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EUROPEAN FUNGUS FLORA
AGARICACEAE
EUROPEAN FUNGUS FLORA
AGARICACEAE
GEORGE MASSEE, F.L.S.,
PRINCIPAL ASSISTANT (CRYPTOGAMS), ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW.
PRESIDENT OF THE QUEKETT MICROSCOPICAL CLUB; CHAIRMAN OF THE
MYCOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS' UNION; MEMBER OF
THE SCOTTISH CRYPTOGAMIC SOCIETY; MEMBER OF THE NEW ZEALAND
INSTITUTE; HON. MEMBER OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, WINDSOR
AND ETON SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY, HERTFORDSHIRE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,
ESSEX FIELD CLUB, &c.
AUTHOR OF _A TEXT-BOOK OF PLANT DISEASES_; _BRITISH FUNGI_; _BRITISH
FUNGUS-FLORA_; _A MONOGRAPH OF THE MYXOGASTRES_; &c., &c.
[Illustration]
London
DUCKWORTH & CO.
3 HENRIETTA STREET, W.C.
1902
Cambridge:
PRINTED BY J. AND C. F. CLAY,
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
_To my friend Dr M. C. Cooke, to whom in matters Mycological I cannot
sufficiently express my indebtedness; I have much pleasure in dedicating
this attempt to introduce to British Mycologists, the Agarics of
European countries._
_GEO. MASSEE._
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Dedication iii
Preface v
Agaricaceae, definition of 1
Agaricaceae, definition of sections of 1
Leucosporae, analysis of genera 1
Abbreviations 3
Chlorosporae, analysis of genera 118
Rhodosporae, analysis of genera 118
Ochrosporae, analysis of genera 138
Melanosporae, analysis of genera 203
Addenda 241
Corrections 244
Bibliography 245
Index 248
PREFACE.
Observations extending over a period of twenty-five years, made at
Fungus Forays and kindred meetings where Mycologists assemble together,
has led to the conviction that familiarity with the Fungi and literature
pertaining thereto, of one country only, leads to a false impression as
to the significance of the term 'species.'
It conveys the idea that species are much more sharply defined than
proves to be the case, when the entire Fungus Flora of Europe is
included.
In all large genera common to European countries, the continental
species can be sandwiched between British species. Even in large genera
there are as a rule not more than eight or ten primary differentiating
specific characters present, and it is the constant correlation of two
or three of those primary characters that constitute a species, as
understood at the present day.
If two British species are characterised respectively by the marks 1, 2,
and 3, 4, then we find that two continental species belonging to the
same genus will be indicated by the characters 1, 3, and 2, 4,
respectively.
Primary specific characters should include only those features that are
constant, and not materially modified by geographical or exceptional
local conditions as to environment, etc., and such alone should
constitute a specific diagnosis. Trivial or local characteristics should
follow the essential diagnosis as a rider.
With the introduction of characters due to local conditions, a
description ceases to be a specific diagnosis in the proper sense, and
is merely a description of a certain state of a species occurring under
a given set of conditions. Such, however, is too frequently the nature
of so-called specific characters given in local Floras.
A lengthy and laboured description suggests lack of power to grip
essentials on the part of the compiler, and does not as a rule
facilitate the recognition of the species intended.
The idea of this work is to give the essential characters of each
species as presented by pileus, gills, stem and spores respectively.
This, however, owing to the views of some authors as to the predominant
value of one feature to the exclusion of others, has not always been
possible. For this reason the species of Britzelmayr are not included,
as his descriptions, even when aided by what are presumably intended as
figures, could not in many instances be construed into an intelligible
diagnosis.
In Cooke and Quelet's _Clavis Synoptica Hymenomycetum Europaeorum_
(1878), 1943 species of Agarics are recorded as European, and of these
939 are given as British. The present work includes descriptions of 2750
European species, of which 1553 are British, a number considerably in
excess of that recorded for the species of any other European country.
The species indicated by brackets have not been recorded as British.
G. M.
KEW, _June, 1902_.
AGARICACEAE, Fries.
Hymenium covering the entire surface of radiating lamellae or gills.
Spores one-celled.
Primary divisions of the Agaricaceae depend on the colour of the spores
as seen in the mass, when deposited on an opaque substance; and not as
seen under the microscope by transmitted light.
I. LEUCOSPORAE.
Spores white. In some cases with a tinge of yellow or pink. In some
species of _Russula_ the spores are clear ochre, but such species belong
obviously to _Russula_ notwithstanding.
II. CHLOROSPORAE.
Spores clear green or bluish-green.
III. RHODOSPORAE.
Spores salmon-colour or pink.
IV. OCHROSPORAE.
Spores ochraceous or rust-colour.
V. MELANOSPORAE.
Spores black, blackish-brown, or black with a purple tinge.
LEUCOSPORAE.
I. HAPLOPHYLLAE.
Margin of gills acute; i.e. not longitudinally split or grooved.
* MOLLES. More or less fleshy, soft, and soon decaying or
shrivelling (not corky, woody, or rigid).
+ _Ring, or volva, or both present, or gills free._
=Amanita=. Volva and ring present. Gills usually free, rarely adnexed or
adnate. (Volva sometimes not evident round base of stem, but loose
patches on pileus prove its presence.)
=Amanitopsis=. Volva present, ring absent; gills free.
=Lepiota=. Ring present, volva absent; gills free. (In some sp. the
ring is imperfect, and in a few the gills are slightly attached.)
=Hiatula=. Gills free; volva and ring absent.
=Armillaria=. Ring present, volva absent; gills attached.
++ _Gills adnexed or adnate; ring and volva absent._
=Tricholoma=. Gills sinuate; stem fleshy.
=Russula=. Pileus fleshy; gills very rigid, brittle.
=Mycena=. Pileus slender, campanulate, usually striate, margin straight
and adpressed to stem when young.
=Collybia=. Pileus rather fleshy, more or less plane, margin incurved
when young; stem cartilaginous outside.
=Marasmius=. Tough, drying up and reviving when moistened; gills often
connected by veins.
+++ _Gills decurrent._
=Lactarius=. Gills and flesh exuding milk when broken. (In some sp. the
gills are adnate.)
=Hygrophorus=. Gills thick at the base, edge acute, rather waxy, often
branched; pileus often hygrophanous. (In some sp. the gills are adnate
or even free.)
=Clitocybe=. Gills thin, pliant, sometimes powdered with the spores;
stem fibrous outside.
=Omphalia=. Gills thin, pliant, stem cartilaginous outside.
=Pleurotus=. Growing on wood. Stem lateral or excentric when present.
=Cantharellus=. Gills narrow, edge thick, rather waxy, forking.
=Arrhenia=. Gills reduced to very slight wrinkles or veins.
=Nyctalis=. Gills thick, edge blunt. Parasitic on fungi, or among dead
leaves, &c.
** TENACES. Coriaceous, corky, or woody, persistent, rigid when
dry.
=Lentinus=. Pileus coriaceous; gills decurrent, edge toothed or eroded.
