THE ETHICS OF BIRTH CONTROL
A corollary of the doctrine which treats of the destruction in
medical practice of existent human life, is a consideration of what
is called Birth Control, or the criminal prevention of possible human
life by onanistic contraceptive methods. There has been an agitation
for several years past in western and northwestern Europe and in the
United States to bring about the repeal of laws which forbid the
spreading of information on the methods of preventing conception.
The laws which the agitators wish to have abrogated declare that
contraceptive information is indecent and should be classed with
the circulation of obscene literature, pornographic pictures, and
instruction in abortion. The birth control advocates pay no attention
to accusations like those expressed in the laws, or to those made by
persons who have accurate notions of morality and common decency, but
assert that the spread of contraceptive information tends to benefit
the individual and human society.
Birth control as advocated by its perpetrators is intrinsically
contrary to the natural law, and therefore immoral; it mentally and
physically debases those that are guilty of the practice; it does not
benefit the poor as its advocates claim it does; the arguments urged
by its supporters are foolish and frequently deliberate untruths;
and it is destructive of society and the state. Broadly speaking the
natural law rests on the principle that order, reason, justice, what
is congruous with the nature of a being or faculty and tends to its
perfection in being or action, should prevail, and that disorder,
unreason, injustice, the unnatural, must be avoided. The right
order of nature as established by the Supreme Creator of nature is
the standard of action; what is contrary to that order is evil,
wrong, destructive, criminal, injurious, or the like, in different
circumstances, but altogether these deordinate conditions must be
removed, not accepted. Morality also depends on these facts. Morality
is merely the observance of the natural law, and immorality is revolt
against that law.
Since the natural law evidently prescribes that man must live in
society and that the human race which constitutes this society,
is to be preserved by the generation of new human beings who will
replace those that die, or are made useless by disease or other
accident, whatever tends to this sustention of humanity according to
the natural law, and in the proper conditions, is good, and whatever
tends to the destruction of humanity is evil and to be avoided.
The generation of new replacing human beings must take place only in
the state of marriage, because thus solely the wife and the child
are protected, the children are educated physically, mentally and
morally, and the degradation and bestiality of promiscuous sexual
relationship are averted. The first and principal end of marriage is
the procreation of children. That end of marriage must be the end on
which is founded primarily the natural necessity for this contract,
but the natural necessity for the contract is the propagation of the
human kind through lawful generation and education. Marriage, too, in
its very nature is fitted for that chief end, and for that end it was
instituted by the Author of nature--a stable, perpetual association
of the sexes for the attainment of what is requisite for the
propagation of mankind. There are secondary ends of marriage, such
as a reciprocal love and help of the husband and wife, and also that
aspect of marriage which makes it a restraint upon promiscuous lust.
These last, however, are not enough to justify marriage in themselves
without the first or chief end, which is the procreation of children.
Whatever is subversive of the end of marriage, and that is the
propagation of mankind, is subversive of the very foundation of human
society, is contrary to the nature of man, frustrates the primal
function of nature, and is therefore essentially and always evil,
as bestiality, sodomy, or incest are evil. Such is birth control as
ordinarily practised. Birth control if it is effective through a
reciprocal consent of a wedded couple, for grave reason, and solely
by mutual abstention from the _debitum_ may be in certain conditions
an indifferent act morally. If, however, birth control is effected
by contraceptive drugs, or like methods, it is a crime against
nature, and always a crime which no circumstance can excuse, no
more than no circumstance can excuse bestiality, sodomy, or incest.
Secondly, marriage, which was instituted primarily to perpetuate the
creative act of God, when such practices prevail degenerates to mere
concubinage, a gratification of lust protected from the police. Such
practices, moreover, lower man and woman below the brutes, because
brutes do not frustrate the natural law except in the case of the
male rat and a few other low grade rodents and boar pigs. Onan is the
patron of Birth Control advocates. The Book of Genesis said Onan, the
son of Judah, "did a detestable thing, therefore the Lord slew him."
