from civilisation, have retained far more of their racial customs and
characteristics than have their cousins below the international boundary.
Though divided into innumerable clans and tribes, under local names,
they fall naturally, on linguistic grounds, into a few large groups.
Thus, the southern portion of the hinterland is occupied by the Salish
and the Kootenay; in the northern interior are to be found the Tinneh or
Athapackan people; while the Haidas, Tsimshians, Kwakiatles, and Nootkas
have their villages along the coast, though the white settlers speak
of them collectively as Siwashes, “Siwash” being nothing more than a
corruption of the French _sauvage_. These British Columbian aborigines
are strikingly Oriental in appearance, having so many of the facial
characteristics of the Mongol that it does not need the arguments of an
ethnologist to convince one that they owe their origin to Asia. Indeed,
it is a common saying that if you cut the hair of a Siwash you will find
a Japanese. They are generally short and squat of figure and, though
habitually lazy, are possessed of almost incredible endurance. One of
them was pointed out to me, a brave named Chickens, who packed a piece of
machinery weighing three hundred pounds over one hundred and eighty miles
of rough forest trails in twelve days. Some years ago the Indians of the
Hag-wel-get village constructed a suspension bridge of rope and timbers
across the dizzy chasm at the bottom of which flows the raging Bulkley.
This bridge is an interesting piece of work, for in building it the
Indians adopted the cantilever system, a form of construction generally
supposed to be beyond the comprehension of uncivilised peoples. But the
amazing feature of the structure is that the varying members are not
secured together by nails, bolts, or screws but simply lashed with willow
withes. It is a crazy-looking affair, and when you venture on it it
creaks, groans, and swings as if threatening to collapse. Even the weight
of a dog is sufficient to set it vibrating sickeningly. When it was
completed, the Indians were evidently in some doubt as to the stability
of their handiwork, for they tested it by sending a score of kloochmen
out upon the quivering structure. If it held, well and good—it was strong
enough to bear the weight of an Indian; if it gave way—oh, well, there
were plenty of other squaws where those came from.
[Illustration: “Some of the cemeteries look as though they were filled
with white-enamelled cribs.”
The grave-house of a chieftain near Kispiox.
“Over each grave is a house which is a cross between ... a Turkish kiosk
and a Chinese pagoda.”
SOME SIWASH CEMETERIES.]
The Siwashes bury their dead in some of the strangest cemeteries in
the world, over each grave being erected a grave house of grotesquely
carved and gaudily painted wood, which is a cross between a dog kennel,
a chicken-coop, a Chinese pagoda, and a Turkish kiosk. In these strange
mausoleums the personal belongings and gewgaws of the dear departed are
prominently displayed. It may be a trunk or a dressing-table, usually
bedecked with vases of withered flowers; from a line stretched across the
interior of the structure hang the remnants of his or her clothing, and
always in a conspicuous position is a photograph of the deceased. Though
sometimes several hundred dollars are expended in the erection of one of
these quaint structures, as soon as the funeral rites are over the tomb
is left to the ravages of wind and rain, not a cent being expended upon
its up-keep. Of recent years, however, those Indians who can afford it
are abandoning the old-time wooden grave houses for elaborate enclosures
of wire netting which gave the cemeteries the appearance of being filled
with enamelled iron cribs. Perhaps their most curious custom, however,
is that of potlatch giving. A potlatch is generosity carried to the nth
degree. Some of them are very grand affairs, the Indians coming in to
attend them from miles around. It is by no means unusual for an Indian to
actually beggar himself by his munificence on these occasions, a wealthy
chieftain who gave a potlatch recently at Kispiox piling blankets, which
are the Indians’ chief measure of wealth, around a totem-pole to a height
of forty feet.
The Siwash villages are usually built high on a bank above some navigable
stream, the totem-poles in front of the miserable cabins being so thick
in places as to look from a distance like a forest that has been ravaged
by fire. The Skeena might, indeed, be called the Totem-Pole River, for
from end to end it is bordered by Indian villages whose grotesquely
carven spars proclaim to all who traverse that great wilderness
thoroughfare the genealogies of the families before whose dwellings they
are reared. Though the Siwashes are accustomed to desert a village when
the fishing and hunting run out and establish themselves elsewhere, their
totem-poles may not be disturbed with impunity, as some business men of
Seattle once found out. A few years ago the Seattle Chamber of Commerce
arranged an excursion to Alaska, chartering a steamer for the purpose.
