CONCLUSIONS
Since, as Weismann[263] admits, interference with the nutrition of the
germ plasm will result in the production of variations, the fact is
evident that even according to the Weismannian principle the nutrition of
the parents will determine the power of the embryo to pass through the
various embryonic stages up to the developed child. Impairment of
nutrition may check this development at any standpoint, and may thus
produce any or all of the defects due to degeneracy. Weismann has no doubt
about the inheritance of a "tuberculous habit whose peculiarities are
certainly transmissible." Practically, therefore, even according to
Weismann, that most emphatic critic of the transmission of hereditary
defect, a condition of nervous exhaustion is produced in the parents which
may be transmitted as a whole to the offspring, or may simply so affect
the ovum as to produce various arrests in development with hypertrophies
elsewhere. The influence of nervous prostration in the father may be
overcome by conditions in the mother tending to help development. As her
share in the germ plasm is most emphatic, not only at the time of the
formation, but also during the entire development of the embryo,
production of degeneracy will largely depend on her nutrition. The
influence of healthy atavism is much more emphatically exerted through the
female, albeit even in the male it may overcome the nervous exhaustion of
the ancestor so far as reproduction of it is concerned.
While many are called, few, owing to healthy atavism, are therefore chosen
for complete degeneracy. Although heredity plays a large part in the
degeneracy of the individual, still environment in many cases exerts a
greater influence in determining, according as it strengthens or weakens
healthy atavism, the depth of degeneracy. Treatment, therefore, both of
the individual and of the family is largely a question of prophylaxis or
prevention.
In prophylaxis of the family the first indication is to stop the
production of degenerates. Two measures have attracted considerable
attention, and from their seeming simplicity have met with much favour.
The first is regulation of marriage. This, as a means of preventing
degeneracy, has been much over-estimated. Laws claiming to regulate
marriage have ignored two factors. In the first place the graver
degeneracies only are taken into account. From what has been shown as
regards the tendency of the degenerate to intermarry, and from the fact
that restraints on marriage inevitably result in illicit relationships of
permanent character (equally productive of degenerates whose defects have
been increased by the condition in which they are born), the only
procedure likely to be of value in this relation is to regard marriage
simply as a contract designed for certain ends and permit its annulment
for fraud, for concealment of defects (intentionally or otherwise)
incompatible with the procreation of healthy children. In its essence this
is the English common law theory. Its principle is recognised by the
divorce codes of various continental European countries. Furthermore, it
is on this principle that the Pope not infrequently annuls marriages,
divorce not being recognised by the Church of which he is the head. It is
certainly best for the stability of the family that unhealthy unions
should have the least permanency possible.
Another element in prophylaxis, castration, ignores completely the rights
of individuals under the English common law (and, so far as the United
States is concerned, a provision of its constitution). Although
sacrificing these important guards against that degeneracy in the body
politic which inevitably reflects itself in degeneracy in the individual,
this procedure fails to accomplish its end, since it ignores completely
the principle of transformation in heredity. The distance between the
criminals (whom it is proposed to castrate) and the hysteric offspring of
good family is not so great that the progeny of one will not be as
degenerate as the progeny of the other. Whatever may be said of the value
of this procedure as a deterrent, its use as a prophylactic is
comparatively small.
Much better results are obtainable by guarding women from the factors of
degeneracy during puberty and during matronhood. Many nations whose laws
ostentatiously regulate marriage in a manner most oppressive to individual
liberty entail by their customs over-work in a spasmodic manner during
puberty and during matronhood. Nations whose customs permit women and
dogs to be harnessed together as beasts of burden, to carry the hod and to
dig trenches for sewers, gas, and waterpipes, cry out very loudly against
the dangerous license of the English-speaking nations in permitting women
to intrude on male occupations. There is no doubt but that women (and it
may be said a large majority of men) are now through evolution unsuited to
occupations involving spasmodic expenditure of force, and well suited to
those implying continuity. As Bachhofen, Reclus, and Otis T. Mason have
shown, two-thirds of the occupations of this last type have been created
by women. Man, as Havelock Ellis demonstrates, in accordance with the law
of evolutionary advance, is adjusting himself to these occupations.
Attempts to regulate employment of women in unhealthy trades are a step in
the right direction so far as prevention of a factor of degeneracy is
concerned, since it can be carried out without that disregard of personal
liberty which is more dangerous in such attempts at regulation than the
defect to be regulated.
The periods of menstruation and pregnancy in degenerate women require
(from what has been said on maternal impressions) special attention suited
to the individual, and not prescribed indiscriminately for all classes. An
excellent illustration of the dangers of Procrustean prescription is the
instance where the vegetarianism of the mother during pregnancy was
followed by the production of ill-nourished offspring. Diet during
pregnancy undoubtedly can exercise a great influence for good, but this
diet must ignore the "longings" of pregnant women, which are simply the
bulimia, or abnormal appetite for food, produced by irritation of the
medulla.
In dealing with the toxic factors the question of legal regulation of the
opium and alcohol habits requires attention. There is very little doubt
but that the routine prescription of alcohol and opium (in the shape of
paregoric and soothing syrup) by the laity for painful menses, teething,
toothache, &c., underlies many cases of degeneracy in the offspring. This
prescription is the more dangerous because it is recommended in the hidden
guise of nostrums by hysterics with blatant alcoholophobia. One of the
most energetic female advocates of the legal prohibition of alcohol
beverages endorsed very emphatically the nostrum of one of her hysteric
supporters which contained 50 per cent. alcohol and 1 per cent. each of
cocaine and morphine. As the persons largely under the influence of such
endorsement were hysterics whose zeal for reform was largely an expression
for desire for notoriety, the dangers of its use during menstruation
cannot well be over-estimated. To reach this serious source of degeneracy
from alcohol and the narcotics, statement on each bottle of the exact
composition of nostrums should be exacted by law.
Government could exercise a potent influence for good on alcohol abuse by
improvement of sanitary conditions in the tenement or apartment house
districts. Experience in New York and elsewhere has shown that improvement
in tenement houses produces decided decrease in the number of dram shops
in tenement-house neighbourhoods. The earlier tenement-houses in New York,
as elsewhere, were originally dwellings intended for one family. As these
were replaced by houses specially built for tenements, with proper
sanitary arrangements and improved ventilation, not only did a tremendous
decrease occur in the infantile death-rate, but a decrease also in the
patronage of dram shops. In many instances it was apparent that alcoholic
abuse had grown out of poverty. Foul air and crowded quarters had begotten
not only a desire for stimulants but a desire for social intercourse. The
dram shop met social needs as a club. It is along this line that
Government can make best use of its police powers.
The Government, in exercise of its police powers directed to sanitary
ends, could enable the trade unions to secure improved sanitation in shops
in which occupations unhealthy by themselves or because of environment,
are carried on. In this way improved sanitation of unhealthy occupations
could be best secured.
The prophylaxis of degeneracy in the mother and father may be summed up as
simply the prevention of a state of neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion,
whether this condition (involving the functions of growth, motion and
sensation, which, as Marinesco has shown, exist in every neuron and its
processes) exhibit itself in the general nervous system or in the organs
connected with alimentation, elaboration, and excretion. Every factor of
acquired degeneracy produces what is practically this condition of
neurasthenia ere exerting any influence in the production of degeneracy.
In other words, the neurasthenia of the ancestor becomes the neurosis of
the descendant. Therefore the neurasthenia requires in its treatment in
the ancestor the removal of the exciting cause and the treatment of the
effect by physiologic rest in the truest sense of the word. In a general
way, therefore, the ordinary principles of hygiene applied to each
individual case will suffice to prevent development of this neurasthenia.
The part of Government in this is very small. It is true here that, as
remarked by Johnson--
"How small of all that human hearts endure,
That part which kings or laws can cure!"