These are the fundamental reasons those of us recognize who do not
wish that the ignorant and vicious should be taught to act contrary
to the natural law. Furthermore, there is always another way out
of the difficulties, mostly imaginary, the birth control advocates
conjure up. Granting that all the difficulties from multiple births
are real, no end justifies essentially evil means, and a subversion
of the natural law is always essentially evil. War, homicide, and
like acts are not always evil; under certain circumstances both
war and homicide may be holy deeds; but to act contrary to nature
is never justifiable in any condition. If I owe a man a large sum
of money it may be to the advantage of myself or my children that
this man be removed, but that good end does not justify murder;
no more does any condition of poverty justify a contraceptive act
against nature, especially when such an act is never the sole means
of evasion. We must protect the married state, but in America we
are destroying it. Human society had its origin in marriage, and it
depends on marriage for its preservation, but our American divorce
laws have made marriage a travesty. In New York alone in 1916 there
were 74,893 women divorced, nearly twenty-eight times as many as
were divorced in England and Wales in that year, and over forty-nine
per cent. of these women were childless, very significantly. Probably
ninety-five per cent. of the childless women had used contraceptive
methods, yet there are few forces better able to hold the marriage
knot tied as it should be tied than a child's fingers. In England and
Wales, too, in 1916, forty per cent. of the divorced couples were
also birth controllers, at least they had no children. Pennsylvania
is much more shameless than New York in granting divorces for no
reason at all.
Among the arguments used by those in favor of spreading contraceptive
information is that large families keep the laboring classes down
to low living standards, and it would be better for those families
and the state that these children were not born. Large families
as such do not keep the laboring classes down to low standards of
living; bad legislation which allows profiteering, which criminally
permits extortion in the prices of food, clothing, in taxes, rents,
the cost of coal, and the like, which does not force employers to
give laborers an honest price for labor, or check the extortions
of monopolists, and a hundred similar economic deeds of injustice,
together with a parental shiftlessness, unthrift, alcoholism, lack of
education through neglect, and so on indefinitely, are the causes.
Big families have more wages than small families, and as a rule they
do better than the small families when the children are old enough
to work. Society is at fault, not the size of the family; the active
and the passive selfish are at fault, not the babies; the liars,
hypocrites, and the buttoned pockets are at fault, not the holy
innocents; the professional meddlers in the business of better folk
are the nuisance, not the blessed children, who are the brightest
things in this darkened world until we spoil them, and make them like
ourselves instead of better. One decent mother is worth a hundred
shirkers who raise nothing but lap dogs.
The children of large families, the birth controllers say, are more
afflicted by infectious diseases than those of small families. I
was for years in charge of the infectious diseases Bureau of the
Washington Health Department, and I have had ample opportunity
here and in Europe to study this matter. Large families in proper
economic positions are not different from small families as regards
the infectious diseases. These diseases spread among the poor
because the houses of the poor are commonly owned by land sharks and
politicians who laugh at health regulations; our health departments
can not get enough money away from the political ringleaders in power
to employ capable sanitary experts; our laws for the regulation of
medical practice and education are a disgrace to our civilization,
and every town is swarming with quacks who can not recognize even
smallpox when they see it. The fault here is in ourselves not in the
large families. Control the professional politicians and quacks and
there will be no occasion for foolish talk about birth control.