While returning down the British Columbian coast, the vessel dropped
anchor for a few hours at the head of a fiord, off a deserted Siwash
village whose water-front was lined with imposing totem-poles.
[Illustration: “Proclaiming ... the stories of the families before whose
dwellings they are reared.”
“The Skeena might be called the Totem Pole River.”
The base of a Siwash totem-pole—“the God of Love.”
HERALDRY IN THE HINTERLAND.]
“Say,” said an enterprising business man, “this place is deserted, all
right, all right. The Indians have evidently gotten out for good. So
what’s the matter with our chopping down that big totem-pole over there,
hoisting it on deck, and taking it back to Seattle? It’ll look perfectly
bully set up in Pioneer Square.”
Every one agreed that it was, indeed, a perfectly bully suggestion and
it was carried out, the purloined pole being erected in due time in the
heart of Seattle’s business section, where it stands to-day. The affair
received considerable notice in the newspapers, of course, and those
responsible for thus adding to the city’s attractions were editorially
patted on the back. A few weeks later, however, they were served with
papers in a civil suit brought against them by the Indians from whose
village, without so much as a by-your-leave, they had removed the pole.
At first they jeered at the idea of a handful of Siwash villagers
dwelling up there on the skirts of civilisation having any rights which
they could enforce in a court of law, but they soon found that it was
no laughing matter, for the Indians, backed by the British Columbian
Government, pressed their claim and it cost the gentlemen concerned four
thousand dollars for their Siwash souvenir.
Everything considered, British Columbia is, I believe, the finest game
country in the western hemisphere, bar none, for the sportsmen have as
yet barely nibbled at its edges. It is to America, in fact, what the
Victoria Nyanza country is to Africa: a veritable sportsman’s paradise,
to make use of a term which the writers of railway folders have taken
for their own. It is the sole remaining region south of Alaska where the
hunter can go with almost positive assurance that he will have a chance
to draw a bead upon a grizzly bear; mountain sheep and goat are seen
so frequently on the slopes of the Rocher de Boulé, at the back of New
Hazelton, that they do not provoke even passing comment; the islands off
the province’s ragged coast are the only habitat of that _rara avis_,
the spotted bear; musk-ox and wood-buffalo, among the scarcest big game
in existence, still graze on the prairies which are watered by the
headwaters of the Mackenzie and the Peace; elk, caribou, and mule-deer
are as common as squirrels in Central Park; wolves, wolverenes, lynxes,
and the fox in all its species, to say nothing of the beaver, the marten,
and the mink, still make the province one of the richest fur grounds in
the world. Wild fowl literally blacken its lakes and fiords in the spring
and autumn; grouse and pheasant, as I have previously remarked, are so
tame that they can be and are killed with a club; while salmon, trout,
and sturgeon fill the countless streams, sometimes in such vast numbers
that they actually choke the smaller creeks and rivers. When there is
taken into consideration the fact of its comparative accessibility (New
Hazelton can be reached from Seattle in a little more than three days)
and the healthfulness of its climate—for British Columbia, unlike most
of the other celebrated hunting-grounds, is distinctly a “white man’s
country”—it is almost incomprehensible why it has not attracted far
greater attention from the men who go into the wild with rod and gun.
[Illustration: The Rocher de Boulé from the Indian village of Awillgate.
The Upper Fraser at Quesnel. This is the head of steamer navigation and
the end of the Cariboo Trail.
The Babine Range from Old Hazelton.
A LAND OF SUBLIMITY AND MAGNIFICENCE AND GRANDEUR, OF GLOOM AND
LONELINESS AND DREAD.]