Training of the individual rather than governmental regulation must be the
factor to prevent degeneracy in the ancestor. Indeed governmental
regulation by injuring self-reliance (that factor so easily destroyed and
so hardly regained) may itself be a potent factor in degeneracy.
Prophylaxis of degeneracy in the individual should commence with the birth
of the child. Whatever may be said of hypothetical ante-natal training,
there is no doubt that considerable benefit can be accomplished during the
first months of life. As the great aim of training is to secure
self-control, it must be obvious that to accustom an infant to expect
attention at every moment it cries, whether the cry be the expression of
need or not, is to weaken, not to strengthen, its self-control.
Furthermore, regularity in bodily functions is a great source of strength.
The child can be trained during the first months of life by careful
attention to its wants on the one hand, and as careful inattention to its
caprice on the other, so that all its functions become equably regular and
automatic. With this regularity many of the factors underlying caprice,
peevishness, and anger can be prevented in the earliest months of life.
Unless there be enormous deficiency in the associating fibres a good start
can then be made toward the creation of a secondary ego. It is at this
period and during that of the first dentition that training is too often
neglected or perverted in such a way as to strengthen the primary ego at
the expense of the secondary. At this period the extent of training needed
may be judged by the amount of stigmata, few though they be, present in
the child. With the period of the first dentition certain mental and
nervous stigmata manifest themselves. If the child be liable to
convulsions on the slightest causes, if it manifest screaming fits without
apparent reason, if it be frequently assailed by night terrors, serious
attention is needed, and this attention should be directed not only to its
mental and nervous condition, but also to its functions of assimilation,
elaboration, and excretion. Here dangerous degeneracy may show itself
which is not apparent elsewhere. The training of the child should be
conducted along the lines recommended during the first months of life. The
essential principles governing this have been excellently outlined by
Jules Morel.[264] The treatment of all degenerates, and consequently their
preservation from the evils that threaten them, ought to begin in their
earliest infancy. First avoid exaggerating hereditary predisposition when
serious neurosis has occurred in the parental line. Too often such a
conclusion is adopted, and hope of recovery in the descendants is
abandoned because one of the parents or the grandparents was affected with
insanity by reason of organic disease of the brain. Preliminary
examination of the neurotic needs to be made before one is enabled to
judge as to the effects of heredity. Only after a careful examination can
the extent of heredity be determined. The proof will be beyond doubt when
in parents and in their children stigmata of anatomic and physical
degeneration are abundantly found.
In dealing with the question of the education of the child, the signs of
fatigue expressed in the ears and face should receive attention. Attempts
are being made in the schools of Chicago and elsewhere to determine these.
The following schedule prepared by Colin A. Scott for the Chicago Public
Schools is an excellent means towards this end:--
_Eye_:--Each eye should be examined separately and in a good light.
Hold a card over one eye while the other is being examined. In using
the optometer, find the place where vision of the dots is the easiest
and most distinct. In using Snellen's test card, place the pupil at
the distance marked upon the card. Have him begin at the top and read
down as far as he can, first with one eye and then with the other. He
should be able to read a majority of the test type. Test with
optometer, and in reporting use the number on the stem preceded by F
for far-sightedness, and N for near-sightedness.
Place the card for astigmatism at the distance marked upon it. Cover
one eye and ask pupil to indicate, without moving nearer, the circles
which appear blacker or lighter than the others. Bring the card nearer
and find at how many feet distant he still sees any of the circles
darker or lighter than the others. At a sufficient distance every one
betrays some degree of astigmatism, which is of consequence as a
defect only when capable of detection within the distance indicated
upon the card. Outside of this point astigmatism may be reckoned as
absent and marked 0 in the report. Note if the pupil suffers
habitually from inflamed eyelids, and inquire if he complains of tired
and painful eyes or headaches after reading, studying, or using his
eyes in other similar ways. Note any other defect of formation or
position of either eye. Test the movement of the eyes by moving a coin
to about eighteen inches of the eyes.
Test each ear with the same watch in the same place and position.
Establish the normal degree of hearing for your room under these
conditions. Describe each ear in the report as--(1) normal; (2)
slightly hard of hearing; (3) hard of hearing; (4) considerably deaf;
or (5) deaf. As a further test, place the pupil at a distance and ask
him to repeat a number of words or letters. In all of these tests care
must be taken to avoid the possibility of suggestion in asking
questions or by other means. Note if the child is a mouth-breather, or
gives other signs of adenoids or enlarged tonsils. Notice circulation
in each ear.
_Signs of Fatigue, &c._:--In no case should it be said in the presence
of a young child that he is nervous or defective in development or
nutrition.
Note the position and balance of the body in standing and sitting, and
whether the movements are--(1) habitually restless and fidgety; (2)
note especially the balance of the head; and (3) position and
occupation of the hands, showing nervousness or not; (4) note any
twitching or marked lack of motor control in any part of the body; (5)
note whether the pupil flushes periodically or frequently; is the
pupil (6) easily excited or (7) fatigued by task in school or at home?
Inquire if the pupil has frequent "morning tire" (number of days per
month) or headaches not connected with serious defects of the eyes.
(8) Is he unduly irritable or irascible? Are there any other signs of
lack of emotional control--for example, (9) being too easily
impressed; or (10) with an undue tendency to tears, or uncontrollable
laughter?
Note the general condition of bodily nutrition (this by no means
depends directly upon food), and the number of signs of failure in
physical development (height, weight, &c.)
Researches along this line in Germany and England have shown that the
fatigue produced by studies varies, and that it is possible by arranging
sequence of studies to remove fatigue produced by one study through the
rest furnished by another. It has been found that biology exhausts least
and mathematics and grammar most. While there is undoubtedly a spirit of
emulation stirred by these last two studies which is injurious, the
limited associations affected by them are further a source of fatigue as
well. The numerous associations of biology afford points of rest on the
one hand while not tending to emulation on the other. It is this spirit of
emulation, with its attendant alternation of worry and hope, that causes
so many of the acquired nervous disorders of the adult, and which hence is
obviously much more potent for evil in the child.
Physical and mental training in the special asylums for imbeciles and
idiots gives such splendid results that it is surprising that parents, and
especially those charged with bad heredity, are not encouraged and advised
by their physicians and friends to try from the first year of the child's
life special measures for their preservation. If a persevering physical
and psychic management of the weak-minded gives such admirable results in
asylums, it would be still better if the child could be trained from the
earliest period of its life. This subject is ignored by the public, and in
every case not sufficiently appreciated. First of all try to preserve
patients of a nervous or of a weak constitution. They should know in what
state of health they are living, they must be informed of the great danger
of matrimonial union with a person of the same tendencies, and especially
when consanguinity exists between them. The greatest care is to be given
to children of this class. Experience has already led to the conclusion
that mental and physical overwork increases this defect: hence young
brains must not be over-excited with worry or emotionalism. The will of
children ought to be cultivated and strengthened. Their minds should be
methodically educated. The bodily functions should never be artificially
stimulated in any way, to increase unduly the assimilation of the food.
Development of the intelligence, the sensibility and the physical
training, should be looked after in the same way. Once a plan of living is
laid down it should be followed. Success depends on this. The great
influence of hygienic conditions (air, light, food, dress, habitation,
sleep, muscular exercise, &c.) should not be forgotten, for without them
efforts made for mental training are useless. By putting these methods
into execution an increase of the congenital taint is prevented, and such
methods perceptibly amend the psychopathic depreciation which in the usual
way of living would certainly become worse. The object very often thus
secured is double; aggravation has been prevented, amelioration has been
obtained.
In dealing with nervous exhaustion produced by the infectious diseases,
the dangers of the convalescent period are not sufficiently taken into
account. Parents are but too apt from mistaken motives of economy to
dismiss the physician at the onset of convalescence. It is precisely at
this period that the system hovers between permanent systemic defect and
recovery. Proper diet and proper training at this time will often prevent
the checking of puberty development, and hence a breakdown under the
stress of that period. The same is true of the convalescent period from
such diseases in adults. Many a mother has thus injured her constitution
and given birth to degenerate children in marked contrast with the
normality of the children born before.
