“Euphranor,” eu-phra´nor; “Mænalian,” mæ-na´li-an.
P. 35—“Tripolitza,” tre-po-lit´sa.
P. 36—“Diodorus,” di´o-do´rus. A contemporary of Cæsar and Augustus.
He wrote “The Historical Library,” consisting of forty books, not half
of which are extant.
P. 37—“Iolaidas,” i-o-la´i-das.
P. 38—“_Status quo._” The state in which.
P. 39—“Tachos,” ta´chos; “Nectanabis,” nec-tan´a-bis.
P. 39—“Kyrene,” cy-re´ne. The chief city of Cyrenaica, in Northern
Africa.
P. 40—“Klerouchi,” kle-rou´chi.
P. 41—“Thebe,” the´be; “Timoleon,” ti-mo´le-on.
P. 42—“Amphiktyonic,” am-phic´ty-on´ic.
P. 43—“Kirrhæan,” cir-rhæ´an; “Delphi,” del´phi.
P. 43—“Magnetes,” mag-ne´tes. The same as the Magnesians.
P. 43—“Perrhæbians,” per-rhæ´bi-ans; “Athamanes,” ath´a-ma´nes;
“Dolopes,” dol´o-pes.
P. 44—“Philomelus,” phil´o-me´lus; “Thracidæ,” thra´ci-dæ; “Pyth´i-an.”
P. 45—“Onomarchus,” on´-o-mar´chus.
P. 46—“Illyrians,” il-lyr´i-ans; “Pæonians,” pæ-o´ni-ans; “Eupatridæ,”
eu-pat´ri-dæ; “Lykophron,” lyc´o-phron. The brother-in-law of
Alexander, and his assistant in his murder.
P. 47—“Æschines,” æs´chi-nes. The Athenian orator.
P. 47—“Kleobule,” cle-o-bu´le; “Gylon,” gy´lon.
P. 47—“Bosporus,” bos´po-rus. Literally the _ox-ford_. The name given
to any straits by the Greeks, but particularly to that uniting the Sea
of Azof with the Black Sea. The country on both sides this latter was
called Bosporus. Its cities became important commercial centers, and
from them large supplies of corn were annually sent to Athens. It was
in this country that Gylon made his money.
P. 47—“Demochares,” de-moch´a-res.
P. 48—“Aphobus,” aph´o-bus; “O-ne´tor.”
P. 48—“Palæstra,” pa-læs´tra. In Greece a place for wrestling was
called _palæstra_.
P. 48—“Plato.” The philosopher. After having been instructed by
the best teachers of his time Plato became a follower of Socrates.
After the death of the latter he traveled in many countries, seeking
knowledge, and at last returned to Athens to open a school in
his garden, near the academy. Here Plato taught and wrote almost
continuously until his death, about 348 B. C. His works have come
down to us very complete and perfect. They are mainly in the form
of dialogues, Socrates being one of the chief characters. His most
important doctrines are the existence of the soul before entering the
body, its independence of the body, and its immortality.
P. 48—“Isokrates,” i-soc´ra-tes. (436-338 B. C.) One of the ten Attic
orators. He was carefully educated, but as he was too timid to come
forward as an orator, he devoted himself to teaching the art and
writing speeches for others. Although he took no part in public affairs
he loved his country, and despairing of its freedom after the battle of
Chæroneia, he took his own life. His style was artificial and labored,
but exercised immense influence upon oratory at Athens.
P. 49—“Isæus,” i-sæ´us. One of the ten Attic orators. Instructed by
Lysias and Isokrates. We have no particulars of his life. Eleven of
his orations in existence are remarkable for their vigor and purity of
style.
P. 49—“Thucydides,” thu-cyd´i-des. (471?-400?) The historian. Little
more is known of his life than is related by Timayenis (vol. i., p.
337). The accounts of his death are uncertain. The work which gives him
his place in history is his account of the Peloponnesian war.
P. 49—“Lysias,” lys´i-as. (B. C. 458-378.) An Attic orator. When a
youth, Lysias emigrated to a colony in Italy, where he finished his
education. After the defeat of the Athenians in Sicily he returned to
Athens, but only to be imprisoned as an enemy of the government. He
escaped, and on the overthrow of the tyranny of the thirty tyrants
went back to Athens, where he wrote speeches. Only thirty-five are now
extant, but they are said to be specimens of the best Attic Greek.