It is a land of immensity and majesty and opportunity, is this almost
unknown empire in the near-by North. It is a region of sublimity and
magnificence and grandeur, of gloom and loneliness and dread. It is as
savage as a grizzly, as alluring as a lovely woman. Its scenery is of
the set-piece and drop-curtain kind. Streams of threaded quicksilver,
coming from God knows where, hasten through deep-gashed valleys as though
anxious to escape from the solitude that reigns. On the flanks of the
ridges, massed in their black battalions, stand the bleak barbarian
pines, while above the scented pine gloom, like blanketed chiefs in
council under the wigwam of the sky, the snow peaks gleam in splendour,
and behind them, beyond them, the sun-god paints his canvas in the
West. Pregnant with the seed of unborn cities, potent in resources and
possibilities beyond the stranger’s ken, it lies waiting to be conquered:
“The last and the largest empire,
The map that is half unrolled.”
INDEX
Abbott, Judge, ranch-house of, 22.
Acoma, New Mexico, 22, 35, 40-55;
antiquity, 44;
costumes, 52, 53;
church, 48, 49;
customs, 44, 55;
dwellings, 46;
funeral, 51;
graveyard, 51;
houses, 45-47;
industries, 53, 54;
paths to, 42;
people of, 42;
picture of San José in, 49, 50;
police, 58;
site of, 40, 41, 45;
symbolic hair-dressing, 54, 55;
women, 53-55.
Agricultural College, Oregon, 315, 316.
Agriculture, United States Department of, 98.
Alaska, 381, 438, 439.
Alberni, B. C., 363, 375, 376.
Albuquerque, New Mexico, 13-16, 35;
agricultural possibilities, 14;
climate, 13;
commercial club, 14, 15;
university at, 15.
Alcatraz, prison at, 218.
Aldermere, B. C., 434.
Alejandro, Padre, 179.
Alfalfa raising, 9, 74, 75, 100, 260.
Algiers, 190.
Amargosa River, the, 174.
“American Alps,” the, 217.
“American Mentone,” the, 217.
American River, the, 229, 230.
American School of Archæology, 23, 25.
Anacapa Island, 151
Anacortes, 344.
Apple orchards, Oregon, 296, 297, 318, 319.
Archæological research in the United States, 22-25.
Architecture, California, 199, 200.
Arizona, 31;
admitted to the Union, 79;
cities, 80;
climate, 83-85;
contrasted with Egypt, 71;
copper output, 81;
desert, 72, 73;
early inhabitants, 77;
effects of civilization in, 63-65;
game-hunting, 85-87;
history of, 76-79, 91;
irrigation, 70, 88, 93, 94;
misconceptions concerning, 71, 74;
missions, 91-93;
organised as territory, 79;
people law-abiding, 88, 89;
pioneers, 67-69, 79;
prison system, 89, 90;
products of the soil, 74-76;
progress in, 66-69;
two distinct regions of, 87, 88.
Arizona Rangers, the, 89.
Ark, the, 376, 377.
Arroyo Hondo, 56.
Ashcroft, B. C., 391-6.
Ashland, Oregon, 323.
Automobiles, in Oregon, 313.
Avalon, Santa Catalina, 148-151.
Bakersfield, California, 259-261, 324.
Banning Company, the, 147.
Barbareños, 152, 153.
Barkerville, B. C., 392.
Barrancas, 56.
Bay of Monterey, the lost, 195.
Beaman, Judge, 150.
Bellingham, 348.
“Ben Hur,” 16.
Benedict, Judge Kirby, 50.
Benicia, California, 219, 220.
Bent, Governor, 21.
Big-game hunting, 85-87, 347, 451-3.
Big trees of California, 254, 255, 257, 258.
Bisbee, Arizona, 87.
Black Hills, 81.
Blackwater, B. C., 401, 405, 406.
Blaine, 348, 349.
Boar-hunting, 153.
Bobtail Lake, B. C., 403, 404.
Bohemian Club of San Francisco, the, 158, 202.
Bohemians in California, 282, 283.
Borax deposits, 174, 177.
Bradshaw Mountains, 82.
Bret Harte, 229, 230.
Bridge built by Indians, 448, 449.
Bridger, Jim, 56.