Frequently efforts are unsuccessful either because the family physician
and the educator have no time to superintend treatment, or because they
are unable, for many reasons, to individualise treatment properly. Hence
the high value of well-organised special boarding schools for the
degenerate.
The special aim, says Koch, is to teach the patient to govern himself, to
repose confidence in himself. To reach this end a great deal is required
of him who undertakes the treatment. He has to exercise himself with
patience. He must know how to divide the time for work and the time for
rest. For many of these ill-balanced subjects variety is wanted as well in
physical work as mental training.
Those charged with these remedies, exercising good judgment, are soon able
to distinguish the more favourable cases from the more difficult. They can
soon say that a favourable remedy for the one may be noxious for another,
and _vice versa_. Tonics, spirits, cold baths, &c., and even hypnotism may
be tried, but great caution is to be exercised, and these remedies should
never be employed except by prescription of physicians.
Even subjects of congenital mental instability suffering from obsession
(imperative ideas) without delusions are not inaccessible to treatment. In
these cases naturally the most important part belongs to the medical
treatment as in most mental cases. The more serious cases, dating from the
first youth and aggravated in proportion to the age, are not to be
completely cured. The progressive evolution can be stopped and patients
ameliorated in such a way that improvement makes their life bearable.
The same results can be obtained with less degenerate subjects. Success
occurs often when patients are enabled to understand the nature of their
sufferings, to discern that their disease does not belong to insanity,
that it is unlikely to lead to mental disease. This understanding is one
of the best of all anodynes. Donders, of Utrecht, said to one of his
patients suffering from optic hyperaesthesia of neurasthenic origin: "What
medicine cannot do, time and oftentime hygiene realise." The intelligent
patient having thus received assurance of his sight, good hygiene and
mental rest soon after produced a cure. Acquired mental depreciation may
exist from the first years of the child's life. These depreciations in
proportion to their intensity are characterised by fatigue and even
nervous exhaustion accompanied with physical weakness and functional
trouble in one or more organs of sense, by pathological debility of the
intelligence and impaired memory especially for recent facts, difficulty
of comprehension and of associating ideas and judgment, as well as
worries, fears, despairs, especially in cases of intoxications by
morphine, cocaine, bromides, coffee, &c. These are increased by
irritability and excitability when the troubles arise from onanism,
puberty, or other periods of transformation in the sexual life.
Fight from the first the symptoms of predisposing and occasional causes,
because if aggravation be prevented recovery is possible. Especially in
these depreciations must the physician utilise all his knowledge and prove
that only mental science is sufficient to cure such patients. Not only has
he to guide the intellectual life, and life of sensibility and will, but
he has also to remedy the morbid physical conditions, to superintend the
general regime, times of work and rest, air, light, dressing, preservation
from alcoholic and other excesses.
One great element of possible danger of the first importance is training
in the sexual sphere. To avoid and at the same time to enlighten is the
problem presented. In dealing with this problem the great requirement,
balance, not repression, must be kept in mind. Masturbation is very
frequently an expression not of mental or moral deficiency, but of purely
local (first in at least most cases) physical conditions. Irritation (from
the presence of worms in the rectum or vagina, an intensely acid state of
the urine, or constipation) to male foreskin and female clitoris has
produced a local itching, the attempt to relieve which has led to
masturbation. Granting all that has been said about the deteriorating
effects, especially in degenerates, the source should first be sought
here. Attention to these physical states will often prevent the
development of this practice and its resultant moral deterioration.
In dealing with the sexual appetite the fact should be remembered that
encouragement of healthy modesty is a duty in both sexes, and
pre-eminently so in the male. Too much of what is called "sexual purity"
is very often an expression of sexual perversity. While great stress has
been laid on the evil effects of association between boys, too little
stress has been laid on the danger of the training of boys by women. The
sexual history of boys often demonstrates that their initiation into the
sexual life was first at the instance of women older than themselves,
often servants, but not rarely sexual "purists" or persons whose
ostentatious religiosity covered a sexual perversity. In the healthy
association of the sexes there is very little danger, but in such morbid
association there is great danger, the more that the morbid conceals
itself under religiosity and the allied phases of sexual perversion. Great
stress has been laid on the dangers of co-education, but the growing
opinion is that education limited to one sex is the source of even greater
dangers to both boy and girl. It is a matter of common observation among
genito-urinary specialists, alienists and gynecologists, that much of the
alleged "purity" so ostentatiously displayed by graduates of colleges
limited to one sex, is often the offspring of a sexual perversion which,
whether congenital or not, has been fostered by the environment of one sex
without the modifying, healthy influence of the other.
In dealing with these cases the stigmata first likely to attract the
physician's attention are in the milder cases those of the jaws, teeth,
nose, throat, ear, and eye. Rapid decay of the teeth often leads to the
discovery not merely of constitutional degeneracy, but also of the effects
of certain strains which aggravated this. Dentists, mouth, throat, ear,
and to a lesser degree eye specialists, are hence in a position to detect
degeneracy at its outset. If they do not put the cart before the horse,
and refer the constitutional symptoms to the local disturbances, they are
in a position to be of eminent service to the race.
What Jules Morel has said of the more evident degenerates is equally true
of the others. Education should be conducted along the lines which Froebel
indicated when he pointed out that play is the child's work, and that a
development of this work is the natural problem for education. Extension
of the general training of the whole body, from the properly conducted
kindergarten to the school, is the principle on which all education should
be conducted. This is recognised by advanced educators, as previously it
had been recognised by the physician confronted with the effects of school
strain resulting from the opposite theory. Manual training is a principle
long adopted by idiot schools, where training of certain muscles through
both mental and physical methods precedes intellectual training alone.
Manual training may, however, be the source of equal dangers with the
excessive abuse of intellectual training which preceded it. In the
education of the degenerate, as in the education of the other members of
the race, the true source of success is to avoid "the falsehood of
extremes."
