, about as large as the
meshes, partly directed radially, partly obliquely. (The shell of this
species resembles very much that of _Cyphonium ceratospyris_ (p. 366) =
_Didymocyrtis ceratospyris_, Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, Taf. xxii. fig. 14,
but is without the enclosed inner shells.)
{357}_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.12, equatorial axis 0.07; meshes 0.004 to
0.02, bars 0.002 to 0.005; spines 0.01 to 0.02.
_Habitat._--Atlantic, Eastern Tropical part, Station 346, surface.
Genus 153. _Stylartus_,[192] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.
_Definition._--#Artiscida# with two strong, solid, polar spines, or two
bunches of polar spines, opposite on the two poles of the main axis.
The genus _Stylartus_ differs from _Artiscus_ by the production of two
large opposite spines in the main axis, starting from both poles of it;
sometimes every spine is surrounded by a group of smaller radial spines.
The genus is nearly allied to _Ellipsoxiphus_ (p. 295), and differs from it
only in the equatorial stricture of the ellipsoidal shell. But it may also
be derived from the similar _Cyphinus_ (Pl. 39, fig. 14) by loss of the
medullary shell.
Subgenus 1. _Stylartella_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--On each pole of the main axis only one single large spine.
1. _Stylartus bipolaris_, n. sp. (Pl. 48, fig. 5).
Shell thick walled, rough; both its chambers nearly spherical, with
irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars; eight
to ten on the half equator of each chamber. Polar spines very strong,
conical, as long as the greatest breadth.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (without spines) 0.18, greatest breadth
0.13; length of the polar spines 0.13, basal breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.
2. _Stylartus bicuspis_, n. sp.
Shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as
the bars; twelve to fourteen on the half equator of each chamber. Polar
spines very stout, straight, three-sided pyramidal, half as long as the
shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.16, greatest breadth 0.12; length of
the polar spines 0.08, basal thickness 0.025.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area. Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Stylartura_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--On each pole of the main axis a bunch of several spines.
{358}3. _Stylartus palatus_, n. sp.
Shell thick walled, thorny, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to three
times as broad as the bars; fifteen to eighteen on the half equator of each
chamber. On each pole of the main axis a large conical spine, surrounded by
a group of ten to fifteen smaller spines, one-third to two-thirds as long
as the breadth of the deep equatorial stricture.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.14, greatest breadth 0.09; length of
the polar spines 0.03 to 0.06, basal breadth 0.005 to 0.015.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.
4. _Stylartus penicillus_, n. sp.
Shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, three to four
times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator of each
chamber. On each pole of the main axis a brush-like bunch of twenty to
thirty thin conical radial spines, half as long as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.15, greatest breadth 0.1; length of
the polar spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.005.
_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.
Genus 154. _Cannartus_,[193] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.
_Definition._--#Artiscida# with two hollow polar tubes (fenestrated
cylindrical or conical tubuli, opposite on the two poles of the main axis).
The genus _Cannartus_ differs from _Artiscus_ by the production of two
opposite hollow tubes on both poles of the main axis. The cavity of the
conical or cylindrical fenestrated tubes communicates freely with that of
the shell; the network in both is the same. The distal end of the tubes is
nearly always broken off, sometimes closed, with a conical apex.
_Cannartus_ can be derived either from _Pipettella_ by a transverse
equatorial constriction, or from _Cannartiscus_ by the loss of the
medullary shell, or from _Artiscus_ by the production of the polar tubes.
1. _Cannartus violina_, n. sp. (Pl. 39, fig. 10).
Pores of the shell subregular, circular, twice to three times as broad as
the bars; eighteen to twenty on the half meridian, fourteen to sixteen on
the half equator. Shell-wall in the "tropical zone" of both halves
thickened. Polar tubes nearly cylindrical, about as long as the main axis,
distal ends broken off.
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.14, equatorial axis 0.09; meshes 0.008, bars
0.003; length of the polar tubes 0.12, breadth 0.02 to 0.03.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
{359}2. _Cannartus bitubulus_, n. sp.
Pores of the shell regular, circular, hexagonally framed, of the same
breadth as the bars; fourteen to sixteen on the half meridian, ten to
twelve on the half equator. Polar tubes cylindrical, longer than the main
axis, sulcated, distal ends broken off. (Similar to _Pipetta tuba_, Pl. 39,
fig. 7, but with equatorial stricture and without medullary shell.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.16, equatorial axis 0.12; meshes and bars 0.006;
length of the polar tubes 0.2, breadth 0.025.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.
3. _Cannartus biscottus_, n. sp.
Pores of the shell irregular, roundish, twice to three times as broad as
the bars; ten to twelve on the half meridian, six to eight on the half
equator. Polar tubes conical, shorter than the main axis, with closed
apex. (Similar to _Cannartidium bicinctum_, Pl. 39, fig. 18, but without
enclosed medullary shell.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.11, equatorial axis 0.07; meshes 0.005 to 0.01,
bars 0.003; length of the polar tubes 0.08, breadth on the base 0.03.
_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.
Family XV. #CYPHINIDA#, Haeckel (Pl. 39, figs. 11-19).
_Cyphinida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.
_Definition._--#Prunoidea# with ellipsoidal twin-shell, divided by an
equatorial stricture into two communicating hemiellipsoidal or
hemispherical chambers; this external twin-shell (cortical shell) is either
simple or double, and encloses one or more internal concentric shells
(medullary shells). Central capsule ellipsoidal, commonly with an
equatorial constriction.
The family #Cyphinida# have the same characteristic twin-form of the
cortical shell as the Artiscida, but differ from them in the presence of a
simple or double internal medullary shell, connected with the cortical
shell by radial beams. The fenestrated shell is therefore composed of two
or more concentric shells as in the Druppulida, but differs from these in
the ring-like equatorial constriction.
_The Medullary Shell_, in the middle of the central capsule, is either
single or double, composed of two concentric shells. As in the Druppulida,
the form of the medullary shells is either spherical (Pl. 39, fig. 12_a_)
or lenticular, compressed from both poles of the main axis (Pl. 39, fig.
18_a_); sometimes the inner medullary shell is spherical, the outer
lenticular.
_The Radial Beams_, which connect the medullary shell with the equatorial
constriction of the cortical shell, lie either all in the equatorial plane
(Pl. 39, fig. 11) or near it on both sides (Pl. 39, figs. 12_a_, 18_a_).
{360}The _Cortical Shell_ is commonly simple (Pl. 39, figs. 12, 18),
sometimes composed of two concentric shells (Pl. 39, fig. 13), rarely of
three. As in the Artiscida, also in the Cyphinida, from both poles of the
main axis solid spines or hollow fenestrated tubes are often developed (Pl.
39, figs. 14, 16-18).
_The Central Capsule_ of the Cyphinida (Pl. 39, fig. 13) is of the same
form as in the Artiscida, generally ellipsoidal, but with an equatorial
ring-like stricture, which divides it into two equal halves. It encloses
the simple or double medullary shell, and is perforated by the radial beams
starting from this. From the inner surface of the surrounding cortical
shell it is separated by a thicker or thinner jelly-layer, the calymma.
(Compare also Taf. xxii. fig. 14 of my Monograph, 1862.)
_Synopsis of the Genera of Cyphinida._
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cortical shell without peculiar spines or hollow fenestrated tubes on
both poles of the main axis.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cortical twin- {Medullary shell
shell simple { simple, 155. _Cyphanta_.
{
{Medullary shell
{ double, 156. _Cyphonium_.
Cortical twin- {Cortical shell
shell double { double, 157. _Cypassis_.
or triple; {
medullary {Cortical shell
shell double. { triple, 158. _Cyphocolpus_.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cortical shell simple, with peculiar spines or hollow fenestrated tubes
on both poles of the main axis.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Two opposite {Medullary shell
polar spines { simple, 159. _Cyphinus_.
(or bunches {
of spines). {Medullary shell
{ double, 160. _Cyphinidium_.
Two opposite {Medullary shell
hollow { simple, 161. _Cannartiscus_.
fenestrated {
polar tubes. {Medullary shell
{ double, 162. _Cannartidium_.
Genus 155. _Cyphanta_,[194] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Cyphinida# with simple cortical shell and simple medullary
shell, without polar spines or tubes.
The genus _Cyphanta_ is the most simple of all Cyphinida, and can be
regarded as the common ancestral form of this family. It may be derived
phylogenetically from _Druppula_ by a ring-like constriction in the
equatorial plane of the ellipsoidal cortical shell, or from _Artiscus_ by
secondary formation of a central (spherical or ellipsoidal) medullary
shell.
Subgenus 1. _Cyphantella_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the cortical shell smooth, without spines or
thorns.
{361}1. _Cyphanta colpodes_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface; its pores regular,
hexagonal, three to four times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the
half meridian, seven to eight on the half equator. Medullary shell
spherical, its diameter one-third of the equatorial axis of the cortical
shell. (The cortical shell of this species is nearly identical with the
central half of the cortical shell of _Panartus diploconus_, Pl. 40, fig.
1.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.12, equatorial axis 0.07;
meshes 0.013; bars 0.003; diameter of the medullary shell 0.025.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.
2. _Cyphanta circopora_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface; pores subregular,
circular, twice as broad as the bars; eighteen to twenty on the half
meridian, twelve to fourteen on the half equator. Medullary shell
spherical, its diameter one-half of the equatorial axis of the cortical
shell. (The shell of this species is very similar to that of _Cannartiscus
amphiconiscus_, Pl. 39, fig. 19, but without the polar tubes of that
species.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.13, equatorial axis 0.08;
meshes 0.007, bars 0.003; diameter of the medullary shell 0.04.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area. Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
3. _Cyphanta lævis_, Haeckel.
_Ommatospyris lævis_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 318.
Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface; pores of it irregular,
roundish, of very different size (some very large in the tropical circles
of both hemispheres). Pores twice to six times as broad as the bars; ten to
twelve on the half meridian, six to eight on the half equator. Medullary
shell spheroidal, compressed, its main axis somewhat shorter than its
equatorial axis, which attains half the length of that of the cortical
shell. (This species may be perhaps identical with _Ommatospyris lævis_ of
Ehrenberg, the diagnosis of which is insufficient and figure not given.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.1, equatorial axis 0.06;
meshes 0.005 to 0.02, bars 0.002 to 0.04; diameter of the medullary shell
0.03.
_Habitat._--Philippine Sea (Ehrenberg), Station 213, depths 2650 and 3300
fathoms.
4. _Cyphanta arachnoides_, n. sp.
