CHAPTER IX

THE EXODUS DURING THE WORLD WAR

Within the last two years there has been a steady stream of Negroes into

the North in such large numbers as to overshadow in its results all other

movements of the kind in the United States. These Negroes have come

largely from Alabama, Tennessee, Florida, Georgia, Virginia, North

Carolina, Kentucky, South Carolina, Arkansas and Mississippi. The given

causes of this migration are numerous and complicated. Some untruths

centering around this exodus have not been unlike those of other

migrations. Again we hear that the Negroes are being brought North to

fight organized labor,[1] and to carry doubtful States for the

Republicans.[2] These numerous explanations themselves, however, give rise

to doubt as to the fundamental cause.

Why then should the Negroes leave the South? It has often been spoken of

as the best place for them. There, it is said, they have made unusual

strides forward. The progress of the Negroes in the South, however, has in

no sense been general, although the land owned by Negroes in the country

and the property of thrifty persons of their race in urban communities may

be extensive. In most parts of the South the Negroes are still unable to

become landowners or successful business men. Conditions and customs have

reserved these spheres for the whites. Generally speaking, the Negroes are

still dependent on the white people for food and shelter. Although not

exactly slaves, they are yet attached to the white people as tenants,

servants or dependents. Accepting this as their lot, they have been

content to wear their lord's cast-off clothing, and live in his

ramshackled barn or cellar. In this unhappy state so many have settled

down, losing all ambition to attain a higher station. The world has gone

on but in their sequestered sphere progress has passed them by.

What then is the cause? There have been _bulldozing_, terrorism,

maltreatment and what not of persecution; but the Negroes have not in

large numbers wandered away from the land of their birth. What the

migrants themselves think about it, goes to the very heart of the trouble.

Some say that they left the South on account of injustice in the courts,

unrest, lack of privileges, denial of the right to vote, bad treatment,

oppression, segregation or lynching. Others say that they left to find

employment, to secure better wages, better school facilities, and better

opportunities to toil upward.[3] Southern white newspapers unaccustomed to

give the Negroes any mention but that of criminals have said that the

Negroes are going North because they have not had a fair chance in the

South and that if they are to be retained there, the attitude of the

whites toward them must be changed. Professor William O. Scroggs, of

Louisiana State University, considers as causes of this exodus "the

relatively low wages paid farm labor, an unsatisfactory tenant or

crop-sharing system, the boll weevil, the crop failure of 1916, lynching,

disfranchisement, segregation, poor schools, and the monotony, isolation

and drudgery of farm life." Professor Scroggs, however, is wrong in

thinking that the persecution of the blacks has little to do with the

migration for the reason that during these years when the treatment of the

Negroes is decidedly better they are leaving the South. This does not mean

that they would not have left before, if they had had economic

opportunities in the North. It is highly probable that the Negroes would

not be leaving the South today, if they were treated as men, although

there might be numerous opportunities for economic improvement in the

North.[4]

The immediate cause of this movement was the suffering due to the floods

aggravated by the depredations of the boll weevil. Although generally

mindful of our welfare, the United States Government has not been as ready

to build levees against a natural enemy to property as it has been to

provide fortifications for warfare. It has been necessary for local

communities and State governments to tax themselves to maintain them. The

national government, however, has appropriated to the purpose of

facilitating inland navigation certain sums which have been used in doing

this work, especially in the Mississippi Valley. There are now 1,538 miles

of levees on both sides of the Mississippi from Cape Girardeau to the

passes. These levees, of course, are still inadequate to the security of

the planters against these inundations. Carrying 406 million tons of mud a

year, the river becomes a dangerous stream subject to change, abandoning

its old bed to cut for itself a new channel, transferring property from

one State to another, isolating cities and leaving once useful levees

marooned in the landscape like old Indian mounds or overgrown

intrenchments.[5]

This valley has, therefore, been frequently visited with disasters which

have often set the population in motion. The first disastrous floods came

in 1858 and 1859, breaking many of the levees, the destruction of which

was practically completed by the floods of 1865 and 1869. There is an

annual rise in the stream, but since 1874 this river system has fourteen

times devastated large areas of this section with destructive floods. The

property in this district depreciated in value to the extent of about 400

millions in ten years. Farmers from this section, therefore, have at times

moved west with foreigners to take up public lands.

The other disturbing factor in this situation was the boll weevil, an

interloper from Mexico in 1892. The boll weevil is an insect about one

fourth of an inch in length, varying from one eighth to one third of an

inch with a breadth of about one third of the length. When it first

emerges it is yellowish, then becomes grayish brown and finally assumes a

black shade. It breeds on no other plant than cotton and feeds on the

boll. This little animal, at first attacked the cotton crop in Texas. It

was not thought that it would extend its work into the heart of the South

so as to become of national consequence, but it has, at the rate of forty

to one hundred sixty miles annually, invaded all of the cotton district

except that of the Carolinas and Virginia. The damage it does, varies

according to the rainfall and the harshness of the winter, increasing with

the former and decreasing with the latter. At times the damage has been to

the extent of a loss of 50 per cent. of the crop, estimated at 400,000

bales of cotton annually, about 4,500,000 bales since the invasion or

$250,000,000 worth of cotton.[6] The output of the South being thus cut

off, the planter has less income to provide supplies for his black tenants

and, the prospects for future production being dark, merchants accustomed

to give them credit have to refuse. This, of course, means financial

depression, for the South is a borrowing section and any limitation to

credit there blocks the wheels of industry. It was fortunate for the Negro

laborers in this district that there was then a demand for labor in the

North when this condition began to obtain.

This demand was made possible by the cutting off of European immigration

by the World War, which thereby rendered this hitherto uncongenial section

an inviting field for the Negro. The Negroes have made some progress in

the North during the last fifty years, but despite their achievements they

have been so handicapped by race prejudice and proscribed by trades unions

that the uplift of the race by economic methods has been impossible. The

European immigrants have hitherto excluded the Negroes even from the

menial positions. In the midst of the drudgery left for them, the blacks

have often heretofore been debased to the status of dependents and

paupers. Scattered through the North too in such small numbers, they have

been unable to unite for social betterment and mutual improvement and

naturally too weak to force the community to respect their wishes as could

be done by a large group with some political or economic power. At

present, however, Negro laborers, who once went from city to city, seeking

such employment as trades unions left to them, can work even as skilled

laborers throughout the North.[7] Women of color formerly excluded from

domestic service by foreign maids are now in demand. Many mills and

factories which Negroes were prohibited from entering a few years ago are

now bidding for their labor. Railroads cannot find help to keep their

property in repair, contractors fall short of their plans for failure to

hold mechanics drawn into the industrial boom and the United States

Government has had to advertise for men to hasten the preparation for war.

Men from afar went south to tell the Negroes of a way of escape to a more

congenial place. Blacks long since unaccustomed to venture a few miles

from home, at once had visions of a promised land just a few hundred miles

away. Some were told of the chance to amass fabulous riches, some of the

opportunities for education and some of the hospitality of the places of

amusement and recreation in the North. The migrants then were soon on the

way. Railway stations became conspicuous with the presence of Negro

tourists, the trains were crowded to full capacity and the streets of

northern cities were soon congested with black laborers seeking to realize

their dreams in the land of unusual opportunity.

Employment agencies, recently multiplied to meet the demand for labor,

find themselves unable to cope with the situation and agents sent into the

South to induce the blacks by offers of free transportation and high wages

to go north, have found it impossible to supply the demand in centers

where once toiled the Poles, Italians and the Greeks formerly preferred to

the Negroes.[8] In other words, the present migration differs from others

in that the Negro has opportunity awaiting him in the North whereas

formerly it was necessary for him to make a place for himself upon

arriving among enemies. The proportion of those returning to the South,

therefore, will be inconsiderable.

Becoming alarmed at the immensity of this movement the South has

undertaken to check it. To frighten Negroes from the North southern

newspapers are carefully circulating reports that many of them are

returning to their native land because of unexpected hardships.[9] But

having failed in this, southerners have compelled employment agents to

cease operations there, arrested suspected employers and, to prevent the

departure of the Negroes, imprisoned on false charges those who appear at

stations to leave for the North. This procedure could not long be

effective, for by the more legal and clandestine methods of railway

passenger agents the work has gone forward. Some southern communities

have, therefore, advocated drastic legislation against labor agents, as

was suggested in Louisiana in 1914, when by operation of the Underwood

Tariff Law the Negroes thrown out of employment in the sugar district

migrated to the cotton plantations.[10]

One should not, however, get the impression that the majority of the

Negroes are leaving the South. Eager as these Negroes seem to go, there is

no unanimity of opinion as to whether migration is the best policy. The

sycophant, toady class of Negroes naturally advise the blacks to remain in

the South to serve their white neighbors. The radical protagonists of the

equal-rights-for-all element urge them to come North by all means. Then

there are the thinking Negroes, who are still further divided. Both

divisions of this element have the interests of the race at heart, but

they are unable to agree as to exactly what the blacks should now do.

Thinking that the present war will soon be over and that consequently the

immigration of foreigners into this country will again set in and force

out of employment thousands of Negroes who have migrated to the North,

some of the most representative Negroes are advising their fellows to

remain where they are. The most serious objection to this transplantation

is that it means for the Negroes a loss of land, the rapid acquisition of

which has long been pointed to as the best evidence of the ability of the

blacks to rise in the economic world. So many Negroes who have by dint of

energy purchased small farms yielding an increasing income from year to

year, are now disposing of them at nominal prices to come north to work

for wages. Looking beyond the war, however, and thinking too that the

depopulation of Europe during this upheaval will render immigration from

that quarter for some years an impossibility, other thinkers urge the

Negroes to continue the migration to the North, where the race may be

found in sufficiently large numbers to wield economic and political power.

Great as is the dearth of labor in the South, moreover, the Negro exodus

has not as yet caused such a depression as to unite the whites in inducing

the blacks to remain in that section. In the first place, the South has

not yet felt the worst effects of this economic upheaval as that part of

the country has been unusually aided by the millions which the United

States Government is daily spending there. Furthermore, the poor whites

are anxious to see the exodus of their competitors in the field of labor.

