1. Special Psychology.
2. Classification.
3. Development of Conceptions.
4. Language of the Emotions.
5. Sociality and Sympathy.
6. Egoistic Sentiments.
7. Ego-Altruistic Sentiments.
8. Altruistic Sentiments.
9. Æsthetic Sentiments.
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CONTENTS.
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1. Super-Organic Evolution.
2. The Factors of Social Phenomena.
3. Original External Factors.
4. Original Internal Factors.
5. The Primitive Man—Physical.
6. The Primitive Man—Emotional.
7. The Primitive Man—Intellectual.
8. Primitive Ideas.
9. The Ideas of the Animate and the Inanimate.
10. The Ideas of Sleep and Dreams.
11. The Ideas of Swoon, Apoplexy, Catelepsy, Ecstacy, and other forms
of Insensibility.
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14. The Ideas of Another Life.
15. The Ideas of Another World.
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24. Nature-Worship.
25. Deities.
26. The Primitive Theory of Things.
27. The Scope of Sociology.
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9. An Ecclesiastical System as a Social Bond.
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11. The Civil Functions of Priests.
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8. Illogical Geology.
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11. Use and Beauty.
12. The Sources of Architectural Types.
13. The Use of Anthropomorphism.
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THE FACTORS OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION.
DESCRIPTIVE SOCIOLOGY; OR GROUPS OF SOCIOLOGICAL FACTS, CLASSIFIED AND
ARRANGED BY HERBERT SPENCER,
COMPILED AND ABSTRACTED BY
DAVID DUNCAN, M.A., Professor of Logic, &c., in the Presidency College,
Madras; RICHARD SCHEPPIG, Ph.D.; and JAMES COLLIER.
EXTRACT FROM THE PROVISIONAL PREFACE.
Something to introduce the work of which an instalment is annexed,
seems needful, in anticipation of the time when completion of a volume
will give occasion for a Permanent Preface.
In preparation for _The Principles of Sociology_, requiring as bases of
induction large accumulations of data, fitly arranged for comparison,
I, some twelve years ago, commenced, by proxy, the collection and
organization of facts presented by societies of different types,
past and present; being fortunate enough to secure the services of
gentlemen competent to carry on the process in the way I wished.
Though this classified compilation of materials was entered upon
solely to facilitate my own work; yet, after having brought the mode
of classification to a satisfactory form, and after having had some
of the Tables filled up, I decided to have the undertaking executed
with a view to publication; the facts collected and arranged for easy
reference and convenient study of their relations, being so presented,
apart from hypothesis, as to aid all students of Social Science in
testing such conclusions as they have drawn and in drawing others.
The Work consists of three large Divisions. Each comprises a set
of Tables exhibiting the facts as abstracted and classified, and a
mass of quotations and abridged abstracts otherwise classified, on
which the statements contained in the Tables are based. The condensed
statements, arranged after a uniform manner, give, in each Table or
succession of Tables, the phenomena of all orders which each society
presents—constitute an account of its morphology, its physiology, and
(if a society having a known history) its development. On the other
hand, the collected Extracts, serving as authorities for the statements
in the Tables, are (or, rather will be, when the Work is complete)
classified primarily according to the kinds of phenomena to which they
refer, and secondarily according to the societies exhibiting these
phenomena; so that each kind of phenomenon as it is displayed in all
societies, may be separately studied with convenience.
In further explanation I may say that the classified compilations and
digests of materials to be thus brought together under the title of
_Descriptive Sociology_, are intended to supply the student of Social
Science with data, standing towards his conclusions in a relation like
that in which accounts of the structures and functions of different
types of animals stand to the conclusions of the biologist. Until there
had been such systematic descriptions of different kinds of organisms,
as made it possible to compare the connexions, and forms, and actions,
and modes of origin, of their parts, the Science of Life could make no
progress. And in like manner, before there can be reached in Sociology,
generalizations having a certainty making them worthy to be called
scientific, there must be definite accounts of the institutions and
actions of societies of various types, and in various stages of
evolution, so arranged as to furnish the means of readily ascertaining
what social phenomena are habitually associated.