INDEX OF AUTHORS
Agassiz, 43
Aitken, Sir W., 86
Alexander, Harriet C. B., 57, 151, 285, 320, 335
Amabile, 61, 109
Amadei, 20
Annandale, 263
Andronico, 319
Anstie, 83
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 6
Aristotle, 5, 6, 10, 11, 66
Attmyer, 12
Aubry, 77
Augustine, St., 6
Awl, 144
Ayres, Howard, 201
Bacon, Francis, 3
Bacon, Roger, 6
Bachhofen, 349
Baer, Von, 13, 70, 172
Bannister, H. M., 87
Bastian, 297
Bauer, S., 47
Beach, Fletcher, 25
Bemiss, S. M., 81, 86
Benedikt, 22
Berwig, Elise, 60
Billod, 143
Bischoff, 298
Bjornstrom, 20
Bock, 204
Boethius, 4
Bourgeois, 86
Bremer, L., 117
Brigham, 8, 18, 21, 144
Broca, 18
Brown-Sequard, 48
Bruce, 204
Buchanan, 214
Buffon, 5, 67
Bullard, 115, 116
Bulwer, 122
Bureau, 109
Burnett, 45
Burton, 3
Byron, Lord, 78
Calkins, 109
Campagne, 18, 176
Camper, 12, 181, 183, 185, 187
Carpenter, G. T., 245
Carson, 61
Catlin, 173
Charrin, 65, 71, 72, 122
Chiarrurgi, 8
Christopher, W. S., 145, 150, 156
Clapham, Crochley, 176
Clark, C. K., 142
Clouston, 25, 336
Cohen, M. A., 47, 48
Cohn, 287
Conger, 88, 89
Coolidge, F. S., 71, 122, 268
Cope, E. D., 52, 179
Cowles, 21
Cullen, 287
Cunningham, 31
Dally, 12
Dana, C. L., 24, 197, 337
Dareste, 67, 70, 203, 268, 301
Darier, 90
Davis, Barnard, 174
Davis, Chas., 81
Darwin, Chas., 9, 131, 212, 213, 214
Darwin, Erasmus, 7, 12
Darwin, G. H., 82, 83
Defoe, 92
Demarquay, 200
Dent, 286
Des Champs, 332, 334
Despine, 18
Dewees, W. P., 125
Dickens, Chas., 289
Dixon, 102
Dohrn, 5, 15, 32
Donders, 359
Down, Langdon, 25, 82, 91, 105, 199, 331
Double, Le, 64
Doutrebente, 75
Dryden, 10
Duncan, J. M., 91
Du Puy, 50, 51, 52, 71
Dumas, Alexander, 322
Dyer, Thistleton, 2
Earle, F. B., 61, 109
Eimer, 49
Ellis, Havelock, 34, 103, 133, 349
Erlenmeyer, 61, 109
Esquirol, 9, 24
Etienne, 115
Ewald, 159
Eykman, 137
Farnham, Eliza, 2
Fere, 45, 56, 66, 69, 159, 200, 289
Felken, 138, 139
Fernelius, 3
Fisher, 21
Fletcher, 142
Folsom, 21, 154, 203
Fothergill, 31, 287
Foville, 20, 175, 362
Fowler, G. B., 157
Frigerio, 217, 218
Galen, 5
Galt, 18, 21
Galton, 54, 207
Geddes, 40
Gibney, V. P., 55
Gihon, 135
Giovanni, De, 73, 126
Gley, 65, 71, 72, 122
Godding, W. W., 21, 22
Goethe, 6
Gomme, 95
Gordon, B. O., 47, 48
Gray, J. P., 22, 24, 62
Grenzer, 199
Griesinger, 24
Grille, 20
Grimaldi, 320
Grohmann, 12, 17
Haeckel, 282
Hamilton, A. McL., 24
Hammond, W. A., 328
Hannover, 203
Harris, Elisha, 18
Harvey, William, 1
Hawthorne, N., 218
Heschl, 314
Heuse, 64
Heusinger, 10
Hilaire, G. St., 6
Hippocrates, 6, 138
His, 303
Hogden, 119
Howard, H., 24
Howe, Delia E., 194
Hoyt, C. S., 20
Hubbard, F. H., 20, 61, 109
Hughes, C. H., 21, 61, 109
Huss, 105
Huss, Magnus, 107
Hutchinson, 200, 238, 240
Huth, A. H., 82, 83
Ireland, 25, 201
Irving, Washington, 43
Itard, 25
Jacobi, 9, 25
James, Alex., 73
Johnson, 105
Johnston, Sir H. H., 101, 117, 118
Julien, 281
Kant, 162
Kasparek, 64
Keane, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99
Kerlin, 20, 21, 24, 25
Key, Axel, 20
Kiernan, J. G., 1, 8, 10, 22, 24, 30, 53, 59, 62, 63, 71, 73, 87, 88,
90, 94, 95, 96, 97, 105, 106, 109, 119, 139, 144, 152, 166, 201, 206,
265, 267, 278, 285, 296, 297, 300, 320, 325, 333
Kingsley, 181
Knecht, 199
Kowalevsky, 14, 19
Krafft-Ebing, 20, 66, 105, 323, 324
Koch, 368
Lagorio, A., 59
Lamarck, 7
Landolt, 204
Lankester, Ray, 14, 31
Laing, 96
Lauvergne, 12
Le Double, 64
Lelut, 12
Levenstein, 61
Lind, Jas., 138
Lockwood, 48
Lombroso, 13, 21, 60, 320, 331
Lucas, Prosper, 12, 200
Luys, 78
Macaulay, 5
Macdonald, Jas., 21
Magalhaes, 330
Magnan, 20
Manning, 87
Marestang, 137
Marie, 278
Marro, 89
Marsh, 200
Marshall, 17
Mason, O. P., 349
Maudsley, 17, 24, 25, 66
Maupas, 41, 44, 80
Maupertius, 263
Mattison, 61, 109
McFarland, A., 21
McBride, J. H., 21
Meige, 274
Menatta, 102, 103
Mendel, 117
Mercier, 66
Merrick, 319
Merrill, 64
Meynert, 15, 20, 66, 298, 299, 312
Mickle, 176
Mills, C. K., 25, 304, 305
Milne-Edwards, 333
Minot, 35, 161, 178
Mitchell, A., 82, 91
Mitchell, Weir, 159
Monteyel, De, 87, 285
Moor, 71
Moquia-Tandea, 43
Moreau (de Tours), 10, 12, 16, 66, 72
Morel, A. B., 9, 10, 13, 24, 27, 63, 66, 67, 142, 213
Morel, Jules, 253, 362
Morton, 173
Moyer, H. N., 268
Muhr, 303
Mummery, 247
Munson, 141
Murray, 200
Murrell, 61, 109
Myer, Ludwig, 214
Nichols, C. H., 21
Nicolson, 20, 25
Niepce, 7
Nothnagel, 338
Obersteiner, 50
Obici, 175
Ogle, 200
Osborn, 5, 202
Osler, 25, 286, 289
Paddock, C. E., 73, 129
Parkman, 8, 12, 153
Patterson, 21, 144
Petrie, Flinders, 96
Petersen, F., 173
Phisalix, C., 204
Pinckard, C. P., 206
Pinel, 8
Planches, Tanquerel des, 119
Plato, 11
Potain, 286
Prichard, 8, 18
Proctor, 53
Pruner-Bey, 132
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 111
Ray, I., 8, 24, 81
Reclus, 349
Remondino, P. C., 47
Rennert, 62, 119
Ribot, 45
Ricochon, 73
Rilliet, 80
Ringer, 109
Roller, 87
Rolph, 106
Roof, 106
Rosser, C. V., 246
Royce, 18
Rush, Benjamin, 7, 18, 21, 66, 109
Sachs, B., 165
Sampson, 12
Sander, 16, 298, 299
Saulle, Legrande du, 59
Schuele, 20
Scott, Sir Walter, 95
Scott, Colin A., 156, 254
Semper, 202
Shakespeare, 1
Shuttleworth, 25
Siebold, 43
Souques, 287
Spencer, 28, 70
Spitzka, 20, 21, 24, 42, 43, 45, 59, 66, 67, 91, 105, 176, 294, 296,
297, 300, 302, 305, 325, 338
Stearns, H. M., 24
Stedman, 8
Stokvis, 136, 137, 138
Strahan, 76, 77, 83, 86
Saurez, 6
Sue, Eugene, 12
Suetonius, 6
Sully, 150
Sutton, Bland, 27, 28
Sylvius, 5
Tamassia, 20
Tamburini, 20
Tarnowsky, Pauline, 199, 319, 320
Taylor, 94, 96
Tennyson, Lord, 62
Tessier, 9
Thiebault, 86, 87
Thomson, Bruce, 8, 25
Tissot, 8
Tonnini, 20
Topinard, 96
Trelat, 200
Tuke, D. H., 80
Tyler, 174
Tyndall, 25, 318
Valenta, 285
Valude, 204
Verga, 20
Vecchio, Dei, 175
Vesalius, 5
Viault, 139
Vidocq, 12
Virchow, 50
Voisin, 12
Vogt, 17, 95, 132, 133
Warner, Francis, 155
Weigenberg, 42
Weismann, 46, 47, 51, 52, 125, 130, 131, 346
Westphal, 1, 20, 49, 50
Wharton, 268
Wilbur, 21
Wiley, 14
Wilson, D., 100
Wilson, G., 19
Wilson, 13
Wilmarth, A. W., 305
Wolf, William, 47
Wood, Jas., 115
Workman, J., 25, 88
Ziegler, 296
Zola, 77
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Achondroplasia, 267
Acrocephaly, 171
Acromegaly, 37, 278, 279, 280
Alcohol, 350
Alcohol and Degeneracy, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108
Ambidexterity, 55
Animals and Defectives, 1
Anthropology, Morel on Morbid, 13
Anthropoid Apes, 34
Appendix Vermiformis, 30, 290, 291, 292, 293
Arch of Jaw, Deformed, 249, 250, 251, 252
Arch of Jaw, Normal, 248, 249
Arrest of Development, 30
Artero-capillary fibrosis, 288
Atavism, 40, 307, 311, 347
"Bleeders," 286, 287
Blue Babies, 284
Bowel Disorders from School Strain, 157, 158