This leaves the capitalists at their mercy, and in keeping with their

domineering attitude, they will be able to handle the labor situation as

they desire. As an evidence of this fact we need but note the continuation

of mob rule and lynching in the South despite the preachings against it of

the organs of thought which heretofore winked at it. This terrorism has

gone to an unexpected extent. Negro farmers have been threatened with

bodily injury, unless they leave certain parts.

The southerner of aristocratic bearing will say that only the shiftless

poor whites terrorize the Negroes. This may be so, but the truth offers

little consolation when we observe that most white people in the South are

of this class; and the tendency of this element to put their children to

work before they secure much education does not indicate that the South

will soon experience that general enlightenment necessary to exterminate

these survivals of barbarism. Unless the upper classes of the whites can

bring the mob around to their way of thinking that the persecution of the

Negro is prejudicial to the interests of all, it is not likely that mob

rule will soon cease and the migration to this extent will be promoted

rather than retarded.

It is unfortunate for the South that the growing consciousness of the

Negroes has culminated at the very time they are most needed. Finally

heeding the advice of agricultural experts to reconstruct its agricultural

system, the South has learned in the school of bitter experience to depart

from the plan of producing the single cotton crop. It is now raising

food-stuffs to make that section self-supporting without reducing the

usual output of cotton. With the increasing production in the South,

therefore, more labor is needed just at the very time it is being drawn to

centers in the North. The North being an industrial and commercial section

has usually attracted the immigrants, who will never fit into the economic

situation in the South because they will not accept the treatment given

Negroes. The South, therefore, is now losing the only labor which it can

ever use under present conditions.

Where these Negroes are going is still more interesting. The exodus to the

west was mainly directed to Kansas and neighboring States, the migration

to the Southwest centered in Oklahoma and Texas, pioneering Negro laborers

drifted into the industrial district of the Appalachian highland during

the eighties and nineties and the infiltration of the discontented

talented tenth affected largely the cities of the North. But now we are

told that at the very time the mining districts of the North and West are

being filled with blacks the western planters are supplying their farms

with them and that into some cities have gone sufficient skilled and

unskilled Negro workers to increase the black population more than one

hundred per cent. Places in the North, where the black population has not

only not increased but even decreased in recent years, are now receiving a

steady influx of Negroes. In fact, this is a nation-wide migration

affecting all parts and all conditions.

Students of social problems are now wondering whether the Negro can be

adjusted in the North. Many perplexing problems must arise. This movement

will produce results not unlike those already mentioned in the discussion

of other migrations, some of which we have evidence of today. There will

be an increase in race prejudice leading in some communities to actual

outbreaks as in Chester and Youngstown and probably to massacres like that

of East St. Louis, in which participated not only well-known citizens but

the local officers and the State militia. The Negroes in the North are in

competition with white men who consider them not only strike breakers but

a sort of inferior individuals unworthy of the consideration which white

men deserve. And this condition obtains even where Negroes have been

admitted to the trades unions.

Negroes in seeking new homes in the North, moreover, invade residential

districts hitherto exclusively white. There they encounter prejudice and

persecution until most whites thus disturbed move out determined to do

whatever they can to prevent their race from suffering from further

depreciation of property and the disturbance of their community life.

Lawlessness has followed, showing that violence may under certain

conditions develop among some classes anywhere rather than reserve itself

for vigilance committees of primitive communities. It has brought out too

another aspect of lawlessness in that it breaks out in the North where the

numbers of Negroes are still too small to serve as an excuse for the

terrorism and lynching considered necessary in the South to keep the

Negroes down.

The maltreatment of the Negroes will be nationalized by this exodus. The

poor whites of both sections will strike at this race long stigmatized by

servitude but now demanding economic equality. Race prejudice, the fatal

weakness of the Americans, will not so soon abate although there will be

advocates of fraternity, equality and liberty required to reconstruct our

government and rebuild our civilization in conformity with the demands of

modern efficiency by placing every man regardless of his color wherever he

may do the greatest good for the greatest number.

The Negroes, however, are doubtless going to the North in sufficiently

large numbers to make themselves felt. If this migration falls short of

establishing in that section Negro colonies large enough to wield economic

and political power, their state in the end will not be any better than

that of the Negroes already there. It is to these large numbers alone that

we must look for an agent to counteract the development of race feeling

into riots. In large numbers the blacks will be able to strike for better

wages or concessions due a rising laboring class and they will have enough

votes to defeat for reelection those officers who wink at mob violence or

treat Negroes as persons beyond the pale of the law.

The Negroes in the North, however, will get little out of the harvest if,

like the blacks of Reconstruction days, they unwisely concentrate their

efforts on solving all of their problems by electing men of their race as

local officers or by sending a few members even to Congress as is likely

in New York, Philadelphia and Chicago within the next generation. The

Negroes have had representatives in Congress before but they were put out

because their constituency was uneconomic and politically impossible.

There was nothing but the mere letter of the law behind the Reconstruction

Negro officeholder and the thus forced political recognition against

public opinion could not last any longer than natural forces for some time

thrown out of gear by unnatural causes could resume the usual line of

procedure.

It would be of no advantage to the Negro race today to send to Congress

forty Negro Representatives on the pro rata basis of numbers, especially

if they happened not to be exceptionally well qualified. They would remain

in Congress only so long as the American white people could devise some

plan for eliminating them as they did during the Reconstruction period.

Near as the world has approached real democracy, history gives no record

of a permanent government conducted on this basis. Interests have always

been stronger than numbers. The Negroes in the North, therefore, should

not on the eve of the economic revolution follow the advice of their

misguided and misleading race leaders who are diverting their attention

from their actual welfare to a specialization in politics. To concentrate

their efforts on electing a few Negroes to office wherever the blacks are

found in the majority, would exhibit the narrowness of their oppressors.

It would be as unwise as the policy of the Republican party of setting

aside a few insignificant positions like that of Recorder of Deeds,

Register of the Treasury and Auditor of the Navy as segregated jobs for

Negroes. Such positions have furnished a nucleus for the large, worthless,

office-seeking class of Negroes in Washington, who have established the

going of the people of the city toward pretence and sham.

The Negroes should support representative men of any color or party, if

they stand for a square deal and equal rights for all. The new Negroes in

the North, therefore, will, as so many of their race in New York,

Philadelphia and Chicago are now doing, ally themselves with those men who

are fairminded and considerate of the man far down, and seek to embrace

their many opportunities for economic progress, a foundation for political

recognition, upon which the race must learn to build. Every race in the

universe must aspire to becoming a factor in politics; but history shows

that there is no short route to such success. Like other despised races

beset with the prejudice and militant opposition of self-styled superiors,

the Negroes must increase their industrial efficiency, improve their

opportunities to make a living, develop the home, church and school, and

contribute to art, literature, science and philosophy to clear the way to

that political freedom of which they cannot be deprived.

The entire country will be benefited by this upheaval. It will be helpful

even to the South. The decrease in the black population in those

communities where the Negroes outnumber the whites will remove the fear of

_Negro domination_, one of the causes of the backwardness of the

South and its peculiar civilization. Many of the expensive precautions

which the southern people have taken to keep the Negroes down, much of the

terrorism incited to restrain the blacks from self-assertion will no

longer be considered necessary; for, having the excess in numbers on their

side, the whites will finally rest assured that the Negroes may be

encouraged without any apprehension that they may develop enough power to

subjugate or embarrass their former masters.

The Negroes too are very much in demand in the South and the intelligent

whites will gladly give them larger opportunities to attach them to that

section, knowing that the blacks, once conscious of their power to move

freely throughout the country wherever they may improve their condition,

will never endure hardships like those formerly inflicted upon the race.

The South is already learning that the Negro is the most desirable laborer

for that section, that the persecution of Negroes not only drives them out

but makes the employment of labor such a problem that the South will not

be an attractive section for capital. It will, therefore, be considered

the duty of business men to secure protection to the Negroes lest their

ill-treatment force them to migrate to the extent of bringing about a

stagnation of their business.

The exodus has driven home the truth that the prosperity of the South is

at the mercy of the Negro. Dependent on cheap labor, which the bulldozing

whites will not readily furnish, the wealthy southerners must finally

reach the position of regarding themselves and the Negroes as having a

community of interests which each must promote. "Nature itself in those

States," Douglass said, "came to the rescue of the Negro. He had labor,

the South wanted it, and must have it or perish. Since he was free he

could then give it, or withhold it; use it where he was, or take it

elsewhere, as he pleased. His labor made him a slave and his labor could,

if he would, make him free, comfortable and independent. It is more to him

than either fire, sword, ballot boxes or bayonets. It touches the heart of

the South through its pocket."[11] Knowing that the Negro has this silent

weapon to be used against his employer or the community, the South is

already giving the race better educational facilities, better railway

accommodations, and will eventually, if the advocacy of certain southern

newspapers be heeded, grant them political privileges. Wages in the South,

therefore, have risen even in the extreme southwestern States, where there

is an opportunity to import Mexican labor. Reduced to this extremity, the

southern aristocrats have begun to lose some of their race prejudice,

which has not hitherto yielded to reason or philanthropy.

Southern men are telling their neighbors that their section must abandon

the policy of treating the Negroes as a problem and construct a program

for recognition rather than for repression. Meetings are, therefore, being

held to find out what the Negro wants and what may be done to keep them

contented. They are told that the Negro must be elevated not exploited,

that to make the South what it must needs be, the cooperation of all is

needed to train and equip the men of all races for efficiency. The aim of

all then must be to reform or get rid of the unfair proprietors who do not

give their tenants a fair division of the returns from their labor. To

this end the best whites and blacks are urged to come together to find a

working basis for a systematic effort in the interest of all.

To say that either the North or the South can easily become adjusted to

this change is entirely too sanguine. The North will have a problem. The

Negroes in the northern city will have much more to contend with than when

settled in the rural districts or small urban centers. Forced by

restrictions of real estate men into congested districts, there has

appeared the tendency toward further segregation. They are denied social

contact, are sagaciously separated from the whites in public places of

amusement and are clandestinely segregated in public schools in spite of

the law to the contrary. As a consequence the Negro migrant often finds

himself with less friends than he formerly had. The northern man who once

denounced the South on account of its maltreatment of the blacks gradually

grows silent when a Negro is brought next door. There comes with the

movement, therefore, the difficult problem of housing.

