GOYA
From the death of Velasquez, in 1661, more than a hundred years had
elapsed when Goya made his début in Madrid. He is the unexpected
phenomenon of the Spanish School; coming as a surprise and even more
surprising in the character of his art, since it anticipated by a
hundred years an art-motive of our own times. Goya was the prophet of
modern impressionism, and arrived upon the stage when the drama of
Spanish painting seemed to have been played out.
For the great names of the seventeenth century had been succeeded by
painters of inferior ability and the positions of favor at court were
held by foreigners. The decline of painting had kept pace with national
decline. Spain under the Bourbon dynasty reaped the whirlwind that had
been sown by the Hapsburg. Trade and commerce had been reduced to
nothing; and while a few noble families had grown rich the country was
poor, even the Court being impoverished. The Church had sunk from its
high estate, and, devoted to worldly ambitions, had lost the respect of
the community. The national character was demoralised. The lower classes
had become brutalised, while society was callous and the Court openly
profligate. When Goya entered on his prime, the impotence of the King,
Charles IV, had permitted the government to slip into the hands of the
Queen’s favorite, the ex-guardsman, Manuel Godoy. He had been raised to
the rank of Duke of Alcudia and made prime minister of the realm. For
bringing to conclusion a war with France in which he had needlessly
engaged, he ostentatiously assumed the title of the “Prince of Peace.”
It has been related in a previous chapter how he ratted to Napoleon and
favored the design to place Joseph Bonaparte on the throne of Spain,
thereby subjecting Spain to the horrors of a French invasion under Murat
and to the prolonged distress of the Peninsular war.
Symptomatic of the moral atmosphere of the Court is an anecdote
mentioned in Doblado’s Letters. The King, surrounded by members of his
household, was gazing from a window of the palace, when Mallo, who
happened to be then first favorite with the Queen, drove by, handling a
fine team of horses. “I wonder,” said the King, “how the fellow can
afford to keep better horses than I can?” “The scandal goes, Sir,”
replied Godoy, “that he is himself kept by an ugly old woman whose name
I have forgotten.”
* * * * *
On to the stage of this shabby comedy of court life, set with the
scenery of a nation’s humiliation, Goya entered and made an immediate
hit. A man of violent passions, without conscience or scruples, he
played his part as if all the characteristics of his contemporaries were
represented in himself. He has left a self-portrait, painted some seven
years after his appearance on the scene. It now hangs in the Prado and
might be mistaken for the portrait of a bull-fighter. Indeed, it reminds
us that at one period of his young days Goya became efficient in the
bull-ring. The neck is short and thick; the mouth fleshy and sensual;
the nose broad; the cheeks large and heavily modeled; the cushioned
brows indicate a hot, quick sensibility; there is a general suggestion
of abounding animal force. Only the eyes, deep set and brilliant,
proclaim the man’s mentality. It is the face of a peasant, which in his
origin Goya had been.
His father was a small farmer in the village of Fuentedetodos in Aragón,
where Goya was born in 1746. Bred hardily and possessed of great
physical strength, the boy asserted his independence early and,
determining to be an artist, sought instruction from a painter in
Zaragoza. Here he soon gained notoriety for his escapades and was
distinguished among his fellow students for his daring and his skill in
the use of rapier and dagger. Finally he was wounded in some broil and
hidden away by his friends to escape the clutches of the Inquisition,
whose attention had been called to the affair. Accordingly, after his
recovery Goya found it convenient to leave Zaragoza. He made his way to
Rome, where he stayed for several years, indulging his appetite for
adventure and intrigue on a larger scale. He again fell foul of the
Inquisition, through an attempt to remove a young lady from a convent
and would have fared ill, but for the intervention of the Spanish
ambassador, who promised to see that the offending artist returned to
Spain. So in 1769 Goya arrived in Madrid. Shortly after his appearance
in the capital Goya married the daughter of the painter, Francisco
Bayeu. She must have been a lady of exceptional forbearance, since she
remained true to him notwithstanding his frequent amours and presented
him with twenty children.
Bayeu introduced his son-in-law to Raphael Mengs, who was in the height
of favor at Court. This German painter, who had been invited to Spain by
Charles III, owed his European reputation to his servile imitation of
his namesake, Raphael. He was a facile, academic mannerist; drawing
inspiration for his subjects from the Classics and rendering them with a
purity of style that was absolutely bloodless. He was, however,
sufficiently large-minded to discover value in the young Goya. The King
had requested his Court painter to make an effort to revive the Royal
Tapestry Works of Santa Barbara, and Mengs was engaging painters to
execute designs. He gave a series to Goya, who prepared the cartoons
which are now in the Prado. Some of them were executed in the weave and
can be seen in a room of the Escoriál, adjoining another, decorated with
tapestries after designs by Teniers. The latter’s example may have
influenced Goya in his choice of subjects, for he took the theme of
popular pastimes and treated them naturalistically. The significance of
this lies in its contrast to the conditions then existing. For the
tapestries which were _à la mode_ at that time both in France and Spain
were the Boucher designs, in which little court gentlemen and ladies
play at being shepherds and milkmaids, and indulge in pretty travesties
of country life, under conditions of an impossible and ridiculous age of
innocence. As we come to know Goya we are not
[Illustration:
MAIA, NUDE GOYA
THE PRADO]
surprised that this view of art had no interest for him. We find him to
have been from boyhood an eager liver, interested to the full in life;
so we do not now share the surprise that his contemporaries must have
felt when they saw these cartoons. To a society accustomed to an art of
academic imitation and rococo lackadaisicalness, they may well have been
a shock. They seem also to have come as a welcome relief, for they made
Goya popular; moreover they established for him a character of being
independent, of which he subsequently took full advantage.
The color schemes of these designs are noteworthy. While the Teniers
tapestries are based on a very naive use of the primary colors, red,
blue and yellow, and the Boucher on a subtle use of the same, in which
the sharpness of the hues is silvered down to demi-tints, the Goya
introduce the secondary colors. They involve the red, yellow and blue,
but merely as flashes of brilliance in a groundwork of plum-color,
purple, dull brown-red, deep orange and blue, and rich greens, enlivened
with white and velvety black. The schemes are intricate, varied, and
above all, positive; the work of an artist with an original, if still
unmatured, sense of color. Goya, indeed, proclaimed in this early work
the fact that he was a colorist; although, as yet, there is little
suggestion of the kind of colorist he was going to prove himself.
Following these cartoons came several commissions to provide decorative
paintings for churches. Goya executed them in the spirit of popular
genre that inspired the cartoons. Not only had he no religious feeling;
he was bitterly and openly opposed to the Church, and in these pictures
of saintly legends was at no pains to simulate a reverence that he did
not feel. To this period also belongs the _Portrait of Charles III_ of
the Prado, which shows him in the costume of a huntsman, an angular
figure with a genial but homely face. It is painted with uncompromising
naturalness; the contours as hard and bold as the coloring; a picture
separated from the Goya that we later know by a wide gap. The fact seems
to be that in this portrait Goya was painting simply what he saw; and
since the original was a man of commonplace exterior and Goya himself
viewed him in a perfectly commonplace way he produced this astonishingly
common-looking picture. It was necessary for Goya to discover some
refinement in his own point of view, before he could develop his best
artistic possibilities. The gradual steps by which he reached this goal
I do not profess to know; but a few years later, when he had been
established as Court painter to the new king, Charles IV, the true Goya
is discovered. His new style, the result of a new way of viewing his
subject, is fully developed in the group portrait of _Charles IV and the
Royal Family_.
We will postpone consideration of Goya’s mental attitude toward these
royal puppets. That is part of his general outlook upon life, as a
satirist and castigator of follies. It is his attitude toward his art
which concerns us for the moment. The reproduction of this picture (p.
