After the cold, repeated rains,
The crusted branches rub the panes,
And ere the dawn the pelting hail
Adds fury to the roaring gale.
So wears the night—the morrow’s sun
Proclaims the winter tempest done.
And what a morn! A crystal dome
Each rounded hill about our home!
More radiant is the sight, I ween,
Than e’er before has mortal seen.
Betwixt their glassy walls on high
The mountain corridors we spy,
And lo! all chandeliered are they,
Like costly palace of a day!
From limb to limb with whitest wreaths
The trees are festooned. All the heaths
With sun-tipped, icy spikes are bright;
And frost-stars glitter in the light.
With untold wealth the earth is strewn,
Each bush bears jewels, dimmed too soon.
Each stalk is cased in crystal mail,
Gem rivals gem in every vale;
No gaudier crown has sunflower’s head,
With dew and fragrance round it shed.
Rich vitreous tubes each breeze shakes down,
What shafts and columns gird our town!
Fretwork and tinsel fairy fair,
Wondrous stalactites everywhere.
And so the emulation grows
Till Sol dissolves the wafted snows.
—George Bancroft Griffith.
THE BIRDS IN THEIR WINTER HOME.
(In the Woods.)
From the region of the Great Lakes to the Gulf there is no section that
contains more to interest the naturalist than the hills and forests of
central Mississippi. Here no winter’s rigors chill the blood and drive
the forest folk to remote or inaccessible retreats. Into this land of
warmth and sunshine, this land of the ’possum, persimmon and the
pickaninny, Jack Frost does not come till November is well advanced.
Even then he comes only to clear the air, bring down the leaves, and
announce the coming of the short, make-believe winter.
Go out doors in December after the leaves have fallen and take note of
the varied life in wood, field and brake; think that now in the far away
North the wind howls through the leafless trees, finding few creatures
hardy enough to resist his blasts save the snowbird and the hare. The
blasts of chill November and chillier December have sent myriads of
birds down here where food is plenty in savannah, forest and thicket. On
the wooded knolls under the beeches and hollies congregate the hungry
hordes, feasting on seeds and berries of the rattan, holly and smilax.
Flying in and out of the briar-thickets are innumerable white-throated
sparrows fleeing from frozen Canada and the lake country. A clear
long-drawn whistle strikes the ear. We seek the source. A little brown
bird much the size and shape of an English sparrow seated on a shrub
projecting from the briars raises his head and whistles a sound as pure
and free from flaw as the little spot of white upon his throat.
Cheewinks as fussy as old hens toss the dead leaves about; grackles in
shining black stalk dignifiedly about; while cardinals in low boughs and
underbrush give a touch of vivid color to the scene just as the pink and
white dresses of the girls form a pleasing contrast to the somber blacks
and grays of the gentlemen’s attire at a Fourth of July celebration.
Second to none in delicate beauty of coloring, king of his tribe, is the
fox-sparrow. Russet and rufous on the back, beneath the white marked
with brilliant stripings of the same color as the back, on the feathers
of his head and upper neck a clear pearly luster which is iridescent in
the sunshine but invisible in the shadow, he is a marked bird, the peer
of any in the woods. Happy the bird-lover who has the opportunity to
study this magnificent bird in his winter home; one so favored can well
afford a feeling of pity for the less fortunate dwellers in the central
states who seldom make his acquaintance except through the medium of the
museum or the manual.
Florida blue jays in black, white and blue hop about among the rustling
leaves or seated on a limb, hammer away at an acorn. Possessing a more
extensive vocabulary than our familiar Northern jays, more loquacious,
more sociable, they are certainly the artists of the tribe. No one who
has ever heard their clear musical notes as they play in the tree-tops
or hop about on the lawns as friendly and cheerful as robins, can ever
entertain quite such a low opinion of their musical ability as he did
before. Resonant, ringing tinkling, this call is the forest chime that
summons the little children of the wood to vespers, heard at evening
with white throats calling to one another from brush-heaps and briar
thicket, it is the expression of this strong pure life away from the
haunts of men. Under such surroundings it is easy to forget the cruelty
practiced by our gifted blue-coat when spring has filled these woods and
fields with nests and nestlings.
