HOOKWORM DISEASE AND AMOEBIC DYSENTERY
Hookworm disease and amoebic dysentery resemble typhoid fever in
one respect, in that they, too are spread by the improper disposal
of human excreta.
[Sidenote: Where hookworm disease prevails]
Hookworm disease is found almost exclusively in tropical or
subtropical climates. In the United States it is rarely seen north
of the Potomac and Ohio rivers.
[Illustration: FIG. 59. A full-grown hookworm, magnified; the short
line shows the average length of the hookworm.]
[Sidenote: What the hookworm is]
This disease is not caused by a germ, as is typhoid fever, but by
a worm from a quarter to half an inch long, and about as thick
as a small hairpin. These worms get into a person's intestinal
canal, and there lay their eggs, which are later given off in the
bowel discharges. When these discharges are thrown on the ground,
or are put into an open water-closet, they may be carried about
by chickens, flies, and pigs. Then the eggs hatch in the soil and
tiny hookworms result. When human excreta are not properly disposed
of, in climates where hookworm disease prevails, the soil becomes
practically full of these little worms, and from the soil they find
their way into the bodies of the people.
[Sidenote: How it enters the body]
There are two principal ways by which the hookworm may enter
the body. One is through the mouth, which these worms reach in
practically the same way as do typhoid fever germs. The hookworm
may enter the body through the skin also. Some authorities state
that the worm bores its way in; but it is probable that it does not
actually bore through sound skin, but enters at some point where
there is a small break.
[Sidenote: Where it lives in the body]
After the worm gets through the skin, it is taken into the blood
and carried to the lungs, and from there it finds its way to
the throat and is swallowed. It makes no difference whether the
hookworm is swallowed or enters the body through the skin; it
finally reaches the intestinal canal, where it then makes its home.
Sometimes thousands of these worms are found in a single person,
and each one of them entered the body through the mouth or through
the skin. The worms do not multiply in the body, and the eggs they
lay never hatch until after they have left the body.
[Sidenote: How it affects the patient]
When the hookworm gets into the intestinal canal, it fastens itself
to the wall and sucks the blood from it, at the same time giving
off a poison that enters the blood of the victim. The loss of
blood and the effects of the poison soon cause the person in whose
body these worms are living to become weak, pale, and thin. He is
not able to do much work, if any, and the result is that people
suffering from this disease are often called lazy. They are not
lazy; they are sick, and many of them die.
[Sidenote: How hookworm disease can be prevented]
All this sickness and all these deaths might be prevented simply
by the proper disposal of human excreta. No human excreta should
ever be put anywhere except into a properly constructed sewer or
properly constructed privy. If this rule were always observed, both
hookworm disease and typhoid fever would be abolished.
[Sidenote: Where amoebic dysentery prevails]
Amoebic dysentery is another disease that is confined almost
entirely to tropical and subtropical climates, though cases
sometimes occur in colder regions.
[Sidenote: How it is spread and how it may be prevented]
This disease, like typhoid fever, is caused by a germ that leaves
the body with the bowel discharges. The germ makes its way into
the body in the same way that the typhoid germ enters; that is, it
is taken in with food or drink. The various means by which this
germ gets into our food are the same as those by which the typhoid
germ gets in; and the precautions that will prevent the spread of
typhoid fever will also prevent dysentery. Amoebic dysentery kills
a great many people in warm climates, though it does not kill as
many as does typhoid fever. If it does not cause immediate death,
it often leaves the patient very weak and sickly for months or
years.
=Questions.= 1. In what climates are hookworm disease and amoebic
dysentery commonly found? 2. In what respects do they resemble
typhoid fever? 3. How does the hookworm enter the body? 4. Where
do the hookworm eggs hatch? 5. How can hookworm disease be
prevented? 6. What other diseases can be prevented by the same
precautions?
=Remember.= 1. Typhoid fever, hookworm disease, and amoebic
dysentery are all caused by the improper disposal of human
excreta. 2. Most of the sickness that can be prevented is the
result of dirty habits; if all people would keep clean and see
that everything about them was kept clean, a great deal of
sickness would be prevented and a great many lives would be saved.