Brachycephaly, 170, 171, 172
Brain, Criminal, 22, 295, 304
" Degeneracy of, 294, 295
" Degeneracy, Types of, 295, 296, 297, 298
" Imbecile, 297, 304, 305
" Weight of, and Intellect, 166, 300
Breasts, Degeneracy of, 274
Cancer, Degenerate nature of, 28
" Fecundity in, 74, 75, 76, 77
Castration, 3, 4, 348
Cell and Heredity, 40, 41, 42, 43, 51
Chaemacephaly, 171
Chest, Deformities of, 261, 262
" Degenerate, 261, 271
Child and Degeneracy, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156
" and nutrition, 141, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
Fatigue in, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357
Neurotic, 335, 336, 337
Chondrocranium, 163, 164
Circumcision, 47, 48
Cleft-Palate, 197, 198, 200
Climate and Degeneracy, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138,
139, 140
Cloaca, 283
Club-foot, 267, 268
Club-hand, 267, 268
Coca and Degeneracy, 117, 118
Coccyx, 259, 260
Coffee and Degeneracy, 116
Collateral Heredity, 46
Concrescence Theory, 221, 222, 223
Conjugation and Nutrition, 42
Contagion and Degeneracy, 121, 122, 123, 124
Convalescence, Hygiene of, 350, 351
Cranium, Degenerate, 165
" Embryology of, 161, 162
Crime, 318, 319
Criminal, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25
" Brain, 22, 295, 304
" Stigmata, 18
Criminology, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25
Cryptorchidism, 274, 283
Cuvier, Brain of, 166
Cyclopic Eye, 33, 202, 203, 204, 205
Darwin's Tubercle, 212, 213, 214, 215
Deaf-mutism, 283
Degeneracy, 2, 15, 19
" Alcoholic, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108
" Childhood and, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156
" Child Nutrition and, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
" Climate and, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140
" Coca, 117, 118
" Coffee, 116
" Contagion and, 121, 123, 124
" Disease and, 28
" Ethical, 37
" Folklore of, 1
" Fungi and, 143, 144
" Infection, 121, 123, 124
" Intellectual, 37
" Isolation, 144
" Local, 38
" Maize, 143
" Mental, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326,
327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338,
339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345
" Metallic Poisoning, 119, 120
" Moral, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326,
327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338,
339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345
" Neurasthenia, 39
" Nutritive, 38
" Opium, 109, 110
" Parental Age and, 89
" Potato, 144
" Prophylaxis of, 351, 352, 353
" Race Intermixture and, 92, 93, 97, 99
" Reversional, 38
" Savages and, 1, 2
" School Strain and, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157
" Sensory, 37
" Soil and, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140,
141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
" Spinal, 38
" Stigmata of, 37
" Syphilis and, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128
" Tea, 115, 116
" Tobacco, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115
" Toxic Agents and, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113,
114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120
" Tuberculosis and, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128
Development, Arrested, 68, 69, 70
" Excessive, 68, 69, 70
Diabetes, Fecundity in, 73, 74
Dipsomania, 337, 338
Direct Heredity, 45
Dolichocephaly, 169, 170
Durencephaly, 315
Dwarfism, 277, 278
Ear, Evolution of, 207
" Jug-handled, 213, 214
" Morel, 213, 214
" Satanic, 218
Ectrodactylia, 263
Ectromelia, 262
Embryology, Morbid, 71, 72, 73
" Vertebrate, 70
Environment, 350, 351
Epilepsy, 6, 313, 338, 339, 343
Epistaxis in Degenerates, 194
Evolution and Disease, 28
" in Fertilisation, 41
Eye Degeneracy, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207
" Evolution of, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207
Face and Brain, 34, 35, 36, 37
" Degenerate, 177, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188
" Embryology of, 35, 36, 37, 38, 181, 182, 183
" Evolution of, 35, 36, 37, 38, 181, 182, 183
" Ideal, 181
" in Man, 34, 35, 36, 37
" in the Vertebrates, 34, 35, 36, 37
Facial Angle, 181, 182
Fatigue at Puberty, 154, 155
Fecundity and Mortality, 30
Feminism, 273, 274, 275, 276
Fertilisation, Evolution in, 41
Fetichism and Defectives, 1
Fingers, Degenerate, 263, 264, 265, 266
Folklore of Degeneracy, 1
Foot, Flat, 280, 281
" Prehensile, 281
Fungi and Degeneracy, 143, 144
Genius, 11
" and the Child Type, 35
Giantism, 277, 278
Goitre, 141
Golden Age Myth, 2
Gout, 289
Hare-lip, 200, 201
Haemophilia, 286
Heredity, 2, 3, 19, 40
" of Acquired Characters, 48
" and Ambidexterity, 55
Heredity and Atavism, 70
" of Circumcision, 47, 48
" and Face Deformity, 55
" and Germ Plasm, 46, 346
" and Hairy Deformity, 53
" and Healthy Atavism, 63, 64, 65
" and Hernia, 268, 269
" Indirect, 45
" Morbid Manifestations of, 69
" Motor Disturbance and, 56
" Mutilation and, 48, 49, 50
" and Onychophagia, 55
" Reversional, 52, 53, 54
" Sexes in, 44, 45, 46, 47
" Skin Deformity and, 53
" Transformation of, 75, 76
" Types of, 45, 46
Hermaphrodism, 41, 42, 60
Heterophagy, 42
Hutchinson's Teeth, 238, 240
Hydrocephaly, 166
Idiot, 17, 25
" Biology of, 17, 25
" Brain of, 17, 25
" Epileptic Change in, 25
Ichthyosis, 288
Individuation, 28, 29
Inebriety, 337, 338
Infantilism, 272, 276, 278
Infection and Degeneracy, 121, 122, 123, 124
Intermarriage, 81
" Consanguinous, 83
" Neurotic, 87
Instinct, 317
Intermaxillary Bones, 5
Iris, 206
Isophagy, 42
Isolation and Degeneracy, 144
Jaws--
" Blind, 257
" Criminal, 258
" Deaf-mutes, 257
" Degenerate, 239, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 253, 255, 256
" Evolution, 232
" Idiot, 257
" Inebriate, 257
" Insane, 257
" Prostitutes, 257
" Stigmata of, 253, 254, 255
Kephalones, 167
Kleptomania, 338
Klinocephaly, 170
Kidney Disorders from School Strain, 158
Law of Economy of Growth, 67
Leontiasis, 278, 279
Leptocephaly, 170
Limbs, Degenerate, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266
Lipomatosis, 289
Macrocephaly, 166
Macrodactylia, 266
Macrophthalmia, 206
Maize and Degeneracy, 143
Marriage, Regulation of, 81, 83, 87, 347, 348
Masculinism, 273, 274, 275, 276
Maternal Diet and the Foetus, 60
" Emotional Stress and Foetal Defect, 59, 60, 61
" Impressions in Bird, 57, 58
" Impressions in Man, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62
" Lead Poisoning and the Foetus, 62
" Opium Habit and the Foetus, 61, 62
" Sensory Disturbance and the Foetus, 56
" Stigmatisation and the Foetus, 57
Merycism, 293
Mesocephaly, 169
Metallic Poisoning and Degeneracy, 119, 120
