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Transcriber’s Note:
This version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects.
Italics are delimited with the ‘_’ character as _italic_. In the front
matter, blackletter font is delimited by ‘=’. A diacritical mark, a
comma above a ‘C’ or ‘X’, is represented here as a quotation mark, e.g.
‘C̓echwayo’ or ‘X̓osa’.
Footnotes have been moved to follow the chapters in which they are
referenced.
Any text employed in the maps also have been moved to fall on a
paragraph break.
Errors, attributable to the printer, have been corrected. Please see the
transcriber’s note at the end of this text for details regarding the
handling of any issues encountered during its preparation.
=Cambridge Historical Series=
EDITED BY G. W. PROTHERO, F.B.A., LITT.D.
HON. LL.D. OF EDINBURGH AND HARVARD, AND HONORARY FELLOW
OF KING’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
THE
COLONIZATION OF AFRICA
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
=London=: FETTER LANE, E.C.
C. F. CLAY, MANAGER
[Illustration]
=Edinburgh=: 100, PRINCES STREET
=Berlin=: A. ASHER AND CO.
=Leipzig=: F. A. BROCKHAUS
=New York=: G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
=Bombay and Calcutta=: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.
_All rights reserved_
A HISTORY OF THE
COLONIZATION OF AFRICA
BY ALIEN RACES
BY
SIR HARRY H. JOHNSTON, G.C.M.G., K.C.B.,
HON. SC.D. CANTAB.
_WITH EIGHT MAPS_
NEW EDITION, REVISED THROUGHOUT AND
CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED
Cambridge:
at the University Press
1913
_First Edition 1899. Reprinted 1899, 1905._
_Second and enlarged Edition 1913._
GENERAL PREFACE
_The aim of this series is to sketch the history of Modern Europe, with
that of its chief colonies and conquests, from about the end of the
fifteenth century down to the present time. In one or two cases the
story commences at an earlier date: in the case of the colonies it
generally begins later. The histories of the different countries are
described, as a rule, separately; for it is believed that, except in
epochs like that of the French Revolution and Napoleon I, the connection
of events will thus be better understood and the continuity of
historical development more clearly displayed._
_The series is intended for the use of all persons anxious to understand
the nature of existing political conditions. “The roots of the present
lie deep in the past”; and the real significance of contemporary events
cannot be grasped unless the historical causes which have led to them
are known. The plan adopted makes it possible to treat the history of
the last four centuries in considerable detail, and to embody the most
important results of modern research. It is hoped therefore that the
series will be useful not only to beginners but to students who have
already acquired some general knowledge of European History. For those
who wish to carry their studies further, the bibliography appended to
each volume will act as a guide to original sources of information and
works of a more special character._
_Considerable attention is paid to political geography; and each volume
is furnished with such maps and plans as may be requisite for the
illustration of the text._
G. W. PROTHERO.
ERRATA
p. 69, _for_ Motawakkiq _read_ Motawakkil
p. 371, _for_ Boz _read_ Bor
PREFATORY NOTE
The Editor of this Historical series asked me in 1898 to compile this
work on the History of African Colonization. Even at that date there
existed a number of standard books on the history of African Exploration
(Dr J. Scott Keltie and Dr Robert Brown), on the history of South Africa
(M^cCall Theal and Sir Charles Lucas), and on the Map of Africa by
Treaty (Sir Edward Hertslet). But no attempt had yet been made to
summarise and review in a single book the general history of the
attempts of Asia and Europe to colonize Africa during the historical
period. The original edition of this book published in 1898 was
exhausted by the following year, and in the next reprint certain
additions were made; while to the reprint of 1905 a new chapter was
contributed giving the latest developments in the European colonization
of Africa.
A further issue of the work having been contemplated seven years later,
the Cambridge University Press agreed that I should rewrite the whole
book from beginning to end and enlarge it considerably, so that it might
be brought level with our more complete knowledge of African history in
1912, and at the same time continue the story down to the present year.
Much has happened since 1905 which forms an essential part of the
history of the colonization and development of Africa by alien races.
The old maps have been revised and new ones drawn.
The first edition of this work contained the antique feature of a
dedication. I hesitate to repeat this formally, yet I might mention that
the names I associated in 1898 with my treatise on the Colonization of
Africa were those of SIR GEORGE TAUBMAN GOLDIE (Nigeria); VISCOUNT
KITCHENER OF KHARTŪM (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan); MONSIEUR RENÉ MILLET
(formerly French Resident-General in Tunis), “who has shown how well a
Frenchman can administer a great dependency when allowed liberty of
action”; and MAJOR HERMANN VON WISSMANN (formerly German Imperial
Commissioner in Africa), “who founded the State of German East Africa,
and who has done more than any living German to establish and uphold the
prestige of that great nation in the darkest parts of the Dark
Continent”. I still think that under the guise of a dedication I chose
notable instances of strong and wise men doing good work in Africa, not
only for the colonizing nations, but equally for the subject peoples of
backward race. Their work in its importance has stood the test of time.
What Mons. Millet did in Tunis has been—or should be—made the model of
an administration under which France may succeed in regenerating
Morocco. It is tempting to add other great names to this list, but if,
for example, one inserts that of CECIL RHODES, then in common justice
one must mention DAVID LIVINGSTONE, JOHN KIRK, H. M. STANLEY, JOSEPH
THOMSON, FREDERICK LUGARD, GEORGE GRENFELL, E. N. ROUME, and FRANZ
STUHLMANN, and many others who have brought about the recent opening-up
of Africa by the white man.
H. H. JOHNSTON.
POLING,
_December, 1912_.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
PREHISTORIC RACE MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA
The origin of African man—Principal Negro types—The
Bushman—Negroids (Fula, Songhai, Tibu, Hausa)—The Mystery of the
Zimbabwe ruins of Rhodesia—Probable distribution of native races
ten thousand years ago—The Dynastic Egyptians—The early
Semites—The Hamites—The Malay Colonization of Madagascar 1