CHRONOLOGY AND ORIGIN OF BRONZE.
HAVING now passed in review the various forms of instruments, arms, and
ornaments belonging to the Bronze Period of Great Britain, it will be
well to attempt some chronological arrangement of the different types,
and to examine the means at our command for fixing the approximate
date and duration of the Period as well as the sources from which the
knowledge of bronze in this country was derived.
The sequence and extent of variation in the types of an instrument or
weapon destined to serve some given purpose are of course important
factors in any theoretical calculation of the length of time such an
instrument was in use. For if the type has remained one and the same
during the whole period of the use of the instrument, it affords no
evidence as to the length of its duration; whereas, if it has varied,
and the sequence of its variations can be traced, their nature and
extent may afford some means of judging of the length of time probably
necessary for the development of the succession of forms. Or where
an instrument has been so well adapted for its particular ends that
no material modification in its form was likely to take place in
it, so long as its use was limited to its original purpose, yet the
springing from it of what may be termed collateral types of instruments
specialized for other though analogous purposes may also be indicative
of the original form having remained in use during a lengthened period
of time.
The extremely numerous variations which may be observed in socketed
celts afford conclusive evidence of that instrument having been
employed in this country during a long series of years; and the
collateral varieties, such as socketed chisels and gouges, as well
as the more distantly related socketed hammers, give corroborative
testimony to the same effect.
Improvements in the method of working metals will often react on the
forms of tools and weapons, but here again the chronological element
exists, as old processes and old forms are slow to die, especially
among a people of no very high material civilisation. The discovery,
for instance, of the art of producing hollow sockets in bronze castings
by the use of cores of loam or clay, though it materially modified the
form of many instruments, did not cause the entire extinction of the
older forms without sockets, the use of which in some cases went on
side by side with that of the instruments of more novel invention; and
this fact tends to prove that bronze must have long been in use for
tools with tangs instead of sockets, before the process of coring was
known. Indeed, as I have elsewhere[1749] pointed out, the Bronze Period
of Britain is susceptible of division into an earlier and later stage,
the former mainly characterized by instruments which were let into
their hafts or handles, and the latter by those which received their
handles in sockets. As will subsequently be seen, it may be divided
even into three more or less distinct stages.
A division into two stages has been suggested for the Scandinavian
Bronze Age. M. Gabriel de Mortillet has in like manner divided the
Bronze Period of France and Switzerland into an earlier and later
stage—the one distinguished by flanged celts, which came into use at
the close of the Stone Period (his Epoque _robenhausienne_), and the
other by palstaves and socketed celts, which he regards as belonging
to the close of the Bronze Period. To these two stages he has applied
the terms _morgien_ and _larnaudien_, derived from the Lake-dwelling
of Morges, in the Lake of Geneva, and from the large founder’s hoard
discovered at Larnaud (Jura). Curiously enough he regards the flat
celts as being even more recent in date than the socketed, forgetful
that the form with flanges at the sides can hardly by any possibility
have been an original type, as such flanges must either have been
produced by hammering the sides of flat celts, or must have been cast
in a mould consisting of two halves, which certainly cannot have been
so early a form of mould as a simple recess in stone, sand, or clay,
adapted for casting a nearly flat plate of metal like a wedge-shaped
celt.
Such flat celts, as has already been mentioned, have been found with
interments in barrows associated with what were apparently lance-heads
of flint, and maces and battle-axes of stone; and their nearest allies,
those with but slight flanges—the result of hammering the sides—have
also been found under similar circumstances.
The knife-daggers, as described in Chapter X., and the awls or
prickers, are the only other bronze instruments which in this country
can challenge a similar antiquity; and none of these, as a rule, are
found in those deposits of bronze objects to which the name of “hoards”
has been given.
As M. Gabriel de Mortillet and others have pointed out, these hoards
are of more than one character. In certain cases they seem to have been
the treasured property of some individual who would appear to have
buried his valued tools or weapons during troublous times, and never
to have been able to disinter them. In other cases the hoards were
probably the property of a trader, as they consist of objects ready for
use and in considerable numbers; and in others, again, they appear to
have been the stock-in-trade of some bronze-founder of ancient times,
as they comprise worn out and broken tools and weapons, lumps of rough
metal, and even the moulds in which the accumulation of bronze was
destined to be recast.
Mr. Worsaae has suggested that some of these hoards may be of a votive
character and have been deposited in the ground as precious offerings
to the gods. I am not, however, aware of any of our British hoards
being of such a character that they can safely be regarded as votive.
As to the other three kinds of hoards, the small group from
Wallingford[1750] (No. 60 in the following table), consisting of a
socketed celt, gouge, and knife, and a tanged chisel and razor, may be
taken as a good instance of a private deposit. That of Stibbard[1751]
(No. 8), consisting of seventy palstaves and ten spear-heads, some of
them rough from the mould, would appear to have belonged to a merchant;
and the Harty hoard (No. 105), described in the last chapter, affords a
typical example of the stock-in-trade of a bronze-founder.
In some other cases, deposits, especially when consisting exclusively
of ornaments, may possibly be of a sepulchral character.