P. 49—“Bema,” be´ma. The Greek for the stage on which speakers stood.
P. 50—“Phalerum,” pha-le´rum. The most easterly of the harbors of
Athens.
P. 50—“Eunomus,” eu´no-mus; “Perikles,” per´i-cles; “Satyrus,”
sat´y-rus.
P. 50—“Euripides,” eu-rip´i-des. (B. C. 480-406.)
P. 50—“Sophocles,” soph´o-cles. (B. C. 495?-406). The chief of the trio
of Greek dramatists. In 468 he defeated Æschylus in a dramatic contest.
His character is said to have been that of a complete Greek, combining
symmetry of person, skill in music and gymnastics, self-possession,
genius, taste. Only seven of his dramas have been preserved.
P. 51—“Dionysius of Halicarnassus.” A rhetorician who came from
Halicarnassus, a city in Asia Minor, about B. C. 29. His most ambitious
work is a history of Rome in twenty-two books.
P. 52—“Herodotus,” he-rod´i-tus.
P. 53—“Phokion,” pho´ci-on.
P. 54—“Olynthians,” o-lyn´thi-ans.
P. 55—“Perinthus,” pe-rin´thus. An important town in Thrace on the
Propontis.
P. 55—“Chares,” cha´res.
P. 56—“Amphissa,” am-phis´sa. Now Salona; though destroyed by Philip,
it was afterward rebuilt.
P. 56—“Elateia,” el´a-te´a. Its ruins still exist near the town of
Elephtha.
P. 58—“Solon,” so´lon; “The-og´nis;” “Alkaeus,” al´ce-us; “Pindar,”
pin´dar.
P. 59—“Æschylus,” Æs´chy-lus. The great tragic poet. The Athenians
called Æschylus the father of tragedy because of the changes he made
in the representation of plays. He introduced a second actor, provided
scenic effects, gave his actors better costumes, and introduced
new figures into the choral dances. Only seven of his plays are in
existence.
P. 59—“Iktinus,” ic-ti´nus. A contemporary of Phidias and Pericles, and
the architect of the Parthenon or temple of Minerva, on the Acropolis.
P. 59—“Polygnotus,” pol´yg-no´tus.
P. 59—“Aristophanes,” ar´is-toph´a-nes. The great comic poet of Athens,
born about B. C. 444, but of whose private life almost nothing is
known. His comedies are a series of caricatures on Athenians and their
follies.
P. 61—“Skardus,” skar´dus; “Ber´mi-us;” “Kam-bu´ni-an;” “Ægæ,” Æ´gæ;
“E-des´sa.”
P. 62—“Thermaic,” ther-ma´ic. See _Sinus Thermaicus_ on map.
“Pisistratidæ,” pis´is-trat´i-dæ.
P. 62—“Strymon,” stry´mon. The boundary between Thrace and Macedon down
to the time of Philip. “Archelaus,” ar´che-la´us.
P. 63—“_L’Etat, c’est moi._” “The State, it is I.”
P. 63—“Orestes,” o-res´tes; “Aëropus,” a-er´o-pus.
P. 65—“Nichomachus,” ni-chom´a-chus.
P. 66—“Argæus,” ar-gæ´us; “Amphipolis,” am-phip´o-lis.
P. 67—“Mantias,” man´ti-as; “Pangæus,” pan-gæ´us.
P. 68—“Anthemus,” an´the-mus.
P. 69—“Potidæa,” pot´i-dæ´a; “Thasians,” tha´si-ans.
P. 69—“Neoptolemus,” ne´op-tol´e-mus; “Molossi,” mo-los´si; “Æakidæ,”
æ-ac´i-dæ; “Samothrake,” sam´o-thra´ce.
P. 70—“Sarissa,” sa-ris´sa.
P. 71—“Phalangites,” fal´an-gī-tes; “Hypaspists,” hy-pas´pists;
“Hetæri,” het´æ-ri.
P. 72—“Paulus Æmilius,” pau´lus æ-mil´i-us. (B. C. 230-160.) A Roman
general.
P. 74—“Pagasæ,” pag´a-sæ. Now Volo; also, the Pagasæan Gulf is now the
Gulf of Volo.