171) gives little but a limited idea of its artistic beauty, but it
brings out the lack of human interest in, at least, the principal
personages and the necessary stiffness of this arrangement of the
figures. It will be noticed, however, that Goya has drawn the
straggling items into some degree of unity by enveloping the lower part
of the end groups in half-shadow. The eye is thus led to concentrate on
the center of the composition. Here for an instant our attention may be
occupied by the ungainly attitude of the Queen, and the forbidding
expression of her face, turned, as in her other portraits by Goya, in
one direction, while her eyes seek another. But it is only for an
instant. Then we are attracted by the jewels in her dark hair and on her
bosom, and by the exquisiteness of the costume--a fall of Chinese silk,
mandarin blue, embroidered in white and gold, over a white lace skirt.
Next our gaze may wander to the similar dresses worn by the princesses
on her right, which however represent subtle variations of effect
through the more or less of shadow in which they are veiled; and then to
the king’s rose-embroidered vest, the pale blue and white watered silk
ribbon, and the stars and jewels which cluster on the plum-colored
velvet coat. So gradually one becomes conscious of the loveliness of
color that permeates the whole group, a bouquet of mingled quietude and
brilliance, of low tones and sparkling keys, which one can enjoy with as
complete a detachment from any thought of the figures, as if they were a
parterre of flowers.
In fact, there is revealed here a colorist of extraordinary refinement
and subtlety; and of an imagination that is rare among painters. Goya’s
original fondness for varied and positive colors has matured into a
mastery over a few hues, treated with exquisite nuances. And the secret
of this marvelous color-expression is the artist’s new way of looking
at his subject. He has become an impressionist in the modern sense. He
stands forth, indeed, as the first of modern impressionists, the
forerunner by nearly a hundred years of the principal art-motive of the
nineteenth century.
* * * * *
Goya used to say that his only teachers had been Velasquez, Rembrandt
and Nature. It was from the first named that he learned to paint, not
the subject in front of him but the impression he had formed of it; and
in this he may have been assisted by Rembrandt’s use of chiaroscuro to
eliminate by shadow the unessentials and to heighten the saliencies by
light. Yet it is difficult to understand how Goya could have had many
opportunities of studying Rembrandt, since there is only a single
example in the Prado, and the Dutch masters were not favored in Spain.
Accordingly one is disposed to give Goya fuller credit for discovering
his own way of rendering his impressions. As it is exhibited in this
portrait group, it reveals an imagination that heightens the suggestion
of beauty in the thing recorded, and an extraordinary gift of
improvisation in handling passages of intricate detail and rendering the
effect of an ensemble. There is no such maze of luxuriant loveliness as
this in any picture by Velasquez; the nearest approach to it being,
perhaps, the breast of the little Don Carlos on horseback. The Goya
represents a more feminine sensitiveness; it is impregnated with
temperament. This is the quality of Goya’s impressionism which makes it
modern. Velasquez’s is impersonally objective; modern impressionism,
like Goya’s, is naturalism viewed through temperament; it shapes and
colors the record to the artist’s mood.
This is at once its weakness and its strength; a source of power when
the mood is high and spontaneous, of weakness when the mood is slack or
directly unsympathetic. Under the latter conditions Goya not
infrequently turned out pictures in which spontaneity and imagination
are absent, and the result is wooden, ineffective. Still oftener his
faces are lacking in expression and in subtlety of modeling; while his
hands, though one has heard them praised, are seldom expressive in
modeling or in gesture. It was the _tout-ensemble_ that interested him
and in this the costumes play a very important part and are usually
handled with incomparable mastery.
Two beautiful examples of his ability to encompass the spirit of a
subject are the pair of canvases, representing a _Maia_, or girl of the
people, in the one case nude, in the other clothed. In both the sofa is
upholstered in green velvet, spread with silvery white draperies and
cushions. But, in the case of the nude, the green is cool and bluish; in
the other, a warmer apple-green to harmonise with the costume. The
latter consists of a bolero jacket of mustard color with black and white
lace trimmings, a white gown, shaded with tones of dove-grey and
lavender, a sash of silvery hue, suffused with claret, and yellow
Turkish slippers. The black network is laid on crisply and roughly, thus
helping to set off the smoothness of the technique in the face, which
has warm red cheeks and brown eyes. On the other hand, in the _Maia
Nude_, the coloring throughout is cooler; a more delicate rose in the
face, a faintly oxidised silver shadow under the chin and over the
bosom; and similar shadows of inexpressible subtlety over other portions
of the body. The flesh is cream with the faintest suggestion of rose;
and yet not cream, for it seems to be veritable flesh. But, although
this nude is painted with a naturalism that could scarcely be exceeded,
the web of evanescent shadow in which it is clothed invests the nudity
with a veil of idealism. These shadows, absolutely indescribable in
their delicacy, are the result of a most perfect sense of values and of
a technique as sure as it is facile. They are the despair of painters
who try to copy the picture. Goya, in fact, in these two canvases,
particularly in the nude, has caught the volatile essence of young
femininity; has succeeded, as it were, in painting the fragrance of the
flower.
Another kind of femininity, more matured, he has represented in the
Andalusian beauty, _Doña Isabel Corbo de Porcel_, of the National
Gallery. Here the technique, as befits the impression, is more brusque
and vivacious. But in another example in the same Gallery, _Portrait of
Dr. Péral_, Goya has adapted to the refinement of his subject a
color-scheme and technique of unsurpassable delicacy. The features, pale
pink, shaded with grey, are set in a frame of long whitish yellow hair;
the coat is greyish drab, the vest pearly grey with green sprigs, the
figure being placed against a dark olive-black background. The
expression of the whole is of a man of rare cultivation and fine mental
poise. The scheme of color recalls the _Portrait of Francisco Bayeu_,
in the Prado, except that, in the latter, silvery blue is substituted
for the green; this note of color appearing in the sash.
By the time that Goya reached his maturity the range of his palette was
reduced to very restricted limits: blue, white, black, vermilion, some
of the ochres and burnt sienna. And his tools were correspondingly
meagre. Brushes of the rudest make served his purpose; or he would use a
sponge or stick, securing some of his subtlest effects with the ball of
his thumb. From several unfinished bust-portraits in the Prado it
appears that he worked over an under-surface of orange-red; which no
doubt accounts for the warmth and fulness of his greys. On the other
hand, the subtlety which he succeeded in giving to all his local colors,
laid on as they were in simple flat tones, is the result of a profoundly
sensitive feeling for values. Goya’s rendering of the varying qualities
of light, as they affect the hue of a surface, is different from
Velasquez’s. With the latter, if one may state it briefly, it is rather
the product of observation; with Goya, of feeling. Therefore, it is
largely influenced by temperament, which makes it akin to the modern
handling of values. In this, as in the character of his impression, Goya
is a modern of the moderns.
It is interesting to compare Goya’s equestrian portraits with those of
Velasquez. Goya’s best, in the Prado, are those of the King and Queen.
Perhaps the most noticeable difference appears in the treatment of the
horses. Velasquez, as we have seen, gave to each of his animals an
individual character and action, suitable also to the character and
psychology of the rider. A spirited small creature bears the little Don
Carlos; a showy, powerful brute the swaggering Olivares; a beast,
trained in stately menage, the proud and reserved king. With Goya,
however, there is little apparent study of the structure or character of
the animal; it is felt for its value as a handsome mass. And the rider’s
figure seems to have been felt in the same way; as if by emphasising its
mass the artist could evade the inevitable commonplace of the face.
Accordingly, in the case of the Queen, the impression we receive is of a
black beaver hat with scarlet cockade, scarlet revers and silver braid
on a black habit; black trousers against the deep green and gold of the
pummel and saddle-cloth, and of a red-bay horse with darker tail; the
whole forming a striking silhouette against a dull drab sky that deepens
to slaty grey on the right, and a tawny, pale green landscape fading
toward the horizon to silver buffs and olive. Similarly, the King’s
portrait suggests the effect of a handsome silhouette, which culminates
in a blaze of splendor amid the decorations that cover the rider’s
breast. This is artfully balanced by the brilliantly white chest of the
horse and by a paler white light in one part of the sky. Both these
portraits, in fact, are primarily color-impressions. It is as if Goya
had taken refuge in this point of view, in order to get over the
difficulty of adjusting two such undignified personages to the
monumental feeling of a large equestrian portrait. It was a case in
which he tried to keep in control his feelings as a satirist.