British Columbia, 209, 355 _et seq._;
area, 358, 359;
character of the country, 362, 363, 453;
cities of, 363, 364;
climate, 361;
corduroying roads in, 411, 412;
cutting path through forest, 428, 429;
freighters, 398;
frontier, 389 _et seq._, 421 _et seq._;
game-hunting, 451-3;
government’s interest in settlers, 407;
Indians, 415, 447-451;
“muskeg,” 410, 411;
pioneers in, 385, 386, 390, 397 _et seq._;
prohibition in, 407-9;
railways, 378-382;
resources, 359-361;
roads, 411, 415, 416, 433.
British Columbia Express Company, 391, 392.
Brussels, restoration of, 17.
Bryce, James, 299.
Bunk-houses, British Columbia, 413.
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 58.
Burlingame, California, 198, 199.
Burns Lake, B. C., 424, 425.
Busch Gardens, Pasadena, 141.
Cabbage-growing in New Mexico, 10.
Cabrillo, Juan Rodrigues, 147, 171, 172.
_Cabrillo_, the, 147, 149.
Caire estate, the, 152.
California Debris Commission, 226.
California, 160 _et seq._;
agriculture of, 218;
architecture, 199, 200;
Chinese in, 207;
climate, 157-9;
coast, 161, 162;
discovery of, 172;
dust, 159;
festivals, 201-3;
fogs, 159;
Great Valley of, 242-4;
hinterland, 240 _et seq._;
Japanese in, 207-210;
labour problems in, 206-8;
missions, 117-122, 179, 180, 183, 186, 195, 198;
orange groves, 125-8, 133-8;
popular misnomers, 216, 217;
rain, 158;
roads, 116, 132, 197, 198;
seaside resorts, 142-4;
summer climate, 157-160;
three distinct zones of, 157;
trees, 254-8.
Camels, wild, 86, 87.
Camino Real, El, 21, 108, 115, 122, 161, 178, 185, 197, 198.
Camp Sierra, 257.
Canada, agricultural invasion of, 357, 358;
motoring in, 348-350;
railways, 378-381.
Canadian Northern Railway, 378-381.
Canadian Pacific Railway, 378-380, 395.
Canal at Celilo, 291.
Cañon of the Macho, 21;
of the Santa Fé, 21.
Cañons, 21, 23.
Cañon’s Crest, 131.
Cape Flattery, 344.
Cape Horn, 232, 301.
Caravels, miniature, 171, 172.
Cariboo Trail, the, 391-9.
Carmel, mission of, 183.
Carpinteria, California, 166.
Carquinez Straits, the, 219.
Carson, Kit, 21, 56.
Casa Grande, ruins of, 91, 94;
irrigation, 110.
Cascade Range, the, 277, 285, 293, 295, 298-300, 310.
Casitas Pass, the, 166.
Casteñeda, 45.
Castle Hot Springs, Arizona, 81-83.
Castle Rock, 301.
Castro, General, 186.
Catalina Range, 85.
Cattle-raising in New Mexico, 26.
Caux, Eugene (Old Man Cataline), 444-7.
Cave-dwellers, 22-25.
Caves, painted, of Santa Cruz, 151;
Oregon, 324.
Celilo, canal at, 291.
Channel Islands, the, 146-154.
Charles the Second of Aragon, 49.
Chinese, in California, 207;
farming, 7, 8.
Church, adobe, at Acoma, 48-50.
Civil War, 79.
Clarksburg, California, 223.
Cline, “Dutch,” 439, 441.
Cloud Cap Inn, 297.
Coast Range, the, 241.
Colorado Desert, 98.
Colorado River, the, 99, 100.
Colton Hall, Monterey, 183.
_Columbia, of Boston_, the, 303.
Columbia River, the, 273 _et seq._;
Indian legend, 293-5;
length of, 289, 290;
romance of, 292-6;
salmon, 302;
scenery, 290, 299-301;
traffic, 301, 302;
waterfalls, 300, 301.
Commerce of the prairies, 20, 21.
Commercial Club in Albuquerque, 14, 15.
Contra Costa County, California, 219.
Copper mines, 32, 81.
Coronado, California, 103-7, 216;
hotel, 105-7;
Polo Club, 104;
Tent City, 112, 113.
Coronado, Don Francisco Vasquez de, expedition of, 45, 78, 115.
Coronados Islands, the, 146.
Cotton, Egyptian, 75, 76.