P. 76—“Charidemus,” char-i-de´mus.
P. 78—“Dionysia,” di-o-nys´i-a. A festival in honor of the god Bacchus,
celebrated in Athens in the spring, and with greater splendor than any
other festival of the god.
P. 78—“Choregus.” The Greek word for a leader of the chorus.
P. 78—“Apollodorus,” a´pol-lo-do=´=rus.
P. 79—“Kritobulus,” crit-o-bu´lus.
P. 81—“Phalækus,” pha-læ´cus; “Tenedos,” ten´e-dos.
P. 82—“Elaphebolion,” el´a-phe-bo=´=li-on. The Greeks divided their
year into twelve lunar months.
P. 84—“Prytaneium,” pryt-a-ne´um. The common hall of the Senate, in
which they met daily.
P. 86—“Parmenio,” par-me´ni-o. Of whom Philip said “I have never been
able to find but one general, and that is Parmenio.”
P. 86—“Attalus,” at´ta-lus.
P. 88—“Leonnatus,” le´on-na´tus.
P. 89—“Ambrakiot,” am-bra´ci-ot.
P. 90—“Eurymedon,” eu-rym´e-don.
P. 91—“Leonidas,” le-on´i-das. The hardy habits of self-denial which
Alexander displayed were attributed by him to the teachings of the
austere Leonidas.
P. 91—“Lysimachus,” ly-sim´a-chus.
P. 93—“Hæmus,” hæ´mus; “Triballi,” tri-bal´li.
P. 94—“Onchestus,” on-ches´tus; a town a little south of Lake Copias.
P. 94—“Lychnitis,” or Lychnidus, lych´ni-tis; “Kleitus,” clei´tus.
P. 94—“Glaukias,” glau´ki-as. The king of one of the Illyrian tribes.
P. 95—“Phœnix,” phœ´nix; “Proch´y-tes;” “Ephialtes,” eph´i-al´tes.
P. 95—“Sinope,” si-no´pe. The most important of all the Greek colonies
on the Black Sea in Asia Minor.
P. 95—“Diogenes,” di-og´e-nes.
P. 96—“Artaxerxes,” ar´tax-erx´es; “Mne´mon;” “O´chus;” “Bagoas,”
ba-go´as; “Codomannus,” cod-o-man´nus.
P. 97—“Abydos,” a´by-dos. It was from Abydos to Sestus that Leander
swam to Hero.
P. 98—“Philotas,” phi-lo´tas; “Har´pa-lus;” “Er´-i-gy´i-us” (ji´yus).
P. 99—“Zeleia,” ze-li´a.
P. 99—“Arrian,” ar´ri-an, (100-170 A. D.) A native of Bithynia. One of
the best writers of his time. He strove to imitate Xenophon, attached
himself to the philosopher Epictetus, as Xenophon to Socrates; wrote
the lectures of Epictetus to correspond to the Memorabilia. His best
work is a history of Alexander’s Asiatic expedition, which, both in
style and matter, is similar to the Anabasis. He wrote numerous other
works, many of which are lost.
P. 100—“Justin.” Lived in the third or fourth century. Justin left a
history of the Macedonian empire, compiled from a work now lost by
Trogus Pompeius, who lived in the time of Augustus.
P. 100—“Granicus,” gra-ni´cus; “Skepsis,” scep´sis; “Adrasteia,”
ad´ras-ti´a; “Pri-a´pus;” “Pa´ri-um;” “A-ris´be.”
P. 101—“Meleager,” me´le-a´ger; “Nikanor,” ni-ca´nor.
P. 101—“Arrhibæus,” ar´rha-bæ´us; “Ag´a-thon.”
P. 101—“Baktrians,” bac´tri-ans. The warlike inhabitants of Bactria, a
northeast province of the Persian Empire.
P. 101—“Paphlagonians,” paph=´=la-go´ni-ans. A district on the north of
Asia Minor between Bithynia and Pontus.
P. 101—“Hyrkanians,” hyr-ka´ni-ans. Hyrcania, the country of these
people, is on the southern and southwestern shores of the Caspian Sea.
P. 101—“Arsites,” ar-si´tes; “Spith´ra-da´tes;” “Ar-sam´e-nes.”
P. 103—“Demaratus,” dem´a-ra´tus; “Drop´i-des.”
P. 104—“Lysippus,” ly-sip´pus.
P. 104—“Sardis.” One of the most famous cities of Asia Minor. This
citadel had always been considered impregnable from its situation.