Again, the children of poor but large families, we are told, have
slight or no chance to rise in the social order. Benjamin Franklin,
however, one of the greatest men America has produced, was the
youngest of seventeen children in a poor family; Lyman Beecher, a
poor man, had eleven children, and every man and woman among them
became famous; Theodore Schwann, the father of the cell doctrine
and of all modern biology, was one of thirteen poor children; John
Mueller, one of the greatest of modern scientists, and the Father
of German medicine, was one of five children of a very poor family;
Emerson was one of five sons, so was Farragut; John Wesley the
founder of Methodism, was the eighteenth child of his parents;
Ignatius Loyola was the eighth; Saint Catherine of Sienna, among the
greatest women intellectually and morally that Europe ever produced,
was the twenty-fourth child of her parents. This list can be extended
indefinitely from the biographical dictionaries. Every enormous
fortune made in America was built up originally by a man who arose
from the depths--Rockefeller, Carnegie, Vanderbilt, Astor, Ryan,
Havemeyer, Schwab, Ford, Gould, and so on. Poverty is a necessary
foundation for a great fortune. The great soldiers of the world
almost without exception rose from the ranks of poverty--Napoleon,
Washington, Sheridan, Grant, Sherman, Pershing, De Lacy in Russia,
Prim in Spain, O'Higgins in Chili, Stonewall Jackson, and others. The
powerful Dukes of Tetuan in Spain came from an Irish adventurer, the
fifth of eight sons of a poor man. Big families make for strength
of character in the struggle for existence; the solitary child in a
family is pampered, spoiled.
Advocates of birth control say that Holland has had a Neomalthusian
League openly operative since 1881, with fifty-two clinics where
contraceptive information is publicly given. As a direct consequence,
and solely from the work of this League, Holland has a dropping death
rate and an increase in population, and even the stature of the Dutch
has increased four inches since 1881. The main objection to these
statements about Holland is that they are absolutely false in every
particular except that the population of Holland has increased--from
other causes. Before the great war every civilized nation had a
dropping death rate and an increase in population except France
where birth control worked against the increase made by the progress
of preventive medicine and a diffusion of sanitary methods. The
assertion about the fifty-two clinics in Holland was investigated. An
army officer sent out by the committee searched fourteen days before
he could find even one secret birth control propaganda station. The
present prime minister of Holland, de Beerenbrouk, is an earnest
Catholic man, and if anyone talks birth control in Holland during
his administration he guarantees them a long term in jail. There
was really a Neomalthusian League with 6,704 members, now greatly
decreased in number, in the northern Protestant provinces of Holland.
As a matter of fact just where this league exists the birth rate
decreased and the death rate increased and where it did not exist
the direct opposite is true. As to the increase of four inches in
stature--since this is a physical impossibility the spinner of the
original yarn was an ignorant romancer, lacking plausibility in
his untruth. Where there is birth control there are no children
to increase or maintain the population, but the New York birth
controller who invented the Dutch story says that in Holland where
there are no children born through birth control the population
increases through birth control.
The birth control movement assumes that the world suffers from
overpopulation. It does not; it suffers from incorrect distribution
of populations, and no doctrine of birth control will ever affect
this fact. All the authorities on the statistics of population tell
us it requires an average of four children to each family to keep
the population even stationary, not to talk of overcrowding. Two
children reaching maturity replace their parents, and because of the
high mortality in infancy, and the large number of the unmarried and
the birth controllers and abortionists, four children are needed to
a family to make a new generation as large as the old. An average
of one, two, or even three children to a family means a loss in
population, unless the loss is supplied, as in the United States, by
immigration. An average of five or six children means an increase in
the population. Having none or two children to a family and relying
on immigration to preserve the nations means political annihilation,
as can be readily shown. In New York State in 1919 instead of the
required four children to keep the population stationary, as far as
the native Americans are concerned, there was one child to every ten
families.