=Panus=. Pileus coriaceous; gills decurrent, edge quite entire.
=Xerotus=. Pileus coriaceous; gills forking, edge thick.
=Lenzites=. Horizontal, sessile, woody or corky; gills radiating from
behind.
II. SCHIZOPHYLLAE.
Margin of gills split open.
=Trogia=. Gills resembling folds or wrinkles, edge grooved. (In the only
European species the edge of gills not grooved.)
=Schizophyllum=. Margin of gills split, the split portions rolling
outwards.
ABBREVIATIONS USED.
Cm. = centimetres; compr. = compressed; decur. = decurrent; depr. =
depressed; exp. = expanded; g. = gills; hygr. = hygrophanous; infundib.
= infundibuliform; mm. = millimetres; p. = pileus; s. = stem; sp. =
spores; umb. = umbonate; umbil. = umbilicate.
The measurement given of the stem is that of its average length; that of
the pileus, its average breadth when expanded. The measurement of the
spores is given in micro-millimetres, usually indicated by the Greek
letter mu.
AMANITA, Fries.
* _Margin of volva free, persistent._
+ _Pileus red or deep orange._
[=caesarea=, Scop. P. hemispherical then exp. orange or red, edge
striate, flesh yellowish; g. yellow; s. stout, yellow, ring and volva
lax; sp. 8-10 x 6. Edible.
++ _Pileus white, sometimes tinged yellow or green._
=virosa=, Fr. Entirely white. P. 8-11 cm. conical, then expanded; viscid
when moist; g. free, crowded; s. 10-12 cm. slightly thinner upwards,
squamulose, ring near apex, torn, volva large, lax; sp. subglobose,
8-10. Poisonous.
=phalloides=, Fr. P. 7-10 cm. viscid, obtuse, white, tinted yellow or
greenish; g. free, white; s. 7-10 cm. white, tapering upwards, bulbous,
ring large, volva large, margin irreg. free; sp. subglobose, 7-8.
Poisonous.
=mappa=, Fr. Smell strong. P. 6-9 cm. convex then expanded, dry, white
or yellowish, usually with patches of the volva; g. adnexed, white; s.
5-8 cm. white, bulbous, ring torn, volva without a large, free margin;
sp. subglobose, 7-9. Poisonous.
Differs from _A. phalloides_ in shorter equal stem.
[=ovoidea=, Bull. White. P. silky, margin incurved, even; s. squamulose.
[=coccola=, Scop. White; margin of p. incurved, sulcate; s. villose; sp.
11-12 x 8.
[=lepiotoides=, Barla. At first entirely closed in brown volva. P. exp.
edge striate, squamulose, whitish, cuticle broken into greyish tawny
areolae or scales; g. broad, whitish, brownish when bruised; s.
yellowish-white, squamulose, ring thin, fugacious.
+++ _Pileus yellow, sometimes tinged red._
[=junquillea=, Q. P. pale orange or lemon yellow, viscid, deeply
striate; g. adnexed; s. and fugacious ring yellowish-white, base
ovoid-bulbous, volva circumscissile.
[=vernalis=, Gillet. P. exp. pale dingy yellow with tinge of red, with
scattered white scales; g. free, white, broadest in front; s. white,
squamulose below the ring, base bulbous, volva ample margin free. In
early spring.
[=lutea=, Otth. P. conical, exp. yellow or yellowish ochre, edge invol.
slightly striate, disc papillose, viscid, usually with broad scattered
scales; g. white, crowded; s. rather narrowed upwards, base bulbous,
ring thin, white, volva membranous.
++++ _Pileus brownish or grey._
[=porphyria=, A. & S. P. brownish or with a violet tinge; g. adnexed; s.
slender, ring distant brownish; sp. 8-10.
=recutita=, Fr. P. 6-9 cm. soon expanded, dry, glabrous, fragments of
volva present as a rule, grey or brownish; g. forming lines down the
stem; s. narrowed upwards, silky, white, ring distant, white, edge of
volva not free; sp. ----.
Differs from _A. porphyria_ in ring not being tinged brown.
[=cinerea=, Bresad. Small. P. conico-campan. edge striate, livid-grey;
g. free, crowded, white, edge fimbriate; s. equal, almost glabrous,
partly hollow, colour of p., ring apical, persistent, white; volva free,
sheathing, limb lobed, whitish; sp. 10-12 x 8.
** _Volva without a free loose margin, or almost obsolete._
+ _Pileus red, reddish-brown or dingy brown._
=muscaria=, Fr. P. 12-18 cm. soon plane, striate, viscid, scarlet or
orange with white patches; gills forming lines down the stem, white; s.
10-14 cm. stout, white, ring lax, volva broken up into concentric
ridges; sp. 8 x 5. Poisonous.
var. _regalis_, Fr. Large. P. liver-colour.
var. _formosa_, Pers. P. yellow or tawny orange, scales usually absent;
s. elongated, yellowish.
var. _umbrina_, Viv. P. umber or livid, disc fuscous; s. hollow. A
slender form.
=rubescens=, Fr. P. 8-12 cm. convex then expanded, dingy red-brown,
sprinkled with small pale warts, flesh brownish when broken; g. whitish,
forming lines down the stem; s. 7-10 cm. stout, narrowed upwards,
squamulose, whitish, ring large, bulbous base concentrically grooved;
sp. 8 x 6. Edible.
[=roseola=, Steinh. P. exp. rosy, with rosy mealy warts or naked, flesh
rosy; g. crowded, adnexed, white; s. cylindrical, somewhat bulbous, with
rufous squamules below ring, volva obsolete; sp. 8-9 x 5-6.
[=Eliae=, Q. P. reddish-lilac, margin sulcate; g. adnexed; s. white,
striate, volva obsolete; sp. 11 long.
=magnifica=, Fr. P. 8-12 cm. soon almost plane, striate, reddish-brown
or bay, with mealy patches, flesh reddish; g. slightly decurrent; s.
10-14 cm. bulbous, nearly equal, scaly and coloured like pileus up to
the large ring; sp. 7-8 x 5.
Very close to _Armillaria_.
=megalodactyla=, Berk. Strong scented. P. 5-8 cm. soon expanded,
subgibbous, reddish-grey; g. free, becoming tinged red; s. 8-12 cm.
rather bulbous, fibrillose, white, ring large; sp. 5 x 3.
=aspera=, Fr. P. 6-8 cm. soon plane, dusky olive, livid, or brownish,
with small, crowded, angular warts, flesh reddish under the cuticle; g.
free; s. 5-8 cm. white, squamulose, bulb rugulose, ring entire; sp. 8 x
6.
var. _Francheti_, Boud. P. pale yellowish-green with golden warts; sp.
10 x 8.
=excelsa=, Fr. P. 9-12 cm. soon plane, viscid, brownish-grey, warts
greyish, soon disappearing; g. free, white; s. 10-12 cm. squamose up to
the imperfect ring, and base bulbous, no free edge to volva; sp. 8-9 x
5-6. Poisonous.