The value of the evidence afforded by hoards, especially by those
of the first and second kinds lately mentioned, is great and
unquestionable in determining the synchronism of various forms of
instruments—as, for instance, of plain and looped palstaves with
socketed celts. In the case of the bronze-founders’ hoards of old
metal, it is of course possible that the fragments contained may belong
to various periods. Nevertheless the objects, as a rule, appear to be
such as were in use at the time, and which, being worn out or broken,
were collected by the bronze-founder for the purpose of re-melting. In
order to make them at once more portable and more ready for placing in
the crucible, he generally broke the larger and longer articles into
fragments, broken spear-heads, swords, &c., being frequently present
in the hoards, as well as the jets or waste pieces of metal broken off
from castings. In some instances fragments of various instruments have
been inserted in the sockets of others, so as to diminish the space
occupied by the whole.
As will subsequently be seen, by far the greater number of the
undoubted bronze-founders’ hoards belong to a time when socketed
celts were already in use, and therefore to the close rather than the
beginning of our Bronze Period.
M. Ernest Chantre has divided the principal hoards of the Bronze Age
discovered in France into three principal categories, to which he has
applied the terms “_Trésors_,” “_Fonderies_,” and “_Stations_.” The
first, as a rule, comprise articles which have never been in use,
and are, in fact, of the same character as the hoards which I have
classed under the head of “Personal” or “Merchants.” The principal
_trésors_, those of Réallon, Ribiers, Beaurières, Manson, Frouard,
are characterized by the presence of socketed instruments; and in two
instances—those of La Ferté-Hauterive, and Vaudrevanges, Rhenish
Prussia—either an ingot or a mould of metal was present. I should,
therefore, have classed these two among the “_fonderies_.”
M. Chantre has, however, in the main, restricted this term to hoards
consisting principally of broken objects, and of these _fonderies_
he has examined some fifty in France. In the southern part of that
country these hoards are by no means so constantly characterized by
the presence of socketed celts and other socketed instruments as in
Britain. In the north of France, however, the socketed forms are more
frequent in the hoards.
The _stations_ are considered to represent habitations of the Bronze
Age of the same character as the Lake-dwellings, but fixed on _terra
firma_ instead of on piles or artificial islands. Some of the hoards
placed under this head appear from the presence of moulds and lumps of
metal to be those of founders.
Hoards of broken objects of bronze have been found in other parts
of Europe, but it seems needless to do more than mention the fact.
I may, however, refer to the hoards of Camenz and Grossenhain, in
Saxony,[1752] of which I gave an account to the Society of Antiquaries
some fifteen years ago.
In the following lists I have divided the principal hoards discovered
in the United Kingdom into two main categories, the one, in which
socketed celts, gouges, or other tools were absent; the other,
in which they were present in greater or less abundance. This is
perhaps the simplest method of arriving at what may be regarded as a
fairly trustworthy chronological division. Some of the results of an
examination of the lists will subsequently be discussed. In the first
list I have given the precedence to those hoards in which flat or
flanged celts were present. Second, I have placed those in which there
were palstaves. Third, those in which ornaments were found; and last,
those mainly characterized by swords and spear-heads, or spear-heads
and ferrules, but in which both palstaves and socketed celts were
absent.
In the second list I have placed at the head the hoards in which
socketed celts, sometimes accompanied by palstaves, were found
associated with swords or spears, while mere tools, such as gouges and
hammers, were absent. Next come a few cases in which socketed celts
occurred either in company with ornaments or alone. Then follow the
hoards in which chisels, gouges, or hammers were found, but no lumps of
metal were present. After these are placed the bronze-founders’ hoards,
in which lumps of metal and the jets or waste pieces from castings were
found, including one or two Scotch and Irish hoards; and, finally,
those in which moulds were present.
In each case I have attempted to distinguish whether a hoard was
personal or belonged to a merchant or founder, by adding the letters
P, M, or F. Where two of these letters occur, the hoard seems to come
under either category. It is possible that some of those characterized
by a P may be sepulchral.
Appended to the tabulated lists is a more detailed account, mentioning
some of the principal features in each case, and giving references to
the works in which the discoveries are recorded. Of course this is to a
great extent a repetition of what has been recorded in previous pages.
It must be observed that the numbers given in the lists do not always
refer to entire objects but frequently to fragments only. Where the
numbers are unknown the presence of the objects is shown by an _x_.
─—──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
LIST I.
│FLANGED CTS.
│ │PALSTAVES
│ │ │SOCK. CELTS
│ │ │ │CHISELS
│ │ │ │ │GOUGES
│ │ │ │ │ │AWLS
│ │ │ │ │ │ │HAMMERS
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │SICKLES
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │KNIVES
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
1.Arreton Down P.M. │ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
2.Plymstock P.M. │ 16│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
3.Battlefield M. │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
4.Postlingford Hall M. │ 19│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
5.Rhosnesney M.F. │ 3│ 6│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
6.Broxton P. │ — │ 2│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
7.Sherford M. │ — │ 6│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
8.Stibbard M. │ — │ 70│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
9.Quantock Hills P. │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
10.Hollingbury Hill P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
11.Edington Burtle P.M. │ — │ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 4│ — │
12.Woolmer Forest P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
13.West Buckland P. │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
14.Blackmoor M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
15.Fulbourn Common P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
16.Pant-y-maen M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
17.Wicken Fen F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
18.Corsbie Moss P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
19.Weymouth P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
20.Whittingham P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
21.Worth P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
22.Stoke Ferry M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
23.Brechin M.P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
24.Duddingston Loch M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
25.Point of Sleat P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
26.River Wandle P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
27.Tarves P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
28.Maentwrog P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
29.Bloody Pool M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
30.Broadward M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
│ FC│ P│ SC│ Ch│ G│ A│ H│ S│ K│
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
│RAZORS
│ │HALBERDS
│ │ │DAGGERS
│ │ │ │RAPIERS
│ │ │ │ │SWORDS
│ │ │ │ │ SCABBARDS
│ │ │ │ │ │ │TANGED SP.