The American nation was founded and built up wholly by Nordic races,
immigrants from Great Britain and Ireland, Germany, and a few from
France, Holland and Sweden. All our national traditions are from
these Nordic immigrants, our notions of self government, our peculiar
democracy, our constitution, our language and literature. These
Nordic peoples are dying out here in appalling numbers for two chief
reasons, one of which is birth control and the other is the American
climate. The civilization which affects us has always existed along a
geographical belt reaching from the British Isles to above Rome, and
covering Great Britain, Ireland, France, Spain, middle and western
Germany, and Italy to below Florence. The Grecian civilization was
not indigenous, but the result of a Nordic occupation, and it ceased
centuries before Christ. Huntington of Yale and several others have
shown, by studying the production of thousands of piece workers and
students over a long time, that man does his best work physically
and mentally under four climatic conditions: a mean temperature
of about sixty-two degrees Fahrenheit for physical work and about
forty degrees for mental work; secondly, there must be a humidity
of about seventy-five per cent.; thirdly, the climate must be
variable, be that of the belt of cyclonic storms; fourthly, there
must be a quantity of sunlight such as that found in the European
racial habitat of the person considered. These conditions are found
curiously in exactly these degrees in the civilized parts of Europe
and not elsewhere. Above and below that area they are lacking and
there has never been any civilization where they are wanting. The
reason physical and mental productivity lessen annually with us in
December, January, and February is because these climatic conditions
are absent during these three months.
Again, men are differentiated into races, thrive, develop, and
reach and maintain mental and physical perfection within well
defined climatic areas. Nature preserves the race that has acquired
through countless ages acclimatization in a given environment, and
kills off very quickly immigrants coming from far north or south
of the given latitudes. The natural geographical position for the
black man is from the equator to the thirtieth parallel of north
or south latitude. The thirtieth parallel in America runs through
upper Florida, southern Louisiana, and the lowest third of Texas.
From the thirtieth to the thirty-fifth parallel is the zone of the
brown man, like the Malay. The thirty-fifth parallel runs along the
southern border of North Carolina and Tennessee, through the middle
of Arkansas, New Mexico, Arizona, and the lowest third of California.
From the thirty-fifth to the forty-fifth parallel is the zone of
the brune Mediterranean races. The forty-fifth parallel passes near
Halifax, Bangor in Maine, Ogdensburg, Ottawa, and St. Paul. In
Europe it runs near Bordeaux, Turin, Bosnia, and the Crimea. New
York is as far south as Naples, Philadelphia is sixty miles south of
Naples, and has the sun of southern Italy. The Nordic races that we
are interested in as our origins all live above the United States,
and the summer temperatures they have been accustomed to are above
the United States. An immigrant coming from northern Ireland to
Philadelphia moves southward a thousand miles; a Norwegian going to
Texas moves southward two thousand miles, and his family disappears
as a rule in two generations.
In historic times there have been sudden movements southward
of European races for about seven hundred miles and all ended
disastrously. The Lombards went south from upper Prussia to middle
Italy at the level of Boston and disappeared in two hundred years.
The Teutonic Goths went from the Baltic to Italy and Spain. They
lasted sixty-two years in Italy. Eighty thousand Vandals with their
families went down from Brandenburg to North Africa at the level
of Virginia. They were annihilated by the climate in one hundred
and eight years. The Burgundians disappeared in sixty years from
Greece, as the Celts who had carried the Homeric sagas to Greece also
disappeared. Rome was great while the Nordic Cisalpine Celt ruled it,
and died forever with the Celt. Italian art ended at Florence, the
southern boundary of Cisalpine Gaul. The Slav disappeared the same
way from southeastern Europe and left only language traces to the
Turanian and Semite there. No European race of pure blood has ever
had grandchildren in the tropics.
The northern races of Europe die out with amazing rapidity in the
northern United States. The Irish death rate at the level of New
York is double the death rate in Ireland under much worse economic
conditions; the death rate of the southern Italian and the southern
Russian is much better in New York than it is in their European
racial habitats.
