THE ESQUIMAUX VILLAGE--A WALRUS HUNT.
Morton reached the huts beyond Anoatok upon the fourth day after leaving
the brig.
There were four of them, but two of them are in ruins. They were all of
them the homes of families only four winters ago. Of the two which are
still habitable, Myouk, his father, mother, brother and sister occupied
one; and Awahtok and Ootuniah, with their wives and three young ones, the
other. The little community had lost two of its members by death since
the spring.
[Sidenote: An Esquimaux Hut]
They received Morton and his companions with much kindness, giving
them water to drink, rubbing their feet, drying their moccasins, and
the like. The women, who did this, with something of the goodwife's
air of prerogative, seemed to have toned down much of the rudeness
which characterised the bachelor settlement at Anoatok. The lamps were
cheerful and smokeless, and the huts much less filthy. Each had its two
lamps constantly burning, with a framework of bone-hooks and walrus-line
above them for drying the wet clothes of the household. Except a few
dog-skins, which are used as a support to the small of the back, the
dais was destitute of sleeping accommodations altogether: a single
walrus-hide was spread out for Morton and Hans. The hut had the usual
_tossut_, or entrance passage, at least twelve feet long--very low,
straight, and level, until it reached the inner part of the chamber, when
it rose abruptly by a small hole, through which with some squeezing was
the entrance into the true apartment. Over this entrance was the rude
window, with its scraped seal-intestine instead of glass, heavily coated
with frost of course; but a small eye-hole commanding the bay enabled
the indwellers to peep out and speak or call to any who were outside. A
smoke-hole passed through the roof.
When all the family, with Morton and Hans, were gathered together, the
two lamps in full blaze, and the narrow hole of entrance covered by a
flat stone, the heat became insupportable. Outside, the thermometer stood
at 30° below zero; within, 90° above; a difference of 120°.
The vermin were not as troublesome as in the Anoatok dormitory, the
natives hanging their clothing over the lamp-frames, and lying down to
sleep perfectly naked, with the exception of a sort of T bandage, as
surgeons call it, of seal-skin, three inches wide, worn by the women as a
badge of their sex, and supported by a mere strip around the hips.
After sharing the supper of their hosts, the visitors stretched
themselves out and passed the night in unbroken perspiration and slumber.
It was evident from the meagreness of the larder that the hunters of the
family had work to do; and from some signs, which did not escape the
sagacity of Morton, it was plain that Myouk and his father had determined
to seek their next dinner upon the floes. They were going upon a walrus
hunt; and Morton, true to the mission with which I had charged him
invited himself and Hans to be of the party.
I have not yet described one of these exciting incidents of Esquimaux
life. Morton was full of the one he witnessed; and his account of it when
he came back was so graphic, that I shall be glad to escape from the
egotism of personal narrative by giving it in his own words.
[Sidenote: Walrus Hunting]
The party which he attended upon their walrus hunt had three sledges.
One was to be taken to a _cache_ in the neighbourhood; the other two
dragged at a quick run toward the open water, about ten miles off to the
south-west. They had but nine dogs to these two sledges, one man only
riding, the others running by turns. As they neared the new ice, and
where the black wastes of mingled cloud and water betokened the open sea,
they would from time to time remove their hoods and listen intently for
the animal's voice.
After a while Myouk became convinced, from signs or sounds, or both,--for
they were inappreciable by Morton,--that the walrus were waiting for
him in a small space of recently-open water that was glazed over with
a few days' growth of ice; and moving gently on, they soon heard its
characteristic bellow. The walrus, like some of the higher order of
beings to which he has been compared, is fond of his own music, and will
lie for hours listening to himself. His vocalisation is something between
the mooing of a cow and the deepest baying of a mastiff: very round and
full, with its barks or detached notes repeated rather quickly seven to
nine times in succession.
The party now formed in single file, following in each other's steps,
and, guided by an admirable knowledge of ice-topography, wound behind
hummocks and ridges in a serpentine approach toward a group of pond-like
discolourations, recently-frozen ice-spots, but surrounded by firmer and
older ice.
When within half a mile of these, the line broke, and each man crawled
toward a separate pool--Morton on his hands and knees following Myouk.
In a few minutes the walrus were in sight. They were five in number,
rising at intervals through the ice in a body, and breaking it up with
an explosive puff that might have been heard for miles. Two large
grim-looking males were conspicuous as the leaders of the group.
Now for the marvel of the craft. When the walrus is above water, the
hunter is flat and motionless; as he begins to sink, alert and ready for
a spring. The animal's head is hardly below the water-line before every
man is in a rapid run; and again, as if by instinct, before the beast
returns, all are motionless behind protecting knolls of ice. They seem to
know beforehand not only the time he will be absent, but the very spot
at which he will re-appear. In this way, hiding and advancing by turns,
Myouk, with Morton at his heels, has reached a plate of thin ice, hardly
strong enough to bear them, at the very brink of the water-pool the
walrus are curvetting in.