=pantherina=, Fr. P. 7-10 cm. soon plane, viscid, striate, yellow-brown,
grey, or whitish, with flat mealy warts; g. free but close to stem,
white; s. 10-14 cm. bulbous, whitish, silky, ring distant, extreme edge
of volva free, sp. 8 x 5.
[=valida=, Fr. P. dark, with mucronate dark pointed warts; g. running
down stem in lines.
=spissa=, Fr. P. 7-10 cm. soon plane, umber or grey with small grey
warts, flesh persistently white; g. running in lines down stem, white;
s. 6-8 cm. white, bulbous, slightly rooting, concentrically cracked or
squamulose, ring large; sp. 9-10 x 6.
++ _Pileus clear yellow or orange._
=aureola=, Kalchb. P. 7-10 cm. soon plane, orange or golden, viscid,
naked; g. free; s. 8-12 cm. slender, white, floccosely-squamulose, ring
sup. volva marginate; sp. ----.
=citrina=, Gon. & Rab. P. convex, obtuse, 8-12 cm. bright yellow with
white patches; g. white, broad, free; s. 10-12 cm. long, stout, white,
volva imperfect, ring large; sp. globose, warted, 6-7.
[=amici=, Gill. P. conical, then obtusely umb., striate, slightly
viscid, yellowish ochre, disc brownish and covered with large irreg.
greyish persistent patches; g. free, ventricose, narrowed at both ends;
s. hollow, bulbous, ring small inf., no free edge to volva.
+++ _Pileus whitish or greyish._
=nitida=, Fr. P. 8-10 cm. hemispherical, whitish, with thick, angular,
brownish warts; g. free, crowded; s. 7-9 cm. conical, bulbous,
squamulose, white, ring torn; sp. ----.
=solitaria=, Bull. 8-12 cm. soon plane, whitish or tinged rufous, warts
angular, small, floccose, easily removed; g. white, broad, narrowed
behind and adnexed; s. 7-10 cm. with imbricated scales below, ring
torn, base swollen, rooting, volva marginate; sp. 7-12 x 5-6.
=echinocephala=, Vitt. White. P. convex then plane, shining, bristling
with acute, deciduous pyramidal warts; g. adnexed; s. solid, scaly, base
bulbous, rooting, ring distant; sp. 10 diam.
[=Persoonii=, Fr. P. greyish-white, margin even; g. free; s. solid,
nearly equal, rooting.
[=arida=, Fr. P. soon plane, grey, margin sulcate; g. adnexed; s.
subglabrous, ring distant, volva absent.
=strobiliformis=, Vitt. P. 10-20 cm. convex then expanded, white, grey,
or dingy ochre, with large pyramidal, hard warts; g. free; s. floccosely
scaly, bulbous, ring large, torn, volva forming concentric rings; sp.
13-14 x 8-9.
[=cariosa=, Fr. P. soft, even, umber or dark grey, with mealy patches;
g. adnate; s. equal throughout; sp. 10 long.
AMANITOPSIS, Roze.
* _Pileus coloured._
=vaginata=, Bull. P. 6-10 cm. plane, margin striate, grey, yellow,
brown, or white; g. pallid; s. 10-12 cm. narrowed upwards, minutely
squamulose, volva large, margin free; sp. 10 x 7-8.
The grey form is edible, the brown form is unpalatable.
=strangulata=, Fr. P. 8-10 cm. soon plane, livid-bay or grey, with
patches of the volva, margin striate; g. free, white; s. 10-14 cm.
stout, thinner upwards, pale, volva breaking up and forming 2-4
ring-like ridges on the stem; sp. 9-15 x 7.
Perhaps a vigorous form of _A. vaginata_.
[=urceolata=, Viv. P. thin, hemispher. then slightly depr. umb. viscid,
mouse-colour, edge striate; g. adnate, shining white; s. white, even,
naked, volva urceolate.
[=friabilis=, Karst. P. exp. thin, rather viscid, greyish, edge sulcate,
with broad crowded warts or scales; g. free, white, edge darker,
crenulate; s. conical, everywhere floccosely scaly, white or greyish;
volva broken up into fragments; sp. glob. 11-12.
Differs from _A. vaginata_ in smaller size and imperfect volva.
[=praetoria=, Paul. P. thin, campan. then exp. naked, pectinately
sulcate, maroon or brownish; g. annulato-adnexed; s. ventricose, volva
large, lax.
=lenticularis=, Fr. P. 7-10 cm. globose, then convex, even, naked,
reddish-tan; g. free, crowded, pallid; s. 10-14 cm. subbulbous, white,
ring large; sp. ----.
[=Godeyi=, Gillet. P. pale honey-colour, naked, striate; g. free,
crowded; s. cylind., volva large, torn; sp. 15-18 long.
[=scobinella=, Trog. P. exp. fuscescent, pellicle broken up into minute,
deciduous, darker wart-like squamules, near margin even and silky; g.
white; s. conical, base white-squamulose.
[=gemmata=, Paul. Exp. vermilion with angular warts; g. pure white; s.
solid, bulbous, whitish, no distinct volva.
=adnata=, W. G. Sm. P. 6-8 cm. yellowish-buff with patches of the volva;
g. adnate, crowded, white; s. 5-9 cm. fibrillose, buff, volva almost
obsolete; sp. subglobose, 7-8.
[=insidiosa=, Letell. P. exp. even, glabrous, lurid, greenish-olive,
&c.; g. free, white; s. solid, slightly thinner upwards, edge of volva
free; sp. ----.
Differs from _A. baccata_ in even p. and free margin of volva. Fries
suggests _A. phalloides_ without the ring.
[=Bresadolae=, Sacc. Volva subglobose, not sheathing, edge stellate,
tinged brown; p. exp. glabrous, whitish, often with angular umber warts;
g. almost free, whitish; s. cylindr. whitish; sp. subg. 5-7.
Superficially resembles _Volvaria parvula_.
** _Pileus white._
[=leiocephala=, D. C. Shining white. P. convex then plane, silky, edge
even; g. free; s. solid, short, firm, volva very large, lax.
[=cygnea=, Schulz. White. P. soon plane; g. attenuato-adnexed; s.
clothed with adnate patches above the ample sheathing volva.
[=hyperborea=, Karst. (= _Ag. gemmatus_ var. _lapponicus_ Karst.).
Entirely white. P. thin, convex, exp. covered with angular warts, edge
pectinato-sulcate; g. free, shining white; s. bulbous, attenuated
upwards, ring absent; sp. glob. 10-14.
Perhaps a var. of _A. vaginatus_.
[=leccina=, Scop. P. exp. obtuse, naked, whitish or yellowish, edge
even; g. adnate; s. equal, edge of ring reddish; sp. 10 x 6.
[=baccata=, Fr. P. white, covered with globose warts; g. free; s. equal,
volva obtusely marginate; sp. 11 x 7.