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │SPEAR-HEADS
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │FERRULES
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
───────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
1.Arreton Down P.M. │ — │ 1│ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 9│ — │ 1│
2.Plymstock P.M. │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │
3.Battlefield M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
4.Postlingford Hall M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
5.Rhosnesney M.F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
6.Broxton P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │
7.Sherford M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │
8.Stibbard M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 10│ — │
9.Quantock Hills P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
10.Hollingbury Hill P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
11.Edington Burtle P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
12.Woolmer Forest P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
│TRUMPETS
│ │PINS
│ │ │TORQUES
│ │ │ │BRACELETS
│ │ │ │ │BUTTONS
│ │ │ │ │ │CLASPS
│ │ │ │ │ │ │RINGS
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │CALDRONS
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
1.Arreton Down P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
2.Plymstock P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
3.Battlefield M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
4.Postlingford Hall M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
5.Rhosnesney M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
6.Broxton P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
7.Sherford M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
8.Stibbard M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
9.Quantock Hills P. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
10.Hollingbury Hill P. │ — │ — │ 1│ 4│ — │ — │ 3│ — │
11.Edington Burtle P.M. │ — │ — │ 1│ 3│ — │ — │ 6│ — │
12.Woolmer Forest P. │ — │ — │ 2│ 4│ — │ — │ 2│ — │
13.West Buckland P. │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │
14.Blackmoor M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 3│ — │
15.Fulbourn Common P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
16.Pant-y-maen M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 3│ — │
17.Wicken Fen F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
18.Corsbie Moss P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
19.Weymouth P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
20.Whittingham P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
21.Worth P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
22.Stoke Ferry M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
23.Brechin M.P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
24.Duddingston Loch M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
25.Point of Sleat P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
26.River Wandle P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
27.Tarves P. │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
28.Maentwrog P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
29.Bloody Pool M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
30.Broadward M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │
│ Tr│ P│ T│ Br│ Bu│ Cl│ R│ C│
│MISCELLAN.
│ │MOULDS
│ │ │JETS
│ │ │ │METAL
│ │ │ │ │
────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
1.Arreton Down P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
2.Plymstock P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
3.Battlefield M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │
4.Postlingford Hall M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
5.Rhosnesney M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
6.Broxton P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
7.Sherford M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
8.Stibbard M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
9.Quantock Hills P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
10.Hollingbury Hill P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
11.Edington Burtle P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
12.Woolmer Forest P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
13.West Buckland P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
14.Blackmoor M.F. │ 2│ — │ — │ — │
15.Fulbourn Common P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │
16.Pant-y-maen M.F. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │
17.Wicken Fen F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │
18.Corsbie Moss P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
19.Weymouth P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
20.Whittingham P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
21.Worth P. │ 1│ — │ — │ — │
22.Stoke Ferry M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
23.Brechin M.P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
24.Duddingston Loch M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │
25.Point of Sleat P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
26.River Wandle P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
27.Tarves P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
28.Maentwrog P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
29.Bloody Pool M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
30.Broadward M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │
│ Mi│ Mo│ J│ M│
LIST II.
│FLANGED CTS.