Where then must the migrants go? They are not wanted by the whites and are

treated with contempt by the native blacks of the northern cities, who

consider their brethren from the South too criminal and too vicious to be

tolerated. In the average progressive city there has heretofore been a

certain increase in the number of houses through natural growth, but owing

to the high cost of materials, high wages, increasing taxation and the

inclination to invest money in enterprises growing out of the war, fewer

houses are now being built, although Negroes are pouring into these

centers as a steady stream. The usual Negro quarters in northern centers

of this sort have been filled up and the overflow of the black population

scattered throughout the city among white people. Old warehouses, store

rooms, churches, railroad cars and tents have been used to meet these

demands.

A large per cent of these Negroes are located in rooming houses or

tenements for several families. The majority of them cannot find

individual rooms. Many are crowded into the same room, therefore, and too

many into the same bed. Sometimes as many as four and five sleep in one

bed, and that may be placed in the basement, dining-room or kitchen where

there is neither adequate light nor air. In some cases men who work during

the night sleep by day in beds used by others during the night. Some of

their houses have no water inside and have toilets on the outside without

sewerage connections. The cooking is often done by coal or wood stoves or

kerosene lamps. Yet the rent runs high although the houses are generally

out of repair and in some cases have been condemned by the municipality.

The unsanitary conditions in which many of the blacks are compelled to

live are in violation of municipal ordinances.

Furthermore, because of the indiscriminate employment by labor agents and

the dearth of labor requiring the acceptance of almost all sorts of men,

some disorderly and worthless Negroes have been brought into the North. On

the whole, however, these migrants are not lazy, shiftless and desperate

as some predicted that they would be. They generally attend church, save

their money and send a part of their savings regularly to their families.

They do not belong to the class going North in quest of whiskey. Mr.

Abraham Epstein, who has written a valuable pamphlet setting forth his

researches in Pittsburgh, states that the migrants of that city do not

generally imbibe and most of those who do, take beer only.[12] Out of four

hundred and seventy persons to whom he propounded this question, two

hundred and ten or forty-four per cent of them were total abstainers.

Seventy per cent of those having families do not drink at all.

With this congestion, however, have come serious difficulties. Crowded

conditions give rise to vice, crime and disease. The prevalence of vice

has not been the rule but tendencies, which better conditions in the South

restrained from developing, have under these undesirable conditions been

given an opportunity to grow. There is, therefore, a tendency toward the

crowding of dives, assembling on the corners of streets and the commission

of petty offences which crowd them into the police courts. One finds also

sometimes a congestion in houses of dissipation and the carrying of

concealed weapons. Law abiding on the whole, however, they have not

experienced a wave of crime. The chief offences are those resulting from

the saloons and denizens of vice, which are furnished by the community

itself.

Disease has been one of their worst enemies, but reports on their health

have been exaggerated. On account of this sudden change of the Negroes

from one climate to another and the hardships of more unrelenting toil,

many of them have been unable to resist pneumonia, bronchitis and

tuberculosis. Churches, rescue missions and the National League on Urban

Conditions Among Negroes have offered relief in some of these cases. The

last-named organization is serving in large cities as a sort of clearing

house for such activities and as means of interpreting one race to the

other. It has now eighteen branches in cities to which this migration has

been directed. Through a local worker these migrants are approached,

properly placed and supervised until they can adjust themselves to the

community without apparent embarrassment to either race. The League has

been able to handle the migrants arriving by extending the work so as to

know their movements beforehand.

The occupations in which these people engage will throw further light on

their situation. About ninety per cent of them do unskilled labor. Only

ten per cent of them do semi-skilled or skilled labor. They serve as

common laborers, puddlers, mold-setters, painters, carpenters,

bricklayers, cement workers and machinists. What the Negroes need then is

that sort of freedom which carries with it industrial opportunity and

social justice. This they cannot attain until they be permitted to enter

the higher pursuits of labor. Two reasons are given for failure to enter

these: first, that Negro labor is unstable and inefficient; and second,

that white men will protest. Organized labor, however, has done nothing to

help the blacks. Yet it is a fact that accustomed to the easy-going toil

of the plantation, the blacks have not shown the same efficiency as that

of the whites. Some employers report, however, that they are glad to have

them because they are more individualistic and do not like to group. But

it is not true that colored labor cannot be organized. The blacks have

merely been neglected by organized labor. Wherever they have had the

opportunity to do so, they have organized and stood for their rights like

men. The trouble is that the trades unions are generally antagonistic to

Negroes although they are now accepting the blacks in self-defense. The

policy of excluding Negroes from these bodies is made effective by an

evasive procedure, despite the fact that the constitutions of many of them

specifically provide that there shall be no discrimination on account of

race or color.

Because of this tendency some of the representatives of trades unions have

asked why Negroes do not organize unions of their own. This the Negroes

have generally failed to do, thinking that they would not be recognized by

the American Federation of Labor, and knowing too that what their union

would have to contend with in the economic world would be diametrically

opposed to the wishes of the men from whom they would have to seek

recognition. Organized labor, moreover, is opposed to the powerful

capitalists, the only real friends the Negroes have in the North to

furnish them food and shelter while their lives are often being sought by

union members. Steps toward organizing Negro labor have been made in

various Northern cities during 1917 and 1918.[18] The objective of this

movement for the present, however, is largely that of employment.

Eventually the Negro migrants will, no doubt, without much difficulty

establish themselves among law-abiding and industrious people of the North

where they will receive assistance. Many persons now see in this shifting

of the Negro population the dawn of a new day, not in making the Negro

numerically dominant anywhere to obtain political power, but to secure for

him freedom of movement from section to section as a competitor in the

industrial world. They also observe that while there may be an increase of

race prejudice in the North the same will in that proportion decrease in

the South, thus balancing the equation while giving the Negro his best

chance in the economic world out of which he must emerge a real man with

power to secure his rights as an American citizen.

[Footnote 1: _New York Times_, Sept. 5, 9, 28, 1916.]

[Footnote 2: _Ibid_., Oct. 18, 28; Nov. 5, 7, 12, 15; Dec. 4, 9,

1916.]

[Footnote 3: _The Crisis_, July, 1917.]

[Footnote 4: _American Journal of Political Economy_, XXX, p. 1040.]

[Footnote 5: _The World's Work_, XX, p. 271.]

[Footnote 6: _The World's Work_, XX, p. 272.]

[Footnote 7: _New York Times_, March 29, April 7, 9, May 30 and 31,

1917.]

[Footnote 8: _Survey_, XXXVII, pp. 569-571 and XXXVIII, pp. 27, 226,

331, 428; _Forum_, LVII, p. 181; _The World's Work_, XXXIV, pp.

135, 314-319; _Outlook_, CXVI, pp. 520-521; _Independent_, XCI,

pp. 53-54.]

[Footnote 9: _The Crisis_, 1917.]

[Footnote 10: _The New Orleans Times Picayune_, March 26, 1914.]

[Footnote 11: _American Journal of Social Science_, XI, p. 4.]

[Footnote 12: Epstein, _The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh_.]

[Footnote 13: Epstein, _The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh_.]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

As the public has not as yet paid very much attention to Negro History,

and has not seen a volume dealing primarily with the migration of the race

in America, one could hardly expect that there has been compiled a

bibliography in this special field. With the exception of what appears in

Still's and Siebert's works on the _Underground Railroad_ and the

records of the meetings of the Quakers promoting this movement, there is

little helpful material to be found in single volumes bearing on the

antebellum period. Since the Civil War, however, more has been said and

written concerning the movements of the Negro population. E.H. Botume's

_First Days Among the Contrabands_ and John Eaton's _Grant, Lincoln

and the Freedmen_ cover very well the period of rebellion. This is

supplemented by J.C. Knowlton's _Contrabands_ in the _University

Quarterly_, Volume XXI, page 307, and by Edward L. Pierce's _The

Freedmen at Port Royal_ in the _Atlantic Monthly_, Volume XII,

page 291. The exodus of 1879 is treated by J.B. Runnion in the _Atlantic

Monthly_, Volume XLIV, page 222; by Frederick Douglass and Richard T.

Greener in the _American Journal of Social Science_, Volume XI, page

1; by F.R. Guernsey in the _International Review_, Volume VII, page

373; by E.L. Godkin in the _Nation_, Volume XXVIII, pages 242 and 386;

and by J.C. Hartzell in the _Methodist Quarterly_, Volume XXXIX,

page 722. The second volume of George W. Williams's _History of the

Negro Race_ also contains a short chapter on the exodus of 1879. In

Volume XVIII, page 370, of _Public Opinion_ there is a discussion of

_Negro Emigration and Deportation_ as advocated by Bishop H.M. Turner

and Senator Morgan of Alabama during the nineties. Professor William O.

Scroggs of Louisiana University has in the _Journal of Political

Economy_, Volume XXV, page 1034, an article entitled _Interstate

Migration of Negro Population_. Mr. Epstein has published a helpful

pamphlet, _The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh_. Most of the material for

this work, however, was collected from the various sources mentioned

below.

BOOKS OF TRAVEL

Brissot de Warville, J. P. _New Travels in the United States of America:

including the Commerce of America with Europe, particularly with Great

Britain and France_. Two volumes. (London, 1794.) Gives general

impressions, few details.

Buckingham, J.S. _America, Historical, Statistical, and Descriptive_.

Two volumes. (New York, 1841.)--_Eastern and Western States of

America_. Three volumes. (London and Paris, 1842.) Contains useful

information.

Olmsted, Frederick Law. _A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, with

Remarks on their Economy_. (New York, 1859.)--_A Journey in the Back

Country_. (London, 1860.)

--_Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom_. (London, 1861.)

Olmsted was a New York farmer. He recorded a few important facts about the

Negroes immediately before the Civil War.