[=Boudieri=, Barla. P. globose then exp. or depr., satiny, white, disc
tinged, warted, edge even; g. broad, white then tinged yellow,
subadnexed; s. long, subcylindrical, white and scurfy at apex, rest
yellowish-white, bulb turbinate, volva obliterated, brownish, ring thin,
caducous; sp. ellipsoid, elongated.
Differs from _A. baccata_ in longer sp.
LEPIOTA, Fr.
A. _Epidermis dry._
* _Ring free, distinct from the volva._
=procera=, Scop. P. soon expanded, umbonate, with brownish scales, 10-25
cm.; g. free, crowded; s. 12-20 cm., base thickened, brownish,
transversely cracked, ring free; sp. 12-15 x 8-9. Edible.
=rachodes=, Vitt. P. 10-18 cm. soon expanded, not umbonate, with brown
scales, flesh brownish when broken; gills free; s. white, not cracked,
12-15 cm., ring free; sp. 14 x 8. Edible.
Differs from _L. procera_ in the flesh turning brown when cut.
var. _puellaris_, Fr. Small, entirely white, stem flocculose.
[=Olivieri=, Barla. P. convex, then exp. or depr., whitish tinged fawn
at disc, covered with fawn adpr. fibrillose scales; g. broad, free
yellowish-white; s. whitish, base swollen, ring cottony, caducous; flesh
white, brick-red then brownish when broken.
Allied to _L. rachodes_ with which it agrees in size.
=prominens=, Viv. P. 4-6 cm., umbo very strong, ochraceous, scaly; g.
white; s. 9-15 cm. slender, base swollen, ring free; sp. 10 x 8.
=permixta=, Barla. P. convex, more or less umb. campan. then exp. silky,
greyish fawn, centre darker, with adpr. brown scales and becoming
deprived of cuticle at edge; g. pale wax or tinged red; s. cylindr.
dingy white cracked into brown adpr. scales, base swollen, ring
brownish; flesh reddish when broken.
Resembles _L. procera_ in size and marking of s.; _L. rachodes_ in flesh
becoming red; and _L. excoriata_ in having border deprived of cuticle.
[=molybdites=, Mey. P. globose then campan. broken into crustaceous
scales up to middle; g. remote, white then tinged blue; s. hollow,
blackish-brown, bulbous, ring equal.
An introduced species.
=excoriata=, Schaeff. P. globose then plane, 5-8 cm. bistre or whitish,
silky or squamulose; g. free; s. cylindrical, white, 5-8 cm. hollow,
ring free; sp. 14-15 x 8-9.
_L. naucina_ differs in the fragmentary ring.
[=carneifolia=, Gill. P. fleshy, exp. brown or purple brown, glabrous
then minutely broken up into fascicles of fibrils; g. fleshy, crowded,
distant from s.; s. white, fibrillose, thickened at base, ring large,
soon free.
=densifolia=, Gill. P. obtuse, white, soon broken up into adpressed
fibrillose scales; g. closely crowded, thin, white, broadest in front;
s. white, shining, ring free.
=gracilenta=, Kromb. P. soon expanded, obtusely umbonate, 5-8 cm., brown
patches on white ground; g. free, broad; s. thickened at base, 12-16
cm., white, ring floccose, disappearing; sp. 10-11 x 7.5.
Differs from _L. procera_ in smaller size and more especially in the
fugacious ring. _L. prominens_ differs in very large umbo and permanent,
free ring.
=mastoidea=, Fr. Entirely whitish. P. 3-5 cm. with small disappearing
warts; g. free; s. narrow up from bulbous base, 5-8 cm., ring free; sp.
7-8 x 5.
The smallest species of the present section. Like _L. gracilenta_ in
miniature.
** _Ring fixed, homogeneous with the universal veil clothing the
stem._
=Friesii=, Lasch. P. 8-12 cm. expanded, subumb. with adpressed,
tomentose brown scales; g. free, crowded; s. 8-12 cm. subbulbous, scaly,
brownish, ring pendulous; sp. 8-9 x 5.
=acutesquamosa=, Weinm. P. 9-12 cm. convex, obtuse, pale rusty with
numerous small pointed warts; g. free, crowded; s. 8-10 cm. narrowed
from swollen base, white with rusty scales below, ring large; sp. 7-8 x
4.
Differs from _L. Friesii_ in rigid deciduous warts, and broad gills very
close to stem.
=Badhami=, Berk. P. 5-8 cm. expanded, obtuse, squamulose, dark brown,
cracked into patches, flesh like that of stem saffron-red when broken;
g. free; s. 6-8 cm. bulbous, whitish, ring rather loose; sp. 5 x 3.
=emplastra=, Cke. and Mass. P. 5-8 cm. convex, glabrous, dark brown,
cracked and showing white ground; g. free; s. 7-9 cm. whitish, ring
brown outside; sp. 18-20 x 10-12.
Differs from _L. Badhami_ in glabrous pileus and larger spores.
=meleagris=, Sow. P. 2-4 cm. soon plane, minute black scales on a pale
ground, flesh becoming red; g. free; s. 3-6 cm., with blackish
squamules, stuffed, ring obsolete; sp. 6-7 x 4.
=biornata=, B. and Br. P. 2-4 cm. convex, white tinged yellow, sprinkled
with red scales; g. free; s. 6-9 cm. long, ventricose, white spotted red
as is also the ring; sp. 8-9 x 6.
=hispida=, Lasch. P. 5-7 cm. soon expanded, umb. tawny-brown, tomentose
then hispid; g. free, crowded; s. 5-7 cm. floccosely-scaly up to ring,
tawny; sp. 6-7 x 4.
[=lignicola=, Karst. P. exp. whitish- or yellowish-rusty, with innate,
erect, rusty concentric scales, edge fibrillose; g. crowded, free, edge
crenulate; s. curved, rusty, squamulose up to obsolete ring; sp. 4-5 x
3-4.
Superficially resembles _Phol. squarrosa_.
[=helveola=, Bres. P. exp. umb. scaly, reddish-brown; g. free,
ventricose, white; s. white then fawn, ring white. Poisonous.
[=Boudieri=, Bres. Subcaespitose. P. campan. exp. fawn, with minute
darker scales; g. densely crowded, white, edge purple primrose; s.
bulbillose, brownish and fibrillose up to ring; sp. 8-9 x 3.5.
[=ignicolor=, Bres. P. conico-campan. subexp. umb. squamulose or
fibrillose then almost glabrous, dry, fiery tawny; g. yellowish, edge
tawny; s. colour of p., base somewhat rooting with bright tawny fibrils;
ring evanescent; sp. 8-10 x 4.5-5.
[=castanea=, Q. P. umb. squamulose, brown; s. and ring white with tawny
flecks.
[=echinella=, Q. and Bern. Smell like radishes. P. camp. then convex and
umb. bay, bristling with brown pyramidal hairs; g. free, pallid, tinged
red; s. rosy, blackish scales below silky ring, pale above.
Much more slender than _L. hispida_.