Cortical shell very delicate and thin walled, cobweb-like, with smooth
surface; pores irregular, polygonal (mostly pentagonal or hexagonal), eight
to ten times as broad as the thread-like bars; ten to twelve on the half
meridian, six to eight on the half equator. Medullary shell spheroidal,
compressed, its main axis shorter than its equatorial axis, which is about
one-third that of the cortical shell. (This species is very similar to the
middle part of the shell of _Ommatocampe profundissima_, Ehrenberg, 1872,
Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf. viii. fig. 6.)
{362}_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.11, equatorial axis
0.06; meshes 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.002; diameter of the medullary shell
0.02.
_Habitat._--Atlantic, Canary Islands (Lanzerote), surface.
Subgenus 2. _Cyphantissa_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the cortical shell spiny, everywhere scattered
with numerous thorns or spines.
5. _Cyphanta hispida_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, with spiny surface; pores regular, circular,
with hexagonal frame, twice as broad as the bars; twelve to fourteen on the
half meridian, eight to ten on the half equator. From the corners of the
hexagonal frames (between every three pores) arise short, straight, conical
radial spines, somewhat longer than the breadth of the pores. Medullary
shell subspherical, its diameter about one-third of the equatorial axis of
the cortical shell. (The appearance of the cortical shell is the same as
that of the middle part of _Peripanartus amphiconus_, Pl. 40, fig. 5.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.12, equatorial axis 0.07;
meshes 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.012; diameter of the
medullary shell 0.02.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
6. _Cyphanta hystrix_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, with thorny surface; pores irregular, roundish,
of very unequal size, twice to six times as broad as the bars; twelve to
eighteen on the half meridian, eight to thirteen on the half equator.
Between the pores irregularly scattered, bristle-like, thin spines about
the same size, partly straight, partly oblique, rising from the surface.
Medullary shell lenticular, compressed, its equatorial axis one and a half
times the length of the main axis, and about half that of the cortical
shell.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.15, equatorial axis 0.09;
meshes 0.004 to 0.02, bars 0.003 to 0.006; length of the spines 0.02;
diameter of the medullary shell 0.04.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 318, surface.
Genus 156. _Cyphonium_,[195] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Cyphinida# with simple cortical shell and double medullary
shell, without polar spines or tubes.
The genus _Cyphonium_ contains a number of very common species, among which
are the earliest known forms of this family, partly described by Ehrenberg
as Ommatospyris {363}(which genus contains also a number of other
#Prunoidea#), partly by me (1862) as _Didymocyrtis_. Both names are
inadequate, as allusions to quite different families of Nassellaria, but
may be retained as significations of subgeneric divisions. _Cyphonium_
differs from _Cyphanta_ by the double medullary shell, which is either
spherical or lenticular.
Subgenus 1. _Ommatospyris_, Ehrenberg (_partim_).
_Definition._--Surface of the cortical shell smooth, without thorns or
spines.
1. _Cyphonium coscinoides_, n. sp.
_Ommatospyris coscinoides_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.
Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface; pores regular, hexagonal,
three to four times as broad as the bars; five to six on the half meridian,
eight to nine on the half equator of each chamber. Medullary shells both
spherical. (The cortical shell of this species is nearly the same as that
of _Cyphanta colpodes_, and as the middle part of the cortical shell of
_Panartus diploconus_, Pl. 40, fig. 1.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.11, equatorial axis 0.06;
greatest breadth of the chambers 0.08; pores 0.013, bars 0.003.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, surface.
2. _Cyphonium virgineum_, n. sp. (Pl. 39, figs. 12, 12_a_).
_Ommatospyris virginea_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxix.
fig. 12_a_).
Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface (sometimes a little rough
with very small thorns); pores subregular, circular, with hexagonal
elevated frames, about as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half
meridian, sixteen to eighteen on the half equator of each chamber.
Medullary shells (fig. 12_a_) both spherical. (Sometimes, as in the figured
specimen, the shell is somewhat irregular, an individual abnormality.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.13 to 0.15; equatorial
axis of the structure 0.08 to 0.09, of each chamber 0.1 to 0.12, pores and
bars 0.005 to 0.007.
_Habitat._--Pacific, western tropical part, Station 225, depth 4475
fathoms.
3. _Cyphonium ethmarium_, n. sp.
_Ommatospyris ethmaria_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.
Cortical shell thin walled, with quite smooth surface; pores subregular,
circular (without hexagonal frame), twice as broad as the bars; nine to ten
on the half meridian of each chamber, sixteen to eighteen on its half
equator. Medullary shells both spherical. (This species resembles the
proximal internal chambers of _Peripanartus atractus_, Pl. 40, fig. 7.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.13, equatorial axis 0.07; greatest breadth 0.09;
pores 0.006, bars 0.003.
_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.
{364}4. _Cyphonium trinacrium_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, with rough surface; pores subregular, circular
(without hexagonal frame), not broader than the bars; five to six on the
half meridian of each chamber, nine to ten on its half equator. Medullary
shells both compressed, lenticular. This species resembles _Cypassis
entomocora_ vel _Ommatocampe trinacria_, Stöhr, 1880, _loc. cit._, p. 90,
Taf. ii. fig. 1, but has not its external mantle. It may be the ancestral
form of it (both in an ontogenetic and phylogenetic sense).
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.11, equatorial axis 0.07; greatest breadth 0.08;
pores 0.005, bars 0.005.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Caltanisetta, Haeckel
(Grotte, Stöhr?).
5. _Cyphonium diattus_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, with quite smooth surface; pores irregular,
polygonal, mostly pentagonal or hexagonal, three to six times as broad as
the bars; six to seven on the half meridian of the chamber, ten to twelve
on its half equator. Medullary shells both spherical. (Resembles _Cyphonium
profundum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, _loc. cit._, Taf. x. fig. 5, but does not
possess the spines of the surface.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.13, equatorial axis 0.06; greatest breadth 0.08;
pores 0.005 to 0.012, bars 0.002 to 0.004.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, western part (Zanzibar), Pullen, depth 2200
fathoms.
6. _Cyphonium mammarium_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface (sometimes a little
rough); pores irregular, roundish, twice to three times as broad as the
bars; eleven to twelve on the half meridian of each chamber, sixteen to
nineteen on its half equator. Internal medullary shell spherical, external
lenticular compressed, sometimes both spherical or both compressed.
(Resembles the internal cortical twin-shell of _Cyphocolpus virginis_, Pl.
40, fig. 11.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.14, equatorial axis 0.08, greatest breadth 0.09;
pores 0.004 to 0.006, bars 0.002.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Ommatocyrtis_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the cortical shell thorny or spiny.
7. _Cyphonium hexagonium_, n. sp.
_Didymocyrtis hexagonia_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.
Cortical shell thin walled, with spiny surface; pores regular or
subregular, hexagonal, twice to three times as broad as the bars; five to
six on the half meridian, nine to ten on the half equator {365}of each
chamber. Radial spines between them conical, about as long as the pores.
Medullary shells both spherical.
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.14, equatorial axis 0.08; greatest breadth of
each chamber 0.1; pores 0.012, bars 0.004.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
8. _Cyphonium facettarium_, n. sp.
_Didymocyrtis facettaria_ Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.
Cortical shell thick walled, with spiny surface; pores subregular,
circular, with elevated hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the bars; eight
to nine on the half meridian, fourteen to sixteen on the half equator of
each chamber. In the corners of the hexagons (between every three meshes)
arise radial spines, about twice as long as the pores. Both medullary
shells spheroidal compressed. (This species is nearly identical with the
internal cortical twin-shell of _Peripanartus amphiconiscus_, Pl. 40, fig.
5.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.12, equatorial axis 0.07; greatest breadth of
both chambers 0.09; pores 0.01, bars 0.005, spines 0.02.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
9. _Cyphonium cribellum_, n. sp. (Pl. 39, fig. 11).
Cortical shell thick walled, with spiny surface; pores regular, circular,
about as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the half meridian of each
chamber, thirteen to fifteen on its half equator. Radial spines between
them conical, twice as long as the pores. Medullary shells both lenticular.
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.11, equatorial axis 0.06; greatest breadth 0.08;
pores and bars 0.004.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.
10. _Cyphonium profundum_, Haeckel.
_Ommatospyris profunda_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 297, Taf. viii. fig. 5, Taf. x. fig. 5.
Cortical shell thin walled, with thorny surface; pores irregular,
polygonal, three to six times as broad as the thin bars; five to six on the
half meridian of each chamber, ten to twelve on its half equator. Thorns
of the surface short. Medullary shells both spherical.
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.1, equatorial axis 0.06; greatest breadth 0.07;
pores 0.005 to 0.012, bars 0.002, spines 0.005.
_Habitat._--Pacific, tropical zone; Philippine Sea, depth 3300 fathoms,
Ehrenberg; Stations 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 fathoms.
{366}11. _Cyphonium ceratospyris_, Haeckel.
_Didymocyrtis ceratospyris_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 445,
pl. xxii. figs. 14-16.
_Haliomma didymocyrtis_, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 816.
Cortical shell thin walled, with spiny surface; pores irregular, roundish,
three to nine times as broad as the bars; five to six on the half meridian
of each chamber, eight to nine on its half equator. Spines of the surface
partly very short, partly as long as the largest pores, either radially or
obliquely inserted. Medullary shells both spherical. (Compare the detailed
description and figures also of the soft body in my Monograph, _loc. cit._)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.12, equatorial axis (in
the stricture) 0.06; greatest breadth 0.08; pores 0.03 to 0.2, bars 0.002
to 0.006, spines 0.05 to 0.015.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), Canary Islands (Lanzerote), Haeckel.
Genus 157. _Cypassis_,[196] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Cyphinida# with double cortical shell and double medullary
shell, without polar spines or tubes.
The genus _Cypassis_ differs from _Cyphonium_ by duplication of the
cortical twin-shell; from the outer surface of the simple twin-shell arise
numerous radial spines, which become connected by anastomosing transverse
branches, and in this manner form an outer envelope or mantle. _Cypassis_
may also be regarded as a _Cromyodruppa_, the double cortical shell of
which is constricted in the equatorial plane.
Subgenus 1. _Didymospyris_, Haeckel (1881).
_Definition._--Surface of the shell smooth, without thorns or spines.
1. _Cypassis palliata_, n. sp.
Inner cortical shell thin walled, with regular, circular,
hexagonally-framed pores, twice as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the
half meridian of each chamber, ten to twelve on its half equator. Outer
cortical shell very thin, with smooth surface, and very small, irregular,
roundish pores, twice to five times smaller than those of the inner shell.