P. 105—“Miletus,” mi-le´tus.
P. 106—“Tralles,” tral´les; “Lycia,” lyc´i-a; “Pam-phyl´i-a;”
“Pi-sid´i-a;” “Gordium,” gor´di-um; “San-ga´ri-us;” “Phrygia,”
phryg´i-a.
P. 108—“Mesopotamia,” mes´o-po-ta´mi-a.
P. 108—“Sogdiana,” sog´di-a´na. The northeastern portion of the Persian
Empire, including portions of the present country of Turkestan and
Bokhara.
P. 109—“Gates of Kilikia.” See on map, p. 108, _Pylæ Kikiliæ_,
“Amanus,” a-ma´nus.
P. 110—“Beylan,” bā´lan.
P. 112—“Kardakes,” car´da-ces.
P. 113—“Seleukis,” se-leu´cis.
P. 116—“Kœle-Syria,” cœl´e-syr´i-a. Hollow Syria. The name given to the
valley between the two ranges of Mount Lebanon, in the south of Syria,
and bordering on Palestine.
P. 117—“Persepolis,” per-sep´o-lis. A treasure city of the Persians
situated on the north of the river Araxes.
P. 119—“Pelusium,” pe-lu´si-um; “Hephæstion,” he-phæs´ti-on.
P. 119—“Apis,” a´pis. The name given to the Bull of Memphis, worshiped
by the Egyptians as a god. There were certain signs by which the
animal was recognized to be the god: he must be black, a white, square
mark must be on his forehead, etc. When found he was worshiped with
greatest honors. Gradually the bull came to be regarded as a symbol,
and Apis was identified with the sun.
P. 119—“Kanopus,” ca-no´pus.
P. 119—“Pharos.” The island is mentioned by Homer. Alexander united it
to his new city by a mole. Ptolemy II. built a lighthouse here. Hence
we have the name Pharos often given to such buildings. The translators
of the Septuagint are said to have been confined here until they
finished their task.
P. 119—“Mareotis,” ma-re-o´tis.
P. 120—“Ammon.” Originally an Ethiopian god, afterward adopted by the
Egyptians. The Greeks called him Zeus Ammon, and the Romans, Jupiter
Ammon. The god was represented under the form of a ram, and this
seems to indicate that the original idea in the worship was that of a
protector of flocks.
P. 121—“Arbela,” ar-be´la; “Gaugamela,” gau-ga-me´la.
P. 123—“Albanians.” These people came from Albania, a country on the
west of the Caspian and in the southeast of Georgia.
P. 123—“Karians,” from Karia; “Menidas,” men´i-das.
P. 124—“Bessus,” bes´sus.
P. 125—“Aretas,” ar´e-tas.
P. 127—“Curtius,” cur´ti-us. The Roman historian of Alexander the
Great. Nothing is known of his life. His history is fairly reliable.
P. 128—“Eulæus,” eu-læ´us. The Old Testament Ulai, rises in Media, and
uniting with the Pasitigris, flows into the Persian Gulf.
P. 128—“Pasitigris,” pa-sit´i-gris.
P. 129—“Tænarus,” tæn´a-rus. Now Cape Matapan.
P. 131—“Drangiana,” dran´gi-a´na; “Ar´a-cho´si-a;” “Ge-dro´si-a;”
“Par´o-pa-mis´i-dæ;” “Seistan,” sā-stan´; “Candahar,” can-da-har´;
“Zurrah,” zur´rah.
P. 132—“Ecbatana,” ec-bat´-a-na.
P. 135—“Dioskuri,” di´os-cu´ri. Literally the sons of Jupiter. The
heroes Castor and Pollux.
P. 136—“Oxyartes,” ox´y-ar´tes.
P. 137—“Telestes,” te-les´tes; “Phi-lox´e-mus;” “Bukephalia,”
bu´ce-pha-li´a; “Akesines,” ac´e-si´nes; “Hyd-ra-o´tes;” “Hyph´a-sis.”
P. 139—“Arabitæ,” ar´a-bi´tæ; “O-ri´tæ;” “Ich´thy-oph´a-gi.”
BRIEF HISTORY OF GREECE.