Woolman, John. _Journal of John Woolman, with an Introduction by John G.

Whittier_. (Boston, 1873.) Woolman traveled so extensively in the

colonies that he probably knew more about the Negroes than any other

Quaker of his time.

LETTERS

Boyce, Stanbury. _Letters on the Emigration of the Negroes to

Trinidad_.

Jefferson, Thomas. _Letters of Thomas Jefferson to Abbé Grégoire, M.A.

Julien, and Benjamin Banneker. In Jefferson's Works, Memorial Edition_,

xii and xv. He comments on Negroes' talents.

Madison, James. _Letters to Frances Wright_. In _Madison's

Works_, vol. iii, p. 396. The emancipation of Negroes is discussed.

May, Samuel Joseph. _The Right of the Colored People to Education_.

(Brooklyn, 1883.) A collection of public letters addressed to Andrew T.

Judson, remonstrating on the unjust procedure relative to Miss Prudence

Crandall.

McDonogh, John. "_A Letter of John McDonogh on African Colonization

addressed to the Editor of the New Orleans Commercial Bulletin_."

McDonogh was interested in the betterment of the colored people and did

much to promote their mental development.

BIOGRAPHIES

Birney, William. _James G. Birney and His Times_. (New York, 1890.) A

sketch of an advocate of Negro uplift.

Bowen, Clarence W. _Arthur and Lewis Tappan_. A paper read at the

fiftieth anniversary of the New York Anti-Slavery Society, at the Broadway

Tabernacle, New York City, October 2, 1883. An honorable mention of two

friends of the Negro.

Drew, Benjamin. _A North-side View of Slavery. The Refugee: or the

Narratives of Fugitive Slaves in Canada. Related by themselves, with an

Account of the History and Condition of the Colored Population of Upper

Canada_. (New York and Boston, 1856.)

Frothingham, O.B. _Gerritt Smith: A Biography_. (New York, 1878.)

Garrison, Francis and Wendell P. _William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879. The

Story of his Life told by his Children_. Four volumes. (Boston and New

York, 1894.) Includes a brief account of what he did for the colored

people.

Hammond, C.A. _Gerritt Smith, The Story of a Noble Man's Life_.

(Geneva, 1900.)

Johnson, Oliver. _William Lloyd Garrison and his Times_. (Boston,

1880. New edition, revised and enlarged, Boston, 1881.)

Mott, A. _Biographical Sketches and Interesting Anecdotes of Persons of

Color; with a Selection of Pieces of Poetry_. (New York, 1826.) Some of

these sketches show how ambitious Negroes succeeded in spite of

opposition.

Simmons, W.J. _Men of Mark; Eminent, Progressive, and Rising, with an

Introductory Sketch of the Author by Reverend Henry M. Turner_.

(Cleveland, Ohio, 1891.) Accounts for the adverse circumstances under

which many antebellum Negroes made progress.

AUTOBIOGRAPHIES

Coffin, Levi. _Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, reputed President of the

Underground Railroad_. Second edition. (Cincinnati, 1880.) Contains

many facts concerning Negroes.

Douglass, Frederick. _Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, as an

American Slave_. Written by himself. (Boston, 1845.) Gives several

cases of secret Negro movements for their own good.

--_The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass from 1817 to 1882_.

(London, 1882.) Written by himself. With an Introduction by the Eight

Honorable John Bright, M.P. Edited by John Loeb, F.R.G.S., of the

_Christian Age_. Editor of _Uncle Tom's Story of his Life_.

HISTORIES

Bancroft, George. _History of the United States_. Ten volumes.

(Boston, 1857-1864.)

Brackett, Jeffrey R. _The Negro in Maryland_. Johns Hopkins

University Studies. (Baltimore, 1889.)

Collins, Lewis. _Historical Sketches of Kentucky_. (Maysville, Ky.,

and Cincinnati, Ohio, 1847.)

Dunn, J.P. _Indiana; A redemption from Slavery_. (In the American

Commonwealths, vols. XII, Boston and New York, 1888.)

Evans, W.E. _A History of Scioto County together with a Pioneer Record

of Southern Ohio_. (Portsmouth, 1903.)

Farmer, Silas. _The History of Detroit and Michigan or the Metropolis

Illustrated_. A chronological encyclopedia of the past and the present

including a full record of territorial days in Michigan and the annals of

Wayne County. Two volumes. (Detroit, 1899.)

Harris, N.D. _The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois and of the

Slavery Agitation in that State, 1719-1864,_. (Chicago, 1904.)

Hart, A.B. _The American Nation; A History, etc_. Twenty-seven

volumes. (New York, 1904-1908.) The volumes which have a bearing on the

subject treated in this monograph are W.A. Dunning's _Reconstruction_,

F.J. Turner's _Rise of the New West_, and A.B. Hart's _Slavery and

Abolition_.

Hinsdale, B.A. _The Old Northwest; with a view of the thirteen colonies

as constituted by the royal charters_. (New York, 1888.)

Howe, Henry. _Historical Collections of Ohio_. Contains a collection

of the most interesting facts, traditions, biographical sketches,

anecdotes, etc., relating to its general and local history with

descriptions of its counties, principal towns and villages. (Cincinnati,

1847.)

Jones, Charles Colcook, Jr. _History of Georgia_. (Boston, 1883.)

McMaster, John B. _History of the United States_. Six volumes. (New

York, 1900.)

Rhodes, J.F. _History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850

to the Final Restoration of Home Rule in the South_. (New York and

London, Macmillan & Company, 1892-1906.)

Steiner, B.C. _History of Slavery in Connecticut_. (Johns Hopkins

University Studies, 1893.)

Stuve, Bernard, and Alexander Davidson. _A Complete History of Illinois

from 1673 to 1783_. (Springfield, 1874.)

Tremain, Mary M.A. _Slavery in the District of Columbia_. (University

of Nebraska Seminary Papers, April, 1892.)

_History of Brown County, Ohio_. (Chicago, 1883.)

ADDRESSES

Garrison, William Lloyd. _An Address Delivered before the Free People of

Color in Philadelphia, New York and other Cities during the Month of June,

1831_. (Boston, 1831.)

Griffin, Edward Dore. _A Plea for Africa,_. (New York, 1817.) A Sermon

preached October 26, 1817, in the First Presbyterian Church in the City of

New York before the Synod of New York and New Jersey at the Request of the

Board of Directors of the African School established by the Synod. The aim

was to arouse interest in colonization.

REPORTS AND STATISTICS

_Special Report of the Commissioner of Education on the Improvement of

Public Schools in the District of Columbia_, containing M. B. Goodwin's

"History of Schools for the Colored Population in the District of

Columbia." (Washington, 1871.)

_Report of the Committee of Representatives of the New York Yearly

Meeting of Friends upon the condition and wants of the Colored

Refugees_, 1862.

Clarke, J. F. _Present Condition of the Free Colored People of the

United States_. (New York and Boston, the American Antislavery Society,

1859.) Published also in the March number of the _Christian

Examiner_.

_Condition of the Free People of Color in Ohio. With interesting

anecdotes_. (Boston, 1839.)

_Institute for Colored Youth_. (Philadelphia, 1860-1865.) Contains a

list of the officers and students.

Jones, Thomas Jesse. _Negro Education: A study of the private and higher

schools for colored people in the United States. Prepared in cooperation

with the Phelps-Stokes Fund_. In two volumes. (Bureau of Education,

Washington, 1917.)

_Official Records of the War of Rebellion_.

_Report of the Condition of the Colored People of Cincinnati_, 1835.

(Cincinnati, 1835.)

_Report of a Committee of the Pennsylvania Society of Abolition on

Present Condition of the Colored People, etc_., 1838. (Philadelphia,

1838.)

_Statistical Inquiry into the Condition of the People of Color of the

City and Districts of Philadelphia_. (Philadelphia, 1849.)

_Statistics of the Colored People of Philadelphia in 1859_, compiled

by Benj. C. Bacon. (Philadelphia, 1859.)

_Statistical Abstract of the United States_, 1898. Prepared by the

Bureau of Statistics. (Washington, D. C., 1899.)

_Statistical View of the Population of the United States, A_

1790-1830. (Published by the Department of State in 1835.)

_Trades of the Colored People_. (Philadelphia, 1838.)

_United States Censuses_.

_A Brief Statement of the Rise and Progress of the Testimony of Friends

against Slavery and the Slave Trade_. Published by direction of the

Yearly Meeting held in Philadelphia in the Fourth Month, 1843. Shows the

action taken by various Friends to elevate the Negroes.

_A Collection of the Acts, Deliverances and Testimonies of the Supreme

Judicatory of the Presbyterian Church, from its Origin in America to the

Present Time_. By Samuel J. Baird. (Philadelphia, 1856.)

American Convention of Abolition Societies. _Minutes of the Proceedings

of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies established in

different Parts of the United States_. From 1794-1828.

_The Annual Reports of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Societies,

presented at New York, May 6, 1847, with the Addresses and

Resolutions_. From 1847-1851.

_The Annual Reports of the American Anti-Slavery Society_. From 1834

to 1860.

_The Third Annual Report of the Managers of the New England Anti-Slavery

Society presented June 2, 1835_. (Boston, 1835.)

_Annual Reports of the Massachusetts (or New England) Anti-Slavery

Society, 1831-end_.

_Reports of the National Anti-Slavery Convention, 1833-end_.

_Reports of the American Colonisation Society_, 1818-1832.

_Report of the New York Colonisation Society_, October 1, 1823. (New

York, 1823.)

_The Seventh Annual Report of the Colonization Society of the City of

New York_. (New York, 1839.)

_Proceedings of the New York State Colonization Society_, 1831.

(Albany, 1831.)

_The Eighteenth Annual Report of the Colonization Society of the State

of New York_. (New York, 1850.)

_Minutes and Proceedings of the First Annual Convention of the People of

Color. Held by Adjournment in the City of Philadelphia, from the sixth to

the eleventh of June, inclusive_, 1831. (Philadelphia, 1831.)