* * * * *
[Illustration:
QUEEN MARIA LUISA ON HORSEBACK GOYA
THE PRADO]
For Goya’s role at Court was that of an audacious satirist, censor and
chastiser of the follies and iniquities of his day. He was allowed a
free hand, for his gallantry endeared him to the ladies and his prowess
as a fighter made him feared by the men, while all, except the immediate
victim, could enjoy the adroitness and daring of his humor. His
particular _bête noir_ was Godoy, whom he mercilessly satirised. He
would amuse the idle moments of the Court by sprinkling the contents of
a sandbox on the writing table, and drawing with his finger caricatures
of the minister. On one occasion he appeared at some function during a
period of Court mourning and was refused admission by the ushers,
because he was wearing white stockings. He retired to an ante-room and
with pen and ink relieved their whiteness with funereal caricatures of
Godoy. Among the amours in which he indulged was one with the young
Duchess of Alba, who returned his passion. Their liaison aroused the
jealousy of the Queen, who banished the Duchess to her country home.
When Goya learned of it he pursued his inamorata in hot haste and caught
her up on the road, for an axle of her carriage had broken. There being
no smithy near, he himself lit a fire and repaired the damage. The
exertion was succeeded by a chill, which induced the first symptoms of
the deafness that in later life became complete. Meanwhile, the Court
could not do without its Goya, and as he would not return without his
Duchess, she too was recalled.
But Goya was far from being a mere buffoon and galliard. Although his
passionate nature with its streak of coarseness made him at home in the
petty intrigues of the court, he was a part of the wide-spread
revolutionary spirit of his day. While Europe, and particularly France,
was seething with the yeast of unrest, this solitary figure, far off in
Spain, was already in revolt. In his denunciation of the hypocrisy and
vice of his age, as exhibited alike in the Church, Society and the
middle and lower classes, he was a Voltaire and Robespierre in one,
brandishing the torch that subsequently kindled the French revolution.
In this, as in his technique, he was ahead of his age. Meanwhile, the
mental attitude which inspired him was characteristically Spanish: by
turns grim and gay, humorous and deadly serious, coarse, sensual and
cruel. In two series of etchings, _Caprichos_ (Whims) and _Proverbios_
(Proverbs), the scourge of his satire bit into the plates with a
virulence of scorn and nakedness of exposure that have never been
surpassed and, before his day, had never been attempted by an artist. In
one of his etchings, a dead man has returned to life and is writing with
his finger on the wall _nada--nothing_. Goya was a nihilist, bitter
therefore against quacks and empirics, whether priests, doctors or
lawyers. Also he laid bare the emptiness and horror of passion, a
hashish that beguiles forgetfulness and leads to impotence and
nothingness.
This idea of the nothingness of life in general, and of passion in
particular is expressed with Goya’s characteristic ferocity and lust of
the horrible in _The Fates_ (p. 182). Midway between earth and sky three
female figures are floating, their lower limbs entwined so as to form a
cradle, on which, with hands bound behind his
[Illustration:
THE FATES GOYA
THE PRADO]
back and his legs screwed up to maintain a precarious balance, sits Man.
Meanwhile, the crone on the left, a harridan of the slums, clenches in
her fist a pigmy figure, whose hands are stretched in vain supplication
to a darkened sky. Such is the beginning of Man’s destiny; to discover
the development of which another crone is peering through a spy-glass.
The third Fate, nude, younger and of opulent form, turns her face to a
lurid glare in the sky. Watching till the light fades, she holds the
scissors which will cut the thread and precipitate Man, sated with
passion, into the waters below.
This colossal travesty of life, as nothing but inchoate, chaotic, brute
nature, swayed by elemental lust, is painted with such amazing
brutality, that the pigments seem as if they might have been laid on
with a trowel. The crudity is intentional, producing a texture that fits
the monstrous irony of the conception. Moreover, before this picture one
loses sense of color, as consisting of specific hues. It is, in fact, an
apt illustration of Goya’s own paradox, that color does not exist, that
everything is light and shade of varying values. While one may discover
the application of this principle in the meagre range of color,
manipulated with nuances of value, which distinguishes all the canvases
of Goya’s maturity, it is particularly evident in his subjects of
grotesque and violent imagination such as _The Fates_. Another example,
selected for reproduction here (p. 189), is _The Scene of May 3, 1808_.
The citizens captured by Murat’s troops, in the riot of the previous
night, are being shot down in batches; the incident taking place in the
grounds of the palace of the “Prince of Peace”! The dull drab grey of
early morning hangs over the scene and seems to have impregnated the
uniforms of the soldiers and the clothes of their scared, hopeless
victims. But the dead monotony is rent with a shriek, shrilling out in
the clear, cold notes of the white shirt of the poor wretch whose arms
are raised, in the yellow breeches and the crimson pool of blood. It is
a remarkable example of color used solely for the purpose of expression;
a use most characteristic of Goya, to which we will return later.
* * * * *
In the troubles which overtook Spain, Goya proved himself neither
patriot nor hero. He swore allegiance to Joseph Bonaparte and utilised
the sufferings of his country for a series of etchings, _The Disasters
of War_, in which the horrors of the military invasion are depicted with
unexampled force and naturalism. After Wellington had expelled the
French, Goya again played the part of opportunist and pledged his fealty
to Ferdinand VII. The King, remarking that Goya’s conduct deserved
hanging but that he was a great artist and should be forgiven, restored
him to his position of Court Painter. Goya, however, was beginning to
decline. His deafness had grown upon him and with it a moroseness and
irritability of temper, which made him shun society and bury himself in
his country house. His deafness even denied him the solace of his
favorite amusement, playing on the piano. His wife was dead, and the
sole object of the old man’s affection was his little grandson, Mariano,
whose face he has commemorated in the portrait, now owned in Madrid by
the Marqués de Alcañices.
Goya at length obtained the King’s permission to visit France. He spent
some time in Paris, where he was welcomed by Delacroix and the younger
spirits of the French romantic movement. He then settled in Bordeaux,
tended and cared for by an old friend, Madame Weiss. During this period
he executed a few portraits and the lithographs, _Les Taureaux de
Bordeaux_, in which his old time vigor is displayed. When the term of
his leave of absence had expired, he revisited Madrid and was received
by the King and people with marks of the highest respect and
consideration. Goya was now in his eighty-second year, and returned to
Bordeaux, where he lingered a few months and died in the Spring of 1828.
Seventy-one years later his remains were removed from the cemetery of
Bordeaux and interred with honors in Madrid. For by this time Goya’s
reputation had become world-wide, and his influence upon modern art
thoroughly recognised.
* * * * *
Goya’s gift to the modern world is twofold: impressionism and, if one
may coin a word, expressionism. To the former we have already alluded in
comparing his kind of impressionism with that of Velasquez. While the
earlier artist with his objective vision realised an impression of
observation: Goya, influenced by temperament, recorded an impression of
feeling. This attitude toward art naturally made him welcome to the
French Romanticists, and through them brings him in touch with the
general modern tendency toward self-expression. For the modern artist
learned from Velasquez the principles of impressionistic painting, as a
foundation of technique, but later derived from Goya the secret of
impressionism for the purpose of expressing the emotion with which the
subject inspired him. To the temperamental impressionist, therefore,
Goya seems to represent the last word in technical distinction.
But to-day the impressionist himself is on trial. The world is beginning
to question the worth-whileness of his art, except as a necessary
transition-stage to something more fundamentally vital that is in
process of evolution. What this will prove to be is at present in
suspense; but we are vaguely discerning that it will be something at
once more organically basic than impressionism and more spiritualised in
motive. It may have been inevitable for the artist to depend on
temperament in an age, such as the late century has been, of religious,
mental and moral upheaval, during which the old academic, dogmatic forms
of religion and art were toppling down, the hard old conventions that
shackled social and mental betterment were being gradually
disintegrated, and old values were being reduced to a flux in the
melting pot of scientific analysis. But, as order has begun to emerge
from this confusion, the need of a new constructive faith is taking hold
of men’s minds; the need of a new consciousness of some spiritual
relation with the universe of matter. If the art of the future is to
keep pace with progress outside itself, it must shape new motives to
this need; and already there are signs that it is doing so.