The “Brief History of Greece” has not been annotated as the
pronunciation of the Greek and Latin names is marked, and its foot
notes are sufficient.
AMERICAN LITERATURE.
P. 9—“Sandys,” săn´dĭs.
P. 11—“Magnalia Christi Americana.” The great deeds of Christ in
America.
P. 14—“Fox.” (1624-1690.) The founder of the sect of the Quakers.
P. 14—“Ipswich,” ips´wich, “Ag-a-wam´.” The latter was the first name
given to Ipswich.
P. 15—“Yale Library.” These forty books have increased to over 112,000,
exclusive of pamphlets.
P. 18—“Hopkinsianism,” hop-kins´i-an-ism.
P. 20—“Philomath,” phil´o-math. A lover of learning.
P. 21—“Brainherd,” brā´nerd.
P. 25—“Publius,” pŭb´li-us.
P. 27—“Freneau,” fre-nō´.
P. 27—“Huguenot,” hū´ge-not. Diminutive of Hugo, a heretic and
conspirator. The name was afterwards given to the French Protestants of
France.
P. 27—“Columbiad,” co-lŭm´bi-ad.
P. 28—“DeFoe,” de-fō´. (1661?-1731.)
P. 30—“Hollis professorship.” Established in 1721 by Thomas Hollis.
Being a Baptist, he required that the candidate for the professorship
should be of orthodox principles.
P. 31—“Trinitarian,” trĭn-i-ta´ri-an. Pertaining to the Trinity.
P. 31—“Arian,” ā´ri-an. A follower of Arius, who held Christ to be a
created being.
P. 36—“Schaff,” shäf.
P. 36—“Swedenborgian,” swē-den-bôr´gi-an.
P. 39—“Pseudonym,” sū´do-nĭm. A fictitious name.
P. 39—“Salmagundi,” săl-ma-gŭn´dĭ. Originally a mixture of
chopped meats, fish with pepper, etc.; hence, a medley, a _pot-pourri_.
P. 42—-“Granada,” gra-na´da; “Al-ham´bra.”
P. 45—“Guildford,” gil´ford.
P. 46—“Marco Bozzaris,” mar´cō bot´sä-ris. A Greek patriot, born in
1790, killed at Missolonghi in 1823.
P. 46—“Buccanneer,” bŭc´ca-neer´.
P. 47—“Muhlenburg,” mu´len-berg.
P. 47—“Hadad,” hā´dăd.
P. 48—“Thanatopsis;” than-a-top´sis. A view of death.
P. 49—“Phi Beta Kappa Society.” A prominent Greek letter society,
founded in the College of William and Mary in 1776.
P. 49—“Verplanck,” ver-plănk´.
P. 51—“Lope de Vega,” lo´pā da vā´gä. (1562-1635.) A Spanish poet
and dramatist.
P. 52—“Bruges,” brüzh.
P. 54—“_Morituri Salutamus._” Literally, We about to die, salute you.
P. 54—“Aftermath,” aft´er-măth. The second crop of grass mown in a
year.
P. 54—“Outre-mer.” Beyond the sea.
P. 54—“Hyperion,” hy-pe´rĭ-on; “Kavanagh,” kav´a-näh.
P. 61—“Launfal,” laun´fal.
P. 63—“Baudelaire,” bō-de-lar.
P. 67—“Göttingen,” get´ting-en.
P. 70—“Barneveld,” bar´ne-vĕlt.
P. 72—“Mohicans,” mo-hi´cans.
P. 74—“Surinam,” soo-rĭ-nam´. Dutch Guiana.
P. 76—“Thoreau,” tho´ro.
P. 78—“Aurelian,” au-re´li-an; “Ju´li-an;” “Ze-no´bia.”
P. 78—“Yemassee,” ye-mas-see´. The Yemassees were the tribe of Indians
afterwards called Savannahs.
P. 78—“Beauchampe,” bō´shŏn´.
P. 81—“Potiphar,” pot´i-phar.
P. 84—“Audubon,” aw´du-bon; “Agassiz,” ăg´a-see; “Guyot,” gē´o´.
P. 87—“Pre-Raphaelites,” pre-răph´a-el-ītes. Following the style
before the time of Raphael.