Distance between the two cortical shells equals the diameter of the outer
medullary shell, which, like the inner, is spherical. (The network of this
species resembles that of _Peripanartus amphiconiscus_, Pl. 40, fig. 5.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.18, of the
internal 0.12; greatest breadth (in the equator of each chamber) of the
former 0.13, of the latter 0.09; pores of the outer 0.002 to 0.005, of the
inner shell 0.01, bars 0.002 to 0.005.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 288, surface.
{367}2. _Cypassis eucolpos_, n. sp.
Inner cortical shell thick walled, with regular, circular pores, twice as
broad as the bars (without hexagonal frames); nine to ten on the half
meridian of each chamber, fifteen to seventeen on its half equator. Outer
cortical shell very thin, with smooth surface, and very small, irregular,
roundish pores, twice to three times smaller than those of the inner shell.
Distance between the two cortical shells about one and a half times the
diameter of the inner medullary shell, which, like the outer, is spherical.
(The inner cortical shell resembles that of _Cannartiscus amphiconiscus_,
Pl. 39, fig. 19, but without polar tubes.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.2, of the
internal 0.15; greatest breadth of the former 0.16, of the latter 0.12;
pores of the outer 0.002, of the inner 0.006, bars 0.003.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 319, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Didymocyrtis_, Haeckel (1862).
_Definition._--Surface of the cortical shell thorny or spiny.
3. _Cypassis entomocora_, Haeckel.
_Astromma entomocora_, Ehrenberg, 1847, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 32.
_Haliomma didymum_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 83.
? _Haliomma amphisiphon_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 267.
_Ommatospyris entomocora_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, pp. 66, 74.
? _Ommatocampe trinacria_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 90,
Taf. ii. fig. 1.
_Didymospyris entomocora_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.
_Didymocyrtis entomocora_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 445.
Inner cortical shell thick walled, with regular, circular pores, twice as
broad as the bars (without hexagonal frames); eight to nine on the half
meridian of each chamber, ten to eleven on its half equator. Outer cortical
shell thin walled, with regular, circular pores like those of the inner.
Distance between the two cortical shells equals about twice the diameter of
one pore (or the short axis of the lenticular double medullary shell).
Surface covered with short conical spines (in the figure of Ehrenberg
broken off).
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.2, of the
internal 0.15; greatest breadth of the former 0.13, of the latter 0.1;
pores of the outer 0.005 to 0.01, of the inner 0.01, bars 0.004; length of
the surface spines 0.005 to 0.01.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados, Bermuda, and Sicily
(Caltanisetta); also living in the greatest depth of the Pacific, Stations
268, 225, depth 2900 to 4475.
4. _Cypassis puella_, n. sp. (Pl. 39, fig. 13).
_Didymospyris colpodes_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxix.,
fig. 13).
Internal cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, circular pores of very
different size, once to four times as broad as the bars; fourteen to
fifteen on the half meridian of each chamber, eighteen {368}to twenty on
its half equator. Outer cortical shell thin walled, with irregular,
circular pores, only one-third to one-half as large as those of the inner.
Distance between the two shells equals the largest diameter of the double
lenticular medullary shell. Surface of both cortical shells covered with
short conical spines (not longer than the largest pores).
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.2, of the
internal 0.15, of the central capsule 0.1; greatest breadth of the first
0.14, of the second 0.1, of the third 0.07; pores of the outer shell 0.001
to 0.005, of the inner 0.002 to 0.01, bars 0.002 to 0.003; length of the
surface spines 0.005 to 0.01.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area; Stations 266 to 274, surface; Atlantic,
Canary Islands (Haeckel), Station 354, surface.
5. _Cypassis halicora_, n. sp.
Internal cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, roundish pores, once
to three times as broad as the bars; ten to eleven on half meridian of each
chamber, fourteen to sixteen on its half equator. Outer cortical shell thin
walled, with very delicate network, spindle-like, with conical
prolongations at both poles. Distance between the two shells larger than
the greatest diameter of the double lenticular medullary shell. Surface of
both cortical shells covered with innumerable small thorns. (Resembles
closely _Cyphocolpus virginis_, Pl. 40, fig. 11, but without the third
shell.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.21, of the
internal 0.14, greatest breadth of the former 0.13, of the later 0.09;
pores 0.003 to 0.009; bars of the outer shell 0.001, of the inner 0.004.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Ceylon (Haeckel), surface.
Genus 158. _Cyphocolpus_,[197] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Cyphinida# with triple cortical shell and double medullary
shell, without polar spines or tubes.
The genus _Cyphocolpus_ differs from both foregoing genera by the increased
number of the cortical twin-shells. Whilst these are simple in _Cyphonium_,
double in _Cypassis_, they are triple in _Cyphocolpus_, composed of three
concentric envelopes. The three genera named represent a phylogenetic
series, which is repeated in the ontogenetic development of _Cyphocolpus_.
1. _Cyphocolpus didymus_, n. sp.
Inner cortical shell with circular, subregular pores, twice as broad as the
bars; five to six on the half meridian of each chamber, eight to ten on its
half equator. Middle cortical shell also with subregular, circular pores of
the same size. Outer cortical shell with smooth surface, with more
irregular, roundish pores of very different size. The distance between
every two shells equals the diameter of the inner medullary shell, which,
like the outer, is spheroidal.
{369}_Dimensions._--Main axis of the outer cortical shell 0.3, of the
middle 0.22, of the inner 0.15; greatest breadth of the inner cortical
shell 0.1, its pores 0.01, bars 0.005.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.
2. _Cyphocolpus virginis_, n. sp. (Pl. 40, fig. 11).
_Zygartus virginis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xl. fig. 11).
Inner cortical shell with irregular, roundish pores, twice to three times
as broad as the bars; eleven to twelve on the half meridian of each
chamber, sixteen to eighteen on its half equator. Middle cortical shell
with very delicate network, its irregular, polygonal pores of the same size
as those of the inner, but separated by extremely thin bars. Outer cortical
shell with spiny surface, and with more irregular, roundish pores of
different size. The distance between each two shells is variable, and
attains more than the diameter of the outer medullary shell, which, like
the inner, is spheroidal, slightly compressed.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the outer cortical shell 0.26, of the middle
0.22, of the inner 0.14; greatest breadth of the inner cortical shell 0.09,
its pores 0.004 to 0.006, bars 0.002.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.
Genus 159. _Cyphinus_,[198] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 463.
_Definition._--#Cyphinida# with simple cortical shell and simple medullary
shell, with two opposite polar spines (or bunches of polar spines) on the
poles of the main axis.
The genus _Cyphinus_ differs from _Cyphanta_ by the development of two
opposite spines (or bunches of spines) on both poles of the main axis. It
simulates therefore the bipolar formation of _Stylartus_, and differs from
this in the possession of a medullary shell.
Subgenus 1. _Cyphinoma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--On both poles of the main axis only one single large spine.
1. _Cyphinus amphacanthus_, n. sp.
Cortical shell with smooth surface, and circular, regular pores, twice as
broad as the bars; five to six pores on the half meridian of each chamber,
ten to twelve on its half equator. On both poles of the main axis, one
single, very strong, conical spine, about half as long as this axis, and
half as broad at the base as the spherical medullary shell.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell (without spines) 0.2,
greatest breadth (in the equator of each chamber) 0.1; pores 0.006, bars
0.003; length of the polar spines 0.1, basal thickness of them 0.02.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
{370}2. _Cyphinus dixiphus_, n. sp.
Cortical shell with rough surface, and irregular, roundish pores, twice to
four times as broad as the bars; eight to nine pores on the half meridian
of each chamber, twelve to fourteen on its half equator. On both poles of
the main axis, one single, strong, conical spine, with prominent edges at
the base, and nearly as broad as the spherical medullary shell, nearly as
long as the main axis.
_Dimensions._--Main axis (without spines) 0.18, greatest breadth 0.13;
pores 0.003 to 0.008, bars 0.002; length of the polar spines 0.16, basal
thickness 0.03.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Cyphinura_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--On both poles of the main axis a bunch or circle of several
spines.
3. _Cyphinus amphilophus_, n. sp. (Pl. 39, fig. 14).
_Cyphinidium amphilophus_, Haeckel, 1882, Atlas (pl. xxxix. fig. 14).
Cortical shell thick walled, with rough surface, and subregular, circular
pores of different size, twice to five times as broad as the bars; nine to
ten pores on the half meridian of each chamber, twelve to fourteen on its
half equator. On both poles of the main axis a bunch of six to eight strong
conical spines, the largest of which are about as long as the greatest
breadth of the shell; their basal part is furrowed, and nearly half as
thick as the spherical medullary shell.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell (without spines) 0.18 to
0.2, greatest breadth 0.1 to 0.12; pores 0.004 to 0.01, bars 0.002; length
of the polar spines 0.04 to 0.12, basal thickness 0.02 to 0.04.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
4. _Cyphinus penicillatus_, Haeckel.
_Ommatospyris penicillata_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 318; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf.
viii. fig. 4.
Cortical shell thin walled, with rough surface, and irregular, polygonal
pores, six to eight times as broad as the bars; five to six pores on the
half meridian of each chamber, nine to ten on its half equator. Around both
poles of the main axis a polar circle of eight to ten divergent radial
spines, scarcely thicker than the bars, and about as long as the diameter
of the spherical medullary shell. (In the figure of Ehrenberg the network
is too thin and the spines too short.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis (without spines) 0.1, greatest breadth 0.09; pores
0.008 to 0.014, bars 0.001 to 0.002; length of the spines 0.02 to 0.04.
_Habitat._--Pacific, Philippine Sea, 3300 fathoms, Ehrenberg; Station 206,
depth 2100 fathoms.
{371}Genus 160. _Cyphinidium_,[199] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Cyphinida# with simple cortical shell and double medullary
shell, with two opposite polar spines (or bunches of polar spines) on the
poles of the main axis.
The genus _Cyphinidium_ differs from _Cyphinus_ only in the duplication of
the medullary shell, which is composed of two concentric spheres or
somewhat compressed lenticular spheroids. It exhibits therefore the same
relation to _Cyphinus_ that _Stylatractus_ in the Druppulida bears to
_Lithatractus_. Possibly the two former genera are derived from the two
latter by an annular constriction in the equatorial plane.
Subgenus 1. _Cyphinidoma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--On both poles of the cortical shell one single polar spine
or a bunch of polar spines.
1. _Cyphinidium amphistylium_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface, and subregular, circular
pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half
meridian, sixteen to eighteen on the half equator of each chamber. Both
medullary shells spherical. The cortical shell resembles very much that of
_Cannartiscus amphiconiscus_ (Pl. 39, fig. 19), but exhibits instead of the
hollow polar tubes two strong solid polar spines of conical form, half as
long as the main axis, and as broad at the base as the inner medullary
shell.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell (without polar spines) 0.14,
greatest breadth 0.1; pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length of the polar spines
0.08, basal thickness 0.02.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, off Japan, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.