It is here that Goya’s second gift to posterity appears.
[Illustration:
SCENE OF MAY 3, 1808 GOYA
THE PRADO]
His influence has been working in the direction of expression, as the
painter’s goal, rather than representation. For a while, in the middle
of the nineteenth century, Velasquez’s inimitable faculty of recording a
visual impression fascinated artists. Consciously or otherwise, these
men were a part of the material and scientific tendency of the time, and
material representation seemed to them the Ultima Thule of artistic
achievement. Hence the thousands of canvases by men of all countries
which in their point of view are neither more nor less than
photographic. Their authors remained content to vie with the camera; and
then, because they had superior opportunities in color, were proud and
scornful when they beat the camera at its own game. Meanwhile, there
were painters who began to wish to play a game of their own; to rid
painting of the obsession in the matter of representation, and to make
their pictures more expressive of their own abstract sense of beauty. To
these men Goya came as a revelation. Through his impressionism of
feeling they learned principles of expression, not discoverable in
Velasquez.
It is true that the influence of Goya has tended for some time toward
solely temperamental and emotional expression. That was because the
tendency of the age ran in this direction. To-day, however, it is
pointed in a new direction, facing the actual realities of existence.
Impressionism is melting away before a new dawn of Realism. Thinking
people are beginning to re-establish themselves upon the facts of life;
not the old conventions that passed as facts, but the facts, as they are
presenting themselves to a newly awakened realisation of an
encompassing environment of spiritual facts. They are Realists, who
would study the facts of life in their spiritual relation to the
universe.
Behind this still uncertain momentum of modern thought art is groping.
If one ventures to hazard a conjecture of the outcome, it may be that
the painter will get back to a more disciplined and scientific use of
form and color, using them organically, but not, however, to the sole or
even the main end of representation. He will appeal as directly and
exclusively as possible to man’s purely esthetic perceptions, and
correlate these to his conception of universal beauty. Painting thus may
become once more, but in a new religious sense, a spiritualized
expression.
Following this train of thought one comes upon a curious analogy between
Goya and El Greco. It was no accident of changing whim that has made the
progressive artist of to-day turn from Velasquez to Goya, and has drawn
so many besides artists to admiration of El Greco. It is because both
tender to the needs of to-day. Both are artists of expression. They
share with Rembrandt the distinction of being the greatest artists of
expression that any school can show. Though Goya’s genius is confined to
a lower level of expression, it points in principle to the spiritual
altitude of El Greco’s. Both are models of suggestion for the artist of
to-day, if he is alive to the esthetic and spiritual needs of his age
and is striving to express them.
That, after its own period of greatness, it should be thus refertilizing
modern art, is the proud distinction of the Spanish School.
[Illustration:
IN THE BALCONY GOYA
COLLECTION OF THE DUKE OF MARCHENA, PARIS]
A POSTSCRIPT
Very suggestive of the force and persistence of the Spanish character is
the fact that the only Spanish artists of recent years who have become
notably distinguished are those who have remained true to the traditions
of their School. Academic encouragement has been given to the production
of historical pictures, which cover large quantities of canvas but
excite little interest. On the other hand, those painters who have
acquired a European and American reputation have all based their art on
naturalism.
The first of these in order of time was Mariano Fortuny, whose _La
Vicaria_, better known in America as _The Spanish Marriage_, when it
made its first appearance in Paris in 1870, created a sensation. The
scene, it will be remembered, is a sacristy, profusely embellished with
rococo decorations. The costumes of the figures are those of Goya’s day;
the actions and gestures piquantly natural and the characterization of
each happily individualized. But the chief charm of the picture lies in
the marvelous treatment of the light. Fortuny, after pursuing the
academic routine and capturing the _Prix de Rome_, obtained an
engagement to accompany the Spanish troops in a little war with Morocco.
The splendor of Southern coloring opened his eyes to the magic of light.
Henceforth his pictures became miracles of luminosity. The most
powerful were _La Vicaria_, _Choosing the Model_ and _The Rehearsal_;
all rococo subjects in which the light is splintered into a myriad tiny
reflections. But the finer work, in an artistic sense, is to be found in
his water-colors. These are executed with extraordinary fluency and
expression, marvels of naturalistic characterization, flooded broadly
with glowing luminosity. Fortuny lived only five years after his
remarkable début, dying in 1874 at the age of thirty-six.
Among those who were influenced by him, the most notable in imitating
his virtuosity were Edoardo Zamacois, Antonio Casanova y Estorach and
Fortuny’s brother-in-law, Raimundo de Madrazo. On the other hand, the
artist who has been most happy in uniting virtuosity with a gift of
naturalism is Francisco Pradilla. He has painted decorations full of
_joie de vivre_ and the spirit of romance: popular merry-makings,
camp-life and scenes along the sea-shore; spontaneous in execution,
abounding with zest and aglow with color. Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida has
followed in his footsteps, with a longer stride and heavier tread. His
works have the zest of Pradilla’s, but neither the refinement of
virtuosity nor the versatility and subtlety of color. His naturalism is
of the obvious type.
In contrast to him is Ignacio Zuloaga, an artist in whom has been
re-incarnated much of the diablerie and subtlety of Goya. Since the
latter no other has dipped so deeply into the grotesqueries of Spanish
life, while in a thoroughly modern vein he explores the psychology of
his subjects. These include a diversity of types of femininity, subtly
analysed and interpreted by means, particularly, of expressive
color-schemes. Zuloaga, to-day, is not only the most characteristically
Spanish of the artists of Spain, but the most advanced of them in his
feeling for expression and in his faculty of rendering it.
INDEX
Abd-er-Rahman, 9
Abencerrages, tribe of, 11
_Adoration of the Kings, The_ [Velasquez], 88, 104, 107
_Adoration of the Shepherds, The_ [Velasquez], 104, 107
_Æsopus_ [Velasquez], 115
_Agnes, S._ [Cano], 164, 165
Alba, Duchess of, 183
Alcade de los Hijosdalgos, 131
Alcalá, Duke of, 161
Alcalá de Henares, University of, 13
Alcañices, Marquis of, 187
Alcántara, bridge of, 73
Alcázar, 73, 111
Alcázar, Don Melchior de, 151
Alcudia, Duke of. See _Godoy_
Alexander VI, Pope, 13
Alfonso I, 10
Alfonso IV, 10
Alhambra, 11, 30, 34;
impressions of, 35-37;
motive of decoration, 38
Almohades, sect of, 10.