P. 89—“Improvisatori,” im-prŏ´vi-sa-tō´ri. Those who compose
extemporaneously.
P. 92—“Rossetti,” ros-sĕt´ee.
P. 94—“_Toujours amour._” Always love.
P. 94—“Piatt,” pī´at.
P. 103—“Azarian,” az´a-ri´an.
P. 103—“Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen,” h-a-jal-mer h-a-jorth bo-yay-sen.
P. 110—“Litterateur,” lē-tā´rä-tur. A literary man.
NOTES ON REQUIRED READINGS IN “THE CHAUTAUQUAN.”
GERMAN HISTORY.
P. 1, c. 1—“Clovis,” klō´vis; “Charlemagne,” shar´le-mān´;
“Rudolphus,” roo-dŏl´fus; “Swabian,” swa´bī-an; “Hohenstaufen,”
ho´en-stow´fen; “Westphalia,” west-phā´lĭ-a.
P. 1, c. 1—“Maes.” The Flemish name for the Meuse.
P. 1, c. 1—“March,” or “Morawa.” A river of Austria. Its position as
a boundary of Hungary, and proximity to Vienna, have often made it of
historical importance.
P. 1, c. 1—“Mur,” or “Muir,” moor.
P. 1, c. 2—“Prosna,” pros´na; “Nieman,” nee´man.
P. 1, c. 2—“Teutoburg,” toi´to-boorg. A range of mountains in Western
Germany, about eighty miles in length. It was in this forest that the
German Arminius defeated the Romans in A. D. 9.
P. 1, c. 2—“Erz,” erts. The Erzgebirge, or Ore Mountains, are on the
boundary between Bohemia and Saxony, extending about 100 miles. There
are several granite peaks in the range. These mountains have long been
famous for their mineral products of silver, tin, iron, cobalt, copper,
etc. Coal is found also and porcelain clay.
P. 1, c. 2—“Riesen,” ree´zen. Giant mountains. A continuation of the
Erzgebirge, lying east of the river Elbe. The range extends about
seventy-five miles. It is of the same geological formation as the Erz.
P. 1, c. 2—“Weser,” We´ser; “Vistula,” vist´yu-la.
P. 1, c. 2—“Magyar,” mod´jor. A tribe which came from the far East.
In 887 they came into Hungary and soon conquered it and the adjoining
country. For one hundred years their conquests were extended, but at
last they consolidated the power within their own country. The Magyars
possessed an independent kingdom until the present century, but now
constitute one of the two leading divisions of the Austro-Hungarian
monarchy. The Emperor of Austria is the King of Hungary.
P. 1, c. 2—“Turanians,” tu-ra´ni-ans. The tribes of the Turanians are
the Finns, the people of Siberia, the Tartars, the Mongols, and the
Mantchoos.
P. 1, c. 2—“Aryan,” är´yan. The tribes speaking the Germanic, Slavic,
Celtic, Italic, Greek, Iranian, and Sanskrit languages belong to this
family.
P. 1, c. 2—“Teutonic,” teū-ton´ic. The Teutonic dialects were the
languages spoken by the ancient Germans, so-called from one of the
tribes, the Teutons.
P. 1, c. 2—“Pytheas,” pyth´e-as. He is said to have made two voyages,
one to Britain and Iceland, another to the northern coast of Europe.
P. 1, c. 2—“Tuisko,” too-is´ko. The German legends describe the god as
a gray-haired man, clad in skins of animals, and with a scepter in his
right hand.
P. 2, c. 1—“Tacitus,” tac´i-tus. (A. D. 55-117.) A Roman historian. His
histories of the condition and customs of the Britains and Germans are
trustworthy accounts, written in a clear and concise style. A history
of Rome is his most ambitious work.
P. 2, c. 2—“Suetonius,” swe-to´ni-us. A Roman historian, living in the
latter half of the first century. His writings were very voluminous.
P. 2, c. 2—“Kělt,” or “Cělt.” A race of Asiatic origin, which in
very early time passed into Europe and gradually worked their way to
the present countries of France, and Great Britain. The Irish, Welsh,
and the Scotch of the Highlands are descendants of the Celts.
P. 2, c. 2—“Eagle.” From the time of Marius the eagle was the principal
emblem of the Roman Empire, and the standard of the legions. In the
fourteenth century the Germans adopted it, and afterwards Russia. The
arms of Prussia bear the black eagle, those of Poland bore the white.