2. _Cyphinidium apicatum_, Haeckel.
_Ommatospyris apicata_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 317.
Cortical shell thin walled, with thorny surface, and irregular, polygonal
pores, three to five times as broad as the thin bars; eight to nine on the
half meridian, thirteen to fifteen on the half equator of each chamber. On
both poles a bunch of four to eight strong conical spines, the central of
which (in the main axis) is much larger than the others, and twice as long
as the diameter of the outer spheroidal medullary shell; size and number of
the polar spines is very variable (commonly five to six).
{372}_Dimensions._--Main axis (without spines) 0.12, greatest breadth 0.08;
pores 0.005 to 0.01, bars 0.002; length of the polar spines 0.02 to 0.06,
basal thickness 0.01.
_Habitat._--Northern Pacific, Californian Sea, depth 2500 fathoms,
Ehrenberg; Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Cyphinidura_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--On both poles of the cortical shell, a circle of divergent
polar spines.
3. _Cyphinidium coronatum_, n. sp.
Cortical shell with thorny surface, and irregular, roundish pores, twice to
four times as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the half meridian,
eleven to thirteen on the half equator of each chamber. Around both poles
of the main axis occurs a circle of ten to twelve strong, radially
divergent spines, about as long as the diameter of the outer medullary
shell, which, like the inner, is spheroidal. (This species is identical
with the younger developmental stage of _Panicium coronatum_, Pl. 40, fig.
4, before the formation of two distal chambers.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.12, greatest breadth 0.1; pores 0.008 to 0.016,
bars 0.004; length of the polar spines 0.02, thickness 0.005.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.
Genus 161. _Cannartiscus_,[200] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Cyphinida# with simple cortical shell and simple medullary
shell, with two hollow fenestrated polar tubes, opposite on both poles of
the main axis.
The genus _Cannartiscus_ differs from _Cyphanta_ in the development of two
hollow fenestrated tubes, opposite on both poles of the main axis. It
simulates therefore the characteristic formation of _Cannartus_, and
differs from this Artiscid in the possession of a medullary shell.
1. _Cannartiscus amphiconiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 39, fig. 19).
_Cannartidium amphiconiscus_, Haeckel, 1882, Atlas (pl. xxxix. fig. 19).
Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, twice as
broad as the bars; nine to ten on the half meridian, sixteen to eighteen on
the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubes conical, about as long as one
single chamber, on the base somewhat broader than the simple spherical
medullary shell. Pores of the tubes only one-third as great as those of the
chambers.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell (without tubes) 0.14,
greatest breadth 0.1; {373}pores 0.008, bars 0.004. Length of the polar
tubes 0.07, basal breadth 0.04; pores 0.003, bars 0.002.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.
2. _Cannartiscus amphicylindrus_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with subregular, circular pores, twice
to four times as broad as the bars; six to seven on the half meridian, ten
to twelve on the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubes cylindrical, on
the distal end open (broken off?) nearly as long as the main axis, somewhat
narrower than the spherical medullary shell. Pores of the tubes much
smaller than those of the chambers.
_Dimensions._--Main axis (without tubes) 0.17, greatest breadth 0.12; pores
0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003. Length of the polar tubes 0.15, breadth of them
0.03; pores 0.003, bars 0.002.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 268, 2900 fathoms; the same form
occurs fossil in the rocks of Barbados.
Genus 162. _Cannartidium_,[201] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Cyphinida# with simple cortical shell and double medullary
shell, with two hollow fenestrated polar tubes, opposite on both poles of
the main axis.
The genus _Cannartidium_ differs from _Cannartiscus_ and _Cannartus_ in the
duplication of the medullary shell, which is composed of two concentric
spheres or compressed lenticular spheroids. The three genera named form
therefore one morphological series, with identical cortical shell, and only
differing in the absence or presence of a simple or double medullary shell.
Subgenus 1. _Cannartidella_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the cortical shell smooth or a little rough, but
without spines or fenestrated protuberances.
1. _Cannartidium amphiconicum_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, smooth with regular circular pores twice as
broad as the bars; eight to nine on the half meridian, fifteen to sixteen
on the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubes conical, with smaller
pores, tapering towards the closed apex, about as long as one single
chamber, at the base one-third as broad as the equatorial constriction.
Both concentric medullary shells spherical. (Nearly identical with
_Cannartiscus amphiconiscus_, Pl. 39, fig. 19, but differs in the
possession of the double medullary shell.)
{374}_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell (without tubes) 0.15,
greatest breadth 0.11; pores 0.009, bars 0.004; length of the polar tubes
0.08, basal breadth 0.04.
_Habitat._--Pacific, western tropical part, Station 225, depth 4475
fathoms.
2. _Cannartidium amphicanna_, Haeckel.
"Curious twin Polycystin," Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xx.
fig. 4.
Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with regular, circular pores, not
broader than the bars; six to seven on the half meridian, ten to twelve on
the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubes cylindrical, at the distal
end open (broken off?), nearly as long as the main axis, about one-third as
broad as the equatorial constriction. Both concentric medullary shells
spherical.
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.14, greatest breadth 0.11; pores and bars 0.005;
length of the polar tubes 0.13, breadth of them 0.03.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Barbados deposits.
3. _Cannartidium amphisiphon_, Haeckel.
? _Haliomma amphisiphon_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 267.
Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with irregular, roundish pores, twice
to five times as broad as the bars; five to six on the half meridian, nine
to ten on the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubes conical, with
smaller pores, about as long as one single chamber, half as broad at the
base as the equatorial constriction. (This deep-sea form is probably
identical with that fossil species which Ehrenberg, in 1844, described as
_Haliomma amphisiphon_, and which he afterwards, in 1875, erroneously
identified with his _Astromma entomocora_ (= _Cypassis entomocora_). But
the figure given of the latter is quite different from the given diagnosis
of the former.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell (without tubes) 0.13,
greatest breadth 0.1; pores 0.006 to 0.12, bars 0.003; length of the polar
tubes 0.07, basal breadth of them 0.04.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Antilles, Station 24, depth 390 fathoms;
fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Bermuda.
4. _Cannartidium bicinctum_, n. sp. (Pl. 39, fig. 18).
Cortical shell thick walled, with a thickened ring-shaped protuberance in
the greatest breadth of both chambers. Pores subregular, circular, twice to
three times as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the half meridian,
thirteen to fifteen on the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubes
conical, with smaller pores, somewhat shorter than the greatest breath,
nearly as thick at the base as the outer spheroidal medullary shell (fig.
18_a_).
_Dimensions._--Main axis (without tubes) 0.12, greatest breadth 0.08; pores
0.003 to 0.006, bars 0.002; length of the polar tubes 0.08, basal thickness
0.03.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.
{375}Subgenus 2. _Cannartidissa_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the cortical shell with conical fenestrated
protuberances in the greatest breadth of both chambers.
5. _Cannartidium mammiferum_, n. sp. (Pl. 39, fig. 16).
Cortical shell-thin walled, having a circle of six to eight conical
protuberances in the greatest breadth of both chambers, each of which
exhibits a central apical pore, surrounded by a circle of six to eight
oblique larger pores. Between the protuberances occur nine to ten pores on
the half meridian of each chamber, circular, subregular, twice to three
times as broad as the bars. Polar tubes cylindrical, conical at the closed
end, with smaller pores, about as long as the greatest breadth of the
chambers, as broad as the spherical outer medullary shell.
_Dimensions._--Main axis (without tubes) 0.13, greatest breadth (including
the protuberances) 0.1; pores 0.005 to 0.008, bars 0.003; length of the
polar tubes 0.09, basal thickness 0.02.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
6. _Cannartidium mastophorum_, n. sp. (Pl. 39, fig. 17).
Cortical shell thin walled, of the same form and structure as in the
foregoing species, differs from this mainly in the form of the polar tubes,
which are not cylindrical but conical, tapering gradually from the base
towards the closed apex. Besides this, the conical protuberances (six in
the greatest periphery of each chamber) are more regular and acute, with
smaller and more numerous pores. Both medullary shells are here also
spherical.
_Dimensions._--Main axis (without tubes) 0.14, greatest breadth (including
the protuberances) 0.13; pores 0.006 to 0.009, bars 0.004; length of the
polar tubes 0.07, basal thickness 0.03.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
Family XVI. #PANARTIDA#, Haeckel (Pl. 40, figs. 1-9).
_Definition._--#Prunoidea# with a four-jointed cortical shell, the external
shell being divided by three parallel transverse constrictions into four
chambers, in the centre enclosing two internal concentric shells (medullary
shells). Central capsule cylindrical, commonly four-jointed (with three
transverse annular constrictions).
The family #Panartida# (Pl. 40, figs. 1-9) is characterised by its
four-jointed cortical shell, constantly composed of four chambers, lying
one behind another in the elongated main axis. They are separated by three
ring-like constrictions lying in three parallel transverse planes; the
middle of these is the equatorial plane. In the centre of this latter lies
constantly a double medullary shell.
The Panartida must be derived from the Cyphinida by further increase in the
longitudinal or main axis, and by repetition of the equatorial constriction
in two transverse planes parallel to it and at an equal distance from it.
{376}_The Medullary Shell_ is always double in this family, composed of two
small concentric shells lying in the middle of the central capsule. They
are either spherical or lenticular, compressed towards both poles of the
main axis; sometimes the inner is spherical, the outer lenticular. From the
equatorial circumference of the latter starts a number of radial beams,
which perforate the central capsule, and are inserted into the equatorial
constriction of the cortical shell. Commonly all radial beams lie in the
equatorial plane, sometimes also a part of them on both sides of it.
_The Cortical Shell_ is constantly composed of four completely latticed
chambers, which are only separated by the three annular constrictions. In
many species all four chambers have the same form and size (Pl. 40, fig.
3), but in the greater number of species both proximal (or central)
chambers are different in size, shape, or structure from both distal (or
polar) chambers. The cortical shell is either simple or double, composed of
two concentric four-jointed shells; rarely it is triple or multiple,
composed of three or more shells fitting one inside the other. Very often
the outer cortical shell is incomplete, and only developed around the two
proximal chambers of the complete inner cortical shell, both distal
chambers of the latter remaining simple.
On both poles of the main axis often are developed solid spines
(_Panicium_, Pl. 40, fig. 4) or hollow fenestrated tubes (_Panarium_, Pl.
40, fig. 9), as in the foregoing families. Besides this, the surface of the
cortical shell may be armed with spines.