But here comes one for whom no cloak of charity is needed, the musician
pre-eminent among all this gifted throng, the Carolina wren. A slender
curved beak, a trim bunch of cinnamon-brown feathers barred with darker
brown on wings and tail, a buff breast, a little throat pulsating with
vigorous buoyant life are the most conspicuous characteristics of this
chorister of winter woods. He has been called the mocking wren. Let no
one be deluded by such a term into the belief that he has no
individuality, for, although his song has in it the whistle of the
cardinal, the dignified song of the brown thrasher and the effervescence
of the mockingbird, through it all there runs a peculiar quality all his
own. Swinging on a rattan vine, singing with all the abandon of a bright
May morning he seems the most vigorous exponent of “the strenuous life”
in this land where languorous breezes blow soft and warm, bringing with
them a suggestion of the sun-kissed waters of the Gulf and odors of
resin and turpentine from the interminable forests that intervene
between us and the coast.
Down by the branches on cold frosty mornings you will find a little
brown ball of a bird, that with tail tilted up over his back dives under
every bridge, slides into every brush-heap, or hides tantalizingly
behind every log that comes in his path. Not shy, yet not bold, he
disappears from view at the most exasperating moments. Coming with the
frosts, going away when they cease, he certainly deserves the name of
winter wren. Shorter than the Carolina, darker on the back and tail, his
nervous, fidgety manner makes it an easy matter to distinguish him from
his more talented cousin. In these winter woods he never sings. Beyond
an occasional metallic “chip” now and then I have never heard him give
utterance to the emotions that fill his plump little breast. He is the
silent observer of the busy life about him, a sitter in his own chimney
corner, where he smokes his pipe and studies life subjectively, a modest
little philosopher in cinnamon brown and black.
Darting in and out among the lower branches of a giant beech, now
flitting to a new position with movements as sudden and unexpected as
those of a hummingbird, now running along a limb like the brown creeper,
comes another tiny friend the ruby crowned kinglet. A plain little
Quaker he seems in his suit of olive green without a patch of yellow or
black to relieve the severe simplicity of his garb. Even the tufts of
brilliant red feathers on his head is concealed from vulgar gaze. If you
have sharp eyes and a moderate degree of patience your efforts to get a
glimpse of the red tuft will by and by be crowned with success, but
don’t be disappointed if you don’t see the ruby the first time you see
the bird. I had observed the cheerful little chap time after time in my
morning rambles in the woods, and had come to know every twist and
motion of the tiny body before I caught a glimpse of the longed-for
tuft. Finally one morning as he bent his head to pick up some sweet
tid-bit the olive-green feathers parted and I saw his tiny crown. A
modest genial little anarchist he is, never parading his opinions before
an admiring public, but suddenly springing down in front of us on some
low bush he flaunts his red flag and is gone before we realize it.
Having once learned how and when to look for his crown it is an easy
matter to find it again whenever his little majesty feels inclined to
give you the opportunity.
James Stephen Compton.
[Illustration: IRISH MOSS.
Chondrus crispus.
Gigartina mamillosa.
FROM KŒHLER’S MEDICINAL-PFLANZEN.]
Description of Plate.—A, B, C, D, different forms of Irish moss; E.
F., forms of Gigartina mamillosa; 1, section of thallus of G.
mamillosa; 2, 3, 4, sections of Chondrus crispus.
IRISH MOSS.
(_Chondrus crispus_ lyngb.)
A weary weed toss’d to and fro,
Drearily drench’t in the ocean brine.
—Cornelius G. Fenner, “Gulf-Weed.”