In 1910 our English immigration was only six per cent. of the whole,
and the Irish immigration is now negligible because there are no more
people in Ireland to leave it, but we have seven million Slavs who
came in during the ten years before the war. We have three million
southern Italians, three million Poles, and hundreds of thousands
of nondescript folk from all the back alleys of the old world. At
an army camp in Massachusetts during the late war there were thirty
languages other than English spoken, and seven thousand men there
never had heard the term Anglo-Saxon. The extreme southern, eastern,
and southeastern European hordes are overwhelming us, and these
hordes never knew a single political principle that even remotely
resembles what we understand as American principles. They come of
races who were ruled, if they had any rule at all, by despots, but
we shall make "Anglo-Saxons," Americans, or whatever you like to
call the final metamorphosis we effect, out of these barbarians.
Never! Even in a millenium. Centuries from today the Slav here will
be a Slav, the Sicilian a Sicilian, the Russian a Russian, all
with a veneer of American slang on the tongue of an eternal racial
character. Whole counties of Pennsylvania are filled with Germans
who have been here since before the Revolution and they have not so
much as learned English yet. The Nordic peoples die out here. Only
the dark-skinned southern Germans last with us; the sun kills out the
red and blond in two or three generations. I recently went over fifty
Irish families which I knew perfectly, and they have degenerated
eighty-six per cent. numerically and otherwise in my own lifetime:
killed off by the climate which keeps our southern states empty of
white men. By two American censuses and one English we know that
fifty per cent. of Washington's army was born in Ireland, but there
are no Irish in the revolutionary societies because the Revolutionary
Irish have disappeared.
If there is any chance at all for our civilization, flimsy as it
is, this world must be ruled by the Nordic European races, not by
the southern, eastern and southeastern European barbarian Semite.
We must rule for our own sake and for their sake; they can not rule
anything. If we do not rule them, then welcome the final curtain
as soon as possible. How can we rule America, not to think of the
rest of the world, unless we have Nordic children to take our place,
and how can we have such children if we let sex-brained misfits
run about spreading contraceptive drivel? The rascal that preaches
such doctrine is a traitor to America, the worst enemy our country
ever has had, more treacherous than any spy that sneaked in among
us during the war just past. The French have had their lesson in
birth control, and we should learn from their misfortune. In the
first six months of 1914 when Europe was still at peace the total
number of births in France was 381,398; a decrease of 4,000 on the
year 1913. At the same time the deaths increased 20,845. Thus the
population of France during the first six months of 1914 decreased
24,816. For the past thirty years the birth rate of that country has
steadily decreased by contraceptive methods, while the death rate
has increased proportionately to the number of inhabitants. January,
1916, found France with about seven hundred thousand less people than
she had in January, 1914, and then came the horrible carnage of the
great war. No matter what change of heart war may bring to France
no increase in her population can be expected for many years yet to
come. She is daily crying out to the world for treaties to protect
her from Germany, despite the prostration of Germany, because she
knows Germany had a birth rate of two males for her one, and for
twenty years to come Germany probably can put twice as many men into
the field as France can. If France will give over her unclean birth
control she will not need to whine for protection.
The advocates of birth control assert that it lessens venereal
diseases. It does not; it increases the spread of venereal disease.
The more reasonable among the birth control propagandists are anxious
lest their public talks suggest temptation to the young. There is at
present for youth the deterrent of the natural consequences of lust;
with birth control knowledge spread broadcast that check is removed
and promiscuity will become more general, because safer socially.
Venereal diseases will spread also as incontinence spreads. Nowhere
in the world has the crime of birth control been practised as in
France nor for a longer time, and in that country together with the
lowest birth rate in the world there is the highest death rate from
venereal diseases according to Dr. Dublin the statistician of the
New York Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Not long ago one of
the leading medical writers of France, Doyen, said in the Academy
of Medicine in Paris that syphilis is the chief cause of death in
France. France now asserts she has given over birth control, but that
is a hard disease to cure after it has been established. Unchastity
is its own punishment, and if France goes the way of those nations
that have died along the pathway of civilization, and great would be
the pity, she has nothing to blame for it but this abominable moral
leprosy, birth control. She is as striking an example of the insanity
of birth control as Russia is of the insanity of communism.