[=Morieri=, Gill. P. exp. umb. white, shining, covered with reddish
scales, umbo smooth, edge appendiculate; g. white, edge denticulate; s.
fibrillose, white, shining, ring ample.
=clypeolaria=, Bull. 5-8 cm. campan., at first incrusted, umb. tawny,
remainder with brownish scales; g. free; s. 6-8 cm., fibrillosely
squamulose up to ring, striate above; sp. 6 x 4.
Differs from _L. hispida_ in pileus not being tomentose, and paler
colour. From _L. cristata_ by squamulose stem.
[=brunneoincarnata=, Chod. and Mart. P. subglobose then campan.-conic
and umb. with scattered rufescent scales; g. free, white; s. fistulose,
equal, colour of p.
[=Forquignoni=, Q. P. white, silky, umbo olive; g. becoming rosy; s.
white.
=felina=, Pers. P. 2-3 cm. camp. expanded, umbo black, rest with
concentric black scales on a white ground; g. free; s. 3-5 cm., white,
sometimes with black specks; sp. 10 x 5.
=metulaespora=, B. and Br. P. 2-3 cm. campan. then expanded, margin
coarsely striate, whitish-yellow with pale squamules; g. almost free; s.
4-6 cm., pale lemon yellow inside and out; sp. fusiform, 15-16 x 6.
=cristata=, A. and S. P. 2-4 cm. soon expanded, reddish-brown cuticle at
first continuous, then broken up into concentric scales on a whitish
ground; g. free; s. 4-6 cm., whitish, fibrillose; sp. 7 x 4.
Differs from _L. clypeolaria_ in stem not being squamulose.
[=lilacea=, Bres. P. convex-campan. exp. depr. sometimes umb.
purple-lilac then pale and broken up into fuscous squamules; g. free,
white; s. fibrillosely scurfy, then almost glabrous, whitish then
pinkish lilac, ring inf. persistent blackish violet underneath; sp. 4-5
x 2-2.5.
Differs from _Lepiota cristata_ in absence of smell, a feature which
also separates it from _L. Bucknallii_.
=nigro-marginata=, Mass. P. 3-5 cm. soon expanded, buff with small,
brown, concentric scales; g. narrow, pallid; s. 5-6 cm. slender, smooth,
buff, peronate up to distant ring; sp. 6-7 x 4.
[=Magnusiana=, P. Henn. P. cylindrico-campan. then exp. papillately
scaly, white, centre yellowish with age, edge striate; g. free, crowded,
lanceolate, white then reddish; s. equal, white then reddish, ring
membranaceo-flocculose; sp. 7-11 x 6-8.
=erminea=, Fr. White. P. 4-7 cm., camp. then expanded, even, glabrous,
then silky towards margin; g. free; s. 5-7 cm. fibrillose; sp. 11-12 x
4-5.
=micropholis=, B. and Br. P. 1-1.5 cm., soon plane, white with minute
radiating blackish squamules; g. free; s. 2-2.5 cm., white, ring
spreading; sp. 5 x 3.
=citriophylla=, B. and Br. P. 1.5-2 cm. expanded, umb. lemon yellow
with rufous squamules; g. free, lemon yellow; s. 2-4 cm. squamulose,
yellow; sp. 7-8 x 4.
Differs from _L. amianthina_ by free gills and white flesh; and from _L.
metulaespora_ in squamulose stem.
=atro-crocea=, W. G. Sm. P. 2.3 cm. soon plane, margin often lobed, deep
orange, covered with purple-brown fibrils; g. slightly attached, tinged
yellow; s. 2-3 cm. orange; sp. ----.
*** _Ring superior, fixed, subpersistent; universal veil adnate to
the pileus._
=Vittadinii=, Fr. P. 6-10 cm. expanded, obtuse, whitish, densely covered
with small erect warts; g. free, with a greenish tinge; s. 5-8 cm. with
concentric scales up to large ring, whitish or scales tipped red; sp.
----.
Differs from _L. nympharum_ in solid stem and superior ring.
[=strobiliformis=, Gill. P. convex, edge irreg. covered with strong
brown, angular and pyramidal warts; g. closely crowded, narrow; s.
cylindrical, stout, whitish, ring membranous.
[=furnacea=, Let. P. white with a black cortex splitting radially; s.
white with concentric black scales.
=nympharum=, Kalchb. P. 6-9 cm. soon expanded, umb. often tinged brown,
rest white with overlapping scales; g. free; s. white, hollow, glabrous;
sp. globose.
[=colubrina=, Kromb. P. convex, obtuse, tinged fuscous, covered with
tomentose imbricated scales; g. white; s. solid, very long, ring
distant.
=holosericea=, Fr. Very soft. P. 6-9 cm. soon plane, obtuse, floccose,
whitish or tinge of tan; g. free; s. 5-9 cm. bulbous, whitish, silky,
ring large; sp. 7-8 x 5.
=naucina=, Fr. White. P. 5-10 cm. globose then plane, subumb. glabrous
then breaking up into granules; g. free; s. 4-5 cm. tapering to
thickened base, fibrillose, ring sup. thin, disappearing; sp. subg. 6-7.
Differs from _L. excoriatia_ in the ephemeral ring.
=leucothites=, Vitt. P. 5-10 cm. subumbonate, white, disc tinged brown,
silky then squamulose; g. white then pink; s. 7-12 cm. white, smooth,
bulbous, ring large, persistent; sp. hyaline, 9 x 7.
[=rorulenta=, Paniz. Tufted. P. whitish, campan. umb. sulcate, softly
granulato-squamulose; g. closely crowded, tinged rosy; s. slender,
elongated, base thickened.
=cepaestipes=, Sow. Yellow. P. 2-5 cm. expanded, umb., scaly, margin
plicate; g. free; s. swollen below, 7-12 cm. floccose; sp. 7-8 x 4.
There is a white form.
[=medioflava=, Boud. P. exp. striate, snow-white, very minutely silky
tomentose, centre depr. but the prominent umbo yellowish; g. free,
white; s. fistulose, white, minutely scurfy above median reflexed ring,
thickened base often yellowish; sp. 5-6 x 3.
=licmophora=, B. and Br. Pale yellow. P. 2-3 cm. glabrous, coarsely
grooved; g. free; s. 3-5 cm. thicker below, smooth; sp. 9-10 x 5.
Differs from _L. cepaestipes_ in glabrous pileus.
[=Brebissoni=, Godey. P. exp. subumb. very thin, striate to middle,
brownish, paler towards edge, with brown scales at centre and paler ones
at margin; g. distant, edge toothed; s. swollen below, silvery white,
pruinose above the ring.
Resembles some sp. of _Coprinus_ in transparency and fragility.
[=Schulzeri=, Kalchbr. White. P. convex then exp. umb. even, glabrous;
g. free, remote, narrowed behind; s. hollow, narrowed from a subbulbous
base, naked, ring median, small.
[=straminella=, Bagl. Entirely straw-colour. P. obtuse, sulcate, with
glutinous mealy flecks; g. attached to ring behind, s. floccose,
bulbous.