Respecting the tabulation, devised for the purpose of exhibiting social
phenomena in a convenient way, I may explain that the primary aim
has been so to present them that their relations of simultaneity and
succession may be seen at one view. As used for delineating uncivilized
societies, concerning which we have no records, the tabular form
serves only to display the various social traits as they are found to
co-exist. But as used for delineating societies having known histories,
the tabular form is so employed as to exhibit not only the connexions
of phenomena existing at the same time, but also the connexions of
phenomena that succeed one another. By reading horizontally across a
Table at any period, there may be gained a knowledge of the traits of
all orders displayed by the society at that period; while by reading
down each column, there may be gained a knowledge of the modifications
which each trait, structural or functional, underwent during successive
periods.
Of course, the tabular form fulfils these purposes but approximately.
To preserve complete simultaneity in the statements of facts, as read
from side to side of the Tables, has proved impracticable; here much
had to be inserted, and there little; so that complete correspondence
in time could not be maintained. Moreover, it has not been possible
to carry out the mode of classification in a theoretically-complete
manner, by increasing the number of columns as the classes of facts
multiply in the course of Civilization. To represent truly the progress
of things, each column should divide and sub-divide in successive ages,
so as to indicate the successive differentiations of the phenomena.
But typographical difficulties have negatived this: a great deal has
had to be left in a form which must be accepted simply as the least
unsatisfactory.
The three Divisions constituting the entire work, comprehend three
groups of societies:—(1) _Uncivilized Societies_; (2) _Civilized
Societies—Extinct or Decayed_; (3) _Civilized Societies—Recent or Still
Flourishing_. These divisions have at present reached the following
stages:―
DIVISION I.—_Uncivilized Societies._ Commenced in 1867 by the gentleman
I first engaged, Mr. DAVID DUNCAN, M.A. (now Professor of Logic,
&c., in the Presidency College, Madras), and continued by him since
he left England, this part of the work is complete. It contains four
parts, including “Types of Lowest Races,” the “Negrito Races,” the
“Malayo-Polynesian Races,” the “African Races,” the “Asiatic Races,”
and the “American Races.”
DIVISION II.—_Civilized Societies—Extinct or Decayed._ On this part of
the work Dr. RICHARD SCHEPPIG has been engaged since January, 1872. The
first instalment, including the four Ancient American Civilizations,
was issued in March, 1874. A second instalment, containing “Hebrews and
Phœnicians,” will shortly be issued.
DIVISION III.—_Civilized Societies—Recent or Still Flourishing._ Of
this Division the first instalment, prepared by Mr. JAMES COLLIER, of
St. Andrew’s and Edinburgh Universities, was issued in August, 1873.
This presents the English Civilization. It covers seven consecutive
Tables; and the Extracts occupy seventy pages folio. The next part,
presenting in a still more extensive form the French Civilization, is
now in the press.
The successive parts belonging to these several Divisions, issued at
intervals, are composed of different numbers of Tables and different
numbers of Pages. The Uncivilized Societies occupy four parts, each
containing a dozen or more Tables, with their accompanying Extracts.
Of the Division comprising Extinct Civilized Societies, the first part
contains four, and the second contains two. While of Existing Civilized
Societies, the records of which are so much more extensive, each
occupies a single part.
H. S.
_March, 1880._
_In Royal Folio, Price 18s._,
No. I.
English.
COMPILED AND ABSTRACTED
BY
JAMES COLLIER.
_In Royal Folio, Price 16s._,
No. II.
Mexicans, Central Americans, Chibchas,
and Peruvians.
COMPILED AND ABSTRACTED
BY
RICHARD SCHEPPIG, PH.D.
_In Royal Folio, Price 18s._,
No. III.
Lowest Races, Negrito Races, and
Malayo-Polynesian Races.
COMPILED AND ABSTRACTED
BY
PROF. DUNCAN, M.A.
TYPES OF LOWEST RACES.
Fuegians.
Andamanese.
Veddahs.
Australians.
NEGRITO RACES.
Tasmanians.
New Caledonians, etc.
New Guinea People.
Fijians.
MALAYO-POLYNESIAN RACES.
Sandwich Islanders.
Tahitians.
Tongans.
Samoans.
New Zealanders.
Dyaks.
Javans.
Sumatrans.
Malagasy.
_In Royal Folio, Price 16s._,
No. IV.
African Races.
COMPILED AND ABSTRACTED
BY
PROF. DUNCAN, M.A.
Bushmen.
Hottentots.
Damaras.
Bechuanas.
Kaffirs.
East Africans.
Congo People.
Coast Negroes.
Inland Negroes.
Dahomans.
Ashantis.
Fulahs.
Abyssinians.