Those who have spent any time along the sea shore will recall the
familiar seaweeds washed upon the bank by the tide and have watched them
idly waving to and fro in the water near the shore where the depth does
not exceed several meters. There are perhaps no plants more beautiful
from the purely artistic point of view. Many a visitor to a distant sea
coast has collected and mounted the more beautiful and delicate ones as
souvenirs to delight the eye of friends. The delicate coloring and
manifold branchings are the characteristic of the more attractive
species. Some are quite small, while others grow to enormous size. The
so-called “sea lettuce” is of a bright grass green color, forming a
large leaf like expansion. The Gulf weed, a species of Sargassum, is
very plentiful in the gulf regions of the southern United States, Mexico
and Central America. During heavy storms great quantities of this are
torn loose from their fastenings and carried far out into the Atlantic
where they form the Sargassa sea and impede ocean traffic. The sailors
on the ships of Columbus encountered such a sea and revived their hopes
of soon seeing land, as they rightfully conjectured that the sea weeds
were washed from the shore.
Sea weeds in general are variously employed. They are the sources of
iodine and bromine. They are collected in large quantities and used as
fertilizers. The Chinese and Japanese use some species very extensively
as food. The stipes or stalks of Laminaria cloustoni are used in
surgery.
Sea weeds and other aquatic plants serve as a protection and food for a
host of animals of the seas; especially fish, cray-fish, lobsters, etc.
The smaller fish in trying to escape from his larger, ravenous enemy
hides among these plants. Bryant, in Sella says:
“Here were mighty groves
Far down the ocean-valleys, and between
Lay what might seem fair meadows, softly tinged
With orange and with crimson. Here arose
Tall stems, that, rooted in the depths below,
Swing idly with the motion of the sea;
And here were shrubberies in whose mazy screen,
The creatures of the deep made haunt.”
Chondrus crispus, the plant of our sketch, is a sea weed of the
Atlantic. It is quite plentiful along the shore lines of the Atlantic
states, Ireland and England. It is commonly known as Irish moss, though
it is not a moss at all. It is also known as Carrageen moss or
Carrageen. It is a perennial plant, 3 to 10 inches high, consisting of a
flat, much branched thallus, as shown in the illustration. It is
variable in its coloring, greenish purple, purplish brown, grayish
purplish brown, etc., somewhat waxy or translucent in appearance. It is
also very variable in form; no two specimens being exactly alike. It
attaches itself to rocks, pebbles and boulders by means of a basal disk
which serves merely as a mechanical support, the frond or thallus
absorbing its nourishment from the sea water. In consistency the plant
is cartilaginous, mucilaginous, and is entirely dissolved on boiling.
When dry it becomes very hard, brittle and elastic and assumes a
light-yellowish, translucent appearance. Chondrus crispus is closely
similar to Gigartina mamillosa, another sea weed, with which it is
usually associated.
Irish moss is extensively collected along the coast of Massachusetts.
The plants being spread high up on the beach to dry and bleach in the
sun. Its principal use is in medicine, although it has perhaps no
curative properties in itself. It is a demulcent and emollient, that is
the mucilage present tends to allay irritation of inflamed mucous
membranes as in sore throat, pulmonary complaints, etc. It has been
extensively employed as a popular remedy in dysentery, kidney troubles
and pneumonia. Its principal use at the present time is as an article of
diet, in the preparation of soup, blanc mange and jellies. Sometimes it
is combined with chocolate or cocoa, sugar, lemon juice, etc., to
improve the flavor.
Bandoline, a fixative for keeping hair in curl is commonly prepared from
carrageen. It is also used as sizing for paper, straw hats, felt hats,
cotton goods and for thickening the colors used in calico printing. It
is also used for clarifying coffee, beer and other drinks.
Carrageen is a word of Irish origin and was apparently originally
applied to sea weeds in general. The Irish were the first to use this
plant medicinally and as a food.
Albert Schneider.