_The Central Capsule_ of the Panartida is always cylindrical, on both poles
hemispherical; commonly it is more or less distinctly four-jointed, with
three ring-like constrictions corresponding to those of the enclosing
cortical shell. From the inner surface of the latter it is separated by a
thinner or thicker jelly-mantle.
_Synopsis of the Genera of Panartida._
On both poles of the main { Cortical shell simple, 163. _Panartus_.
axis neither peculiar {
polar spines nor { Cortical shell double or
fenestrated tubes. { triple, 164. _Peripanartus_.
On both poles of the main { Cortical shell simple, 165. _Panicium_.
axis a large apical {
spine or a group of { Cortical shell double or
polar spines. { triple, 166. _Peripanicium_.
On both poles of the main { Cortical shell simple, 167. _Panarium_.
axis a conical or {
cylindrical fenestrated { Cortical shell double or
tube. { triple, 168. _Peripanarium_.
Genus 163. _Panartus_,[202] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Panartida# with simple cortical shell and double medullary
shell, without polar spines or tubes on both poles of the main axis.
{377}The genus _Panartus_ represents the common ancestral form of all
Panartida, as all other genera of this subfamily must be derived from it
and are only further developmental stages, from an ontogenetic as well as
from a phylogenetic point of view. The cortical shell of _Panartus_ is
constantly composed of four fenestrated chambers jointed to one another in
the main axis; both proximal chambers are separated from one another by the
equatorial ring-like constriction, in the centre of which lies the double
medullary shell; both distal chambers are separated from the former by two
other annular constrictions (in planes parallel to the equatorial plane).
All four chambers may exhibit the same (kidney-shaped) form and structure
(in the subgenera _Panartella_ and _Panartoma_); or the proximal chamber
may differ more or less in shape and size from the distal (in the subgenera
_Panartissa_ and _Panartura_). The outer surface of the cortical shell is
sometimes smooth (as in _Panartella_ and _Panartissa_), at other times
spiny or thorny (as in _Panartoma_ and _Panartura_). The double medullary
shell is sometimes spherical, or commonly compressed at both poles and
spheroidal or lenticular.
Subgenus 1. _Panartella_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the cortical shell smooth, without spines or
thorns. All its four chambers exhibit nearly the same form and structure.
1. _Panartus tetraplus_, n. sp.
All four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form, size, and
structure, kidney-shaped, twice as broad as long. Pores rather regular,
hexagonal, all nearly of the same size and form, four times as broad as the
thin bars; five to six pores on the half meridian, nine to ten on the half
equator of each chamber. Surface of the cortical shell smooth, its main
axis three times as long as its equatorial axis (in the median
constriction). Both concentric medullary shells spherical; the equatorial
axis of the outer half as long as that of the cortical shell. (All four
chambers of this species have the same appearance as the two proximal
chambers of _Panartus diploconus_, Pl. 40, fig. 1.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.21, equatorial axis 0.07;
breadth of every chamber 0.09; meshes 0.013, bars 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central area of the Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to
2925 fathoms.
2. _Panartus tetracolus_, n. sp.
All four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form, size, and
structure, kidney-shaped, twice as broad as long. Pores regular, circular,
with hexagonal frame, twice as broad as the bars; six to seven pores on the
half meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber. Surface
of the cortical shell smooth; its main axis three times as long as the
equatorial axis. Both concentric medullary shells spheroidal, somewhat
compressed at both poles; the equatorial axis {378}of the outer almost
equals half that of the cortical shell. (All four chambers of this species
exhibit the structure of the two proximal chambers of _Peripanartus
amphiconus_, Pl. 40, fig. 5.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.24, equatorial axis 0.08;
breadth of every chamber 0.01; meshes 0.01, bars 0.005.
_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.
3. _Panartus tetrameres_, n. sp.
All four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form, size, and
structure, kidney-shaped, twice as broad as long. Pores rather regular,
circular, without hexagonal frame, about as broad as the bars; five to six
pores on the half meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator of each
chamber. Surface of the cortical shell smooth, its main axis three times as
long as the equatorial axis. Both concentric medullary shells spheroidal,
compressed; the outer half as broad as the constriction. (This species is
very much like _Ommatocampe increscens_, Stöhr, 1880, _loc. cit._, Taf. ii.
fig. 2, and may be considered as the ancestral form of it.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.2, equatorial axis 0.065;
breadth of every chamber 0.08; meshes and bars 0.005.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Caltanisetta, Haeckel.
4. _Panartus tetraphalangus_, n. sp.
All four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form, size, and
structure, kidney-shaped, twice as broad as long. Pores irregular,
polygonal (mostly pentagonal or hexagonal), four to eight times as broad as
the thin bars; four to seven on the half meridian, eight to fifteen on the
half equator of each chamber. Surface of the cortical shell smooth, its
main axis three times as long as its equatorial axis. Both concentric
medullary shells compressed, the outer, half as broad as the constriction.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.26, equatorial axis 0.09;
breadth of every chamber 0.12; meshes 0.003 to 0.02, bars 0.001 to 0.003.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the rocks of Barbados, Haeckel.
5. _Panartus tetrathalamus_, n. sp. (Pl. 40, fig. 3).
All four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form, size, and
structure, kidney-shaped, twice as broad as long. Pores irregular,
roundish, twice to three times as broad as the bars; a circle of larger
pores at the base of both distal chambers; five to six pores on the half
meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber. Surface of the
cortical shell smooth; its main axis two and a half times as long as the
equatorial axis. Both medullary shells spheroidal, compressed, the outer
one-third as broad as the constriction. (In the specimen figured spines
begin to arise from both distal chambers; this forms a transition to
_Panartus quadrijugus_.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.18, equatorial axis 0.07;
breadth of every chamber 0.09; meshes 0.003 to 0.01, bars 0.002 to 0.004.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, in various
depths.
{379}Subgenus 2. _Panartissa_.
_Definition._--Surface of the cortical shell smooth, without spines or
thorns. Both its proximal chambers differ in form and structure from the
two distal chambers.
6. _Panartus diploconus_, n. sp. (Pl. 40, fig. 1).
Both proximal chambers nearly ellipsoidal, one and a half times as broad as
long, with regular hexagonal pores, four times as broad as the bars; five
to six pores on the half meridian, nine to ten on the half equator of each
chamber. Both distal chambers conical, with a circle of ten to twelve large
square pores at the base; the other pores very small and numerous,
roundish, sixteen to twenty in the height of each cone, and the same number
on the half periphery of its base. Both concentric medullary shells
compressed, the outer, half as broad as the constriction of the cortical
shell, the surface of which is quite smooth.
_Dimensions._--Total length of the shell (or main axis) 0.34; greatest
breadth of each chamber 0.09; pores of the proximal chambers 0.013, bars
0.003; pores and bars of the distal chambers 0.003; large basal square
pores 0.02.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
7. _Panartus amphiconus_, n. sp.
Both proximal chambers nearly kidney-shaped, one and a half times as broad
as long, with regular, circular pores, with hexagonal frames, twice as
broad as the bars; six to seven pores on the half meridian, ten to twelve
on the half equator of each chamber. Both distal chambers conical, with a
circle of ten to twelve very large pores at the base; the other pores very
small, roundish, ten to fifteen in the height of each cone, twenty to
thirty on the half basal periphery. Both concentric medullary shells
compressed, the outer one-third as broad as the constriction of the
cortical shell, whose surface is smooth. (This species resembles
_Peripanartus amphiconus_, Pl. 40, fig. 5, but is without the surface
spines and the outer envelope.)
_Dimensions._--Total length of the shell 0.28; greatest breadth of the
proximal chambers 0.1, of the distal chambers 0.14; pores of the former
0.008, of the latter 0.004; bars of both 0.003 to 0.005.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
8. _Panartus fusiformis_, n. sp.
Both proximal chambers nearly ellipsoidal, one and a half times as long as
broad, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to three times as broad as the
bars; eight to ten pores on the half meridian, twelve to fifteen on the
half equator of each chamber. Both distal chambers hemiellipsoidal or
egg-shaped, somewhat higher and narrower than the proximal chambers, with a
circle of larger square pores at their base; the other pores roundish and
very irregular. Both medullary shells spheroidal, one-third as broad as the
constriction of the cortical shell, whose surface is quite smooth. (This
{380}species is similar to _Peripanartus atractus_, Pl. 40, fig. 7, but is
without the superficial spines and the equatorial girdle-like envelope of
the latter.)
_Dimensions._--Total length of the shell 0.25 to 0.3; greatest breadth (in
the equator of the proximal chambers) 0.08 to 0.1; pores of the proximal
chambers 0.008 to 0.012, pores of the distal chambers half their size, bars
0.002 to 0.006.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 237, surface.
9. _Panartus profundissimus_, Haeckel.
_Ommatocampe profundissima_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 297, Taf. viii. fig. 6.
Both proximal chambers nearly ellipsoidal, with irregular, polygonal pores,
six to eight times as broad as the bars; four to five pores on the half
meridian, eight to nine on the half equator of each chamber. Both distal
chambers hemispherical, with a very delicate irregular network. Medullary
shells spherical; surface of the shell smooth.
_Dimensions._--Total length of the shell 0.15; greatest breadth in the
equator of the proximal chambers 0.08; pores of the proximal chambers
0.015, bars 0.002.
_Habitat._--Philippine Sea, depth 3300 fathoms, Ehrenberg; Station 213,
depth 2050 fathoms.
Subgenus 3. _Panartoma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the cortical shell thorny, covered with scattered
spines. All its four chambers exhibit the same form and structure.
10. _Panartus quadriceps_, n. sp.
All four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form, size, and
structure, kidney-shaped, twice as broad as long. Pores rather regular,
circular, with hexagonal frames, twice to three times as broad as the bars;
six to seven pores on the half meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator
of each chamber. Surface spiny; from the corners of the hexagonal frames
(between every three pores) arise short radial spines. Both medullary
shells spherical, the outer one-third as broad as the constriction of the
cortical shell. (All the four chambers of this species have the same form
as the two proximal chambers of _Peripanartus amphiconus_, Pl. 40, fig. 5.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.24, equatorial axis 0.08;
meshes 0.01, bars 0.003 to 0.005; length of the spines 0.01 to 0.02.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
11. _Panartus quadrijugus_, n. sp.
All four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form and size,
kidney-shaped, twice as broad as long. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to
three times as broad as the bars; a circle of larger pores at the base of
both distal chambers; six to eight pores on the half meridian, twelve to
{381}fourteen on the half equator of each chamber. Surface spiny,
everywhere covered with small irregular thorns. (This species differs from
the smooth _Panartus tetrathalamus_, Pl. 40, fig. 3, almost entirely by the
thorny surface.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.2, equatorial axis 0.08; breadth of every
chamber 0.1; meshes 0.005 to 0.01, bars 0.003, spines 0.01 to 0.02.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; on the surface of the Atlantic, Indian, and
Pacific Oceans.