INDEX
Abnormal pelves, 133, 134, 135
Abortion, 91
after fifth month, 102
agents of, 117
American law on, 119
causes of, 92
civil law on, 121
Council of Lerida on, 115
Council of Worms on, 115
decretal of Gregory on, 115
direct, 109
excommunication for, 116, 117
Gregory XIV on, 116
habitual, 98
Holy Office decrees on, 118
homicide in, 110
incomplete, 101
inevitable, 101
irregularity and, 117
morality of, 109-114
morphine in, 101
paternal causes of, 95
Pius IX on, 116
precautions against, 105, 106
prognosis after, 100
sepsis after, 105
Sixtus V on, 115
statistics of, 97, 98
symptoms of, 99
syphilis and, 107
tampon, use of, 103
therapeutic, 107, 109
threatened, 99
treatment of, 102
violence and, 94
Abruptio placentae, 144
causes of, 144
effects of, 144
Acute yellow atrophy of the liver, 186
Aggressor, 17, 19
Amnion, 52
Amphiaster, 44
Anaesthesia and the fetus, 93
Analgine, 240
Animal heat, 71
Animal life, 48
Animation, 33, 39
Aristotle on, 39
biologists on, 49
Conklin on, 73
Fienus on, 35
Greek fathers on, 33
Greek philosophers on, 33
St. Alphonsus on, 39
St. Anselm on, 35
St. Augustine on, 34
St. Gregory of Nyssa on, 35
St. Thomas on, 35
Zacchias on, 36
Aortic stenosis in pregnancy, 175
Apparent death, 82
Appendicitis in pregnancy, 152
Archenteron, 50
Artificial impregnation, 258
Attraction sphere, 40
Baer on twilight sleep, 240
Baptism of monsters, 80
Beginning of life, 33
Blameless defence, 18
Blastocyst, 50
Blastulas, 50
Braxton-Hicks version, 143
Bright's disease in pregnancy, 157
Broad ligament, 124
Cancers in pregnancy, 149
morality of operation, 150
Canonical irregularity, 23, 24, 25
Capital punishment, 31
Carrington's vasectomies, 248
Catalepsy, 85
in pregnancy, 160
Cell, 40
bridges, 60
differentiation, 67, 68
division, 41, 42
heredity, 45
life, 48
motion, 70
reduction, 45
union, 65, 66
Centrosome, 40
Cesarean delivery, 132
amputation of the uterus after, 138
indications for, 132
morality of, 136, 137
repeated sections, 140
sterilizations and, 139, 140, 141
Chemico-vital changes, 70, 71
Cholera in pregnancy, 195
Chorea gravidarum, 181
Chorion, 51
Chromosome, 42
numbers of, 43
Chromatin, 41
Circumstances, 3
Citizen as member of the State, 31
Coelom, 51
Coition in gestation, 95, 96, 97
Congenital tuberculosis, 189
Conscience, 12
Constitution _Effraenatam_, 115
Contingent being, 1
Contracted pelves, 133
Craniotomy and excommunication, 117
_Dämmerschlaf_, 231
Death, signs of, 89, 90
De Lugo on the State, 31
Development of the body, 56
Diagnosis, percentage of correct, 21
Diabetes in pregnancy, 229
Differentiation by position, 68, 69
Division, direct and indirect, 42
Double effects, 18, 26
Double monsters, 78, 79
Dry labor, 109
Eclampsia parturientium, 161
abortion in, 165
expectant treatment of, 166
forced delivery in, 165
mortality, 163, 168
Lichtenstein's method in, 166
precautions against, 164
symptoms of, 161
veratrum viride in, 167
Ectoderm, 50
derivatives of, 51
Ectopic gestation, 123
decrees of the Holy Office on, 128, 129
diagnosis of, 126, 127
morality of operations, 129, 130
Effects of an action, 6
Egg shell, 47
Embryo, 33