_Minutes and Proceedings of the Second Annual Convention for the

Improvement of the Free People of Color in these United States. Held by

Adjournments in the City of Philadelphia, from the 4th to the 13th of

June, inclusive_, 1832. (Philadelphia, 1832.)

_Minutes and Proceedings of the Third Annual Convention for the

Improvement of the Free People of Color in these United States. Held by

Adjournments in the City of_ _Philadelphia, in 1833_. (New York,

1833.) These proceedings were published also in the _New York Commercial

Advertiser_, April 27, 1833.

_Minutes and Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Convention for the

Improvement of the Free People of Color in the United States. Held by

Adjournments in the Asbury Church, New York, from the 2nd to the 12th of

June, 1834_. (New York, 1834.)

_Proceedings of the Convention of the Colored Freedmen of Ohio at

Cincinnati, January 14, 1852_. (Cincinnati, Ohio, 1852.)

MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS

Adams, Alice Dana. _The Neglected Period of Anti-Slavery in America_.

Radcliffe College Monographs No. 14._ (Boston and London, 1908) Contains

some valuable facts about the Negroes during the first three decades of

the nineteenth century.

Agricola (pseudonym). _An Impartial View of the Real State of the Black

Population in the United States_. (Philadelphia, 1824.)

Alexander, A. _A History of Colonisation on the Western Continent of

Africa_. (Philadelphia, 1846.)

Ames, Mary. _From a New England Woman's Diary in 1865_, (Springfield,

1906.)

_An Address to the People of North Carolina on the Evils of Slavery, by

the Friends of Liberty and Equality, 1830_. (Greensborough, 1830.)

_An Address to the Presbyterians of Kentucky proposing a Plan for the

Instruction and Emancipation of their Slaves by a Committee of the Synod

of Kentucky_. (Newburyport, 1836.)

Baldwin, Ebenezer. _Observations on the Physical and Moral Qualities of

our Colored Population with Remarks on the Subject of Emancipation and

Colonization_. (New Haven, 1834.)

Bassett, J. S. _Slavery and Servitude in the Colony of North

Carolina_. (Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and

Political Science. Fourteenth Series, iv-v. Baltimore, 1896.)

------_Slavery in the State of North Carolina_. (Johns Hopkins

University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Series XVII., Nos.

7-8. Baltimore, 1899.)

------_Anti-Slavery Leaders of North Carolina_. (Johns Hopkins

University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Series XVI., No.

6. Baltimore, 1898.)

Benezet, Anthony. _A Caution to Great Britain and Her Colonies in a

Short Representation of the calamitous State of the enslaved Negro in the

British Dominions_. (Philadelphia, 1784.)

------_The Case of our Fellow-Creatures, the oppressed Africans,

respectfully recommended to the serious Consideration of the Legislature

of Great Britain, by the People called Quakers_. (London, 1783.)

------_Observations on the enslaving, Importing and Purchasing of

Negroes; with some Advice thereon, extracted from the Epistle of the

Yearly-Meeting of the People called Quakers, held at London in the Year

1748_. (Germantown, 1760.)

------_The Potent Enemies of America laid open: being some Account of

the baneful Effects attending the Use of distilled spirituous Liquors, and

the Slavery of the Negroes_. (Philadelphia.)

------_A Short Account of that Part of Africa, inhabited by the Negroes.

With respect to the Fertility of the Country; the good Disposition of many

of the Natives, and the Manner by which the Slave Trade is carried on_.

(Philadelphia, 1792)

------_Short Observations on Slavery, introductory to Some Extracts from

the Writings of the Abbé Raynal, on the Important Subject_.

------_Some Historical Account of Guinea, its Situation, Produce, and

the General Disposition of its Inhabitants. With an Inquiry into the Rise

and Progress of the Slave Trade, its Nature and Lamentable Effects_.

(London, 1788.)

Birney, James G. _The American Churches, the Bulwarks of American

Slavery, by an American_. (Newburyport, 1842.)

Birney, William. _James G. Birney and his Times. The Genesis of the

Republican Party, with Some Account of the Abolition Movements in the

South before 1828_. (New York, 1890.)

Brackett, Jeffery B. _The Negro in Maryland. A Study of the Institution

of Slavery_. (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, 1889.)

Brannagan, Thomas. _A Preliminary Essay on the Oppression of the Exiled

Sons of Africa, Consisting of Animadversions on the Impolicy and Barbarity

of the Deleterious Commerce and Subsequent Slavery of the Human

Species_. (Philadelphia: Printed for the Author by John W. Scott,

1804.)

Brannagan, T. _Serious Remonstrances Addressed to the Citizens of the

Northern States and their Representatives, being an Appeal to their

Natural Feelings and Common Sense; Consisting of Speculations and

Animadversions, on the Recent Revival of the Slave Trade in the American

Republic_. (Philadelphia, 1805.)

Campbell, J. V. _Political History of Michigan_. (Detroit, 1876.)

_Code Noir ou Recueil d'edits, declarations et arrêts concernant la

Discipline et le commerce des esclaves Nègres des isles francaises de

l'Amérique (in Recueils de réglemens, edits, declarations et arrêts,

concernant le commerce, l'administration de la justice et la police des

colonies francaises de l'Amérique, et les engages avec le Code Noir, et

l'addition audit code)_. (Paris, 1745.)

Coffin, Joshua. _An Account of Some of the principal Slave Insurrections

and others which have occurred or been attempted in the United States and

elsewhere during the last two Centuries. With various Remarks. Collected

from various Sources_. (New York, 1860.)

Columbia University _Studies in History, Economics and Public Law_.

Edited by the faculty of political science. The useful volumes of this

series for this field are:

W.L. Fleming's _Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama_, 1905.

W.W. Davis's _The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida_, 1913.

Clara Mildred Thompson's _Reconstruction in Georgia, Economic, Social,

Political_, 1915.

J.G. de R. Hamilton's _Reconstruction in North Carolina_, 1914.

C.W. Ramsdell. _Reconstruction in Texas_, 1910.

_Connecticut, Public Acts passed by the General Assembly of_.

Cromwell, J.W. _The Negro in American History: Men and Women Eminent in

the Evolution of the American of African Descent_. (Washington, 1914.)

Davidson, A., and Stowe, B. _A Complete History of Illinois from 1673 to

1873_. (Springfield, 1874.) It embraces the physical features of the

country, its early explorations, aboriginal inhabitants, the French and

British occupation, the conquest of Virginia, territorial condition and

subsequent events.

Delany, M.R. _The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of the

Colored People of the United States: politically considered_.

(Philadelphia, 1852.)

DuBois, W.E.B. _The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study. Together with a

special report on domestic service by Isabel Eaton_. (Philadelphia,

1899.)

------Atlanta University Publications, _The Negro Common School_.

(Atlanta, 1901.)

------_The Negro Church_. (Atlanta, 1903.)

------and Dill, A.G. _The College-Bred Negro American_. (Atlanta,

1910.)

------_The Negro American Artisan_. (Atlanta, 1912.)

De Toqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Maurice Clerel De. _Democracy in

America_. Translated by Henry Reeve. Four volumes. (London, 1835,

1840.)

Eaton, John. _Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen: reminiscences of the

Civil War with special reference to the work for the Contrabands, and the

Freedmen of the Mississippi Valley_. (New York, 1907.)

Epstein. _The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh_. (Pittsburgh, 1917.)

_Exposition of the Object and Plan of the American Union for the Belief

and Improvement of the Colored Race_. (Boston, 1835.)

Fee, John G. _Anti-Slavery Manual_. (Maysville, 1848.)

Fertig, James Walter. _The Secession and Reconstruction of

Tennessee_. (Chicago, 1898.)

Frost, W.G. "Appalachian America." (In vol. i of _The Americana_.)

(New York, 1912.)

Garnett, H.H. _The Past and Present Condition and the Destiny of the

Colored Race_. (Troy, 1848.)

Greely, Horace. _The American Conflict_. A history of the great

rebellion in the United States of America, 1860-64, its causes, incidents

and results: intended to exhibit especially its moral and political

phases, with the drift of progress of American opinion respecting human

slavery from 1776 to the close of the war for its union. (Chicago, 1864.)

Hammond, M.B. _The Cotton Industry: an Essay in American Economic

History_. It deals with the cotton culture and the cotton Trade. (New

York, 1897.)

Hart, A.B. _The Southern South_. (New York, 1906.)

Henson, Josiah. _The Life of Josiah Henson_. (Boston, 1849.)

Hershaw, L.M. _Peonage in the United States_. This is one of the

American Negro Academy Papers. (Washington, 1912.)

Hickok, Charles Thomas. _The Negro in Ohio, 1802-1870_. (Cleveland,

1896.)

Hodgkin, Thomas A. _Inquiry into the Merits of the American Colonization

Society and Reply to the Charges brought against it with an Account of the

British African Colonization Society_. (London, 1833.)

Howe, Samuel G. _The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West. Report to the

Freedmen's Inquiry Committee_. (Boston, 1864.)

Hutchins, Thomas. _An Historical Narrative and Topographical Description

of Louisiana and West Florida, comprehending the river Mississippi with

its principal Branches and Settlements and the Rivers Pearl and

Pescagoula_. (Philadelphia, 1784.)

_Illinois, Laws of, passed by the General Assembly of_.

_Indiana, Laws passed by the State of_.

Jay, John. _The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay. First

Chief Justice of the United States and President of the Continental

Congress, Member of the Commission to negotiate the Treaty of

Independence, Envoy to Great Britain, Governor of New York, etc.,

1782-1793. (New York and London, 1801.) Edited by Henry P. Johnson,

Professor of History in the College of the City of New York.

Jay, William. _An Inquiry into the Character and Tendencies of the

American Colonisation and American Anti-Slavery Societies_. Second

edition. (New York, 1835.)

Jefferson, Thomas. _The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Memorial Edition.

Autobiography, Notes on Virginia, Parliamentary Mannual, Official Papers,

Messages and Addresses, and other writings Official and Private, etc._

(Washington, 1903.)

_Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political

Science_. H.B. Adams, Editor. (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press.) Among

the useful volumes of this series are: J.R. Ficklen's _History of

Reconstruction in Louisiana_, 1910.