12. _Panartus quadrigeminus_, n. sp.
All four chambers of the cortical shell nearly of the same size and form,
kidney-shaped, twice as broad as long. Pores irregular, polygonal (mostly
pentagonal or hexagonal), six to eight times as broad as the thin bars;
five to seven on the half meridian, twelve to sixteen on the half equator
of each chamber. Surface of the cortical shell spiny, covered with numerous
irregularly scattered, often oblique, bristle-like thorns.
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.27, equatorial axis 0.1; breadth of each chamber
0.13; meshes 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.001 to 0.005.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; surface of the Atlantic and Pacific, many
Stations.
Subgenus 4. _Panartura_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the cortical shell thorny, covered with scattered
spines. Both its proximal chambers differ in form or structure from the two
distal chambers.
13. _Panartus spinosus_, n. sp.
Both proximal chambers nearly ellipsoidal, with regular, circular pores
enclosed by hexagonal frames. Both distal chambers conical, with a circle
of ten to twelve large square pores at the base; the other pores small,
roundish. The cortical shell of this species is quite the same as that of
_Panartus amphiconus_ (Pl. 40, fig. 5), but differs in the absence of the
external envelope (or the second cortical shell), and is covered with
short, conical spines on the whole surface.
_Dimensions._--Total length of the cortical shell 0.25, greatest breadth
(on the base of the distal chambers) 0.12; meshes of the proximal chambers
0.008, of the distal chambers 0.004; bars 0.002 to 0.04, spines 0.01 to
0.02.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 240, surface.
14. _Panartus setosus_, Haeckel.
_Ommatocampe setosa_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 297, Taf. viii. fig. 7.
Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, broader than the two hemispherical
distal chambers. Meshes of the cortical shell irregular, polygonal, or
subregular hexagonal; at the base of each {382}distal chamber a circle of
large square meshes. The breadth of the pores is eight to twelve times that
of the bars between them. The whole surface is covered with small
bristle-like spines.
_Dimensions._--Total length of the cortical shell 0.14, greatest breadth
(in the equator of each proximal chamber) 0.07; meshes 0.008 to 0.015, bars
0.002, spines 0.01.
_Habitat._--Pacific (Philippine and Californian Sea) 3300 and 2300 fathoms,
Ehrenberg; Station 200, depth 250 fathoms; Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.
15. _Panartus pluteus_, n. sp. (Pl. 40, fig. 2).
Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, with irregular, roundish pores, twice
to four times as broad as the bars; their surface everywhere covered with
short conical thorns. From both polar circles arise ten to twelve radial
rods, which bear a fenestrated cap, and form thus either the beginning of a
second, external, cortical shell, or (if remaining thus) two imperfect
distal chambers. The spherical segment, which forms their surface, is
concentric with the proximal chambers, is perforated by the same irregular,
roundish pores, and covered with numerous bristle-like spines.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cortical shell 0.17, equatorial axis (in
the constriction) 0.06; distance between the proximal and distal chambers
0.03; pores 0.003 to 0.01, bars 0.003 to 0.005.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
Genus 164. _Peripanartus_,[203] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Panartida# with double cortical shell and double medullary
shell, without polar spines or tubes on both poles of the main axis.
The genus _Peripanartus_ differs from _Panartus_ only in the development of
an outer reticulated envelop, which mantle-like surrounds the shell and
represents a second or external cortical shell. This mantle or veil
envelops either the whole internal cortical shell or only both proximal
chambers. _Peripanartus_ exhibits the same relation to _Panartus_ as in the
foregoing ancestral family _Cypassis_ bears to _Cyphonium_.
Subgenus 1. _Peripanartula_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the outer cortical shell smooth, without spines
or thorns.
1. _Peripanartus palliatus_, n. sp.
Internal cortical shell with four kidney-shaped chambers of equal size and
similar form, identical with the cortical shell of _Panartus tetrathalamus_
and _Panartus quadrijugus_ (Pl. 40, fig. 3), with irregular, roundish
pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars. It differs from these two
species {383}only by the external cortical shell enveloping the whole
internal one, in the same manner as in _Peripanartus cylindrus_ (Pl. 40,
fig. 6). The two shells are connected by numerous radial rods. The surface
of the outer cortical shell is quite smooth, its irregular, roundish pores
about half as large as those of the inner cortical shell.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.27, of the
internal 0.2; greatest breadth of the former (in the equator of each
chamber) 0.13, of the latter 0.09; pores of the external cortical shell
0.002 to 0.004, of the internal 0.004 to 0.008; bars of the former 0.002,
of the latter 0.003.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Stations 271, 272, depth 2425 to 2600
fathoms.
2. _Peripanartus lævigatus_, n. sp.
Internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers, both proximal
kidney-shaped (with subregular polygonal pores, twice to three times as
broad as the bars), both distal nearly hemispherical, with subregular,
roundish pores of half that size. External cortical shell envelops only the
proximal chambers, and appears as the direct continuation of the internal
shell of the distal chambers, with the same small roundish pores. The outer
surface is quite smooth. This species has nearly the same structure as
_Peripanicium amphicorona_ (Pl. 40, fig. 8), but differs from it by the
absence of the polar spine-circles, and by the perfect smoothness of the
surface.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the shell 0.25, greatest breadth (in the
equator of the proximal chambers) 0.15; equatorial stricture of the
external shell 0.10, of the internal 0.07; pores of the internal shell of
the proximal chambers 0.013, of the external 0.006; bars 0.003.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
3. _Peripanartus amphiconus_, n. sp. (Pl. 40, fig. 5).
Inner cortical shell with four very unequal chambers; both proximal
chambers kidney-shaped (with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores,
twice as broad as the bars); both distal chambers conical, with a circle of
large square pores at the base, the other pores very small, roundish.
Outer cortical shell very thin, quite smooth, with irregular, roundish
pores, envelops in younger specimens only the distal chambers. But the
radial spines on the surface of the internal cortical shell of the proximal
chambers indicate that these will also be afterwards enclosed by the
growing of the external shell. This species exhibits the progressive
(ontogenetic as well as phylogenetic) development of _Panartus amphiconus_.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the outer cortical shell 0.3, its greatest
breadth (at the prominent distal ends of the radial rods between the large
square pores) 0.15; pores 0.003 to 0.001, bars 0.005; main axis of the
inner cortical shell 0.26, its greatest breadth 0.13; pores of its distal
chambers 0.003, of its proximal chambers 0.01; large square pores 0.03;
bars 0.004.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.
{384}Subgenus 2. _Peripanartium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the outer cortical shell covered with spines or
thorns.
4. _Peripanartus atractus_, n. sp. (Pl. 40, fig. 7).
Inner cortical shell with four very unequal chambers; both proximal
chambers spheroidal (with subregular, roundish pores, twice to three times
as broad as the bars), both distal chambers nearly conical, with a circle
of eight to ten very large square pores at the base; the other pores very
small, roundish. Outer cortical shell envelops only the proximal chambers
and the basal half of the distal chambers, appearing as the direct
continuation of the microporous covering of their apical half. The whole
external cortical shell is inflated in the equatorial zone, and hence
assumes an irregular, spindle-like appearance. Its whole surface is rough
with innumerable very short thorns.
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.28, equatorial axis 0.17; pores of the external
cortical shell 0.002 to 0.004, bars 0.002; main axis of the proximal
chambers of the internal cortical shell 0.07, equatorial axis 0.09; pores
0.007, bars 0.004.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
5. _Peripanartus cylindrus_, n. sp. (Pl. 40, fig. 6).
Internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers; both proximal chambers
kidney-shaped (with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores of the same
breadth as the bars), both distal chambers nearly hemispherical, with a
circle of eight to ten very large square pores at their base; the other
pores very small, roundish. External cortical shell envelops the whole
internal like a perfect hollow cylinder, which is closed at both poles by a
hemispherical cap. The whole surface of this cylindrical mantle is
perforated by innumerable very small roundish pores, and covered with small
bristle-like spines.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the cylinder 0.3, equatorial axis 0.12; pores
and bars 0.006; spines of its surface 0.012 to 0.15; main axis of the
internal cortical shell 0.2; equatorial axis (in the constriction) 0.06;
pores and bars of its proximal chambers 0.007, of its distal chambers
0.003; large square pores at their base 0.02.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.
Genus 165. _Panicium_,[204] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Panartida# with simple cortical shell and double medullary
shell, with two opposite apical spines on both poles of the main axis, or
with a group of polar spines.
The genus _Panicium_ comprises those forms of _Panartus_ which develop a
peculiar armature on both poles of the cortical shell. This may be only a
single strong spine {385}on each pole, lying in the main axis (subgenus
_Panicidium_); or a bunch or a circle of polar spines diverging radially
(subgenus _Panartidium_); in the latter case the polar spines can either
form a bunch on the pole itself, or a crown of thorns around it.
Subgenus 1. _Panicidium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--On both poles of the main axis only a single large spine.
1. _Panicium amphacanthum_, n. sp.
All four chambers of the cortical shell nearly of the same size and form,
kidney-shaped, with subregular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars;
five to six pores on the half meridian, ten to eleven on the half equator
of each chamber. Surface covered with small spines. On both poles of the
main axis is a very strong, conical, apical spine, half as long as the main
axis, on the base one-fourth as broad as the equatorial axis.
_Dimensions._--Main axis (without polar spines) 0.22, equatorial axis 0.06;
pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines 0.12, basal thickness
0.015.
_Habitat._--Antarctic, Station 152, depth 1260 fathoms.
2. _Panicium amphistylus_, n. sp.
Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, both distal chambers nearly
hemispherical, somewhat smaller. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to three
times as broad as the bars; four to six on the half meridian, eight to ten
on the half equator of each chamber; a circle of larger square pores on the
base of each distal chamber. Surface thorny. On both poles of the main axis
one strong, pyramidal, apical spine, one-third as long as the main axis, on
the base one-fourth as broad as the equatorial constriction. (Similar to
_Panarium tubularium_, Pl. 40, fig. 9, but without tubes.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis (without polar spines) 0.2, equatorial axis 0.05;
pores 0.005 to 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the polar spines 0.07, basal
thickness 0.012.
_Habitat._--Antarctic, Station 156, depth 1975 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Panartidium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--On both poles of the main axis a bunch or a circle of
aggregated spines.
3. _Panicium scoparium_, n. sp.
Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, both distal chambers nearly
hemispherical, somewhat smaller. Pores irregular, polygonal, twice to five
times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the half meridian, twelve to
fourteen on the half equator of each chamber. Surface spiny, covered with
thin, {386}bristle-like spines. On both poles of the main axis a bunch of
six to eight aggregated larger conical spines, about as high as a single
chamber.
_Dimensions._--Main axis (without polar spines) 0.2, equatorial axis 0.06;
pores 0.005 to 0.015, bars 0.003; length of the polar spines 0.05, basal
thickness 0.005.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.
4. _Panicium coronatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 40, fig. 4).
Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, covered with short stout spines.
Pores irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars; seven
to eight on the half meridian, eleven to thirteen on the half equator of
each chamber. Both distal chambers cap-like, separated from the former by a
circle of ten to twelve very large square pores; the other pores very
small, roundish. The circumpolar area is smooth, surrounded by a circle of
ten to twelve very stout, conical, radial spines, which arise from the
distal ends of the bars separating the large square meshes.
_Dimensions._--Main axis (without spines) 0.22, equatorial axis 0.08;
greatest breadth in the equator of the chambers 0.1; pores of the proximal
chambers 0.007 to 0.015, bars 0.004; square pores of the distal chambers
0.02 to 0.03, small pores 0.005, bars 0.004; length of the radial spines of
the polar circles 0.07, basal thickness 0.007.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
Genus 166. _Peripanicium_,[205] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Panartida# with double cortical shell and double medullary
shell, on both poles of the main axis with two opposite apical spines, or
with a bunch or circle of polar spines.
The genus _Peripanicium_ differs from _Panicium_ only in the development of
an outer reticulated envelope, which mantle-like surrounds the shell, and
represents a second or external cortical shell. As in _Panicium_, its
ancestral form, so also in _Peripanicium_, there can be distinguished two
subgenera:--_Peripanicea_, where only a single large spine arises from each
pole (lying in the main axis), and _Peripanicula_, where a variable number
of spines is to be found, either diverging bunch-like from the pole itself,
or surrounding it as a crown-like polar circle.
Subgenus 1. _Peripanicea_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--On both poles of the main axis only a single large spine.
1. _Peripanicium amphixiphus_, n. sp.
Internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers, with thorny surface.
Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped (with subregular hexagonal pores,
three times as broad as the bars). {387}Both distal chambers nearly
hemispherical (with a circle of ten to twelve very large square pores at
their base, the other pores very small). From both poles arises a single,
strong, conical spine, half as long as the main axis. The internal cortical
shell is very much like that of _Panarium tubularium_ (Pl. 40, fig. 9), but
differs by the solid polar spines (instead of the hollow tubules) and by
the formation of an external, cylindrical, very thin, cortical shell, which
envelops the whole internal, and is connected with it by numerous beams.
The surface of the external shell is quite smooth, and perforated by
innumerable very small roundish pores.
_Dimensions._--Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.25, of the
internal 0.19; transverse axis of the former 0.13, of the latter 0.08;
pores of the proximal chambers of the internal shell 0.01, bars 0.003;
pores of external cortical shell 0.002, bars 0.001; length of both polar
spines 0.12, basal thickness of them 0.02.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, near Tristan da Cunha, Station 333, depth 2025
fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Peripanicula_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--On both poles of the main axis a bunch or a circle of
aggregated polar spines.
2. _Peripanicium amphicorona_, n. sp. (Pl. 40, fig. 8).
_Peripanartus amphicorona_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xl.
fig. 8).
Internal cortical shell with four very unequal chambers. Both proximal
chambers kidney-shaped, with subregular, polygonal pores, three times as
broad as the bars. Both distal chambers double cone-shaped; the proximal
cone of these formed by a circle of ten to twelve radial beams, which
separate the same number of large square meshes; the distal cone with five
to six circles of very small roundish, irregular pores. The continuation of
the thin porous lamella of this distal cone forms the external cortical
shell, whose surface is a little rough with innumerable very small thorns.
On both poles is a large circular opening (nearly as broad as the
equatorial constriction of the inner shell), surrounded by a delicate crown
of thorns. The spines of this crown equal the diameter of the polar
opening; they are very thin and bristle-like, connected by a few bridges
and diverge outwards.
_Dimensions._--Main axis (without the crowns of polar thorns) 0.26,
greatest breadth (in the equator of the proximal chambers) 0.15; equatorial
constriction of the external shell 0.12, of the internal 0.07; pores of the
proximal chambers of the internal cortical shell 0.01, of the external
0.005, bars 0.003; diameter of the circular polar opening 0.05; length of
the polar spines 0.05.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
3. _Peripanicium coronarium_, n. sp.
Internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers. Both proximal chambers
kidney-shaped, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as broad
as the bars. Both distal chambers cap-like, with a basal circle of ten to
twelve large square meshes, the other pores very small. External
{388}cortical shell very thin, with smooth surface, and very small,
irregular, roundish pores; it envelops the whole internal shell at a
constant distance, which equals the breadth of the square meshes. From the
distal ends of the radial beams between the square meshes arise on every
polar circle ten to twelve strong spines, as direct prolongations of those
beams. These form two regular, polar crowns of thorns. The inner part of
the thorns (between both shells) has only one-third to one-fourth the
length of the outer free part. (This species represents a further
development of _Panicium coronatum_, Pl. 40, fig. 4, by secondary formation
of an external mantle, like that of _Peripanartus atractus_, Pl. 40, fig.
7.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis 0.27, greatest breadth 0.15; pores of the internal
proximal chambers 0.008 to 0.016, bars 0.004; square meshes of the distal
chambers 0.03; pores of the outer cortical shell 0.003; length of the
spines of the polar circles 0.1 to 0.15.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
Genus 167. _Panarium_,[206] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 463.
_Definition._--#Panartida# with simple cortical shell and double medullary
shell, with two hollow fenestrated tubes, opposite on the poles of the main
axis.
The genus _Panarium_ differs from _Panartus_ by two hollow latticed tubes,
which start from both poles of the main axis and lie in it. It repeats
therefore in this family the same peculiar and remarkable formation, which
we find in _Pipettella_ among the Ellipsida, in _Pipetta_ among the
Druppulida, in _Cannartidium_ among the Cyphinida, in _Cannartus_ among the
Artiscida, &c.
Subgenus 1. _Panarelium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the shell smooth, without spines or thorns.
1. _Panarium facettarium_, n. sp.
Surface of the cortical shell smooth. All the four chambers nearly of the
same size and form, kidney-shaped, about twice as broad as long. Pores of
these subregular, circular, with hexagonal frames, about as broad as the
bars; nine to ten on the half meridian, twelve to fourteen on the half
equator of each chamber. Polar tubuli nearly cylindrical, longer than half
the main axis of the cortical shell, about one-fourth as broad as the
equatorial constriction. Pores of the tubuli of the same shape as those of
the chambers, but only half as large. (This species is like _Pipetta tuba_,
Pl. 39, fig. 7, but distinguished by three parallel transverse
constrictions.)
_Dimensions._--Total length of the shell (without tubuli) 0.26; breadth of
each chamber 0.12; pores 0.01, bars 0.01; length of the tubuli 0.15,
breadth of them 0.03.
_Habitat._--Pacific central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
{389}2. _Panarium pipettarium_, n. sp.
Surface of the cortical shell smooth. Both proximal chambers nearly
kidney-shaped; both distal chambers somewhat smaller, hemispherical. Pores
of all four chambers subregular, circular, without hexagonal frames, twice
as broad as the bars; six to seven pores on the half meridian, ten to
eleven on the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubuli slender, conical,
nearly half as long as the main axis of the shell, one-third as broad at
the base as the equatorial constriction. Pores of the tubuli of the same
shape as those of the chambers, but only half as large. (This species
resembles somewhat _Cannartiscus amphiconiscus_, Pl. 39, fig. 19, but with
double the number of chambers.)
_Dimensions._--Total length of the shell (without tubuli) 0.25, greatest
breadth 0.1; pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length of the polar tubuli 0.11,
basal breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Pacific, western tropical part, Station 225, depth 4475
fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Panaromium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the shell spiny, covered with short thorns.
3. _Panarium annularium_, n. sp.
Surface of the cortical shell thorny, everywhere covered with small
bristle-like spines. All four chambers nearly of the same size and form,
kidney-shaped. Their pores subregular, circular, three to four times as
broad as the bars; seven to eight on the half meridian, ten to eleven on
the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubuli conical, nearly half as long
as the main axis, half as broad at the base as the equatorial constriction.
Pores of the tubuli like those of the chambers, but only half as broad.
_Dimensions._--Total length of the shell (without tubuli) 0.16; breadth of
each chamber 0.07; pores 0.006 to 0.008, bars 0.002; length of the polar
tubuli 0.07, basal breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Northern Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.
4. _Panarium artophorum_, n. sp.
Surface of the shell thorny, with scattered small spines. Both proximal
chambers nearly kidney-shaped; both distal hemispherical, somewhat smaller.
Pores of all chambers irregular, roundish, little broader than the bars;
four to five on the half meridian, six to eight on the half equator of each
chamber. Polar tubuli cylindrical, longer than the half main axis, only
one-fourth as broad the equatorial constriction. Pores of the tubuli only
one-third to one-fourth as broad as those of the chambers.
_Dimensions._--Total length of the shell (without tubuli) 0.22, greatest
breadth (in the equator of the proximal chambers) 0.09; pores and bars
0.008 to 0.012; length of the polar tubuli 0.14, breadth of them 0.02.
_Habitat._--Southern Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.
{390}5. _Panarium tubularium_, n. sp. (Pl. 40, fig. 9).
Surface of the cortical shell thorny, covered with small spines. Both
proximal chambers nearly kidney-shaped, with irregular, polygonal pores,
three to four times as broad as the bars; five to six pores on the half
meridian, nine to ten on the half equator of each chamber. Both distal
chambers nearly hemispherical, with a circle of ten to twelve large square
pores at their base; the other pores much smaller, irregular, roundish.
Polar tubuli prismatic, with prominent edges, nearly half as long as the
main axis, only one-fourth as broad as the equatorial constriction. Pores
of the tubuli very small, in longitudinal series between the edges.
_Dimensions._--Total length of the shell (without tubuli) 0.18 to 0.2,
greatest breadth (in the equator of the proximal chambers) 0.07 to 0.09;
pores 0.003 to 0.01, bars 0.002 to 0.004; length of the polar tubuli 0.06
to 0.09, breadth of them 0.015 to 0.02.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 272, depth 2425 to 2925
fathoms.
Genus 168. _Peripanarium_,[207] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Panartida# with double cortical shell and double medullary
shell, with two hollow fenestrated tubes, opposite on the poles of the main
axis.