│ │PALSTAVES
│ │ │SOCK. CELTS
│ │ │ │CHISELS
│ │ │ │ │GOUGES
│ │ │ │ │ │AWLS
│ │ │ │ │ │ │HAMMERS
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │SICKLES
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │KNIVES
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
31. Mawgan P.M. │ — │ 1│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
32. Wallington M. │ — │ 8│ 7│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
33. Nottingham M.F. │ — │ 1│ 16│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│
34. Nettleham M. │ — │ 4│ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
35. Haxey ? │ — │ 1│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
36. Ambleside P.M. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
37. Bilton M.F. │ — │ — │ 6│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
38. Alnwick Castle M.? │ — │ — │ 41│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
39. Flixborough M.F. │ — │ — │ 7│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
40. Shenstone P.M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
41. Wrekin Tenement F.M. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
42. Llandysilio P.M. │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│
43. Dunbar P. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
44. Little Wenlock M.F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
45. Winmarleigh P.? │ — │ — │ 5│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
46. Newark M. │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
47. Hagbourn Hill M.P. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
48. Ty Mawr P. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
49. Wedmore P. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
50. Wymington M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
51. Reepham M. │ — │ — │ 31│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
52. Yattendon F. │ 1│ 3│ 2│ 3│ 6│ — │ — │ — │ 5│
53. Taunton M.? │ — │ 12│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 2│ — │
54. Beacon Hill P.? │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │
55. Ebnall M.? │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │
56. Exning M.? │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│
57. Melbourn P.? │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│
58. Stanhope F.? │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │
59. Thorndon P. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 1│ 1│ 1│ — │ 1│
60. Wallingford P. │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│
61. Whittlesea P.M. │ — │ — │ 4│ 2│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │
62. Barrington P. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │
63. Porkington P. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │
64. Trillick P. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │
65. Bo Island P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│
66. Llangwyllog P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
67. Meldreth F. │ — │ 2│ 25│ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│
68. Hounslow F. │ 1│_x_│_x_│ — │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ 1│
69. Hundred of Hoo F. │ — │ 4│ 16│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│
70. Guilsfield F. │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │
71. Stogursey F. │ — │ 2│_x_│ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 2│
72. Chrishall F.M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│
73. Romford F. │ — │_x_│_x_│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
74. Cumberlow F. │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
75. Beachy Head F. │ — │ 3│ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
76. Oxford F.? │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│
77. Westow F. │ — │ 1│ 47│ 3│ 6│ — │ — │ — │ 1│
78. Carlton Rode F.M. │ — │_x_│_x_│_x_│ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │
79. Kenidjack Cliff F. │ — │ 1│ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
80. Helsdon Hall F. │ — │ 1│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
81. Worthing F. │ — │ 29│ 12│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
82. Reach Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ 11│ 2│ 3│ — │ 1│ — │ 5│
83. Haynes Hill F. │ — │ — │ 21│ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │
84. Allhallows F. │ — │ — │ 9│ 1│ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 1│
85. St. Hilary F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
86. Alderney F.M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│_x_│
87. Kingston Hill F. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
88. Sittingbourne F. │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │
89. Martlesham F. │ — │ — │ 17│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│
90. Lanant F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
91. West Halton F. │ — │ — │ 17│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
92. Burwell Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
93. Marden F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│
94. Kensington F. │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 2│
95. Roseberry Topping F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │_x_│ — │_x_│ — │ — │
96. Danesbury F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
97. Earsley Common F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
98. High Roding F.M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
99. Panfield F.? │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
100. Westwick Row F. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
101. Achtertyre P. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
102. Dowris M.F. │ — │ — │ 31│ — │ 3│ — │_x_│ — │_x_│
103. Hotham Carr F.? │ — │ 7│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
104. Beddington F. │ — │ — │ 6│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │
105. Harty F. │ — │ — │ 14│ — │ 2│ — │ 2│ — │ 2│
106. Heathery Burn F. │ — │ — │_x_│ 2│ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │
107. Wickham Park F. │ — │ 1│ 6│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│
108. Wilmington F. │ — │ 13│ 17│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│
109. Cleveland F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │
110. Eaton F. │ — │ — │ 11│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
│ FC│ P │ SC│ Ch│ G│ A│ H│ S│ K│
│RAZORS
│ │HALBERDS
│ │ │DAGGERS
│ │ │ │RAPIERS
│ │ │ │ │SWORDS
│ │ │ │ │ SCABBARDS
│ │ │ │ │ │ │TANGED SP.
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │SPEAR-HEADS
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │FERRULES
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
31. Mawgan P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
32. Wallington M. │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 4│ 1│
33. Nottingham M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ — │ — │ 4│ 1│
34. Nettleham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ 1│
35. Haxey ? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
36. Ambleside P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 2│ — │ — │ 1│ — │
37. Bilton M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ 7│ — │
38. Alnwick Castle M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 20│ — │ — │ 16│ — │
39. Flixborough M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 2│ — │
40. Shenstone P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 72│ — │ — │_x_│ — │
41. Wrekin Tenement F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ — │
42. Llandysilio P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │
43. Dunbar P. │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
44. Little Wenlock M.F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │
45. Winmarleigh P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │
46. Newark M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ — │
47. Hagbourn Hill M.P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │
48. Ty Mawr P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │
49. Wedmore P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
50. Wymington M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
51. Reepham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
52. Yattendon F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 4│ 1│ — │ 28│ — │
53. Taunton M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │
54. Beacon Hill P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │
55. Ebnall M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │
56. Exning M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │
57. Melbourn P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │
58. Stanhope F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 5│ 1│
59. Thorndon P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │
60. Wallingford P. │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
61. Whittlesea P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │
62. Barrington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
63. Porkington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │
64. Trillick P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
65. Bo Island P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 4│ — │
66. Llangwyllog P. │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
67. Meldreth F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 9│ — │ — │ 3│ — │
68. Hounslow F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ — │
69. Hundred of Hoo F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 2│ — │
70. Guilsfield F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ 16│ — │ 7│ 12│
71. Stogursey F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 1│ — │ 13│ — │
72. Chrishall F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │
73. Romford F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ 1│ — │
74. Cumberlow F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │
75. Beachy Head F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │
76. Oxford F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │
77. Westow F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
78. Carlton Rode F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
79. Kenidjack Cliff F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
80. Helsdon Hall F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
81. Worthing F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
82. Reach Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ 1│ — │ 7│ — │
83. Haynes Hill F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │_x_│ 1│ — │ 8│ — │
84. Allhallows F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ — │ 1│ — │
85. St. Hilary F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ — │
86. Alderney F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ — │
87. Kingston Hill F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 1│ — │
88. Sittingbourne F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │
89. Martlesham F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │
90. Lanant F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │
91. West Halton F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │
92. Burwell Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │
93. Marden F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
94. Kensington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
95. Roseberry Topping F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
96. Danesbury F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
97. Earsley Common F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