**** _Pileus granular or warted. Universal veil of pileus and stem
at first continuous, on rupturing forming an inferior ring._
=cinnabarina=, A. and S. P. 4-7 cm. obtuse, more or less gibbous,
scurfy, persistently brick-red; g. free; s. 3-5 cm. with red scales up
to imperfect ring; sp. 6-7 x 5.
var. _Terreyi_, B. and Br. P. subglobose, bright tawny red, rough with
warts.
Differs from _L. granulosa_ by larger size and persistently red pileus.
=carcharias=, Pers. Smell strong. P. 2-4 cm. soon plane, subumb. pale
flesh colour or yellowish-pink, granular; g. adnexed, white; s. 3-4 cm.
granular and coloured like pileus up to ring; sp. ----.
var. _Terrei_, B. and Br. P. orange-red, convex; s. nearly equal; g.
broad, ventricose.
[=tuberculata=, Brig. P. globoso-exp. cuticle thick, breaking into
tubercles, pale tan; g. white; s. subbulbous, fibrillose.
[=venusta=, Bagl. P. convex, edge very thin, crenulate, sulcate, cuticle
tawny cracking in the centre; g. adnexed by a tooth; s. solid, thickened
upwards, peronate half way up.
[=Pauletii=, Fr. P. exp. bristling with spines, brownish; g. crowded; s.
short, white.
=granulosa=, Batsch. P. 2-3 cm. expanded, obtusely umb. scurfy or
granular, rusty or brownish-orange, pale and hoary when dry; s. 3-5 cm.
floccosely scaly and coloured like pileus up to ring; sp. ----.
Pileus often wrinkled, sometimes pale.
var. _rufescens_, B. and Br. Entirely white, becoming rufous when dry.
_L. amianthina_ differs in adnate gills and yellow flesh of stem.
Differs from _L. carcharia_ in absence of unpleasant smell.
=amianthina=, Scop. P. 2-2.5 cm. soon plane and subumb. granular,
ochraceous, flesh yellow; g. adnate, yellowish; s. 3-5 cm. squamulose up
to ring, flesh yellow; sp. ----.
var. _Broadwoodiae_, B. and Br. P. yellow; g. white.
=polysticta=, Berk. P. 2-3 cm. soon expanded, reddish or yellow-brown
broken up into minute scales; g. free, yellowish; s. 2-4 cm. scaly and
coloured like pileus up to ring; sp. ----.
***** _Cuticle of pileus dry, entire, not granular nor scaly;
small, slender._
=parvannulata=, Lasch. P. 1-1.5 cm. expanded, subumb. silky, white or
tinged yellow; g. free, crowded; s. 3-5 cm. white, fibrillose up to
distant small spreading ring; sp. 4 x 2.5.
_L. erminea_ differs in superior, torn ring, glabrous pileus, and
radishy smell.
=sistrata=, Fr. P. 2-4 cm. expanded, whitish, disc often tinged yellow
or reddish, pruinose with glistening particles; g. nearly free, crowded;
s. 3-5 cm. white, silky, ring fibrillose; sp. ----.
_L. seminuda_ differs in mealy stem, and _L. mesomorpha_ in glabrous
pileus and stem, and entire ring.
=seminuda=, Lasch. P. 2-3 cm. expanded, umbonate, whitish or tinged
fleshcolour, mealy then naked; g. reaching the stem; s. 3-4 cm. whitish,
mealy, ring small, superior; sp. 5 x 3.
_L. sistrata_ differs in fibrillose stem and pileus covered with
glistening particles.
=Bucknallii=, B. and Br. P. 1-2 cm. convex, white with violet powder; g.
reaching stem; s. 3-5 cm. white with violet powder; sp. 7 x 3.
Smell strong, like gas-tar.
=ianthina=, Cke. P. 2 cm. expanded, umb. whitish, disc violet,
fibrillose; g. free; s. 2-3 cm. wavy, white, ring distant, disappearing;
sp. ----.
=mesomorpha=, Bull. P. about 1.5 cm. expanded, subumb. pale brown or
yellowish, even, glabrous; g. free; s. 3-4 cm. pale, glabrous, ring
superior; sp. ----.
[=denudata=, Rab. P. campan.-exp. pale sulphur, very thin, floccosely
scurfy then naked; g. ventricose; s. subequal, with a minute very
fugacious ring.
[=serena=, Fr. White. P. campan. glabrous; s. slender, subbulbous, ring
thin, deciduous.
=martialis=, Cke. and Mass. P. 2-3. cm. soon plane, deep rose; g. free;
s. 3-4 cm. pink up to broad ring; sp. 8 x 4.
B. _Cuticle of pileus viscid, not broken up._
[=demisannulata=, Secr. P. thin, umb. even; g. free, crowded, white; s.
nearly equal, with black fibrils, ring pendulous.
=medullata=, Fr. White. P. 3-5 cm. soon expanded, glabrous, viscid, veil
in fragments at margin; g. free; s. 5-8 cm. dry, obsoletely squamulose
below, ring torn; sp. ----.
Differs from _L. illinita_ in dry stem.
=glioderma=, Fr. P. 2.5-5 cm. campan. then convex, even, viscid
reddish-bay; g. free; s. 5-8 cm. dry, whitish, densely squamulose up to
torn ring; sp. ----.
=delicata=, Fr. P. 2-3 cm. convex then plane, even, viscid, granular,
rufescent or yellowish; g. free; s. 2-3 cm.; s. dry, whitish floccosely
squamulose up to ring; sp. ----.
Differs from _L. glioderma_ in p. not being campanulate, and stem
floccose, not squamose.
=illinita=, Fr. P. 4-7 cm. white or tinged tan, subumb. glabrous,
viscid; g. free; s. 5-7 cm. white, glutinous, ring obsolete; sp. ----.
Distinct from all species by glutinous stem.
[=pingua=, Fr. P. white or greyish, viscid, as is also the ring; s.
short, dry.
[=inoculata=, Fr. P. exp. obtuse, honey colour, even, viscid; g.
crowded, broad; s. abruptly vaginate by the veil.
=Georginae=, W. G. Sm. White. P. 1.5-2.5 cm. mealy, viscid, changing to
crimson when touched, as do also the gills and stem.
[HIATULA, Fr.
[=Wynniae=, B. and Br. P. 2-3 cm. membranaceous, splitting along back of
gills, pale; g. rather distant, white; st. 2-3 cm. hollow.
Introduced from Queensland. Phosphorescent.
ARMILLARIA, Fr.
* _Gills sinuate, adnexed._
=bulbigera=, A. and S. P. 7-10 cm. brownish, dry, fibrillose near
margin; g. emarginate; s. marginately bulbous, pale, ring soon
disappearing; sp. 7-10 x 5.
[=phoenicea=, Weinm. P. exp. glabrous, viscid, red; g. free, shining
white; s. bulbous, with red fibrils, ring fugacious.