H.J. Eckenrode's _The Political History of Virginia during

Reconstruction_, 1904.

Langston, John M. _From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capital;

or, The First and Only Negro Representative in Congress from The Old

Dominion_. (Hartford, 1894.)

Locke, M.S. _Anti-Slavery in America from the Introduction of African

Slaves to the Prohibition of the Slave Trade, 1619-1808_. Radcliffe

College Monographs, No. ii. (Boston, 1901.) A valuable work.

Lynch, John R. _The Facts of Reconstruction_. (New York, 1913.)

Madison, James. _Letters and Other Writings of James Madison Published

by Order of Congress_. Four volumes. (Philadelphia, 1865.)

May, S.J. _Some Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict_.

Monroe, James. _The Writings of James Monroe, including a Collection of

his public and private Papers and Correspondence now for the first time

printed_. Edited by S. M. Hamilton. (Boston, 1900.)

Moore, George H. _Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts_.

(New York, 1866.)

Needles, Edward. _Ten Years' Progress or a Comparison of the State and

Condition of the Colored People in the City of and County of Philadelphia

from 1837 to 1847_. (Philadelphia, 1849.)

_New Jersey, Acts of the General Assembly of_.

_Ohio, Laws of the General Assembly of_.

Ovington, M.W. _Half-a-Man_. (New York, 1911.) Treats of the Negro in

the State of New York. A few pages are devoted to the progress of the

colored people.

Parrish, John. _Remarks on the Slavery of the Black People; Addressed to

the Citizens of the United States, particularly to those who are in

legislative or executive Stations, particularly in the General or State

Governments; and also to such Individuals as hold them in Bondage_.

(Philadelphia, 1806.)

Pearson, E.W. _Letters from Port Royal, written at the Time of the Civil

War_. (Boston, 1916.)

Pearson, C.C. _The Readjuster Movement in Virginia_. (New Haven,

1917.)

_Pennsylvania, Laws of the General Assembly of the State of_.

Pierce, E.L. _The Freedmen of Port Royal, South Carolina, Official

Reports_. (New York, 1863.)

Pike, James S. _The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro

Government_. (New York, 1874.)

Pittman, Philip. _The Present State of European Settlements on the

Mississippi with a geographic description of that river_. (London,

1770.)

Quillen, Frank U. _The Color Line in Ohio_. A History of Race

Prejudice in a typical northern State. (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1913.)

Reynolds, J.S. _Reconstruction in South Carolina_. (Columbia, 1905.)

_Rhode Island, Acts and Resolves of_.

Rice, David. _Slavery inconsistent with Justice and Good Policy: proved

by a Speech delivered in the Convention held at Danville, Kentucky_.

(Philadelphia, 1792, and London, 1793.)

Scherer, J.A.B. _Cotton as a World Power_. (New York, 1916.) This is

a study in the economic interpretation of History. The contents of this

book are a revision of a series of lectures at Oxford and Cambridge

universities in the Spring of 1914 with the caption on Economic Causes in

the American Civil War.

Siebert, Wilbur H. _The Underground Railroad from Slavery_ _to

Freedom_, by W.H. Siebert, Associate Professor of History in the Ohio

State University, with an Introduction by A.B. Hart. (New York, 1898.)

Starr, Frederick. _What shall be done with the people of color in the

United States?_ (Albany, 1862.) A discourse delivered in the First

Presbyterian Church of Penn Yan, New York, November 2, 1862.

Still, William. _The Underground Railroad_. (Philadelphia, 1872.)

This is a record of facts, authentic narratives, letters and the like,

giving the hardships, hair-breadth escapes and death struggles of the

slaves in their efforts for freedom as related by themselves and others or

witnessed by the author.

_The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, Travels and Explorations of

the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1619-1791. The Original French,

Latin, and Italian Texts with English Translations and Notes illustrated

by Portraits, Maps, and Facsimiles_. Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites,

Secretary of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. (Cleveland, 1896.)

Thompson, George. _Speech at the Meeting for the Extension of Negro

Apprenticeship_. (London, 1838.)

------_The Free Church Alliance with Manstealers. Send back the Money.

Great Anti-Slavery Meeting in the City Hall, Glasgow, containing the

Speeches delivered by Messrs. Wright, Douglass, and Buffum from America,

and by George Thompson of London, with a Summary Account of a Series of

Meetings held in Edinburgh by the above named Gentlemen._ (Glasgow,

1846.)

Torrey, Jesse, Jr. _A Portraiture of Domestic Slavery in the United

States with Reflections on the Practicability of restoring the Moral

Rights of the Slave, without impairing the legal Privileges of the

Possessor, and a Project of a Colonial Asylum for Free Persons of Color,

including Memoirs of Facts on the Interior Traffic in Slaves and on

Kidnapping, Illustrated with Engravings by Jesse Torrey, Jr., Physician,

Author of a Series of Essays on Morals and the Diffusion of Knowledge_.

(Philadelphia, 1817.)

------_American Internal Slave Trade; with Reflections on the project

for forming a Colony of Blacks in Africa_. (London, 1822.)

Turner, E.R. _The Negro in Pennsylvania_. (Washington, 1911.)

_Tyrannical Libertymen: a Discourse upon Negro Slavery in the United

States, composed at ------ in New Hampshire: on the Late Federal

Thanksgiving Day_. (Hanover, N. H., 1795.)

Walker, David. _Walker's Appeal in Four Articles, together with a

Preamble to the Colored Citizens of the World, but in particular and very

expressly to those of the United States of America, Written in Boston,

State of Massachusetts, September 28, 1829_. Second edition. (Boston,

1830.) Walker was a Negro who hoped to arouse his race to self-assertion.

Ward, Charles. _Contrabands_. (Salem, 1866.) This suggests an

apprenticeship, under the auspices of the government, to build the Pacific

Railroad.

Washington, B.T. _The Story of the Negro_. Two volumes. (New York,

1909.)

Washington, George. _The Writings of George Washington, being his

Correspondence, Addresses, Messages, and other papers, official and

private, selected and published from the original Manuscripts with the

Life of the Author, Notes and Illustrations, by Jared Sparks_. (Boston,

1835.)

Weeks, Stephen B. _Southern Quakers and Slavery. A Study in

Institutional History_. (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1896.)

------_The Anti-Slavery Sentiment in the South; with Unpublished Letters

from John Stuart Mill and Mrs. Stowe_. (Southern History Association

Publications, Volume ii, No. 2, Washington, D.C., April, 1898.)

Williams, G.W. _A History of the Negro Troops in the War of the

Rebellion, 1861-1865, preceded by a Review of the military Services of

Negroes in ancient and modern Times_. (New York, 1888.)

------_History of the Negro Race in the United States from 1619-1880.

Negroes as Slaves, as Soldiers, and as Citizens: together with a

preliminary Consideration of the Unity of the Human Family, an historical

Sketch of Africa and an Account of the Negro Governments of Sierra Leone

and Liberia_. (New York, 1883.)

Woodson, C.G. _The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861_. (New York

and London, 1915.) This is a history of the Education of the Colored

People of the United States from the beginning of slavery to the Civil

War.

Woolman, John. _The Works of John Woolman. In two Parts, Part I: A

Journal of the Life, Gospel-Labors, and Christian Experiences of that

faithful Minister of Christ, John Woolman, late of Mount Holly in the

Province of New Jersey_. (London, 1775.)

------_Same, Part Second. Containing his last Epistle and other

Writings_. (London, 1775.)

------_Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes. Recommended to the

Professors of Christianity of every Denomination_. (Philadelphia,

1754.)

------_Considerations on Keeping Negroes; Recommended to the Professors

of Christianity of every Denomination. Part the Second_. (Philadelphia,

1762.)

Wright, R.R., Jr. _The Negro in Pennsylvania_. (Philadelphia, 1912.)

MAGAZINES

_The African Methodist Episcopal Church Review_. The following articles:

_The Negro as an Inventor_. By R. R. Wright, vol. ii, p. 397.

_Negro Poets_, vol. iv, p. 236.

_The Negro in Journalism_, vols. vi, p. 309, and xx, p. 137.

_The African Repository_; Published by the American Colonization

Society from 1826 to 1832. A very good source for Negro history both in

this country and Liberia. Some of its most valuable articles are:

_Learn Trades or Starve_, by Frederick Douglass, vol. xxix,

p. 137. Taken from Frederick Douglass's Paper.

_Education of the Colored People_, by a highly respectable

gentleman of the South, vol. xxx, pp. 194, 195 and 196.

_Elevation of the Colored Race_, a memorial circulated in

North Carolina, vol. xxxi, pp. 117 and 118.

_A lawyer for Liberia_, a sketch of Garrison Draper, vol.

xxxiv, pp. 26 and 27.

_The American Economic Review_.

_The American Journal of Social Science_.

_The American Journal of Political Economy_.

_The American Law Review_.

_The American Journal of Sociology_.

_The Atlantic Monthly_.

_The Colonizationist and Journal of Freedom_. The author has been

able to find only the volume which contains the numbers for the year 1834.

_The Christian Examiner_.

_The Cosmopolitan_.

_The Crisis_. A record of the darker races published by the National

Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

_Dublin Review_.

_The Forum_.

_The Independent_.

_The Journal of Negro History_.

_The Maryland Journal of Colonization_. Published as the official

organ of the Maryland Colonization Society. Among its important articles

are: _The Capacities of the Negro Race_, vol. iii, p. 367; and _The

Educational Facilities of Liberia_, vol. vii, p. 223.

_The Nation_.

_The Non-Slaveholder_. Two volumes of this publication are now found

in the Library of Congress.

_The Outlook_.

_Public Opinion_.

_The Southern Workman_. Volume xxxvii contains Dr. R. R. Wright's

valuable dissertation on _Negro Rural Communities in India_.

_The Spectator_.

_The Survey_.

_The World's Work_.

NEWSPAPERS

District of Columbia.

_The Daily National Intelligencer_.

Louisiana.

_The New Orleans Commercial Bulletin_.

_The New Orleans Times-Picayune_.

Maryland.

_The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser_.