98. High Roding F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
99. Panfield F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
100. Westwick Row F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
101. Achtertyre P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │
102. Dowris M.F. │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ 27│ — │
103. Hotham Carr F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
104. Beddington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 2│ 1│
105. Harty F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
106. Heathery Burn F. │ 3│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ — │ 8│
107. Wickham Park F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 1│ 1│
108. Wilmington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
109. Cleveland F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
110. Eaton F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │
│ R│ H│ D│ R│ S│ Sc│ TS│ Sp│ F│
│TRUMPETS
│ │PINS
│ │ │TORQUES
│ │ │ │BRACELETS
│ │ │ │ │BUTTONS
│ │ │ │ │ │CLASPS
│ │ │ │ │ │ │RINGS
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │CALDRONS
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
31. Mawgan P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
32. Wallington M. │ — │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │
33. Nottingham M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
34. Nettleham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
35. Haxey ? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
36. Ambleside P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
37. Bilton M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
38. Alnwick Castle M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
39. Flixborough M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
40. Shenstone P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
41. Wrekin Tenement F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
42. Llandysilio P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
43. Dunbar P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
44. Little Wenlock M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
45. Winmarleigh P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
46. Newark M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
47. Hagbourn Hill M.P. │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
48. Ty Mawr P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │
49. Wedmore P. │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
50. Wymington M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
51. Reepham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
52. Yattendon F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
53. Taunton M.? │ — │ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │
54. Beacon Hill P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
55. Ebnall M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
56. Exning M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
57. Melbourn P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ — │
58. Stanhope F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
59. Thorndon P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
60. Wallingford P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
61. Whittlesea P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
62. Barrington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
63. Porkington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
64. Trillick P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 8│ — │
65. Bo Island P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
66. Llangwyllog P. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 2│ — │_x_│ — │
67. Meldreth F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│
68. Hounslow F. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
69. Hundred of Hoo F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
70. Guilsfield F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
71. Stogursey F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
72. Chrishall F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
73. Romford F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
74. Cumberlow F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
75. Beachy Head F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
76. Oxford F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
77. Westow F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │
78. Carlton Rode F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
79. Kenidjack Cliff F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
80. Helsdon Hall F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
81. Worthing F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
82. Reach Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ 2│_x_│ — │
83. Haynes Hill F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │
84. Allhallows F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
85. St. Hilary F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
86. Alderney F.M. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │
87. Kingston Hill F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
88. Sittingbourne F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ — │
89. Martlesham F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
90. Lanant F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
91. West Halton F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
92. Burwell Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │
93. Marden F. │ — │ 4│ — │ 2│ — │ — │ 6│ — │
94. Kensington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │
95. Roseberry Topping F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │
96. Danesbury F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
97. Earsley Common F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
98. High Roding F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
99. Panfield F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
100. Westwick Row F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
101. Achtertyre P. │ — │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │
102. Dowris M.F. │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
103. Hotham Carr F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
104. Beddington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
105. Harty F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
106. Heathery Burn F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 4│ 2│ — │_x_│
107. Wickham Park F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
108. Wilmington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
109. Cleveland F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
110. Eaton F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │
│ Tr│ P│ T│ Br│ Bu│ Cl│ R│ C│
│MISCELLAN.
│ │MOULDS
│ │ │JETS
│ │ │ │METAL
│ │ │ │ │
────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
31. Mawgan P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
32. Wallington M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
33. Nottingham M.F. │ 2│ — │ — │ — │
34. Nettleham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
35. Haxey ? │ — │ — │ — │ — │
36. Ambleside P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
37. Bilton M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
38. Alnwick Castle M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │
39. Flixborough M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
40. Shenstone P.M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │
41. Wrekin Tenement F.M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │
42. Llandysilio P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
43. Dunbar P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
44. Little Wenlock M.F. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │
45. Winmarleigh P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │
46. Newark M. │ 2│ — │ — │ — │
47. Hagbourn Hill M.P. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │
48. Ty Mawr P. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │
49. Wedmore P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
50. Wymington M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
51. Reepham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
52. Yattendon F. │ 5│ — │ — │ — │
53. Taunton M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │
54. Beacon Hill P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │
55. Ebnall M.? │ 2│ — │ — │ — │
56. Exning M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │
57. Melbourn P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │
58. Stanhope F.? │ 2│ — │ — │ — │
59. Thorndon P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
60. Wallingford P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
61. Whittlesea P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
62. Barrington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
63. Porkington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
64. Trillick P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
65. Bo Island P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │
66. Llangwyllog P. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │
67. Meldreth F. │ 1│ — │ — │ 15│
68. Hounslow F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │
69. Hundred of Hoo F. │ 2│ — │ — │ 10│
70. Guilsfield F. │_x_│ — │ — │ 1│
71. Stogursey F. │ — │ — │ 15│_x_│
72. Chrishall F.M. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
73. Romford F. │ — │ — │_x_│_x_│
74. Cumberlow F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
75. Beachy Head F. │ — │ — │ — │ 3│
76. Oxford F.? │ — │ — │ — │ 1│
77. Westow F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │
78. Carlton Rode F.M. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
79. Kenidjack Cliff F. │ — │ — │ 1│_x_│
80. Helsdon Hall F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
81. Worthing F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
82. Reach Fen F.M. │ 3│ — │ — │ 1│
83. Haynes Hill F. │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│
84. Allhallows F. │ — │ — │ — │ 9│
85. St. Hilary F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
86. Alderney F.M. │ — │ — │_x_│_x_│
87. Kingston Hill F. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│
88. Sittingbourne F. │ — │ — │ — │ 30│
89. Martlesham F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
90. Lanant F. │ — │ — │ 1│_x_│
91. West Halton F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
92. Burwell Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│
93. Marden F. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │
94. Kensington F. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │
95. Roseberry Topping F. │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│
96. Danesbury F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
97. Earsley Common F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
98. High Roding F.M. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
99. Panfield F.? │ — │ — │ — │_x_│
100. Westwick Row F. │ — │ — │ — │ 6│
101. Achtertyre P. │ — │ — │ — │ 4│
102. Dowris M.F. │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│
103. Hotham Carr F.? │ — │ 1│ — │ — │
104. Beddington F. │ — │ 1│ — │ 3│
105. Harty F. │ 6│ 3½│ — │ 2│
106. Heathery Burn F. │_x_│ 1│ 1│ 1│
107. Wickham Park F. │ — │ 1│ 1│_x_│
108. Wilmington F. │ — │ 1│ — │_x_│
109. Cleveland F. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │
110. Eaton F. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │
│ Mi│ Mo│ J│ M│
LISTS OF HOARDS.