=focalis=, Fr. P. 7-12 cm. reddish-tawny, silky, obtuse; g. almost free;
s. 7-9 cm. equal, fibrillose, ring median; sp. ----.
var. _goliath_, Fr. Larger than type, s. rooting, ring almost obsolete.
=robusta=, A. and S. P. 6-8 cm. dry, rufous-bay, flesh thick; g. nearly
free; s. 3-5 cm. stout, base narrowed, brownish floccose up to ring,
white above; sp. ----.
Differs from _A. aurantia_ in deeply emarginate, broad, whitish gills.
[=squamea=, Barla. Smell like cucumber. P. convex then exp. reddish
cinnamon, covered with brown-red scales; edge incurved; g. broad,
subdecur. whitish tinged red; s. subventricose with a long tapering
base, reddish-brown and scaly up to torn ring, white above; flesh-white,
saffron when broken.
Allied to _Armill. robusta_ but larger.
[=Caussetta=, Barla. Smell like cucumber. P. exp. depr. dry, silky,
squamulose at centre, rather viscid when moist, brick-red, edge incurved
then spreading; g. broad, pale or tinged red; s. stout, narrowed at
base, fibrillose and reddish up to ring, white above; flesh white,
reddish when broken.
[=caligata=, Viv. Smell strong. P. exp. tawny, spotted with adpressed
silky scales; g. emarginate; s. solid, with brownish concentric scales
below the membranous persistent ring.
[=megalopoda=, Bres. Smell strong. P. convex, exp. or depr. even,
glabrous, rather viscid, chestnut; g. crowded, whitish then
straw-colour; s. brownish-squamulose up to median ring, white above; sp.
glob. 5-6.
[=luteovirens=, A. and S. All except white squamulose stem straw-colour;
p. torn into squamules, greenish when mature; ring imperfect.
=aurantia=, Schaeff. P. 5-8 cm. rusty orange; g. adnexed; s. 6-8 cm.
stout, orange and concentrically squamose up to ring, white above; sp.
----.
[=dehiscens=, Viv. P. hemispher. then depr. yellowish ochre; g.
adnexo-decur., broad; s. cylindric, scaly, viscid, ring very narrow,
persistent.
=ramentacea=, Bull. P. 5-8 cm., obtuse, whitish or yellowish with darker
squamules; g. adnexed becoming free; s. 3-5 cm. with brown squamules up
to the oblique fugitive ring; sp. ----.
[=Ambrosii=, Bres. P. convex, exp. dry, soft, floccosely-downy,
snow-white, edge append.; g. white; s. even above ring, floccose below,
white; ring inferior, torn, deciduous, sp. 4-5 x 2.5.
[=cingulata=, Fr. P. thin umb. greyish brown, squamosely fibrillose; g.
greyish white; s. even, ring median.
[=scruposa=, Paulet. P. exp. glabrous, rough with contorted ridges,
subfuscous; g. sinuato-adnate; s. solid, equal, rooting, ring firm,
narrow.
[=albosericea=, Brig. White. P. exp. broadly umb., even; g. crowded; s.
silky, base tuberous, ring remote, fugacious.
=constricta=, Fr. All white. P. 3-5 cm. obtuse, dry, glabrous, silky; g.
emarginate, adnexed, or almost free; s. 3-6 cm. solid, fibrillose or
squamulose, ring apical, narrow; sp.
Much stouter than _A. subcava_.
[=verrucipes=, Fr. Pure white. P. glabrous; s. with brown warts up to
annular zone, ring absent; g. sinuato-adnate.
** _Gills narrowed behind, more or less decurrent, with no sinus._
[=imperialis=, Fr. P. brown with darker scales; g. deeply decurrent;
ring double, sp. 12-14 x 5.
[=Laschii=, Fr. P. fawn colour, even, glabrous, thin ring erect; g.
crowded, white.
[=tumescens=, Viv. P. exp. even, glabrous, whitish; g. adnate, pale
ochre, then tinged red; s. solid, stout, narrowed from the base,
whitish, ring fugacious.
[=rhadigosa=, Fr. P. depr. moist, whitish with brownish adpressed scales
at disc; g. decur., broad, white; s. short, equal, ring reflexed.
=mellea=, Vahl. P. 5-12 cm. soon expanded, yellowish-brown, squamulose,
margin striate; g. slightly decurrent; s. 8-12 cm. floccose up to
spreading ring, base honey-colour; sp. 9 x 5-6.
Mycelium forming long black strands. A destructive parasite.
=denigrata=, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. obtuse, dark brown, rather viscid, spotted
with droplike depressions, and with elevated warts, margin even; g.
rather decurrent; s. 4-5 cm. solid tinged brown, ring disappearing; sp.
----.
[=morio=, Fr. P. campan.-exp. irreg. cracked, viscid, greyish brown then
rufescent; g. adnate; s. solid, fibrous, ring narrow.
[=Viviani=, Fr. P. convex, glabrous, dark bay then whitish; g. adnate,
pale fawn; s. elongated, white, ring narrow.
[=griseofusca=, D. C. P. convex, even, glabrous, brownish grey, discoid;
g. decur.; s. equal, glabrous, ring persistent.
[=pleurotoides=, Fr. P. subexcentric, ring toothed; s. whitish with a
flesh-coloured tint.
=citri=, Inz. P. 2-3 cm. soon plane, subumb., even, yellow; g. adnate;
s. 5-7 cm., slender, ring spreading; sp. subgl. 5 x 4.
=subcava=, Schum. P. 3-4 cm. white, umbo brownish, striate to middle; g.
decurrent; s. equal, hollow upwards, 4-5 cm., even up to torn ring,
punctate above, white; sp. ----.
Differs from _A. constricta_ by longer thinner stem, and striate pileus.
=haematites=, B. and Br. P. 2-3 cm. obtuse, liver-coloured; g.
adnato-decurrent; s. 3-5 cm. coloured like pileus up to ring, whitish
above; sp. 8 x 5.
*** _Gills adnate without a sinus._
[=laqueata=, Fr. White. P. 3-4 cm. hemispherical, obtuse, viscid when
moist, smooth; g. adnate; s. 5-7 cm. solid, squamulose or fibrillose
below the ring, base tinged brown; sp. ----.
=mucida=, Schrad. P. 4-8 cm. soon expanded, white or grey, rugulose,
glutinous; g. striately decurrent; s. 5-12 cm. base thickened, ring
apical, striate, tumid; sp. 15-16 x 8-9.
=Jasonis=, Cke. and Mass. P. 3-5 cm., camp. then expanded, umb., yellow,
disc tawny, papillate; g. adnate; s. 5-7 cm. coloured like pileus,
squamulose up to torn ring; sp. 8 x 5.
[=fracida=, Fr. Smell rancid. P. convex, obtuse, even, spotted,
brownish-olive; g. becoming free, white; s. base narrowed, squamulose,
smooth above the spreading torn ring.
[=pinetorum=, Gill. P. exp. umb. granular, pale or yellowish white,
covered with reddish squamules; g. sinuato-decur., pallid; s. colour of
p., squamulose up to spreading ring which is also squamulose outside.