Almoravides, tribe of, 10
Alva, Duke of, 17
Andalusia, 41;
school of, study of Raphael, 46;
influence of Pedro Campaña, 47;
school of Murillo, 54;
in the seventeenth century, 64, 65;
return to naturalism, 102;
Ribera, 136;
Murillo, 148, 154, 157
_Annunciation, The_ [Cano], 164
_Annunciation, The_ [El Greco], 88
Antigua, Capella de la, 42
Antolinez, José, 62, 132;
_The Assumption_, 62;
_Glorification of the Virgin_, 62;
_Ecstasy of the Magdalen_, 62
_Antony Visiting S. Paul, S._ [Velasquez], 105, 126
_Apocalypse, The_ [El Greco], 89
_Apotheosis of S. Thomas Aquinas_ [Zurbarán], 166
_Apparition of the Virgin to a Community of Bernardine
Monks During a Ceremony of Exorcism_ [Pedro Berruguete?], 44
Aragón, kingdom and province of, 3, 40, 41, 173
Argensola, Bartolomé, 18
Arian controversy, 8
Arpino, Cavaliero d’, 140
_Assumption, The_ [Antolinez], 62
_Assumption, The_ [Cano], 164
_Assumption of the Magdalen_ [Ribera], 144
_Assumption of the Virgin_ [Cerezo], 62
_Assumption of the Virgin_ [El Greco], 69
Asturias, kingdom of, 9, 10, 131
Auto-da-fé, depicted by Francisco Rizi, 62
B
Badajoz, 48
Balearic Isles, 23
Baltasar Carlos, Prince, 162
_Baltasar Carlos, Equestrian Portrait_ [Velasquez], 105, 108
_Baltasar Carlos, Portrait of_ [Mazo], 124
_Baltasar Carlos, Portrait of_ [Velasquez], 98, 178, 182, 186
_Baltasar Carlos, Sportsman Portrait_ [Velasquez], 105
_Baptism of Christ, The_ [El Greco], 85
Barbara, Santa. See _Tapestry works_
_Bartholomew, S._ [El Greco], 79
Bavaria, Elector of, 21
Bayeu, Francisco, 174
_Bayeu, Portrait of_ [Goya], 180
_Benedict Celebrating Mass, S._ [Rizi], 61
Berlin, Kaiser Friedrich Museum, 134, 164
Bermudez, Cean, “Dictionary of Painters,” 23
Berruguete, Pedro, 44;
_Apparition of the Virgin to a Community
of Bernardine Monks During a Ceremony of Exorcism_, 44
Beruete y Moret, critic, 106, 108, 122, 123, 134
Beulé, C. E., French critic, 160
Boabdil, Caliph, 11
Bonaparte, Joseph, 23, 172, 186
Bonaparte, Napoleon. See _Napoleon_
_Borbón, Portrait of Doña Isabel de_ [Juan Pantoja de la Cruz], 55
Bordeaux, Goya retires to, 187
Borgia family, 136
Borgoña, Juan de, 44
_Borrachos, Los_ [Velasquez], 104, 107
Bosch, Hieronymus, 43
Boucher tapestries, 174
Bourbon, Constable of, 16
Bourbon family, 21, 171
Bouts, Dierick, 42
Brueghel, Pieter, 43
Buddhistic art, 85, 91
Buen Retiro, 19;
presented to the king by Count Olivares, 105;
paintings in, 60, 61, 105, 161
Burgos, city of, 10
_Burning Bush_ [Collantes], 60
Byzantine art, 85, 91
C
Cadiz, 151
Calderon, dramatist, 18
_Calle de la Reina de Aranjuez_ [Mazo], 128, 129
Calvert, Albert F., 70
Campaña, Pedro, 47;
_Descent from the Cross_, 47, 160
Canaletto, 127
Cano, Alonzo, 65;
chapter on, 161;
early years, 161;
death of his wife, 163;
dispute with chapter of cathedral, 163;
death, 164;
_Annunciation, Conception, Nativity, Presentation, Assumption_, 164;
_Mother and Child_, 164;
_S. Agnes_, 164
Cantabria, province of, 10
Capella Mayor, decorations of the, 28
_Caprichos_ [Goya], 184
Caracci, Annibale, 140
Caracci, the, 63, 137, 139
Caracciolo, Giambattista, 140
Caravaggio, Michelangelo, 137, 138, 139, 165
Caravaggio, the Spanish, 165
_Card Players, The_ [Caravaggio], 140
Carducho, Bartolomeo, 52, 55, 61
Carducho, Vicente, 55, 59
Caridad, Hospital de la, 155, 157
Carreño, Juan, 57, 62;
chapter on, 131;
portraits of the royal family, 132;
fresco paintings, 132;
_Portrait of Charles II_, 20, 134;
_Portrait of Queen Mariana_, 133;
_The Conception_, 132;
_Magdalen in the Desert_, 133;
_San Sebastian_, 133
Casa de Pilatos, 161
Casanova y Estorach, Antonio, 192
Cassel Gallery, the, 62
Castile, province of, 3, 10, 40, 41, 42, 74
Castile, school of, 41-43, 50;
Moro’s influence, 53;
review of seventeenth century, 54-63
Castillo, Juan de, 151, 161
Castillon de la Plana, 63
Castro, Archbishop de, 151
Catalonia, province of, 41
Catholic sovereigns, 3, 8, 11, 14, 16, 18, 31
_Catholic Sovereigns at Prayer with their Families before the Virgin_, 43
Caxés, Eugenio, 55
Caxés, Patricio, 52, 55
Celtiberians, 6
Cerezo, Mateo, 62;
_Penitent Magdalen_, 62;
_S. John the Baptist_, 62;
_Assumption of the Virgin_, 62
Cervantes, novelist, 17, 75
Cézanne, Paul, 90
Charles I of Spain, V of Germany, 15, 19, 31, 52, 167
Charles II, reign of, 20, 131
_Charles II, Portrait of_ [Carreño], 20
_Charles II, Portrait of_ [Claudio Coello], 19
Charles III, reign of, 22, 23, 174;
portrait of, 176
Charles IV, reign of, 23, 24, 172, 176
_Charles IV, Equestrian Portrait of_ [Goya], 182
_Charles IV and Family, Portrait of_ [Goya], 176
Chicago Art Institute, 78
_Christ at the Pillar_ [Velasquez], 105
Church in Spain, the, 25, 30, 73, 125, 150, 153, 154, 171
Churrigueresque, 28
Classicism, 139
_Clinic of Dr. Tulp_ [Rembrandt], 156
Clovio, Julio, 69
Coello, Alonso Sánchez, 53, 54
Coello, Claudio, 19, 63;
_La Santa Forma_, 63
Collantes, Francisco, 58, 59;
_Vision of Ezekiel_, 59
Colonial possessions, 13, 15, 18
Columbus, 3
Comedies of Cape and Sword, 18
_Coming of the Holy Ghost, The_ [El Greco], 89
_Conception, The_ [Cano], 164
_Conception, The_ [Carreño], 132
_Conceptions_ [Murillo], 154
Cordova, University of, 9
Coro, decorations of the, 28, 148
_Coronation of the Virgin_ [unknown], 43
_Coronation of the Virgin_ [El Greco], 87, 90
Corot, 128
Corpus Christi, Church of, 63
Correggio, 137, 139
Correnzio, Belisario, 140
Cortes, the first, 10
Cota, dramatist, 13
Counter-Reformation, 80
Court of the Lions, 37
_Crucifixion, The_ [El Greco], 76, 85, 87
Cruz, Church of Santa, 47, 160
Cuevas, Pedro de las, 131
Cuyp, 125
D
“Darklings,” 140
_Death of Laocoön and his Sons_, 87
Delacroix, 187
_Descent from the Cross_ [Campaña], 47, 160
Diego de Deza, Archbishop, 167
Doblado’s letters, 172
Dolci, Carlo, 139
Domenichino, 139-141
Dominican order, 168
Doria Gallery, 105
_Dream of Life, The_ [Pereda], 58
_Dream of Philip II, The_ [El Greco], 86
Dresden Gallery, 140
Dulwich Gallery, 157
Dupré, Jules, 129
E
_Ecce Homo_ [Morales], 50
_Ecce Homo_ [Pereda], 59
Eclectics, 138