Coulterville, California, 256;
road, 246.
Crater Lake, 285, 286.
Crocker’s Sierra Resort, 246, 247.
Czechs, 282.
Dalton Divide, the, 21, 22.
Dams, Laguna and Roosevelt, 70, 88, 91, 93, 94;
Elephant Butte, 110.
Date, the Algerian, 75, 76;
the Deglet Noor, 100.
Death Valley, 83, 172-8;
borax deposits, 177;
climatic variation, 176;
effects of ultrararefied air, 175;
sand-storms, 176, 177.
Decker Lake, 425-8.
Del Mar, California, 117-9.
Del Monte, California, 184, 185.
Deming, New Mexico, 3-8, 13.
Denver, 21.
Depew, Chauncey, 84, 85.
Deschutes, the, 287.
Desert, Arizona, 72, 73;
Colorado, 98;
New Mexican, 36, 38, 39.
Dikes on the Sacramento, 226, 227.
Donner Lake, 233.
Donner party tragedy, story of, 233, 234.
Drain, Oregon, 323.
Drowned Lands, the, 426, 428.
Dry Lake Ranch, 282.
Duncan, woodsman, 427-433, 437, 438.
Dungeness, 344.
Easter pilgrimage, 129-131.
Egypt, 71, 72.
El Centro, 101, 102.
El Paso, 21.
Elephant Butte, dam at, 110.
Elkins, Stephen B., 21.
English in New Mexico, 12;
pioneers in the North, 399-403.
Erosion, Acoma, a striking example of, 41.
Eugene, Oregon, 317, 320, 323.
Fair, Oregon State, 312-7.
Farms, New Mexico, 7-11;
Oregon, 314, 315.
Feast of the Blossoms, the, 192, 193, 201.
Festivities, California out-of-door, 201-3.
Fishing, deep-sea, at Avalon, 149-151.
Fishing industry of the Sacramento, 220, 221.
Fish-wheels, 302.
Flaherty, Michael, 447.
Floral mosaic, 267.
Florence, Arizona, State penitentiary at, 89.
Folsom, California, 229.
Foot-hills Hotel, the, 164-6.
Forests, Sierran, 266.
Fort Fraser, B. C., 390, 395, 399, 416, 421-4;
cost of provisions in, 422.
Fort George, B. C., 393, 408, 409.
Fowl, wild, 220.
Fraser River, the, 391, 392, 398.
Freight wagons, British Columbian, 398.
Frémont, 115, 186, 228.
Fresno, California, 256.
Friday Harbour, 344.
Frontier, the last, 389 _et seq._, 421 _et seq._
Frontiersmen, British Columbian, 440-7.
Frost in the orange belt, 133, 257.
Fruit-growing, in Arizona, 75.
Fruit-packing industry, 205.
Funeral Range, the, 173, 174.
Furnace Creek, 174.
Gadsden Treaty, 79.
Gasoline, cost of in British Columbia, 394, 395.
Gaviota Pass, the, 178.
General Grant Big Tree Grove, 257.
Gila River, the, 9, 79, 83, 110.
Gilroy, California, 196.
Glacier meadows, 266, 267.
Globe, Arizona, 90.
Goat, wild, 153.
Gold discovery, California, 79, 173, 224.
Gold dredger, 230-2.
Golden Gate, the, 241.
Golf-links, California, 159, 185.
Grand Island, 227.
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, 364, 378-382, 384, 408, 426.
Grant’s Pass, Oregon, 323, 324.
Great Central Lake, B. C., 220, 375, 376.
Great Valley of California, the, 242 _et seq._;
irrigation of, 243, 244;
petroleum fields, 258, 259.
Grove Play, Bohemian Club’s, 158, 202, 203.
Halleck, 183.
Harriman, E. H., 284.
Hawk’s Nest, the, 186.
Heenan, the “Benicia Boy,” 220.
High Sierras, the, 266.
Highways, 21, 102, 108, 114-8, 161, 166, 197, 198, 215, 229, 278.
Hillsboro, California, 198;
Oregon, 326.
Holland, waterways of, 215, 216.
Hollanders in New Mexico, 13.
Hollywood, California, 199.
Homestead and Desert Land Acts, 6, 323.