growth of, 50
stages of, 52
End of an action, 4
End of life, 82
Endoderm, 50
Endometritis, 93
Entelechy, 60
Erysipelas in pregnancy, 196
Eunuchs, 255, 256
Euthanasia, 1
Fallopian tubes, 123
Fecundation, 124
Fetus, 33
and the dead mother, 87
at term, 54
months, 53, 54, 55
stages, 53
Fibrillation, 174
Fibroids, 146
Fission theory, 77
Form, 60
Gemmule theory, 58
Germ cells, 44
God's existence, 2
Gonorrhoea in marriage, 211
abortion and, 224
blindness and, 226
conservative surgery for, 217
effects, 212, 213, 215, 216, 225, 226
operations for, 216
professional secret and, 212
tests of cure, 211
treatment by heat, 228
Good, 3
Grippe, 194
Happiness, 2
Hastening of death, 111
Hebosteotomy, 135
Heart beat, 83
Heart block, 173
Heart diseases in labor, 172, 174
Heart diseases in pregnancy, 169
Mayo clinic on, 173
Heart, origin of, 52
Homicide, 13
accidental, 19
arguments against, 14, 15, 16, 17
bibliography of, 22
direct and indirect, 13
self-defence and, 17, 18, 19
Human terata, 78
Hyperemesis gravidarum, 176
Hysteria,
imitative, 183
major and minor, 184
marriage and, 185
in pregnancy, 181, 182, 183
Icterus gravis, 186
Impotence, 258
opinions on, 252
Infectious diseases in pregnancy, 188
Influenza in pregnancy, 194
Insanity,
puerperal, 154
spread of, 266
Kant on morality, 29
Karyokinesis, 41
La grippe in pregnancy, 194
Law, definition of, 28
Life in separated tissues, 73, 74
Malaria in pregnancy, 196
Male generative system, 248
Male pronucleus, 49
Maniacal chorea, 182
Marriage, end of, 254
Mayhem, 23
Means of an action, 5
Measles in pregnancy, 195
Mesoderm, 50
Metabolism of the cell, 69, 70, 72
Metaphases of mitosis, 44
Midwives, 138
Mignonette case, 113
Mitosis, 41
Miscarriage, 91
Mitral regurgitation in pregnancy, 174
Monsters, 75
by displacement, 78
multiple, 76
Morality, 3
determinants of, 3
Morphine,
effects on fetus, 234
effects in labor, 234, 235
Morula, 50
Mutilation, 23
argument against, 26, 27
argument for, 27
civil law on, 23
direct and indirect, 26
Molina on, 24
St. Alphonsus on, 25
State and, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
self-mutilation, 26
Suarez on, 24
Myomata in pregnancy, 146
effects of, 147
fetus and, 148
mortality of, 147
Natural law, 2, 12
Necessary being, 1
Nephritis in pregnancy, 157
treatment of, 158
varieties of, 158
Nervous system, 51
Nucleus, 40, 46
Object of an action, 3
Onanism, 256
Operations during pregnancy, 94
Operative risk in cardiopaths, 173
Ophthalmia neonatorum, 226, 227, 228
Organs, origin of, 51
of the body, 64
Ovaries,
removal of, 218, 223
resection of, 221
Ovarian tumors in pregnancy, 148
Ovarian, 247
Ovariotomy,
decrees of the Holy Office on, 252, 253
effects of, 219
impotence and, 252, 254, 255
psychoses after, 219, 220, 221
Ovum, 33, 47
Oxidation, 72
Pangens, 68
Paresis, 204
Parturition, 169, 231, 232, 233
Partus cesareus, 132
Pathogenesis, 48, 49
Pelvic diameters, 132
Penal law, 31
Pernicious vomit of pregnancy, 176
abortion for, 180
causes and symptoms, 177
diagnosis of, 179
treatment, 179
Pituitrin, 170
Placental infection, 188
Placental osmosis, 189
Placenta praevia, 142
Plastid, 40