_The Maryland Gazette_.

_Dunlop's Maryland Gazette or The Baltimore Advertiser_.

Massachusetts.

_The Liberator_.

Mississippi.

_The Vicksburg Daily Commercial_.

New York.

_The New York Daily Advertiser_.

_The New York Tribune_.

_The New York Times_.

INDEX

Adams, Henry,

leader of the exodus to Kansas,

Akron,

friends of fugitives in,

Alton Telegraph,

comment of,

Anderson,

promoter of settling of Negroes in Jamaica,

Anti-slavery,

leaders of the movement, became more helpful to the refugees,

Anti-slavery sentiment,

of two kinds,

American Federation of Labor,

attitude of, toward Negro labor,

Appalachian highland,

settlers of, aided fugitives;

exodus of Negroes to,

Arkansas,

drain of laborers to,

Ball, J.P.,

a contractor,

Ball, Thomas,

a contractor,

Barclay,

interest of, in the sending of Negroes to Jamaica,

Barrett, Owen A.,

discoverer of a remedy,

Bates,

owner of slaves at St. Genevieve,

Beauvais,

owner of slaves, Upper Louisiana,

Benezet, Anthony,

plan of, to colonize Negroes in West;

interest of, in settling Negroes in the West,

Berlin Cross Roads,

Negroes of,

Bibb, Henry,

interest of, in colonization,

Birney, James G.,

promoter of the migration of the Negroes;

press of, destroyed by mob in Cincinnati,

Black Friday,

riot of, in Portsmouth,

Blackburn, Thornton,

a fugitive claimed in Detroit,

Boll weevil,

a cause of migration,

Boston,

friends of fugitives in,

Boyce, Stanbury,

went with his father to Trinidad in the fifties,

Boyd, Henry,

a successful mechanic in Cincinnati,

Brannagan, Thomas,

advocate of colonizing the Negroes in the West;

interest of, in settling Negroes in the West,

Brissot de Warville,

observations of, on Negroes in the West,

British Guiana,

attractive to free Negroes,

Brooklyn, Illinois,

a Negro community,

Brown, John,

in the Appalachian highland,

Brown County, Ohio,

Negroes in,

Buffalo,

friends of fugitives in,

Butler, General,

holds Negroes as contraband;

policy of, followed by General Wood and General Banks,

Cairo, Illinois,

an outlet for the refugees

Calvin Township, Cass County, Michigan,

a Negro community;

note on progress of

Campbell, Sir George,

comment on condition of Negroes in Kansas City

Canaan, New Hampshire,

break-up of school of, admitting Negroes,

Canada,

the migration of Negroes to;

settlements in,

Canadians,

supply of slaves of;

prohibited the importation of slaves,

Canterbury, people of,

imprison Prudence Crandall because she taught Negroes,

Cardoza, F.L.,

return of from Edinburgh to South Carolina,

Cassey, Joseph C.,

a lumber merchant,

Cassey, Joseph,

a broker in Philadelphia,

Chester, T. Morris,

went from Pittsburgh to settle in Louisiana,

Cincinnati,

friends of fugitives in;

mobs;

successful Negroes of,

Clark, Edward V.,

a jeweler,

Clay, Henry,

a colonizationist,

Code for indentured servants in West,

note,

Coffin, Levi,

comment on the condition of the refugees,

Coles, Edward,

moved to Illinois to free his slaves;

correspondence with Jefferson on slavery,

Colgate, Richard,

master of James Wenyam who escaped to the West,

Collins, Henry M.,

interest of, in colonization;

a real estate man in Pittsburgh,

Corbin, J.C.,

return of, from Chillicothe to Arkansas,

Colonization proposed as a remedy for migration,

in the West;

organization of society of;

failure to remove free Negroes;

opposed by free people of color;

meetings of, in the interest of the West Indies;

impeded by the exodus to the West Indies;

a remedy for migration,

Colonization Society,

organization of;

renewed efforts of,

Colonizationists,

opposition of, to the migration to the West Indies,

Columbia, Pa.,

friends of fugitives in,

Compagnie de l'Occident in control of Louisiana,

Condition of fugitives in contraband camps,

Congested districts in the North,

Connecticut,

exterminated slavery;

law of;

against teaching Negroes,

Conventions of Negroes,

Cook, Forman B.,

a broker,

Crandall, A.W.,

interest in checking the exodus to Kansas,

Crandall, Prudence,

imprisoned because she taught Negroes,

Credit system,

a cause of unrest,

Crozat, Antoine,

as Governor of Louisiana,

Cuffé, Paul,

an actual colonizationist,

Davis,

comment on freedmen's vagrancy,

De Baptiste, Richard,

father of, in Detroit,

Debasement of the blacks after Reconstruction,

Delany, Martin R.,

interest of, in colonization,

De Tocqueville,

observation of, on the condition of free Negroes in the North,

Delaware,

disfranchisement of Negroes in,

Detroit,

Negroes in;

friends of fugitives in;

a gateway to Canada;

the Negro question in;

mob of, rises against Negroes;

successful Negroes of,

Dinwiddie, Governor,

Fears of, as to servile insurrection,

Diseases of Negroes in the North,

Distribution of intelligent blacks,

Douglass, Frederick,

the leading Negro journalist;

advice of, on staying in the South to retain political power;

comment of, on exodus to Kansas,

Downing, Thomas,

owner of a restaurant,

Drain of laborers to Mississippi and Louisiana;

to Arkansas and Texas,

Eaton, John,

work of, among the refugees,

Economic opportunities for the Negro in the North;

economic opportunities for Negroes in the South,

Educational facilities,

the lack of,

Elizabethtown,

friends of fugitives in,

Elliot, E.B.,

return of, from Boston to South Carolina,

Elmira,

friends of fugitives in,

Emancipation of the Negroes in the West Indies,

the effect of,

Epstein, Abraham,

an authority on the Negro migrant in Pittsburgh,

Exodus, the,

during the World War;

causes;

efforts of the South to check it;

Negroes divided on it;

whites divided on it;

unfortunate for the South;

probable results;

will increase political power of Negro;

exodus of the Negroes to Kansas,

Fear of Negro domination to cease,

Ficklen,

comment on freedmen's vagrancy,

Fiske, A.S.,

work of, among the contrabands,

Fleming,

comment of, on freedmen's vagrancy,

Floods of the Mississippi,

a cause of migration,

Foote, Ex-Governor of Mississippi,

liberal measure of, presented to Vicksburg convention,

Fort Chartres,

slaves of,

Forten, James,

a wealthy Negro,

Freedman's relief societies,

aid of,

Free Negroes,

opposed to American Colonization Society;

interested in African colonization;

National Council of,

French,

departure of, from West to keep slaves;

welcome of, to fugitive slaves of the English colonies;

good treatment of,

Friends of fugitives,

Fugitive Slave Law,

a destroyer of Negro settlements,

Fugitives coming to Pennsylvania,

Gallipolis,

friends of fugitives in,

Georgia,

laws of, against Negro mechanics;

slavery considered profitable in,

Germans antagonistic to Negroes;

favorable to fugitives in mountains;

opposed Negro settlement in Mercer County, Ohio;

their hatred of Negroes,

Gibbs, Judge M.W.,

went from Philadelphia to Arkansas,

Gilmore's High School,

work of, in Cincinnati,

Gist, Samuel,

settled his Negroes in Ohio,

Goodrich, William,

owner of railroad stock,

Gordon, Robert,

a successful coal dealer in Cincinnati,

Grant, General U.S.,

protected refugees in his camp;

retained them at Fort Donelson;

his use of the refugees,

Greener, R.T.,

comment of, on the exodus to Kansas;

went from Philadelphia to South Carolina,

Gregg, Theodore H.,

sent his manumitted slaves to Ohio,

Gulf States,

proposed Negro commonwealths of,

Guild of Caterers,

in Philadelphia,

Halleck, General,

excluded slaves from his lines,

Harlan, Robert,

a horseman,

Harper, John,

sent his slaves to Mercer County, Ohio,

Hamsburg,

Negroes in;

reaction against Negroes in,

Harrison, President William H.,

accommodated at the café of John Julius, a Negro,

Hayden,

a successful clothier,

Hayti,

the exodus of Negroes to,

Henry, Patrick,

on natural rights,

Hill of Chillicothe,

a tanner and currier,

Holly, James T.,

interest of, in colonization,

Hood, James W.,

went from Connecticut to North Carolina,

Hunter, General,

dealing with the refugees in South Carolina

Illinois,

the attitude of, toward the Negro;

race prejudice in;

slavery question in the organization of;

effort to make the constitution proslavery,

Immigration of foreigners,

cessation of, a cause of the Negro migration,

Indian Territory,

exodus of Negroes to,

Indiana,

the attitude of, toward the Negro;

counties of, receiving Negroes from slave states;

slavery question in the organization of;

effort to make constitution of pro-slavery;

race prejudice in;

protest against the settlement of Negroes there,

Indians,

attitude of, toward the Negroes,

Infirmary Farms,

for refugees,

Intimidation,

a cause of migration,

Irish,

antagonistic to Negroes;

their hatred of Negroes,

Jamaica,

Negroes of the United States settled in,

Jay's Treaty,

Jefferson, Thomas,

his plan for general education including the slaves;

plan to colonize Negroes in the West;

natural rights theory of;

an advocate of the colonization of the Negroes in the West Indies,

Jenkins, David,

a paper hanger and glazier,

Johnson, General,

permitted slave hunters to seek their slaves in his lines,

Julius, John,

proprietor of a cafe in which he entertained President William H.