LIST I.
Locality. │ Remarks. │ Reference.
│ │
1. Arreton Down, │Flanged celts, some │_Arch._, vol.
Isle of Wight. │ ornamented, tanged │ xxxvi. p. 326.
│ spear-heads, ferrule│
│ to one, halberd? │
│ one socketed dagger.│
│ │
2. Plymstock, Devon. │Flanged celts, │_Arch. Journ._,
│ straight chisel. │ vol. xxvi. p. 346;
│ │ _Trans. Devon.
│ │ Assoc._, vol. iv.
│ │ p. 304.
│ │
3. Battlefield, │Mostly melted. Flat │_Proc. Soc. Ant._,
Shrewsbury. │ celts, palstaves, │ 2nd S., vol. ii.
│ curved objects. │ p.251.
│ │
4. Postlingford Hall,│Flanged celts, some │_Arch._, vol. xxxi.
Clare, Suffolk. │ ornamented. │ p. 496;
│ │_Proc. Soc. Ant._,
│ │ vol. i. p. 83.
│ │
5. Rhosnesney, │Palstaves, all from │_Arch. Camb._, 4th S.,
Wrexham, │ one mould; castings │ vol. vi. p. 72.
Denbigshire. │ for a dagger and │
│ for flanged celts │
│ of narrow form. │
│ │
6. Broxton, Cheshire.│Tanged chisel; │_Penes_ Sir P. de M. G.
│ socketed spear-head.│ Egerton, F.R.S.
│ │
7. Sherford, Taunton,│One palstave, a │Pring, “British and
Somerset. │ defective casting. │ Roman Taunton,”
│ │ p. 76.
│ │
8. Stibbard, near │Castings for small │_Arch. Inst._,
Fakenham, │ palstaves and │ Norwich vol. p. xxvi.
Norfolk. │ spear-heads. │
│ │
9. Quantock Hills, │Each palstave laid │_Arch._, vol. xiv.
Somerset. │ within a torque. │ p. 94.
│ │
10. Hollingbury Hill,│Palstave laid within a│_Arch. Journ._, vol.
Brighton, Sussex.│ torque, bracelets │ v. p. 323; _Arch._,
│ around. │ vol. xxix. p. 372, &c.
│ │
11. Edington Burtle, │One casting for a flat│_Som. Arch. and Nat.
Somerset. │ sickle; ribbed │ Hist. Proc._, vol. v.
│ bracelet and ring. │ (1854) pt. ii. p. 91.
│ │
12. Woolmer Forest, │There appears some │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._,
Hants. │ doubt about the │ vol. vi. p. 88;
│ small torques. │ Bateman’s Catal., p.
│ │ 22.
│ │
13. West Buckland, │Two-looped palstave. │_Arch. Journ._, vol.
Somerset. │ │ xxxvii. p. 107.
│ │
14. Blackmoor, Hants. │Fragments of swords │White’s “Selborne,”
│ and sheaths, large │ Bell’s ed., 1877,
│ and small │ vol. ii. p. 381.
│ spear-heads │
│ │
15. Fulbourn Common, │Swords broken, │_Arch._, vol. xix.
Cambs. │ leaf-shaped │ p. 56.
│ spear-heads, │
│ broad-ended │
│ ferrules. │
│ │
16. Pant-y-maen, │Swords and leaf-shaped│_Arch. Camb._, 3rd S.,
Cardiganshire. │ spear-heads, broken │ vol. x. p. 221.
│ or damaged. │
│ │
17. Wicken Fen, Cambs.│Nearly all │In British Museum.
│ fragmentary; │
│ fragments perhaps of│
│ two swords. │
│ │
18. Corsbie Moss, │Sword perfect. │_Proc. Soc. Ant._,
Legerwood, │ │ vol. iii. p. 121.