Pneumonia in pregnancy, 192, 193
Polak's operation on the tubes, 222
Polar body, 46
Porro's operation, 136
Preformationists, 56
Premature infants, 55
Premature labor, 98, 108
Probabilism, 6
Prophases of mitosis, 44
Protoplasmic bridges, 67
Puerperal insanity, 154
prognosis, 155
sterilization and, 154
Pyelitis in pregnancy, 160
Quacks, 22
Resuscitation, 83, 84
methods of, 88
Right and wrong, 3
Rupture of Fallopian tube, 125
Sacraments in apparent death, 82
Salpingectomy, 217
Salpingostomy, 217
Salpingotomy, 217
Scarlatina in pregnancy, 195
Scopolamine, 233
Secrets, 206, 207
Segmentation cavity, 50
Segmentation nucleus, 49
Self-defence, 17, 18
Semen, 247
Sixtus V, bull of, 255
Smallpox in pregnancy, 191
Soul, 60
_Spaltungstheorie_, 76
Spermatozoön, 46, 47, 48
Spermin, 247
Spindle, 44
Spireme, 43
State,
citizen and, 30
dominion of, 28, 29
end of, 29
Sterilization of women, 251
Substantial form, 60, 62, 75
Suicide, 7
arguments against, 7-12
Suspended animation, 85
Syncytium, 52, 66
Symphyseotomy, 135
Syphilis,
abortion in, 200
curability of, 203
fetal, 201
incurability of, 204
marriage and, 205
nervous system affections, 204
pregnancy in, 200, 202
professional secret in, 206
Tabes, 204
Telophases in mitosis, 44
Terata, 75
Tetrads, 46
Tocanalgine, 240
Tonics, 48
Traducianism, 34
Trophoblast, 50
Tubal abortion, 125
Tuberculosis in pregnancy, 196, 197, 198
Tumors in pregnancy, 146
Tumors and premature labor, 109
Twilight sleep, 231
authorities opposed to, 238, 239
effects of, 240, 241, 242, 243
methods used, 235, 236, 237
Twins, 76
Two-celled stage of the embryo, 65
Typhoid in the fetus, 190
Typhoid in pregnancy, 196
Typhus in pregnancy, 196
Unity of the soul, 65
Uterine adnexa, 123
Uterus, abnormalities of, 124
anatomy of, 123
Vaccination, 191
Vas deferens, restoration of, 249, 250
Vasectomy, 244
arguments against, 260-265
bibliography, 266, 267
bull of Sixtus V and, 255, 256
effects of, 248, 249
grave mutilation, 259
hereditary disease and, 264
impotence and, 251
morality of, 259
not a punishment, 263, 264
operation for, 247
reasons for the operation, 245, 246
State and, 244
State surgeon and, 265
Venereal diseases,
prevalence of, 213, 214, 215
_Verwachsungstheorie_, 76
Viability of the fetus, 54, 114
Vital principle, 58, 61
Vital processes, 69
Weak pains, 171
Weismann's theories, 49, 56
Yellow atrophy of the liver, 186
Yolk sac, 52
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Transcriber's note:
Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been
retained except in obvious cases of typographical error.
The symbol of a Maltese cross precedes "JOHN CARDINAL FARLEY".
Page 151: "3. The case may be inoperable and the child inviable."
The word "be" was added by the transcriber.
Page 194: Footnote 145 "_Ibid._, 1970, vol. l, pp. 430, 516,
and vol. li, p. 11." The transcriber has changed 1970 changed to 1870.
Page 215: A missing anchor was added by the transcriber for Footnote
170 "_New York Med. Jour._, November 12, 1910."
Page 222 Footnote 185 "_Correspondenz-Blatt f. Schweizer Aertze_"
The transcriber has changed "Aertze" to "Aerzte".