Myouk, till now phlegmatic, seems to waken with excitement. His coil of
walrus-hide, a well-trimmed line of many fathoms' length, is lying at his
side. He fixes one end of it in an iron barb, and fastens this loosely
by a socket upon a shaft of unicorn's horn; the other end is already
looped, or, as sailors would say, "doubled in a bight." It is the work
of a moment. He has grasped the harpoon; the water is in motion. Puffing
with pent-up respiration, the walrus is within a couple of fathoms close
before him. Myouk rises slowly--his right arm thrown back, the left flat
at his side. The walrus looks about him, shaking the water from his
crest; Myouk throws up his left arm, and the animal, rising breast high,
fixes one look before he plunges. It has cost him all that curiosity can
cost; the harpoon is buried under his left flipper.
Though the walrus is down in a moment, Myouk is running at desperate
speed from the scene of his victory, paying off his coil freely, but
clutching the end by its loop. He seizes as he runs a small stick of
bone, rudely pointed with iron, and by a sudden movement drives it into
the ice; to this he secures his line, pressing it down close to the
ice-surface with his feet.
Now comes the struggle. The hole is dashed in mad commotion with the
struggles of the wounded beast; the line is drawn tight at one moment,
the next relaxed: the hunter has not left his station. There is a crash
of the ice; and rearing up through it are two walruses, not many yards
from where he stands. One of them, the male, is excited and seemingly
terrified; the other, the female, collected and vengeful. Down they go
again, after one grim survey of the field; and on the instant Myouk has
changed his position, carrying his coil with him and fixing it anew.
He has hardly fixed it before the pair have again risen, breaking up an
area of ten feet diameter about the very spot he left. As they sink once
more he again changes his place. And so the conflict goes on between
address and force, till the victim, half exhausted, receives a second
wound, and is played like a trout by the angler's reel.
Some idea may be formed of the ferocity of the walrus, from the fact
that the battle which Morton witnessed, not without sharing some of its
danger, lasted four hours--during which the animal rushed continually
at the Esquimaux as they approached, tearing off great tables of ice
with his tusks, and showing no indications of fear whatever. He received
upward of seventy lance-wounds,--Morton counted over sixty; and even
then he remained hooked by his tusks to the margin of the ice, unable or
unwilling to retire. His female fought in the same manner, but fled on
receiving a lance-wound.
[Sidenote: Close of the Fight]
The Esquimaux seemed to be fully aware of the danger of venturing too
near; for at the first onset of the walrus they jumped back far enough
to be clear of the broken ice. Morton described the last three hours as
wearing, on both sides, the aspect of an unbroken and seemingly doubtful
combat.
The method of landing the beast upon the ice, too, showed a great deal
of clever contrivance. They made two pair of incisions in the neck,
where the hide is very thick, about six inches apart and parallel to
each other, so as to form a couple of bands. A line of cut hide, about a
quarter of an inch in diameter, was passed under one of these bands and
carried up on the ice to a firm stick well secured in the floe, where it
went through a loop, and was then taken back to the animal, made to pass
under the second band, and led off to the Esquimaux. This formed a sort
of "double purchase," the blubber so lubricating the cord as to admit
of a free movement. By this contrivance the beast, weighing some seven
hundred pounds, was hauled up and butchered at leisure.
The two sledges now journeyed homeward, carrying the more valued parts of
their prize. The intestines and a large share of the carcass were buried
up in the cavities of a berg; Lucullus himself could not have dreamed of
a grander icehouse.
As they doubled the little island which stood in front of their
settlement, the women ran down the rocks to meet them. A long hail
carried the good news; and, as the party alighted on the beach, knives
were quickly at work, the allotment of the meat being determined by
well-understood hunter laws. The Esquimaux, however gluttonously they
may eat, evidently bear hunger with as little difficulty as excess.
None of the morning party had breakfasted; yet it was after ten o'clock
at night before they sat down to dinner. "Sat down to dinner!" This
is the only expression of our own gastrology which is applicable to
an Esquimaux feast. They truly sit down, man, woman, and child, knife
in hand, squatting cross-legged around a formidable joint,--say forty
pounds,--falling to like college commoners after grace. I have seen many
such feeds. Hans's account, however, of the glutton-festival is too
characteristic to be omitted:--
"Why, Cappen Ken, sir, even the children ate all night; you know the
little two-year-old that Awiu carried in her hood--the one that bit
you when you tickled it? Yes. Well, Cappen Ken, sir, that baby cut for
herself, with a knife made out of an iron hoop, and so heavy that it
could barely lift it, and cut and ate, and ate and cut, as long as I
looked at it."
"Well, Hans, try now and think; for I want an accurate answer: how much
as to weight or quantity would you say that child ate?" Hans is an exact
and truthful man: he pondered a little and said that he could not answer
my question. "But I know this, sir, that it ate a _sipak_"--the Esquimaux
name for the lump which is cut off close to the lips--"as large as its
own head; and three hours afterward, when I went to bed, it was cutting
off another lump and eating still." A sipak, like the Dutch governor's
foot, is, however, a varying unit of weight.
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