_Ecstasy of the Magdalen_ [Antolinez], 62
_El Expolio_ [El Greco], 70
_Elizabeth of Hungary_ [Murillo], 156
England, wars with, 15, 17, 22, 23
_Erasmus_ [Holbein], 95
Escoriál, the: impressions of, 30-34;
visited by Rubens, 103;
paintings in, 52;
Caxés and Carducho, 55;
Coello, 63;
El Greco, 71, 86;
frescoes by Carreño, 132;
tapestries, 174
Estilo frio, calido, vaporoso (Murillo), 154
Estremadura, province of, 165
Expression, 68, 90, 188, 189
_Expulsion of the Morescoes_ [Velasquez], 111
F
Farnese, Cardinal Nepote, 69
Farnese Palace, 137
_Fates, The_ [Goya], 184
Ferdinand VI, 22
Ferdinand VII, 186
Ferdinand and Isabella, 3, 11, 15, 18, 40
Ferdinand of Germany, 16
Fernando, Academy of San, 22;
pictures by Morales, 49;
Pereda, 58;
Mayno, 61;
Carreño, 133
_Fernando de Austria, Don_ [Velasquez], 105, 113
_Fernando Nino de Guevara, Portrait of Don_ [El Greco], 90
Fire of 1734, 131
Flanders, art drawn from, 13
Flemish School, influence of, 42, 47, 52
Florentines, 45
_Forge of Vulcan_ [Velasquez], 103, 108, 116
Fortuny, Mariano, 65, 191;
_La Vicaria_, 191;
_Choosing the Model_, 192;
_The Rehearsal_, 192
_Fountain of the Tritons_ [Mazo], 128
France, wars with, 23, 172;
alliance with, 23, 186
Francis, Convent of S., 152
Francis I of France, 15
_Francis d’Assisi, S._ [Ribalta], 64
Fuente de Cantos, 165
Fuentedetodos, 173
_Funeral of Count Orgaz_ [El Greco], 166
G
Galicia, province of, 10
Gautier, Théophile, 157
_George Gyze, Portrait of_ [Holbein], 95
Gil, Margarita, 136
Giordano, Luca, 32, 65
Giotto, 91
_Gloria_ [Titian], 16
_Glorification of the Virgin_ [Antolinez], 62
Godoy, Manuel, 23, 172, 185;
satirized by Goya, 183
Golden Age of Moorish civilization, 11
Golden Age of Spanish literature and art, 18, 54
Gongora, Luis de, poet, 18
Gonsalvo de Cordova, 13
Gonzáles, Bartolomé, 55;
_Portrait of Philip III and Wife_, 55;
_Doña Margarita of Austria_, 55;
_Doña Isabel de Borbón_, 55
Gothic invasion, 7
Goya, Francisco, 23, 65, 67, 120;
chapter on, 171;
appearance in court, 172;
early life, 173;
tapestry designs, 174;
color, 175, 177;
church commissions, 175;
point of view, 178;
methods, 181;
compared with Velasquez, 181;
rôle at court, 183;
old age, 186; death, 187;
compared with El Greco, 190;
_Portrait of Charles III_, 22, 176;
_Self-Portrait_, 172;
_Charles IV and Royal Family_, 176;
_Doña Isabel Corbo de Porcel_, 180;
_Dr. Péral_, 180;
_Equestrian Portraits of the King and the Queen_, 184;
_The Fates_, 184;
_Scene of May 3, 1808_, 185;
_Disasters of War_, 186;
_Taureaux de Bordeaux_, 187;
_Proverbios_, 184;
_Caprichos_, 184;
_Maia_, 179
Goya, Mariano, 186
Granada, 3, 10, 11, 34, 123, 161;
cathedral of, 163, 164
Granvilla, Cardinal, 52
Greco, Domenico Theotocopuli, El, 17, 45, 51, 56, 148, 164, 190;
chapter on, 66-91;
relations with the Church, 66;
with Philip II, 67;
point of view, 67, 88, 92;
letter describing, 72;
types, 74;
spiritual expression, 77;
house now museum, 79;
kinship with Oriental art, 85, 91;
_The Assumption of the Virgin_, 69, 78, 81;
_El Expolio_, 70;
_San Mauricio and his Theban Legion_, 71, 81, 87;
_San Martin_, 71, 89;
_Vista of Toledo_, 71, 73;
_Funeral of Count Orgaz_, 71, 82;
_Self-Portrait of the Artist_, 71;
_S. Jerome_, 75;
_S. Paul_, 75;
_The Crucifixion_, 76, 85, 87;
_S. Bartholomew_, 79;
_Baptism of Christ_, 85;
_The Resurrection_, 85, 86;
_Dream of Philip II_, 86;
_Virgin and Saints_, 87;
_Coronation of the Virgin_, 87;
_Annunciations, Holy Family_, 88;
_Nativity_, 88;
_Coming of the Holy Ghost_, 89;
_Death of Laocoön and his Sons_, 89;
_Apocalypse_, 89;
_Sacred and Profane Love_, 89;
_Don Fernando Nino de Guevara_, 90
_Gregory Saying Mass_ [unknown], 45
Guadarrama, Sierra, 31
Guercino, 139
Guevara, Velez de, 18
Guido. See _Reni_
H
Hague, Gallery of the, 62, 126
Hall of the Kings, Buen Retiro, 60
Hals, 94, 99
Hapsburg family, 15, 19, 21, 134, 171
Hartley, E. Gasquoine, 70
_Hermit Saint_ [Ribera], 142
Herrera, Francisco, 64, 102
_Hilanderas, Las_ [Velasquez], 105-116
Hispanic Museum, New York, 44, 50, 88, 132
Hobbema, 125
Holbein, 95, 99, 100, 101
Holland, art of, 26, 54, 125;
rivalry with, 15, 17, 18, 122
_Holy Family_ [El Greco], 88
_Holy Family_ (_Pajarito_) [Murillo], 157
Hospital de la Caridad, 155
_Hugo, Miracle of S._ [Zurbarán], 169
Humanistic movement, 145, 154
I
Iberians, 6
Ildefonso, picture in Church of San, 42
Illustration, 152
Immaculate Conception, dogma proclaimed, 150
_Immaculate Conception_ [Ribera], 144
Impressionism, 100, 114, 128, 171, 187, 188
_Innocent X, Portrait of_ [Velasquez], 90, 93, 105, 123
Inquisition, the, 14, 16, 173
_Interrio, El_ [El Greco], See _Funeral of Count Orgaz_
_Isaac Blessing Jacob_ [Ribera], 145
_Isabel Corbo de Porcel, Portrait of Doña_ [Goya], 180
Isabella, Queen, 3, 11, 13, 15, 40
Italy, art of, 42, 44, 45, 47, 52, 63, 125, 138, 140, 156
J
_Jacob’s Ladder_ [Ribera], 146
Januarius, Chapel of S., 140
Jativa, 136
_Jean Arnolfini and Wife_ [Van Eyck], 95
_Jerome, S._ [El Greco], 75
_Jerome, S._ [Pereda], 59
Jews, expelled, 14
Joanna of Austria, 15
_John the Baptist_ [Cerezo], 62
_John the Baptist_ [Da Vinci, Ribera], 145
_John the Baptist in the Desert_ [Ribera], 145
José, Church of San, Toledo, 86
Joseph Bonaparte. See _Bonaparte_
_Joseph’s Coat_ [Velasquez], 103
Juan of Austria, Don, 20
_Juan de Austria, Don_ [Velasquez], 105, 114
Juan de Juanes, 46, 63;
_S. Stephen Conducted to Martyrdom_, 46
Juan II of Castile, 42
Julius Cæsar, 6
Juste, Monastery of San, 16
Justi, Carl, 44
L
_Lady with the Fan_ [Velasquez], 164
Lanfranco, 141
León, province of, 3, 10, 42
Leonardo, José, 58, 60;
_The Surrender of Breda_, 60, 131;
_Taking of Acqui_, 60
Leopold, Emperor of Germany, 21
Llano y Valdés, 161
Lope de Vega, dramatist, 17, 18
Lorenzo, picture in Church of San, 42
Lorrain, Claude, 129, 130
Louis XIV of France, 21, 106
Louvre, the: pictures by Collantes, 60;
El Greco, 76, 87;
Mazo, 122;
Da Vinci, 145
Lucena, battle of, 11
M
Mabuse, 42
Madrazo, Raimundo, 192
Madrid, 41, 48, 49, 57, 60, 61, 62,
102, 106, 121, 133, 151, 162, 169, 171, 173