The genus _Peripanarium_ differs from _Panarium_ only in the development of
an outer reticulated envelop, which mantle-like surrounds the shell and
represents a second or external cortical shell. It bears therefore to
_Panarium_ the same relation as _Peripanartus_ to _Panartus_, &c.
1. _Peripanarium cenoconicum_, n. sp.
Internal cortical shell with four kidney-shaped chambers of nearly the same
form and size; their pores irregular, roundish, twice to four times as
broad as the bars. External cortical shell cylindrical, hemispherical at
both poles, with irregular, very small, roundish pores, only one-third to
one-half as large as those of the internal. From both poles of the
internal cortical shell arises a hollow conical fenestrated tube, which
perforates the external. The outer free part of this slender cone equals
in length the inner part or the distance between the two cortical shells,
which is about equal to the length of one chamber. External surface covered
with small thorns. (This species has the same appearance as _Desmartus
larvalis_, Pl. 40, fig. 12, but has only four chambers instead of six.)
_Dimensions._--Main axis (without cones) 0.23, greatest breadth 0.11; pores
of the inner cortical shell 0.004 to 0.009, of the outer 0.002 to 0.003;
bars of the former 0.002, of the latter 0.001; total length of the polar
cones 0.05, basal thickness of them 0.03.
_Habitat._--West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
{391}2. _Peripanarium cenocylindricum_, n. sp.
Internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers, the two proximal
kidney-shaped, the two distal conical, and somewhat smaller; pores
irregular, polygonal-roundish, twice to five times as broad as the bars.
External cortical shell nearly spindle-shaped, in the equatorial zone
inflated, conical, tapering towards both poles, its pores very small,
roundish, its surface covered with small thorns. The shell of this species
resembles very much _Peripanartus atractus_ (Pl. 40, fig. 7), but differs
by the hollow cylindrical polar tubes, which arise from both poles of the
inner cortical shell and attain more than half the length of the main axis.
They are open at their ends (broken away), about as broad as the outer
medullary shell, and perforated by irregular, roundish pores.
_Dimensions._--Main axis (without polar tubes) 0.28, greatest breadth (in
the equator) 0.16; pores of the inner cortical shell 0.004 to 0.01, of the
outer 0.002 to 0.005; bars of the former 0.004, of the latter 0.002; total
length of the polar tubes 0.16, breadth of them 0.03.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
Family XVII. #ZYGARTIDA#, Haeckel (Pl. 40, figs. 10-13).
_Zygartida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p.462 (_sensu restricto_).
_Definition._--#Prunoidea# with annulated cortical shell, the external
shell being divided by five or more parallel transverse constrictions into
six or more chambers, enclosing in the centre two internal concentric
shells (medullary shells). Central capsule cylindrical, commonly annulated
(corresponding to the transverse annular constrictions of the cortical
shell).
The family #Zygartida#, the seventh and last of the #Prunoidea#, comprises,
in the sense here restricted, all those #Prunoidea# in which the cortical
shell is annulated and composed of six to twenty or more (at least six)
cameræ, lying one behind another in the elongated main axis, and separated
by five or more annular constrictions. When I constituted this family in
1881 (_loc. cit._), I had given to it a much wider extent, embracing all
those #Prunoidea# which exhibit annular constrictions of the cortical
shell; as the number of these, in consequence of further researches, is
much increased, it seems now more convenient to restrict the family to the
extent here given.
No doubt the Zygartida must be derived from the Panartida by progressive
growth of the cortical shell in the main axis and accompanying increase of
the number of its chambers. Whilst this number in the Panartida is
constantly restricted to four, in the Zygartida it amounts to ten, twenty,
or more, and is in the lowest case six (Pl. 40, fig. 10). The maximum
number is variable in the different species, but of course also different
in the various degrees of individual development. Each Zygartid is at the
beginning of its growth a Cyphinid, later a Panartid. The number of the
annular constrictions separating the chambers and lying in parallel
transverse planes is at least {392}five, but may amount to nineteen, to
twenty-one or more; they lie constantly in pairs on both sides of the
equatorial constriction (Pl. 40, figs. 12, 13).
The cortical shell may either remain simple (_Ommatocampe_, Pl. 40, fig.
10), or become double (_Desmocampe_, Pl. 40, fig. 12), or sometimes triple
(_Zygocampe_, Pl. 40, fig. 13). In the latter cases the outer (secondary
and tertiary) cortical shells are commonly incomplete, and only developed
around the proximal chambers of the complete first (primary) cortical
shell, its distal chambers remaining simple.
_The Medullary Shell_ is constantly double, as in the Panartida; its form
is either spherical or lenticular, compressed in the direction of the main
axis. It is always connected with the equatorial constriction of the
cortical shell by a number of radial beams, lying either in the equatorial
plane or on each side of it (Pl. 40, figs. 10-13).
_The Central Capsule_ of the Zygartida is constantly cylindrical; its
increasing growth on both poles of the axis corresponds to that of the
including cortical shell. Commonly (but not always) its cylindrical surface
is annulated, with five or more transverse strictures, corresponding to
those of the cortical shell. From the inner surface of the latter it is
separated by a jelly-mantle, the calymma.
_Synopsis of the Genera of Zygartida._
I. Ommacampida. { Without polar tubes, 169. _Ommatocampe_.
1. Cortical shell {
simple. { With two hollow fenestrated
(Medullary shell { tubes, on the poles of
double.) { the axis, 170. _Ommatartus_.
II. Desmocampida. { Without polar tubes, 171. _Desmocampe_.
2. Cortical shell {
double. { With two hollow fenestrated
(Medullary shell { tubes, on the poles of
double.) { the axis, 172. _Desmartus_.
III. Zygocampida. { Without polar tubes, 173. _Zygocampe_.
3. Cortical shell {
triple. { With two hollow fenestrated
(Medullary shell { tubes, on the poles of
double.) { the axis, 174. _Zygartus_.
Genus 169. _Ommatocampe_,[208] Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 832.
_Definition._--#Zygartida# with simple cortical shell and double medullary
shell, without polar tubes.
The genus _Ommatocampe_ was founded by Ehrenberg in 1860 for one of his
"_Haliommatina_," with the following diagnosis:--"Shell rod-like, long,
articulate, with nucleus, without spines, with four or more joints." The
species figured by him, _Ommatocampe {393}polyarthra_, exhibits five pairs
of chambers on both sides of the meridian plane of the cortical shell, the
centre of which includes a double medullary shell. It represents the most
simple form of all Zygartida, and may be derived phylogenetically from
_Cyphonium_ simply by multiplication of the chambers of the cortical shell,
growing on both poles of the main axis.
Subgenus 1. _Ommatocampium_.
_Definition._--Surface of the cortical shell smooth or rough, without
thorns or spines, also without polar spines.
1. _Ommatocampe polyarthra_, Ehrenberg.
_Ommatocampe polyarthra_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 279, Taf. vi. fig. 9.
Cortical shell with smooth surface, composed of six to ten chambers of the
same size and form. Every chamber kidney-shaped, about twice as broad as
long, with three transverse rows of circular, subregular pores, twice to
three times as broad as the bars. Both medullary shells spherical.
_Dimensions._--Length of the six-chambered cortical shell 0.15; greatest
breadth of each chamber 0.04; pores 0.005 to 0.007, bars 0.002 to 0.003.
_Habitat._--Californian Sea, depth 2600 fathoms, Ehrenberg; Pacific,
central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in the Tertiary rocks
of Barbados, Haeckel.
2. _Ommatocampe increscens_, Stöhr.
_Ommatocampe increscens_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 90,
Taf. ii. fig. 2, _a_, _b_.
Cortical shell with rough surface, composed of six to ten chambers of
nearly the same size and form; the breadth of the chambers a little
increasing towards both poles. Every chamber kidney-shaped, the proximal
chambers twice as broad as long, with four or five transverse rows of
pores; the distal chambers three to four times as broad as long, with two
or three transverse rows of pores. Form of the pores irregular, roundish,
bars between them in the distal part smaller, in the proximal part larger
than the pores. Both medullary shells compressed lenticular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the six-chambered cortical shell 0.22; greatest
breadth of the chambers 0.09 to 0.1; pores and bars 0.003 to 0.006.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, Stöhr.
3. _Ommatocampe annulata_, n. sp.
Cortical shell with smooth surface, composed of six to twelve chambers of
nearly the same size and form. Each chamber kidney-shaped, twice as broad
as long, with four to five transverse rows of {394}irregular, roundish
pores, once to five times as broad as the bars. On the base of each distal
chamber (beginning in the second or third pair) a circle of twelve to
sixteen larger square pores. Both medullary shells compressed lenticular.
(Resembles the inner cortical shell of _Desmartus larvalis_, Pl. 40, fig.
12, but is without the polar tubes and the outer envelope of this species.)
_Dimensions._--Length of the six-chambered cortical shell 0.23; greatest
breadth of each chamber 0.07; pores 0.002 to 0.01, bars 0.002.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, in various
depths.
Subgenus 2. _Ommatocampula_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the cortical shell thorny or spiny, but without
peculiar polar spines and without regular coronals of spines.
4. _Ommatocampe erucæformis_, n. sp.
Cortical shell with spiny surface, composed of six to twelve chambers of
nearly the same size and form, the distal chambers a little smaller. The
form and structure of the cortical shell is nearly the same as in the
foregoing species, only the pores are somewhat larger, and the whole
surface is covered with bristle-like radial spines, about half as long as
the breadth of one chamber. Both medullary shells compressed and
lenticular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the six-chambered cortical shell 0.24; greatest
breadth of each chamber 0.08; pores 0.005 to 0.012, bars 0.002.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Canary Islands, Station 353, depth 2965
fathoms.
5. _Ommatocampe nereis_, n. sp. (Pl. 40, fig. 10).
Cortical shell with spiny surface, composed of six (or more) chambers of
different size and structure. Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, with
subregular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as the bars.
All following chambers cap-like, with much smaller, irregular, roundish
pores, at the base of every chamber a circle of ten to twelve large square
pores. Spines of the surface short, irregularly scattered. Both medullary
shells spherical. (All the observed specimens possessed only six chambers.)
_Dimensions._--Length of the six-chambered cortical shell 0.25; greatest
breadth of each chamber 0.08; pores of both proximal chambers 0.01, bars
0.005; basal pores of the other chambers 0.02; pores of their distal caps
0.003 to 0.006, bars 0.003.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.
Subgenus 3. _Ommatocorona_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the cortical shell spiny, on every chamber a
regular circle or coronal of radial spines.
{395}6. _Ommatocampe chætopodum_, n. sp.