_In Royal Folio, Price 18s._,
No. V.
Asiatic Races.
COMPILED AND ABSTRACTED
BY
PROF. DUNCAN, M.A.
Arabs.
Todas.
Khonds.
Gonds.
Bhils.
Santals.
Karens.
Kukis.
Nagas.
Bodo and Dhimals.
Mishmis.
Kirghiz.
Kalmucks.
Ostyaks.
Kamtschadales.
_In Royal Folio, Price 18s._,
No. VI.
American Races.
COMPILED AND ABSTRACTED
BY
PROF. DUNCAN, M.A.
Esquimaux.
Chinooks.
Snakes.
Comanches.
Iroquois.
Chippewayans.
Chippewas.
Dakotas.
Mandans.
Creeks.
Guiana Tribes.
Caribs.
Brazilians.
Uaupés.
Abipones.
Patagonians.
Araucanians.
_In Royal Folio, Price 21s._,
No. VII.
Hebrews and Phœnicians.
COMPILED AND ABSTRACTED
BY
RICHARD SCHEPPIG, PH.D.
_In Royal Folio, Price 30s._,
No. VIII.
French.
COMPILED AND ABSTRACTED
BY
JAMES COLLIER.
MR. HERBERT SPENCER’S WORKS.
_A SYSTEM OF SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY._
FIRST PRINCIPLES 16_s._
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY. 2 vols. 34_s._
PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY. 2 vols. 36_s._
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY, Vol. I. 21_s._
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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 12_s._
ECCLESIASTICAL INSTITUTIONS 5_s._
THE DATA OF ETHICS 8_s._
_OTHER WORKS._
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EDUCATION 6_s._
DITTO _Cheap Edition_ 2_s._ 6_d._
ESSAYS. 2 vols. 16_s._
ESSAYS (Third Series) 8_s._
THE MAN _versus_ THE STATE 2_s._ 6_d._
DITTO _Cheap Edition_ 1_s._
REASONS FOR DISSENTING FROM THE
PHILOSOPHY OF M. COMTE 6_d._
THE FACTORS OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION 2_s._ 6_d._
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WILLIAMS AND NORGATE,
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ALSO MR. SPENCER’S
_DESCRIPTIVE SOCIOLOGY_,
COMPILED AND ABSTRACTED BY
PROF. DUNCAN, DR. SCHEPPIG, & MR. COLLIER.
FOLIO, BOARDS.
1. ENGLISH 18_s._
2. ANCIENT AMERICAN RACES 16_s._
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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Original spelling and grammar have generally been retained, with
some exceptions noted below. Original printed page numbers are shown
like this: {52}. Original small caps are now uppercase. Italics look
_like this_. Footnotes have been relabeled 1–45. The transcriber
produced the cover image and hereby assigns it to the public domain.
Original page images are available from archive.org — search for
“essaysscientific03spenuoft”.
Page 81. The table rows headed by “The Company’s soliciter” and by
“Ditto in joint account with another” had a large “}” on the right side
of column 3, covering both rows. In this edition, table cell borders
have been drawn so as to indicate the combination of information.
Page 157. Inserted “of” into “dictates abstract ethics”.
Page 198n. “Pyschology” was changed to “Psychology”.
Page 409. Changed “coödinations” to “coördinations”.
Page 471. A left double quotation mark was added before ‘The earlier
paragraphs of the conversation’.
Page 487. Changed “with many Americans joined with regrets that my
state of health has prevented, me from” to “with many Americans, joined
with regrets that my state of health has prevented me from”.
Page 493. The index covers all three volumes of this series of books.
Volume II is available as Project Gutenburg ebook #53395; all editions
of Vol. II display the original printed page numbers, corresponding to
the index entries herein. Volume I is available as PG ebook #29869.
Unfortunately, ebook #29869 displays the original page numbers only in
the html edition. With a little html coding skill, however, one could
modify the epub version to display page numbers if that is desired.
Page 501. In entry “Great Western Railway:” changed “III, 9;” to “III,
94;”.
Page 509. Changed “Philae” to “Philæ”, to agree with Volume I.
Page 510. The entry “_Polyzoa_” was moved below “Politics”, to
conform with alphabetical ordering. Likewise, “Pope” was moved above
“Porcupine”.
Page 513. Under entry “Social organism . . . analogy to individual”,
changed “III, 411–6” to “III, 411–16”.