Madrid, school of, 41, 131
_Magdalen in the Desert_ [Carreño], 133
_Maia, The, Clothed, The Maia Nude_ [Goya], 179
Manet, 120
“Mannerists,” 138, 139
_Margarita Maria, Portrait of_ [Velasquez], 105
_Margarita of Austria, Doña_ [Gonzáles], 55
Maria Luisa, Queen, 23
_Maria Luisa, Equestrian Portrait of_ [Goya], 182
Maria Teresa, 21, 106
_Maria Teresa, Portrait of_ [Velasquez], 105, 114
_Mariana, Portrait of Queen_ [Velasquez], 105
Mariana de Austria, 105, 131, 134, 135
_Mariana de Austria, Portrait of Doña_ [Mazo], 123;
[Carreño], 134;
[Velasquez], 103
_Martin, San_ [El Greco], 71
Martinez, Guiseppe, “Practical Letters on the Art of Painting,” 72
_Martyrdom of S. Bartholomew_ [Ribera], 138
Mauretania, 9
_Mauricio and his Theban Legion, San_ [El Greco], 71, 87
Maximilian, Emperor of Germany, 15
Mayno, Fray Juan Bautista, 56, 61;
_Pacification of the States of Flanders_, 56
Mazarin, Cardinal, 106
Mazo, Juan Bautista del, 55, 57, 61, 102, 106;
chapter on, 121;
life, 121;
copies of Velasquez’s works, 122;
original works, 123;
landscapes, 125;
technique, 128
Memlinc, 42, 43
Mengs, Raphael, 23, 65, 174
_Meniñas, Las_ [Velasquez], 95, 105, 108, 116-119
Metropolitan Museum, New York:
El Greco, 88;
Velasquez, 98, 115;
Zurbarán, 191
_Michael the Archangel_ [Zurbarán], 169
Michelangelo, 45, 48, 91, 103, 108, 138, 139
_Miracle of S. Hugo_ [Zurbarán], 169
_Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes_ [Murillo], 155
Modena, 137
_Mœnippus_ [Velasquez], 95, 106, 115
Mohammed, 18
_Mona Lisa_ [Da Vinci], 99
Montañés, Martinez, 161
_Montañés, Portrait of the Sculptor_ [Velasquez], 105
Monte Cassino, 140
Moorish dominion, 3, 8, 74
Mor, or Moro, Antony, 52
Morales, Luis de, 48, 51;
_Pietá_, 49;
_Virgin Caressing the Infant Jesus_, 50;
_Ecce Homo_, 50;
_Presentation of the Infant Jesus in the Temple_, 50
Morescoes, expelled, 14, 17
Morocco, 191
_Moses Striking the Rock_ [Murillo], 155
_Mother and Child_ [Cano], 164
Munich Pinakothek, 62, 134, 157
Murillo, Bartolomé Estéban, 47, 54, 65, 88, 132, 146, 164, 165, 169;
chapter on, 148;
estimated, 148, 149;
life, 150;
training, 151;
motive, 153;
death, 160;
_Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes_, 155;
_Moses Striking the Rock_, 155;
_S. Elizabeth of Hungary_, 156;
_Holy Family_ (_Pajarito_), 157;
_Self-Portrait_, 160;
_Conceptions_, 159
Murillo, Gaspar Estéban, 150
Musa, 8
N
Naples, 13, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141;
cathedral of, 140
Napoleon Bonaparte, 23, 172
Nasride dynasty, 11
National Gallery: El Greco, 71, 75;
Velasquez, 97, 104, 105, 107, 114, 116, 122, 123;
Mazo, 122;
Murillo, 157;
Goya, 180
_Nativity, The_ [Cano], 164
_Nativity, The_ [El Greco], 88
Naturalism, 65, 67, 80, 88, 92, 94, 102,
136, 138, 139, 143, 157, 165, 170, 176, 178, 191
Navas de Tolosa, Las, 10
Netherlands, under Spanish rule, 16, 17;
influence of, in art, 44
O
Olivares, Count-Duke of, 18, 60, 102, 105
_Olivares, Count-Duke of, Portrait of_ [Velasquez], 105, 108, 109
Omayyad caliphate, 8
Oriental idea, 34-38
Ossuna, Duke of, 138
P
Pacheco, Francisco, 102, 107, 161
Pacheco, Juana, Velasquez’s wife, 102
_Pacification of the States of Flanders_ [Fray Juan Bautista Mayno], 56
_Pajarito_ (_Holy Family_) [Murillo], 157
Palomino, quoted, 121
Pantoja de la Cruz, Juan, 54;
_Portrait of Doña Isabel de Borbón_, 55
Pareja, Juan de, 57;
_Vocation of S. Matthew_, 58
Parma, 137
Patinir, 42
_Paul, S._ [El Greco], 75
Paul V, Pope, 150
Pavia, battle of, 16
Peninsular War, 23
_Penitent Magdalen_ [Cerezo], 62
_Penitent Magdalen_ [Ribera], 145
Pereda, Antonio, 58, 131;
_The Dream of Life_, 58;
_S. Jerome_, 58;
_Ecce Homo_, 58
Perez, Maria, 150
Pheasants, Isle of, 106
Philip, Archduke of Austria, 15
Philip II:
reign of, 17;
builds Escoriál, 30;
relations with Morales, 48;
with Rizi, 60;
with El Greco, 67;
removes Court to Madrid, 73
_Philip II, Portrait of_ [Titian], 19
Philip III: reign of, 17;
decorates Escoriál, 32;
visited by Rubens, 56
_Philip III, Portrait of_ [Coello], 20, 55
Philip IV: reign of, 18;
visited by Rubens, 57;
friendship with Velasquez, 103;
marriage, 105;
decorates Escoriál, 56, 105;
proclaims Virgin Mary patroness of dominion, 150;
patron of Cano, 161;
portraits of, 20
_Philip IV_: portraits by Velasquez: _Bust_, 95, 97;
_Young_, 104;
_Equestrian_, 105, 108;
_Sportsman_, 105, 113, 122;
_Old_, 105, 114, 123.
Probably by Mazo:
_In Hunting Costume_, 107
Philip V, reign of, 22
_Pietá_ [Morales], 49
Pinakothek Museum. See _Munich_
Piombo, Sebastian del, 63
Pompey the Great, 6
Poussin, Nicholas, 129, 130
Pradilla, Francisco, 65, 192
Prado, the, 23, 40, 42, 55, 129;
director of the, 126, 128;
pictures in: Titian, 19, 52;
Juanes, 46;
Morales, 49, 50;
Caxés, 55;
Carducho, 55;
Mayno, 56;
Rubens, 56;
Pareja, 58;
Collantes, 59;
Pereda, 59;
Leonardo, 60;
Rizi, 61;
Antolinez, 62;
Cerezo, 62;
Ribalta, 64;
El Greco, 75, 76, 79, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89;
Velasquez, 95, 104, 105, 106, 117, 122, 124;
Mazo, 127, 128;
Carreño, 133, 134, 135;
Ribera, 144, 145, 146;
Murillo, 156, 157;
Goya, 173, 174, 176, 180, 181, 182
Prado catalogue, 55, 66, 124, 126, 150
_Presentation in the Temple_ [Cano], 164
_Presentation of the Infant Jesus in the Temple_ [Morales], 50
“Prince of Peace,” 172, 185
_Proverbios_ [Goya], 184
Province, the, 7
Provincial Museum, Seville: El Greco, 79;
Zurbarán, 166, 168, 169
Pulgar, historian, 13
_Pulido-Pareja, Admiral_, 107, 122
Puvis de Chavannes, 56
R
Raeburn, 94
Raphael, 45, 46, 62, 137, 138, 139, 152, 157, 164, 174
Realism, 80, 92, 189
Reccared, King, 8
Reformation, Protestant, 80
Rembrandt, 94, 121, 156, 157, 178, 190
Reni, Guido, 139
_Resurrection, The_ [El Greco], 85
Ribalta, Francisco, 63, 136;
_Last Supper_, 63;
_S. Francis d’Assisi_, 64
Ribera, José (Lo Spagnoletto), 54, 59, 63, 64, 65, 151, 165;
chapter on, 136;
life, 136, 137;
Italian influence, 139;
_S. Januarius_ scandal, 140;
stories associated with, 142;
point of view, 143;
_Hermits and Ascetics_, 142;
_Martyrdom of S. Bartholomew_, 138, 144;