Harrison,

_Kansas Freedmen's Relief Association_,

the work of,

Kansas refugees,

condition of;

treatment of,

Kaokia,

slaves of,

Kaskaskia,

slaves of,

Keith, George,

interested in the Negroes,

Kentucky,

disfranchisement of Negroes in;

abolition society of, advocated the colonization of the blacks in

the West,

Key, Francis S.,

a colonizationist,

Kingsley, Z.,

a master, settled his son of color in Hayti,

Ku Klux Klan,

the work of,

Labor agents promoting the migration of Negroes,

Lambert, William,

interest of, in the colonization of Negroes,

Land tenure,

a cause of unrest;

after Reconstruction,

Langston, John M.,

returned from Ohio to Virginia,

Lawrence County, Ohio,

Negroes immigrated into,

Liberia,

freedmen sent to,

Lincoln, Abraham,

urged withholding slaves,

Louis XIV,

slave regulations of,

Louisiana,

drain of laborers to;

exodus from;

refugees in,

Lower Camps, Brown County,

Negroes of,

Lower Louisiana,

conditions of;

conditions of slaves in,

Lundy, Benjamin,

promoter of the migration of Negroes,

Lynching,

a cause of migration;

number of Negroes lynched,

McCook, General,

permitted slave hunters to seek their Negroes in his lines,

Maryland,

disfranchisement of Negroes in;

passed laws against Negro mechanics;

reaction in,

Massachusetts,

exterminated slavery,

Meade, Bishop William,

a colonizationist,

Mercer County, Ohio,

successful Negroes of;

resolutions of citizens against Negroes,

Miami County,

Randolph's Negroes sent to,

Michigan,

Negroes transplanted to;

attitude of, toward the Negro,

Migration, the,

of the talented tenth;

handicaps of;

of politicians to Washington;

of educated Negroes;

of the intelligent laboring class;

effect of Negroes' prospective political power;

to northern cities,

Miles, N.E.,

interest in stopping the exodus to Kansas,

Mississippi,

drain of laborers to;

exodus from;

refugees in;

slaves along,

Morgan, Senator,

of Alabama, interested in sending the Negroes to Africa,

Movement of the blacks to the western territory;

promoted by Quakers,

Movements of Negroes during the Civil War;

of poor whites,

Mulber, Stephen,

a contractor,

Murder of Negroes in the South,

Natural rights,

the effect of;

the discussion of, on the condition of the Negro,

Negro journalists,

the number of

Negroes,

condition of, after Reconstruction;

escaped to the West;

those having wealth tend to remain in the South;

migration of, to Mexico;

exodus of, to Liberia;

no freedom of speech of;

not migratory;

leaders of Reconstruction, largely from the North;

mechanics in Cincinnati;

servants on Ohio river vessels,

New Hampshire,

exterminated slavery,

New Jersey,

abolished slavery

New York,

abolition of slavery in;

friends of fugitives in;

mobs of, attack Negroes;

Negro suffrage in;

restrictions of, on Negroes,

North Carolina,

Negro suffrage in;

Quakers of, promoting the migration of the Negroes;

reaction in,

North,

change in attitude of, toward the Negro;

divided in its sentiment as to method of helping the Negro;

favorable sentiment of;

trade of, with the South;

fugitives not generally welcomed;

its Negro problem;

housing the Negro in;

criminal class of Negroes in,

loss of interest of, in the Negro;

not a place of refuge for Negroes;

Northwest,

few Negroes in, at first;

hesitation to go there because of the ordinance of 1787,

Noyes Academy,

broken up because it admitted Negroes,

Nugent, Colonel W.L.,

interest in stopping the exodus to Kansas,

Occupations of Negroes in the North,

Ohio,

Negro question in constitutional convention of;

in the legislature of 1804;

black laws of;

protest against Negroes,

Oklahoma,

Negroes in;

discouraged by early settlers of,

Ordinance of 1784 rejected,

Ordinance of 1787,

passed;

meaning of sixth article of;

reasons for the passage of;

did not at first disturb slavery;

construction of,

Otis, James,

on natural rights,

Pacific Railroad,

proposal to build, with refugee labor,

Palmyra,

race prejudice of,

Pelham, Robert A.,

father of, moved to Detroit,

Penn, William,

advocate of emancipation,

Pennsylvania,

effort in, to force free Negroes to support their dependents;

effort to prevent immigration of Negroes;

increase in the population of free Negroes of;

petitions to rid the State of Negroes by colonization;

era of good feeling in;

exterminated slavery;

the migration of freedmen from North Carolina to;

Negro suffrage in;

passed laws against Negro mechanics;

successful Negroes of,

Peonage,

a cause of migration,

Philadelphia,

Negroes rush to;

race friction of;

woman of color stoned to death;

Negro church disturbed;

reaction against Negroes;

riots in;

successful Negroes of;

property owned by Negroes,

Pierce, E.S.,

plan for handling refugees in South Carolina,

Pinchback, P.B.S.,

return of, from Ohio to Louisiana to enter politics,

Pittman, Philip,

account of West, of,

Pittsburgh,

friends of fugitives in;

Negro of, married to French woman;

kind treatment of refugees;

respectable mulatto woman married to a surgeon of Nantes;

riot in,

Platt, William,

a lumber merchant,

Political power,

not to be the only aim of the migrants;

the mistakes of such a policy,

Polities,

a cause of unrest,

Pollard, N.W.,

agent of the Government of Trinidad, sought Negroes in the United

States,

Portsmouth,

friends of fugitives of,

Portsmouth, Ohio,

mob of, drives Negroes out;

progressive Negroes of,

Prairie du Rocher,

slaves of,

Press comments on sending Negroes to Africa,

Puritans,

not much interested in the Negro,

Quakers,

promoted the movement of the blacks to Western territory;

in the mountains assisted fugitives,

Race prejudice,

the effects of;

among laboring classes,

Randolph, John,

a colonizationist;

sought to settle his slaves in Mercer County, Ohio,

Reaction against the Negro,

Reconstruction,

promoted to an extent by Negro natives of North,

Redpath, James,

interest of, in colonization,

Refugees assembled in camps;

in West;

in Washington;

in South;

exodus of, to the North;

fear that they would overrun the North;

development of;

vagrancy at close of war,

Renault, Philip Francis,

imported slaves,

Resolutions of the Vicksburg Convention bearing on the exodus to

Kansas,

Rhode Island,

exterminated slavery,

Richards, Benjamin,

a wealthy Negro of Pittsburgh,

Richard, Fannie M.,

a successful teacher in Detroit,

Riley, William H.,

a well-to-do bootmaker,

Ringold, Thomas,

advertisement of, for a slave in the West,

Rochester,

friends of fugitives in,

Saint John, Governor,

aid of, to the Negroes in Kansas,

Sandy Lake,

Negro settlement in,

Saunders of Cabell County, Virginia,

sent manumitted slaves to Cass County, Michigan,

Saxton, General Rufus,

plan for handling refugees in South Carolina,

Scotch-Irish Presbyterians,

favorable to fugitives,

Scott, Henry,

owner of a pickling business,

Scroggs, Wm. O.,

referred to as authority on interstate migration,

Segregation,

a cause of migration,

Shelby County, Ohio,

Negroes in,

Sierra Leone,

Negroes of, settled in Jamaica,

Simmons, W.J.,

returned from Pennsylvania to Kentucky,

Singleton, Moses,

leader of the exodus from Kansas,

Sixth Article of Ordinance of 1787,

Slave Code in Louisiana,

Slavery in the Northwest;

slavery in Indiana;

slavery of whites,

Slaves,

mingled freely with their masters in early West,

Smith, Gerrit,

effort to colonize Negroes in New York,

Smith, Stephen,

a lumber merchant,

South Carolina,

slavery considered profitable there,

South,

change of attitude of, toward the Negro;

drastic laws against vagrancy,

Southern States divided on the Negro,

Spears, Noah,

sent his manumitted slaves to Greene County, Ohio,

Starr, Frederick,

comment of, on the refugees,

Steubenville,

successful Negroes of,

Still, William,

a coal merchant,

St. Philippe,

slaves of,

Success of Negro migrants,

Suffrage of the Negroes in the colonies,

Tappan, Arthur,

attacked by New York mob,

Tappan, Lewis,

attacked by New York mob,

Terrorism,

a cause of migration,

Texas,

drain of laborers to;

proposed colony of Negroes there,

Thomas, General,

opened farms for refugees,

Thompson, A.V.,

a tailor,

Thompson, C.M.,

comment on freedmen's vagrancy,

Topp, W.H.,

a merchant tailor,

Trades unions,

attitude of, toward Negro labor,

Trinidad,

the exodus of Negroes to;

Negroes from Philadelphia settled there,

Turner, Bishop H.M.,

interested in sending Negroes to Africa,

Upper and Lower Camps of Brown County, Ohio,

Negroes of,

Upper Louisiana,

conditions of;

conditions of slaves in,

Unrest of the Negroes in the South after Reconstruction;

causes of;

credit system a cause;

land system a cause;

further unrest of intelligent Negroes,

Utica,

mob of, attacked anti-slavery leaders,

Vagrancy of Negroes after emancipation;

drastic legislation against,

Vermont,

exterminated slavery,

Vicksburg,

Convention of, to stop the Exodus,

Viner, M.,

mentioned slave settlements in West,

Virginia,

disfranchisement of Negroes in;

Quakers of, promoting the migration of the Negroes;

reaction in;

refugees in,

Vorhees, Senator D.W.,

offered a resolution in Senate inquiring into the exodus to Kansas,

Washington, Judge Bushrod,

a colonizationist,

Washington, D.C.,

refugees in;

the migration of Negro politicians to,

Wattles, Augustus,

settled with Negroes in Mercer County, Ohio,

Watts,

steam engine and the industrial revolution,

Wayne County, Indiana,

freedmen settled in,

Webb, William,

interest of, in colonization,

Wenyam, James,

ran away to the West,

West Indies,

attractive to free Negroes,

West Virginia,

exodus of Negroes to,

White, David,

led a company of Negroes to the Northwest,

White, J.T.,

left Indiana to enter politics in Arkansas,

Whites of South refused to work,

Whitfield, James M.,

interest of, in colonization,

Whitney's cotton gin and the industrial revolution,

Wickham,

executor of Samuel Gist, settled Gist's Negroes in Ohio,

Wilberforce University established at a slave settlement,

Wilcox, Samuel T.,

a merchant of Cincinnati,

Yankees,

comment of, on Negro labor,

York,

Negroes of;

trouble with the Negroes of,

End of Project Gutenberg's A Century of Negro Migration, by Carter G. Woodson