Honey Lake, 279, 280.
Hood River, 296, 297.
Hopi Indians, 16, 47, 53-59.
Horton, Alonzo, 108.
Hot Springs Junction, 81.
Hotel Arlington, 170, 171;
del Coronado, 105-7;
The Foot-hills, 164-6.
Hund, John, 6.
Hundred and Fifty Mile House, the, 430-2.
Hunt, Governor George W. P., 79, 89.
Hunting big game in Arizona, 85-87;
in British Columbia, 451-3;
in the Puget Sound country, 347.
Hydraulic mining, 226, 230.
Imperial Valley, the, 8, 97-102, 110, 194;
agricultural products, 100;
highway into, 102, 103;
irrigation of, 99;
soil expert’s report concerning, 98, 99;
towns in, 101.
Indian education, 47, 48;
legend of the Columbia, 293-5;
punishments, 58-60;
revolt of 1680, 19, 78;
settlement in the Yosemite, 250-2;
sheep-owners, 27.
Indians, Palatingwa, 120, 121;
Hopi, 16, 47, 53-59;
Siwash, 415, 447-451.
Invalids, in Albuquerque, 13.
Iron Hills, the, 279.
Irrigation, 5, 6, 8, 14, 30, 32, 70, 88, 93, 94, 99, 110, 225-7, 243,
246.
Isleton, California, 223.
Japanese in California, 207-210.
Jewellery, Indian, 53.
Kalama, 331, 332.
Katzimo, 40, 41.
Kearney Boulevard, the, 256.
Kearney, General, 19, 20.
King’s Highway. (See _Camino Real_.)
Kino, Jesuit Father, 91.
Klamath Falls, 283-5.
La Jolla, California, 117.
Labour problems in California, 206-8.
Laguna, New Mexico, 35, 37, 38, 49, 50;
dam, 70, 88.
Lake Chapala, 220.
Lake of Elsinore, 117.
Lake Tahoe, 228, 232, 235, 236, 264-270.
Larkin house, Monterey, 183.
Leland Stanford, Jr., University, 197.
Lick, James, 147.
Linda Vista grade, the, 114.
Lisa, Manuel, 56.
Long Beach, California, 143.
Los Angeles, California, 142-5, 209;
harbour, 144, 145;
name, 139.
Los Gatos, 191.
Los Olivos, inn at, 180, 181.
Lummis, Charles, 139.
Macdonald, “Black Jack,” 438.
MacDonald, Bob, 442, 443.
Machine shearing, 27.
Madera, California, 256.
Manzano Ranges, the, 14.
“Marble Halls of Oregon,” the, 324.
Marcos de Niza, 78.
Mare Island Navy Yard, 219.
Mariposa Big Tree Grove, 254, 255.
Mark Twain, 230.
Marshall, John, 229.
Matilija Valley, the, 162, 164.
Meadows, mountain, 266, 267.
Medford, Oregon, 319, 323.
Mediterranean Riviera, the, 161.
Memaloose, the Island of the Dead, 293.
Merced Big Tree Grove, 247, 256.
_Mesa Encantada, La_ (the Enchanted Mesa), 30-41.
Mexican War, 79.
Mexicans, in New Mexico, 28, 29.
Militiamen, Canadian, 372, 373.
Miller, Frank, 121.
Mimbres Valley, the, 6 _et seq._, 32;
climate, 8, 9.
Mining, 226, 230-2.
Miramar, California, 167.
Mission Inn at Riverside, 121, 127.
Mission Valley, 117.
Missions, Arizona, 91-93;
California, 117-122, 179, 180, 183, 186, 195, 198.
Modesto, California, 246.
Mojave City, Arizona, 87.
Montecito, California, 167, 199, 223.
Monterey, California, 159, 181-5, 195, 216;
historic interest of, 182, 183.
Morehouse, Colonel C. P., 150.
Moricetown, B. C., 434-6.
Motoring in British Columbia, 348-350, 372, 439;
in California, 113-8, 132, 166, 228, 261-4, 278, 279;
in Oregon, 320;
in the Yosemite, 246-8, 254.