_Martyrdom of S. Januarius_, 141;
_Hermit Saint_, 142;
_Immaculate Conception_, 144;
_Assumption of the Magdalen_, 144;
_Holy Trinity_, 144;
_S. John the Baptist in the Desert_, 145;
_Penitent Magdalen_, 145;
_Isaac Blessing Jacob_, 145;
_S. Simon_, 146;
_S. Bartholomew_, 146;
_Jacob’s Ladder_, 146
Ribera, Luis, 136
Rincon, 13
Rizi, Antonio, 60
Rizi, Francisco, 61;
auto-da-fé depicted, 62
Rizi, Fray Juan, 61;
_Portrait of Don Tiburcio de Redin_, 61;
_S. Benedict Celebrating Mass_, 61
Roelas, Juan de las, 64, 165, 169
Roman, Bartolomé, 131
Romanticists, 187
Rome, 6, 173
Rome, influence of school of, 47, 51, 66, 137, 151
“Room of the Two Sisters,” 36
Rubens, 56, 103, 121, 151
Ruisdael, 125
Ryks Museum, 62
S
Salamanca, 13
Sanguineto, Don Rafael, 162
_Santa Forma, La_ [Coello], 63
_Santiago_ [El Greco], 88
Santos Cruz, 44
Sardinia, 41
Sassoferrato, 139
_Scene of May 3, 1808_ [Goya], 185
“School of Madrid,” 106, 123, 134
Scipio the Younger, 6
_Sebastian, S._ [Carreño], 133
_Self-Portrait_ [Murillo], 160
_Seven Joys of Mary, The_ [Cano], 164
Seville, 42, 47, 62, 65, 89, 102, 150, 151, 152, 162, 164, 165, 169
Sicily, 22, 41
Siguenza, Father, 71
Silva, Juan Rodriguez de, father of Velasquez, 102
_Simon, S._ [Ribera], 146
Solis, Antonio de, poet, historian, dramatist, 18
Sorolla (Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida), 65, 192
Soult, Marshal, 23
Spagnoletto, Lo. See _Ribera_
Spain, historical sketch of, 3-24;
decline of, 171, 184;
character of art of, 4, 8, 25, 38, 39, 125, 133, 137, 145, 165, 171, 190;
source of, 41, 46;
geographical description of, 4, 5, 41, 129
“Spaniard of Jativa,” 136
Spanish character, 5, 11, 14, 27, 30, 47, 66, 87;
demoralization of, 171, 191
Spanish Succession, War of the, 22
Spinola, Marquis of, 103, 112
_Stephen Conducted to Martyrdom, S._ [Juanes], 46
Stevenson, R. A. M., 110
Stirling-Maxwell, Sir John, 71
Suetonius, 6
_Surrender of Breda_ [Leonardo], 60
_Surrender of Breda_ [Velasquez], 56, 103, 111, 126
T
Tagus, the, 73
_Taking of Acqui_ [Leonardo], 60
Tapestry works, royal, 174
_Taureaux de Bordeaux_ [Goya], 187
Telmo, San, 89
_Temptation of Adam and Eve_ [Titian], 56
_Temptation of S. Antony_ [unknown], 43
Teniers, 174
Theotocopuli, Domenico. See _Greco_
Theotocopuli, George Manuel, 71, 87, 89
_Thomas, Apotheosis of S._ [Zurbarán], 166
Thomas, S., Church of, 167
Tibaldi, Pelegrino, 52
_Tiburcio de Redin, Portrait of_ [Rizi], 61
Tiepolo, 23, 65
Tintoretto, 66, 71, 103, 108, 111, 138
Titian, 19, 52, 53, 56, 66, 67, 78, 89, 111, 121, 126, 139, 151;
_Gloria_, 16;
_Portraits of Charles I_, 19;
_Philip II_, 19, 20
Toledo, 10, 13, 42, 51, 56, 61, 66, 69, 70, 71, 74, 86, 87
Tomé, Church of San, 82
_Trinity, Holy_ [Ribera], 144
Tristan, Luis, 89
“Truth not painting,” 95, 101, 108, 120
Truth of appearances, 67, 119
Truth of representation, 92
Turner, 130
U
_Ursula_, S., 43
Utrecht, treaty of, 22
V
Valencia, province of, 10, 41;
school of, 41, 46, 54, 63, 64, 136, 162
Valladolid, 58
Van Dyke, 62, 151
Van Eyck, Jan, 94, 99
Van Goyen, 125
Van Loo, 22
Velasquez, Don Diego Rodriguez de Silva y, 19,
54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 65, 67, 143, 148,
151, 157, 161, 165, 171, 178, 187, 189;
chapter on, 92-120;
point of view, 93;
“truth not painting,” 95;
artist’s vision, 96;
color, 97, 98;
impressionism, 100;
study of light, 100;
early life, 101, 102;
friendship with king, 103;
first visit to Italy, 103;
first period, 103, 104;
Aposentador Mayor, 104;
second period, 105;
second visit to Italy, 105;
Marshal of the Palace, 105;
third period, 105, 106;
death, 106;
alteration of canvases, 110;
neglect of, 120, 121;
pictures copied by Mazo, 122;
interest in landscape, 126;
compared with Goya, 181;
pictures by--first period:
_Surrender of Breda_, 103, 104, 111;
_Forge of Vulcan_, 103, 108;
_Joseph’s Coat_, 103;
_Villa Medici_, 103;
_Adoration of the Shepherds_, 107;
_Adoration of the Kings_, 107;
_Lady with the Fan_, 107;
_Los Borrachos_, 107;
_Expulsion of the Morescoes_, 111;
_Doña Maria_, 103;
_Philip IV, Young_, 107. Second period:
_Christ at the Pillar_, 105;
_Sculptor Montañés_, 105;
_Don Juan de Austria_, 105;
_Don Baltasar Carlos_, 98;
_Equestrian Portraits of Philip IV_, 105, 109;
_Don Baltasar Carlos_, 105, 109;
_Count Olivares_, 105, 108, 109;
_Sportsman Portraits of Philip IV_, 105, 113, 122;
_Don Baltasar Carlos_, 105, 113;
_Don Fernando de Austria_, 105, 113.
Third Period:
_S. Antony Visiting S. Paul_, 105;
_Las Hilanderas_, 105, 116;
_Venus_, 116;
_Æsopus_, 106;
_Mœnippus_, 106;
_The God Mars_, 106;
_The Dwarf Antonio El Inglese_, 106;
_Las Meniñas_, 95, 105, 108, 116, 119;
_Pope Innocent X_, 93, 105, 123;
_Queen Mariana_, 105;
_Doña Maria Teresa_, 105;
_La Infanta Doña Margarita Maria_, 105;
_Philip IV, Old_, 97, 105;
_Cristobal de Pernía_, 106
Velasquez, Geronimo, 102
Velasquez, Ignacia and Francisca, 102, 121
Velez de Guevara, 18
Venice, 51, 66, 74
_Venus_ [Velasquez], 105, 116
Vermeer, Jan, 126
Veronese, 121
_View of Buen Retiro_ [Mazo], 128
_View of Delft_ [Vermeer], 126
_View of the Arch of Titus_ [Mazo], 126
_View of Zaragoza_ [Mazo], 127
_Villa Medici_ [Velasquez], 103, 126
Vinci, Da, 45, 49, 99
_Virgin and Saints, The_ [El Greco], 87
_Virgin Blessing Various Monks, The_ [Zurbarán], 168
_Virgin Caressing the Infant Jesus_ [Morales], 50
Visigoths, 8
_Vision of Ezekiel_ [Collantes], 59
_Vista of Toledo_ [El Greco], 71
_Vocation of S. Matthew_ [Pareja], 58
W
Wallace collection, 104
_Weavers, The_, 105, 116
Weiss, Madame, 187
Wellington, Duke of, 23, 186
Weyden, Roger van der, 42
Whistler, 120
X
Ximenes de Cisneros, Cardinal, 13
Z
Zamacois, Edoardo, 192
Zaragoza, 173
Zegri, 11
Zucchero, Frederico, 52
Zuloaga, Ignacio, 65, 89, 192
Zurbarán, Francisco de, 44, 65, 146;
life, 165;
sympathy with monastic life, 166;
death, 169;
pictures by:
_Apotheosis of S. Thomas Aquinas_, 166;
_Virgin Blessing Various Monks_, 168;
_Miracle of S. Hugo_, 169
End of Project Gutenberg's The Story of Spanish Painting, by Charles H. Caffin