Berwickshire. │ │
│ │
19. Weymouth, Dorset. │Both sword and │_Penes Auct._
│ spear-head nearly │
│ perfect. │
│ │
20. Thrunton Farm, │Spear-heads, │_Proc. Soc. Ant._,
Whittingham, │ leaf-shaped, and │ 2nd S., vol. v.
Northumberland.│ with lunate │ p. 429.
│ openings; all. │
│ objects unbroken │
│ │
21. Worth, Washfield, │Sword and leaf-shaped │_Arch. Journ._, vol.
Devon. │ spear-heads, │ xxiv. p. 120.
│ perfect. │
│ │
22. Stoke Ferry, │Swords and │_Aenes Auct._;
Norfolk. │ leaf-shaped │ _Proc. Soc. Ant._,
│ spear-heads broken, │ 2nd S., vol. v.
│ halberd. │ p.425.
│ │
23. Brechin, │Swords, &c., │_Arch. Journ._,
Forfarshire. │ unbroken. │ vol. xiii. p. 203;
│ │ _Proc. Soc. Ant.
│ │ Scot._, vol. i. pp.
│ │ 181 and 224.
│ │
24. Duddingston Loch, │Swords, spear-heads, │_Proc. Soc. Ant..
Edinburgh. │ &c., in fragments; │ Scot._, vol. i p. 132;
│ caldron. │ Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of
│ │ Scot.,” vol. i.
│ │ p. 348.
│ │
25. Point of Sleat, │Sword, spear-head, │_Proc. Soc. Ant.
Isle of Skye. │ and pin, perfect. │ Scot._, vol. iii.
│ │ p. 102.
│ │
26. River Wandle, │All objects nearly │_Arch. Journ._,
Surrey. │ perfect. │ vol. ix. p. 7.
│ │
27. Tarves, │Objects mostly │_Horæ ferales_, p. 161.
Aberdeenshire. │ perfect. │ p. 365.
│ │
28. Cwm Moch, │Objects unbroken; │_Arch._, vol. xvi.
Maentwrog, │ loops at base of │
Merionethshire. │ blade of spear-head.│
│ │
29. Bloody Pool, South│Spear-heads mostly │_Arch. Journ._, vol.
Brent, Devon. │ barbed; all objects │ xii. p.84; xviii.
│ broken. │ p. 160.
│ │
30. Broadward, │Spear-heads, │_Arch. Camb._,
Leintwardine, │ leaf-shaped, with │ 4th S., vol. iii.
Herefordshire. │ perforations in │ p. 345; iv. 202.
│ blade, and barbed. │
LIST II.
│ │
31. Mawgan, Cornwall. │Rapier in high │_Arch._, vol. xvii.,
│ preservation. │ p. 337.
│ │
32. Wallington, │ │In Sir C. Trevelyan’s
Northumberland. │ │ Collection.
│ │
33. Nottingham. │Fragments of swords, │_Proc. Soc. Ant._,
│ and possibly of │ 2nd S., vol. i.
│ scabbard-tip. │ p. 332.
│ │
34. Nettleham, │Socketed celts of │_Arch. Journ._,
Lincolnshire. │ peculiar types. │ vol. xviii.p. 159.
│ │
35. Haxey, │ │_Penes_ Canon
Lincolnshire. │ │ Greenwell, F.R.S.
│ │
36. Ambleside, │Swords described as │_Arch._, vol. v. p. 115.
Westmoreland. │ broad-swords, and │
│ sharp-pointed │
│ swords. │
│ │
37. Bilton, Yorkshire.│Swords broken, one │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._,
│ spear-head │ vol. v. p. 349.
│ ornamented. │
│ │
38. Alnwick Castle, │Found in 1726. │_Arch._, vol. v. p. 113.
Northumberland. │ │
│ │
39. Flixborough, │Sword broken. Possibly│_Arch. Journ._,
Lincolnshire. │ palstaves. │ vol. xxix. p. 194.
│ │
40. Greensborough │Swords apparently │_Arch._, vol. xxi.
Farm, Shenstone, │ perfect. │ p. 548.
Staffordshire. │ │
│ │
41. Wrekin Tenement, │One celt, a few │_Arch._, vol. xxvi.
Shrewsbury. │ swords, about 150 │ p. 464.
│ spear-heads and │
│ fragments. │
│ │
42. Llandysilio, │ See p. 119. │_Penes_ Canon Greenwell,
Denbighshir │ │ F.R.S.
│ │
43. Dunbar, │ Uninjured. │_Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._,
Haddingtonshire. │ │ vol. x. p. 440.
│ │
44. Little Wenlock, │Spear-heads mostly │Hartshorne, “Salop.
Shropshire. │ broken, whetstones │ Ant.,”p. 96; _Arch.
│ with them. Possibly │ Journ._,vol. viii.
│ thesame hoard as │ p. 197.
│ No. 41. │
│ │
45. Winmarleigh, │One spear-head, large,│_Arch. Journ._,
Garstang, │ and with lunate │ vol. xviii. p. 158.
Lancashire. │ openings; all found │
│ in “a cist or box.” │
│ │
46. Near Newark, │Two large discs in │_Penes_ Canon Greenwell,
Nottinghamshire. │ hoard. │ F.R.S.