TRICHOLOMA, Fr.
A. _Pileus viscid, scaly, or villose._
I. LIMACINA. _Pileus viscid when moist, innately fibrillose or
squamulose, but not broken up._
* _Gills not changing colour, not becoming rufescent._
=equestre=, Linn. P. 7-12 cm. exp. obtuse, viscid, squamulose, yellow or
tinged green; g. sulphur yellow; s. 4-7 cm. yellow; sp. 7-8 x 5.
=coryphaeum=, Fr. P. 8-15 cm. soon exp. viscid, yellowish with darker
squamules; g. white, edge yellow; s. solid, obclavate; sp. subglobose,
5-6.
_T. equestre_ differs in having gills entirely yellow, and _T.
sejunctum_ in its pure white gills.
=sejunctum=, Sow. P. 7-10 cm. expanded, yellow with brown streaks,
viscid; g. pure white; s. 8-12 cm. white, apex squamulose; sp. subgl.
5-6.
=portentosum=, Fr. P. 7-12 cm. viscid, sooty often with purple tinge,
viscid, streaked with dark lines; g. white, very broad; s. 7-8 cm.
whitish, glabrous; sp. subgl. 4-5 x 4.
=fucatum=, Fr. P. 5-7 cm. soon plane, viscid, dingy yellow with darker
stains; g. white or tinged yellow; s. 5-7 cm. fibro-squamulose, whitish;
sp. ----.
=quinquepartitum=, Fr. P. 7-10 cm. viscid, even, glabrous, pale
yellowish; g. broad, white; s. 7-10 cm. white, striate, glabrous; sp.
5-6 x 3-4.
Differs from _T. portentosum_ in p. not being virgate, and from _T.
fucatum_ in glabrous striate stem.
=resplendens=, Fr. White. P. 5-9 cm. expanded, viscid, even, glabrous,
shining when dry, margin straight; g. very emarginate; s. 5-7 cm.,
solid, apex flocculose; sp. 7-8 x 4.
Differs from _T. spermaticum_ in solid stem.
=spermaticum=, Fr. White. P. 5-8 cm. expanded, viscid, wavy, glabrous,
shining when dry, margin at first incurved; g. margin eroded; s. 5-9 cm.
twisted; sp. ----.
** _Gills becoming discoloured, usually spotted with brownish-red._
=colossus=, Fr. P. 12-20 cm. expanded, margin at first incurved, dull
red or reddish umber, glabrous then squamulose, flesh very thick,
reddish when broken; g. broad, reddish; s. 7-10 cm. stout, apex
constricted, solid, reddish; sp. 6 x 4.
[=aurata=, Fr. P. exp. obtuse, even, yellow then rufescent; g. yellow;
s. solid, fibrillose, yellow.
=nictitans=, Fr. P. 3-5 cm. exp. obtuse, even, glabrous, viscid,
yellowish; g. yellow; s. 7-8 cm. solid, yellow, apex squamulose; sp. 7-8
x 5.
Differs from _T. flavobrunneum_ in squamulose apex of stem.
=fulvellum=, Fr. P. 2-5 cm. exp. viscid, even, yellowish tan disc darker
and wrinkled; g. white then tinged rufescent; s. 4-6 cm. fibrillose,
apex naked, white tinged rufous; sp. subgl. 4-5.
=flavobrunneum=, Fr. P. 7-14 cm. soon exp. viscid, bay,
virgate-squamulose, flesh yellow then tinged rufous; g. pale yellow; s.
7-12 cm. ventricose, hollow, brownish, flesh yellow, viscid at first;
sp. 6-7 x 4-5.
=albobrunneum=, Fr. P. 6-8 cm. obtuse, viscid, brown, streaked with
fibrils, disc papillose; g. broad, whitish; s. 3-5 cm. equal, rufescent,
solid, flesh white; sp. 4-6 x 3-5.
=irregulare=, Karst. P. convex then exp. very irreg. rather viscid,
fibrillosely virgate, pale, tinged tawny rufous; g. white then reddish
or spotted; s. equal, curved, white, apex flocculose. Smell strong.
Differs from _T. albobrunneum_ in paler, irreg. p. and smell.
[=Salero=, Barla. Smell strong, mealy. P. exp. obtuse, even, viscid when
moist, satiny when dry, chestnut; g. white then reddish; s. cylindrical,
white and squamulose at apex, fibrillose and reddish at middle; flesh
white, reddish when broken, very bitter.
=ustale=, Fr. P. 4-7 cm. exp. umb. then nearly plane, even, glabrous,
disc rugulose bay; g. white tinged brown later, decur. tooth; s. 5-8 cm.
equal, somewhat rooting, apex naked, whitish; sp. 7-8 x 5.
=pessundatum=, Fr. P. 7-9 cm. obtuse, wavy, glabrous, viscid, bay or
rufescent, granular or spotted; g. almost free, white then tinged
rufous; s. 5-8 cm. white, floccosely squamulose; sp. 5 x 2.5.
=stans=, Fr. P. 7-10 cm. exp. viscid, rufescent, even, flesh red under
cuticle; g. crowded, spotted reddish; s. 5-8 cm. whitish, squamulose;
sp. 5-6 x 4.
=russula=, Schaeff. P. 6-8 cm. exp. viscid, rosy red, granulated; g.
subdecurrent; s. 3-5 cm. rosy, apex squamulose; sp. 10 x 5.
=frumentaceum=, Bull. P. 5-10 cm. exp. viscid, glabrous, pallid,
streaked or stained reddish; g. crowded; s. 5-8 cm. solid, fibrillose,
white, variegated red; sp. 5 x 3.5.
II. GENUINA. _Pellicle not viscid, torn into scales, or
fibrillose._
* _Gills not changing colour, neither spotted with rufous nor
black._
=rutilans=, Schaeff. P. 6-14 cm. exp. coated with purplish down, flesh
yellow; g. yellow, edge downy, orange; s. 5-8 cm. yellow with purple
squamules; sp. subgl. 5-6.
=variegatum=, Scop. P. 5-10 cm. exp. yellow with purplish squamules; g.
pale yellow, edge entire not darker coloured; s. 5-8 cm. pale yellow,
more or less variegated with red; sp. 5-7 x 4-5.
Differs from _T. rutilans_ in edge of gills.
[=albofimbriatum=, Trog. P. exp. obtusely umb. fibrillose, scaly towards
edge, brownish; g. sinuate, closely crowded, yellow then rufescent, edge
white-fimbriate; s. yellow-rufescent.
[=aestuans=, Fr. P. conico-exp. umb. with fugacious longitudinal
fibrils, yellow-rufescent; g. very broad, yellow then pallid; s. equal,
glabrous, striate.
=centurio=, Kalchb. P. campan. strongly umb. edge incurved then
spreading and wavy, fuscous then livid; g. deeply emarginate, almost
free, pallid; s. ventricose, stout, white.