Mount Adams, 295;
Hamilton, 191;
Hood, 295, 298;
Hooker, 346;
Lowe, 142;
Rubidoux, 128, 129;
Rainier, 337-340, 347;
Shasta, 160;
Saint Helens, 295;
San Jacinto, 160;
Tamalpais, 219;
Topotopo, 163.
Moving pictures taken in the West, 64, 90, 171.
Muir, John, 249.
Nanaimo, 363, 372, 373.
Napoleon, 182.
_Natalie_, the, 182.
Nechako River, the, 424.
Nehalem Bay, 326.
“Netherlands Route,” the, 217.
New Hazelton, B. C., 380, 381, 428, 436-440, 443, 452.
“New Helvetia,” 227.
New Mexico, annexation of, 19, 20;
changes in, 3 _et seq._;
character of the people, 31, 32;
climate of, 8, 9;
desert, 36, 38, 39;
dress, 10;
farming in, 7-11;
fuel, 11;
industries, 25-28;
Mexicans in, 28, 29;
mineral deposits, 32;
prosperity of, 31, 32;
religious fanaticism, 29, 30;
settlers in, 10-13;
social fabric, 28, 30;
Spanish spoken in, 29;
turquoise deposits, 32;
water discovery, 5, 6;
well-digging, 11;
white population, 30.
New Westminster, B. C., 350, 363.
Nisqually Glacier, the, 338-340.
Oak Knoll, California, 109.
Oceanside, California, 117-9.
Oil-fields, California, 258, 259.
Ojai Valley, the, 162-6.
Olympia, 336.
Oñate, Juan de, 19, 51.
Orange groves of California, 125-8, 133-8, 257.
Oregon, 307-328;
Agricultural College, 315;
apple orchards, 296, 318, 319;
caves, 324;
character of the country, 324-8;
charm of, 326-8;
climate, 327;
emigration to, 321-3;
farmer, 313-6;
a frontier country, 325;
hinterland, 275 _et seq._, 309, 310;
opportunities in, 322;
prohibition in, 323, 324;
railroad, 325-7;
State Fair, 312-7;
timber, 322;
towns, 308, 323, 324.
Oregon Trail, the, 276.
“Our Italy,” 216.
Pacific Great Eastern Railway, 379-380.
Pack-train on the Cariboo Trail, 397.
“Padre’s Path,” 42.
Pajarito National Park, 22-25.
Pala, San Antonia de, mission chapel, 117, 120.
Palatingwa tribe, the, 120, 121.
Palo Alto, 197, 198.
Panamint Range, the, 174.
Pasadena, California, 131-3, 138-142, 170, 201, 223;
Busch Gardens, 140, 141;
Mount Lowe, 140, 142;
Orange Grove Avenue, 140, 141.
Pecos, the, valley of, 9, 32;
Forest Reserve, 22.
Pelican Bay Lodge, 285.
Pelicans, 283.
Penitentes, the, 29, 30.
Petroleum fields, California, 258, 259.
Philip III, 147.
Phœnix, Arizona, 80, 83, 90, 91, 93, 110.
Pillars of Hercules, 301.
Pilot Peak, 278.
Pio Pico, 147.
Placerville, California, 228, 229, 232.
Plaza del Mar, Santa Barbara, 169, 171.
Point Loma, 103.
Polo Club at Coronado, 104.
Port Alberni, B. C., 376.
Port Angeles, 344.
Port Mann, B. C., 380.
Portland, Oregon, 202, 308, 331, 332, 341;
residences, 311.
Portola, Don Caspar de, 195, 210.
Prescott, Arizona, 80, 81.
Prince Rupert, B. C., 379-384, 390.
Prison system, Arizona, 89.
Prunes, California, 193.
Pueblo system of government, 58.
Puget Sound country, the, 341-7;
a trip through, 343-5;
variety of sports and recreations, 345-7.
Punishments, Indian, 58-60.
Quesnel, B. C., 392, 394, 395, 399, 401, 445.
Railways in British Columbia, 378-382.
Rainier National Park, 338, 340.
Raisin industry, 256.
_Ramona_, home of, 117.
Ranches, Californian, 242.
Rasmussen, Peter, 412-4.
Raton, New Mexico, 12.