Microcephaly, 167, 168
Microdactylia, 266
Microphthalmia, 206
Monstrosity artificially Produced, 67, 68
Moral Insanity, 4, 25
Mouth-breathing, 248
Muscle Degeneracy, 268
Myxoedema, 288
Nanocephaly, 168
Nervous Heredity, 16
Nervous Prostration, 351, 352, 357
Neurotics, 333, 334
Nose Degeneracy, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193
" Degeneracy and Tuberculosis, 193
" Development of, 193, 194
" Erectile Tissue of, 194
" in Bleeders, 194, 195
Night Terrors, 152
Nutrition and Conjugation, 41, 42
Nymphomania, 338
Obesity--
" Fecundity in, 72, 73
" Juvenile, 159, 289
Occiput Degeneracy, 175
Onychophagia, 55
Opium and Degeneracy, 109
Opium Habit, 350
Organs as Parasites, 30
Pachycephaly, 171
Paranoia, 325
Paranucleus, Hermaphrodism of, 41
Parasitism, 30
Palate Degeneracy, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200
Parental Age and Degeneracy, 89
Parthenogenesis, 44
Patella Degeneracy, 268
Paupers, 19
Periods of Stress in Man, 33
Perversion, Sexual, 319, 320, 321
Pessimist, 331
Phocomelia, 262
Phthisis, Degeneracy Stigmata of, 78
" Fecundity in, 71, 72, 73
" Nervous States of, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75
Physical Effects of School Strain, 152, 153
Pineal Body, 202
Plagiocephaly, 172
Platycephaly, 171
Plural Births, 285, 286
Polydactylia, 263, 264, 265, 266
Polydactylism, 263, 264, 265, 266
Polymastia, 284
Porencephaly, 314
Potato and Degeneracy, 144
Predisposition, Unilateral, 64
Prostitution, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322
Puberty, Anomalies of, 154
" in Anthropoid Apes, 34, 35
" in Europeans, 35, 36
" and Maturity Development, 36, 37
" in Negro, 35
" Promise and Maturity Fulfilment, 35, 36, 37
Pyromania, 338
Race Intermixture, 93
Reasoning Maniacs, 327
Reproduction Cell, 28
" Destroyed Tissue and, 40
" Unicellular, 42
" Unisexual, 29
" Virgin, 44
Rheumatism and Gout, Fecundity in, 72, 73
Ribs, Degenerate, 260
Sacrum, 259, 260
Satyriasis, 333, 338
Scaphocephaly, 174
School Strain and Degeneracy, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 354, 355,
356, 357
School Strain and Puberty Anomalies, 154
School Overstrain, 354, 355, 356, 357
Sea Squirt, 14
Sexdigitism, 263
Sexual Appetite, Training of, 361
" "Purity," 361
" Perversion, 319, 320, 321
Skin, Senile, 287, 288, 289
Skull, Flattened, 171
Soil and Degeneracy, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139,
140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
Spenocephaly, 169
Spina-bifida, 258, 259
Spine, Development of 258, 259, 260
Sterility, Race Intermixture and, 98
Stigmata, 1, 27
Stigmata, Union of, 263
Stomach Disorders from School Strain, 158
Studies, Alternation of, 358
Sub-microcephaly and Intellect, 167
Suture Closing and Brain Defect, 162, 163, 164, 165
Symelia, 262
Syndactylia, 263
Syphilis and Degeneracy, 128
Tail in Degenerates, 260
Tapeisocephaly, 172
Teeth--
" Atavistic, 232, 233, 234, 240, 241, 242, 244, 246, 247
" Degenerate, 219, 226, 231, 234, 235, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245,
246, 247, 248
" Evolution of, 220, 221
" Supernumerary, 230, 232, 233
" and Hair Deformity 53, 54
Tobacco and Degeneracy, 111, 112, 113
Tramps, 331
Trigonocephaly, 173
Trochocephaly, 172
Tuberculosis and Degeneracy, 124, 125, 126, 127
Tumours, 285, 286
Unhealthy Trades, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353
Unilateral Predisposition, 63, 64
Uvula Degeneracy, 198
Women--
" Neurotic, 332
" Occupations of, 349, 350, 351
" Status in Evolution, 274
UNWIN BROTHERS, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] _Alienist and Neurologist_, 1895.
[2] _Folklore of Shakespeare._
[3] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, sixth edition, 1652, part i., sec. ii., mem.
i., sub. sec. vi.
[4] _From the Greeks to Darwin_, p. 25.
[5] _Works_, Sydenham Society Edition.
[6] _Histoire Naturelle_, edition 1761.
[7] _Zoonomia_, "Generation," vol. i.
[8] _Diseases of the Mind_, p. 46.
[9] _Traite des Degenerescences Physiques, Intellectuelles et Morales de
l'Espece Humaine_, 1857, p. 3.
[10] _Traite de Pathologie Comparee._
[11] _La Psychologie Morbide dans ses Rapports avec la Philosophie de
l'Histoire._
[12] _Alienist and Neurologist_, January 1892.
[13] _Traite Physiologique et Philosophique de l'Heredite Naturelle_,
1847.
[14] _Les Forcats._
[15] _The Mysteries of Paris._
[16] _Les Vrais Mysteres de Paris._
[17] _Annales Judiciares_, 1840.
[18] _American Journal of Insanity_, April, 1846.
[19] _Criminal Jurisprudence and Cerebral Development_, 1841.
[20] _De la Formation de Type dans les Varietes Degeneres_, 1864.
[21] _Chapters on Evolution_, p. 349.
[22] Wiley, _Origin of the Vertebrates_.
[23] _Degeneration._
[24] _Die Ursprung der Wirbelthier_, 1875.
[25] _Psychiatrie_, 1859.
[26] _Psychologie Morbide_, 1889.
[27] _Archiv f. Psychiatrie_, 1868.
[28] Cited by Griesinger, edition 1845, p. 252.
[29] _Recherches sur les Idiots_, 1860.
[30] Cited by Havelock Ellis, _The Criminal_, p. 29.
[31] _Gulstonian Lectures_, 1870.
[32] See, for instance, Art. "Microcephaly," _Dict. of Psych. Medicine_,
and, especially, Mingazzini's study of the morphology of cerebral
hemispheres, _Il Cervello_, 1895.
[33] _Psychologie Naturelle._
[34] _Journal of Mental Science_, 1870.
[35] _American Prison Association Report_, 1866.
[36] _Deterioration and Race Education_, 1876.
[37] _Report of the New York Board of Charities_, 1876.
[38] _W. S. Tuke Prize Essay on the Somatic AEtiology of Insanity_, 1877.
[39] _Allgemeine Zeitschrift f. Psychiatrie_, 1869-78.
[40] _Journal of Mental Science_, 1873.
[41] _L'Uomo Delinquente_, 1876.
[42] _Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_, January, 1878.
[43] _Studien au Verbrecker-Gehirnen._
[44] _Chicago Medical Review_, July 1, 1881, p. 310.
[45] _Two Hard Cases_, 1882.
[46] _Trial of Charles J. Guiteau_, vol. ii.
[47] Every Asylum Report of the Gray School gave statistics of hereditary
transmission.
[48] _Medical Jurisprudence._
[49] _Mental Disease._
[50] _American Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry_, vol. ii.
[51] _Alienist and Neurologist_, 1882.
[52] _Canada Medical and Surgical Journal_, Feb., 1882.
[53] _Medical Times_, May 20, 1882.
[54] _Transactions of Pennsylvania Medical Society_, 1882.
[55] _Selection dans les Aristocracies._
[56] _Journal of Mental Science_, 1879.
[57] _Canada Medical and Surgical Journal_, Feb., 1882.
[58] _Journal of Mental Science_, April, 1878.
[59] _Evolution and Disease._
[60] _Medicine_, 1897.
[61] _Brain_, 1894.
[62] Ray Lankester, _Degeneration_.
[63] _Man and Woman_, pp. 23, 390.