P. 2, c. 2—“De Moribus Germanorum.” Treatise concerning the customs of
the Germans.
P. 2, c. 2—“Titus.” (A. D. 40-81.) Roman Emperor. Titus had
opportunities of observing the Germans when he was young, being
military tribune in Germany.
P. 2, c. 2—“Wō´dan,” The same as Odin, Wuotan, and Wotan. See “Notes
on Scandinavian Literature,” in THE CHAUTAUQUAN for April.
P. 2, c. 2—“Hertha,” also written Ærtha, or Nerthus. As goddess of the
earth Hertha was believed to bring fertility. In the spring festivities
were held to celebrate her arrival, all feuds were suspended and the
greatest rejoicing prevailed.
P. 2, c. 2—“Runes.” The Norsemen had a peculiar alphabet of sixteen
letters, or signs. It was not used as we use our alphabet; indeed, as
the word _rune_ (mystery) signifies, its meaning was known to but few.
The letters were carved on rocks, stones, utensils, etc. Also, as in
the case alluded to, on smooth sticks for divination. A mysterious
power was supposed to reside in these characters.
* * * * *
The article on “Air,” in the Physical Science series, is abridged
from the “English Science Primer on Physical Geography,” by Archibald
Geikie. The clear, simple style of the article make annotations
unnecessary. The same is also true of the paper on “Political Economy.”
SUNDAY READINGS.
P. 6, c. 2—“Archæology,” är-chæ-ŏl´o-gy. The science of antiquities.
P. 7, c. 1—“Guadaloupe,” gaw´da-loop´. An island of the West Indies.
P. 7, c. 2—“Owen.” (1807-1860.) An American geologist. He made
geological surveys of several States of the West and published reports
of his labors.
P. 8, c. 1—“Lamartine,” lä-mar-ten´. (1790-1869.) A French poet. After
several years of writing and travel Lamartine, in 1835, was chosen a
member of the Chamber of Deputies. Here his oratory won him laurels.
He was a Liberalist, and in 1848, during the establishment of the
republic, Lamartine’s eloquence and boldness prevented open attack
upon the aristocracy. He occupied several positions under the new
government, but finally retired to literary work.
READINGS IN ART.
P. 11, c. 1—“Glyptics,” glyp´tics. Carving on precious stones.
P. 11, c. 1—“Bas relief,” bä-re-leef´. “Michael Angelo,” me-kĕl
an´ja-lo. (1474-1562). The Italian painter and sculptor.
P. 11, c. 2—“Lapidary,” lăp´i-da-ry. One who cuts, polishes, and
engraves stones. “Vitreous,” vĭt´re-ous, glassy; “Ter´ra cot´ta;”
“Chryselephantine,” chrys´el-e-phănt´ine; “To-reu´tic;” “Ar´ma-ture.”
P. 12, c. 1—“Galvano-plastique,” gal-vā´no-plăs-teek;
“Băs´so-rē-liē´vo;” “Stiacciato,” stē-ät-chä´to;
“Mezzo-relievo,” mĕd´zo-re-liē´vo; “Al´to-re-liē-vo;”
“Ca-vo-re-liē´vo.”
P. 12, c. 1—“Renaissance,” rŭh-nā´sŏngs´. The awakening or
new birth, that took place in architecture, literature, and the fine
arts from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century. Men’s minds during
the middle ages had been under the influence of the church. Freedom of
thought and action became almost extinct. Reaction revived all branches
of art and literature, producing the period called the “Renaissance.”
P. 12, c. 1—“Polycleitus,” pol´y-clei´tus. A Greek sculptor who lived
about 430 B. C. His statues of men are said to have surpassed those of
Phidias. The Spear Bearer was a statue so perfectly proportioned that
it was called the canon or rule.
P. 12, c. 2—“Vitruvius Pollio,” vi-tru´vi-us pol´li-o. A Roman
architect who served under Cæsar. His treatise on architecture is a
compendium of Greek writers on the subject.
P. 12, c. 2—“Mem´phis.” Meaning the abode of the good one. Once the
most magnificent city of Egypt, the capital of the kingdom, and
residence of several Egyptian deities. It is only of late that its site
has been known.