[64] _Human Embryology_, p. 567.
[65] E. S. Talbot, _Etiology of the Osseous Deformities of the Head, Face,
Jaws, and Teeth_.
[66] _Evolution of Sex_, p. 129.
[67] _St. Louis Clinical Record_, 1878-81.
[68] _Germ Plasm_, pp. 431, 565.
[69] _American Medico-Surgical Bulletin_, August 15, 1893.
[70] _Circumcision_, p. 204.
[71] _Medicine_, July, 1898.
[72] _Medical Record_, vol. xlii.
[73] _Organic Evolution_, p. 178.
[74] _Comptes rendus_, 1882, xciv., p. 697.
[75] _Transactions of the American Neurological Association_, 1877.
[76] _Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_, 1877, p. 544.
[77] _Factors of Organic Evolution._
[78] _Hereditary Traits._
[79] _Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_, 1877, page 548.
[80] _Sensation et Mouvement_, chap. xiv.
[81] Harriet C. B. Alexander, _Transactions Chicago Academy of Medicine_,
January, 1895.
[82] _Medical Classics_, July and August, 1888.
[83] _Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner_, 1883-4, p. 426.
[84] _Somatic AEtiology of Insanity_, p. 41.
[85] _Medicine_, September, 1898.
[86] _Review of Insanity and Nervous Disease_, March, 1891.
[87] _American Journal of Obstetrics_, October, 1882.
[88] _American Medico-Surgical Bulletin_, July 15, 1896.
[89] _American Journal of the Medical Sciences_, October, 1856.
[90] _La Famille Nevropathique_, 2nd ed., 1898.
[91] _Transactions American Neurological Association_, 1877.
[92] _Transactions de l'Institut Pasteur_, 1896.
[93] _La Psychologie Morbide._
[94] _On the Mind_, 1805.
[95] _Pathology of the Mind._
[96] _Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie._
[97] _La Famille Nevropathique._
[98] _Degenerescence de l'Espece Humaine._
[99] _St. Louis Clinical Record_, 1878-81.
[100] _Neurological Review_, vol. i., 1886.
[101] _La Famille Nevropathique._
[102] _Medicine_, June, 1898.
[103] _Bulletin Medical_, 1887.
[104] _Medicine_, September, 1897.
[105] _Annales Medico-Psychologique_, March and April, 1869.
[106] _Marriage and Disease_, pp. 186-7.
[107] _Annalles Medico-Psychologiques_, S. 7, t. xvi.
[108] _Maladies Mentales_, p. 215.
[109]
"The darkness of her Oriental eye
Accorded with her Moorish origin
(Her blood was not all Spanish, by the by;
In Spain, you know, this is a sort of sin).
When proud Grenada fell, and, forced to fly,
Boabdil wept; of Donna Julia's kin
Some went to Africa, some stayed in Spain,
Her great-great-grandmamma chose to remain.
"She married (I forget the pedigree)
With an Hidalgo who transmitted down
His blood less noble than such blood should be;
At such alliances his sires would frown,
In that point so precise in each degree
That they bred in and in, as might be shown,
Marrying their cousins--nay, their aunts and nieces,
Which always spoils the breed, if it increases.
"This heathenish cross restored the breed again,
Ruined its blood, but much improved its flesh;
For, from a root, the ugliest in Old Spain,
Sprung up a branch as beautiful as fresh,
The sons no more were short, the daughters plain."
[110] The origins of the prohibition of incest have lately been fully
discussed by Durkheim, _L'Annee Sociologique_, 1898.
[111] _Psychological Dictionary_, "Consanguinity."
[112] _Bulletin de L'Academie de Medecine_, t. xxi. p. 746.
[113] _American Medical Bi-Weekly_, vol. xii., No. 13.
[114] _Mental Hygiene_, p. 25.
[115] _Intermarriage of Relations_, p. 40.
[116] _Edinburgh Medical Journal_, October, 1865.
[117] _Marriage of Near Kin_, p. 218.
[118] _American Journal of Insanity_, 1869-70.
[119] _Marriage and Disease_, p. 266.
[120] Cited by Ribot, _Heredity_, p. 292.
[121] Cited by Huth.
[122] _Allgemeine Zeitschrifft fuer Psychiatrie_, B. xxvii.
[123] _L'Encephale_, October, 1882.
[124] _Detroit Lancet_, September, 1882.
[125] _Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_, 1883.
[126] _Australian Medical Gazette_, 1886.
[127] _Il Manicomio_, May, 1886.
[128] _Alienist and Neurologist_, January, 1887.
[129] _La Puberta_, 1898, pp. 242-60.
[130] _Archives d'Ophthalmologie_, 1887.
[131] _Transactions International Medical Congress_, 1887, p. 264, vol. v.
[132] _Lancet_, January to March, 1883.
[133]
"For Englishmen to boast of generation
Cancels their knowledge, and lampoons the nation.
A true-born Englishman's a contradiction,
In speech an irony, in fact a fiction.
And here begins the ancient pedigree
That so exalts our poor nobility.
'Tis that from some French trooper they derive,
Who with the Norman bastard did arrive.
The trophies of the families appear.
Some show the sword, the bow, and some the spear,
Which their great ancestor, forsooth, did wear.
These in the herald's register remain
Their noble mean extraction to explain;
Yet who the hero was no man can tell,
Whether a drummer or a colonel;
The silent record blushes to reveal
Their undescended, dark original.
These are the heroes that despise the Dutch
And rail at new-come foreigners so much,
Forgetting that themselves are all derived
From the most scoundrel race that ever lived;
A horrid crowd of rambling thieves and drones,
Who ransacked kingdoms and dispeopled towns;
The Pict and painted Briton, treacherous Scot,
By hunger, theft, and rapine hither brought,
Norwegian pirates, buccaneering Danes,
Whose red-haired offspring everywhere remains,
Who, joined with Norman-French, compound the breed
From whence your true-born Englishmen proceed.
And, lest by length of time, it be pretended
The climate may this modern breed have mended,
Wise Providence, to keep us where we are,
Mixes us daily with exceeding care.
We have been Europe's sink, the jakes where she
Voids all her offal outcast progeny.
For ages, fugitives from neighbouring lands
Have here a certain sanctuary found;
The eternal refuge of the vagabond,
Wherein but half a common age of time,
Borrowing new blood and manners from the clime,
Proudly they learn all mankind to contemn,
And all their race are true-born Englishmen."
[134] _Ethnology_, p. 201.
[135] _Alienist and Neurologist_, 1892, 1895, 1896.
[136] _Origin of the Aryans._
[137] _Ethnology in Folklore._
[138] _Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_, 1886.
[139] _Origin of the Aryans._
[140] _Alienist and Neurologist_, January, 1892.
[141] Cited by S. Laing, _Human Origins_, pp. 38-41.
[142] _Anthropology._
[143] _Alienist and Neurologist_, October, 1896.
[144] _Origin of the Aryans._
[145] Talbot, _Osseous Deformities_.
[146] _Osseous Deformities of the Jaw_, p. 30.
[147] _Hybridity and Heredity_, p. 307.
[148] Cited by Keane, _Ethnology_, p. 265. See also Johnston, _British
Central Africa_, 1897.
[149] _Journal Am. Medical Ass._, vol. xx., 1893.
[150] _La Razza Negra_, p. 20, 1864.
[151] _Man and Woman_, pp. 25, 390.
[152] Johnson, _Chemistry of Common Life_, vol. i. p. 239.
[153] _Detroit Lancet_, September, 1882.
[154] _Observations on the Brain and Mind_, p. 10, 1798.
[155] _The Opium Habit._
[156] _Review of Insanity and Nervous Disease_, 1890.
[157] _Annual Universal Medical Sciences_, 1895.
[158] _Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences_, 1892; and (for Summary
of Etienne's Report on the offspring of the young married women in the
Nancy factories), _British Medical Journal_, April 23, 1898.
[159] _Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences_, 1889.
[160] _Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences_, 1895.
[161] _Lancet_, November 30, 1891.
[162] _Neurologisches Centralblatt_, 1887.
[163] _Chemistry of Common Life_, vol. ii.
[164] _Lead Diseases_, American edition, 1848.
[165] _Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases_, 1881.
[166] _American Journal of Obstetrics_, October, 1882.
[167] _Birmingham Medical Review_, January, 1887.
[168] C. E. Paddock, of Chicago, cites very analogous cases.
[169] _Variation of Plants and Animals under Domestication_, vol. i. p.
37.
[170] Keane, _Ethnology_, p. 203.
[171] _Lectures on Man_, 1868.
[172] _Man and Woman_, chap. iv.
[173] _Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences_, 1892, K. 18, vol. v.
[174] _Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences_, 1892.
[175] Boies, _Pauper and Prisoner_.
[176] _New York Medical Journal_, vol. lxii.
[177] _American Journal of Insanity_, 1887.
[178] _La Pellagra._
[179] _Journal of the American Medical Association_, vol. xxii.
[180] _Psychology of Childhood._
[181] _Journal American Medical Association_, vol. xxii.
[182] _Alienist and Neurologist_, 1897.
[183] _Illustrations of Insanity_, 1817.
[184] _Pepper's System of Medicine_, vol. i.
[185] _Journal of Mental Science_, 1886-87.
[186] _Nervous Diseases of Children._
[187] _Diseases of the Stomach._
[188] _Embryology_, p. 465.
[189] Virchow, _Gesam. Abhandlg., Wis. Med._, 1856.
[190] _Report New York City Asylum for the Insane_, 1875.
[191] Kiernan, _Alienist and Neurologist_, January, 1891.
[192] _Annales Medico-Psychologiques_, 1849.
[193] _Anthropology._
[194] _American Journal of Insanity_, July, 1895.
[195] _Revista Sperimentale_, xxii.
[196] _Human Embryology_, p. 468.
[197] _American Naturalist_, 1883.
[198] _Oral Deformities_, p. 480.
[199] _Medicine_, September, 1897.
[200] For cases see, _e.g._, Gould's _Anomalies_.
[201] Bland Sutton, _Evolution and Disease_, p. 193.
[202] _Osseous Deformities_, p. 398.
[203] _Journal of Morphology_, vol. v.
[204] _Arb. Zoolog. Institut_, Wurzburg, iii.
[205] _The Amphioxus._
[206] _Sajous' Annual_, 1889.
[207] _Sajous' Annual_, vol. iv., 1892.
[208] _Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases_, 1878.
[209] _La Famille Nevropathique_, p. 156.
[210] _Medicine_, May, 1898.
[211] For further particulars, see "The Degenerate Ear," by Eugene S.
Talbot, _Journal of The American Medical Association_, January 11, 1896.
[212] Minot, _Embryology_.
[213] Minot's _Embryology_.
[214] _The Descent of Man_, p. 15.
[215] Frigerio's measurements of the auriculo-temporal angle were taken
with a specially devised instrument from the pinna to the mastoid.
Buchanan's were apparently taken from the anterior edge of the mastoid to
the helix, giving the angle of the external face of the whole ear.
[216] See "Degenerate Jaws and Death," by Talbot, _Journal Am. Medical
Association_, vol. xxvii. p. 134.
[217] Osborn.
[218] Talbot, "Mouth breathing not the cause of contracted jaws and high
vaults" (_Dental Cosmos_, 1891).
[219] Per cent.
[220] Fere, _La Famille Nevropathique_, p. 158.
[221] Ibid., _Nouv. Icon. de la Salpetriere_, 1890.
[222] _Jour. de l'Anat. et de la Phys._, 1893, p. 564.
[223] Cited by Gould in _Anomalies_.
[224] Gould, _op. cit._
[225] Gould, _Anomalies_, p. 272.
[226] _Revue Internat. des Sciences Med._, November 1886.
[227] Achondroplasia, or imperfect development of cartilage with resulting
imperfections in the extremities, has come under my observation. The first
case, a man of 38, had a face arrested in development and the appearance
of a ten-year-old boy. His jaws were small with a protrusion of the lower.
His arms were absent. The hands were full sized and attached to the
shoulder. Another case was that of a member of the Spanish nobility in
whom degeneracy was stamped on the entire body. He was short in body and
had an enormous head. The jaws were undeveloped with a V-shaped arch. His
left hand was located near the shoulder.
[228] _Alienist and Neurologist_, January, 1898.
[229] _Medicine_, January, 1898.
[230] Wharton, _Proc. Royal Society of Ireland_, 1863.
[231] _British Medical Journal_, January 25, 1897.
[232] Meige, _L'Anthropologie_, T. 6, Nos. 3, 4, 5.
[233] Havelock Ellis, _Psychology of Sex_, vol. i. "Sexual Inversion."
[234] Otis T. Mason, _Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge_, 1888.
[235] Julien, _Monatschrift fuer Prakt. Dermatologie_, March, 1898.
[236] _Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences_, 1892.
[237] _L'Encephale_, 1883.
[238] _Neurological Review_, 1886.
[239] _Malthusianism and Crime._
[240] _Wiener Med. Wochenschrift_, February 13, 1897.
[241] _British Medical Journal_, April 23, 1898.
[242] "Stigmata of Degeneracy in Royal Families," _Jour. Am. Med. Assoc._,
vol. xxvii. 1894.
[243] _Practice of Medicine._
[244] _Progres Medical_, July 15, 1888.
[245] _Somatic Etiology of Insanity_, 1877.
[246] Ziegler, _Pathologic Anatomy_.
[247] Vogt, _Lectures on Man_. The lettering refer to the text of that
work.
[248] _St. Louis Clinical Record_, vol. viii. p. 66.
[249] _Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_, 1886, p. 54.
[250] _Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_, 1886.
[251] In the foregoing, and to some extent in the following, chapters it
has been necessary to touch on many complicated questions of brain
function, more or less outside the main topic of this book. The aspect of
such questions is, however, constantly changing in the light of new
investigations, and our knowledge is still far from certain in many most
important respects. For excellent statements of the prevailing views of
brain localisation, brought up to date, the reader may be referred to the
special sections of the latest editions of Foster's _Physiology_, or of
Waller's _Physiology_; Donaldson's _Growth of the Brain_ may also be
consulted.
[252] _Work among the Fallen_, summarised in _Journal of Mental Science_,
1892.
[253] _Etudes Anthropometriques sur les Prostituees._
[254] _Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1882.
[255] And see the biography of Marie Duplessis by Georges Soreau in _Revue
de France_, 1898.
[256] _St. Louis Clinical Record_, 1879-80.
[257] _The Man of Genius._
[258] _Journal of Mental Science_, 1886.
[259] _Review of Insanity and Nervous Diseases_, 1891.
[260] _Alienist and Neurologist_, July, 1893.
[261] _American Journal of Insanity_, 1893-4.
[262] _New England Medical Monthly_, 1881.
[263] _Germ Plasm._
[264] _American Journal of Insanity_, 1893-4.
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Transcriber's Notes:
Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
Punctuation has been corrected without note.
The following misprints have been corrected:
"hemipheres" corrected to "hemispheres" (page 36)
"Louisana" corrected to "Louisiana" (page 99)
"somtimes" corrected to "sometimes" (page 112)
"manifestions" corrected to "manifestations" (page 148)
"two" corrected to "too" (page 212)
"centrals" corrected to "central" (page 234)
"from" corrected to "form" (page 258)
"looses" corrected to "loses" (page 260)
"mathemacian" corrected to "mathematician" (page 297)
"cortes" corrected to "cortex" (page 313)
"Nevropathique" corrected to Nevropathique (footnote 209)
Other than the corrections listed above, inconsistencies in spelling and
hyphenation have been retained from the original.