│ │
47. Hagbourn Hill, │Bridle-bits and late │_Arch._, vol. xvi.
Berks. │ Celtic buckles, said│ p. 348.
│ to have been found; │
│ coins also? │
│ │
48. Ty Mawr, Holyhead.│Said to have been │_Arch._, vol. xxvi.
│ found ina box. │ p. 483.
│ │
49. Heath House, │Amber beads found at │_Arch. Journ._,
Wedmore, Somerset.│ same time; possibly │ vol. vi. p. 81.
│ palstaves and not │
│ socketed celts. │
│ │
50. Wymington, Beds. │About sixty celts │Specimens _penes Auct._
│ found. │
│ │
51. Reepham, Norfolk. │ Found about 1747. │_Arch._, vol. v. p. 114.
│ │
52. Yattendon, Berks. │Swords in fragments, │_Proc. Soc. Ant._,
│ tanged chisels and │ 2nd S., vol. vii.
│ knives, two socketed│ p. 480.
│ _flat_ celt knives, │
│ much worn. │
│ │
53. Taunton, Somerset.│Flat sickles, looped │_Arch. Journ._,
│ pin. │ vol. xxxvii. p. 94.
│ │
54. Beacon Hill, │Leaf-shaped │_Proc. Soc. Ant._,
Charnwood Forest, │ spear-heads. │ vol. iv. p. 323.
Leicestershire. │ │
│ │
55. Ebnall, Oswestry, │Two punches? │_Arch. Journ._,
Salop. │ │ vol. xxii. p. 167.
│ │
56. Exning, Suffolk. │Mostly perfect? │_Arch. Journ._,
│ │ vol. x. p. 3; vol.
│ │ ix., p. 303.
│ │
57. Melbourn, Cambs. │Sword broken, a clasp.│_Arch. Journ._, vol. xi.
│ │ p. 294.
│ │
58. Stanhope, Durham. │Leaf-shaped spears, │_Arch. Æliana_, vol. i.
│ fragmentof sword, │ p. 13.
│ broken hammer, &c. │
│ │
59. Thorndon, Suffolk.│All entire. │_Arch. Journ._,
│ Most of these are │ vol. x. p. 3.
│ figured on previous │
│ pages. │
│ │
60. Wallingford, │Entire; mostly here │_Penes Auct._
Berks. │ figured. │
│ │
61. Whittlesea, │Entire; one celt with │In Wisbech Museum.
Cambridgeshire. │ loop on face. │
│ │
62. Barrington, Cambs.│Perfect. │_Penes Auct._
│ │
63. Porkington, │Point broken off │_Arch. Journ._, vol.
Shropshire. │ sword. │ vii. p. 195.
│ │
64. Trillick, Tyrone. │Perfect; two rings │_Journ. Hist. and Arch.
│ with cross │ Assoc. of Irel._,
│ perforations for │ 3rd S., vol. i.
│ the pin. │ p. 164.
│ │
65. Bo Island, │Sword and hammer │_Penes Auct._
Fermanagh. │ broken. │
│ │
66. Llangwyllog, │Connected with the │_Arch. Journ._,
Anglesea. │ other hoards by the │ vol. xxii. p. 74.
│ razor and buttons. │
│ │
67. Meldreth, Cambs. │Most of the objects │In British Museum.
│ broken; │
│ socketedchisel, │
│ flat lunate knife │
│ with opening in │
│ middle, caldron │
│ ring. │
│ │
68. Hounslow, │One _flat_ celt, swords│_Proc. Soc. Ant._,
Middlesex. │ in fragments. │ 2nd S., vol. iii.
│ │ p. 90; vol. v. p. 428.
│ │
69. Hundred of Hoo, │Most of the objects │_Arch. Cant._, vol. xi.
Kent. │ broken. See p. 95. │ p. 123.
│ │
70. Guilsfield, │Objects for the most │_Proc. Soc. Ant._,
Montgomeryshire. │ part broken, │ 2nd S., vol. ii.
│ spear-heads with │ p. 251; _Arch. Camb._,
│ lunate openings. │ 3rd S., vol. x.
│ │ p. 214; _Montg.
│ │ Coll._, vol. iii.
│ │ p. 437.
│ │
71. Wick Park, │Swords broken, │_Proc. Soc. Ant._,
Stogursey, │ numerous fragments │ 2nd S., vol. v.
Somerset. │ of other forms. │ p. 427.
│ │
72. Chrishall, Essex. │Portion of socketed │Neville’s “Sep. Exp.,”
│ knife. │ p. 3.
│ │
73. Romford, Essex. │Swords broken, │_Arch. Journ._,
│ socketed chisel, │ vol. ix. p. 302.
│ celts not trimmed. │
│ │
74. Cumberlow, │Swords in fragments. │_Journ. Anth. Inst._,
Baldock, Herts. │ │ vol. vi. p. 195.
│ │
75. Beachy Head, │Fragment of sword, │_Arch._, vol. xvi.
Eastbourne, │ four gold bracelets.│ p. 363.
Sussex. │ │
│ │
76. Burgesses’ Meadow,│An ingot 9¾ inches │In Ashmolean Museum.
Oxford. │ long. │
│ │
77. Westow, Yorkshire.│Seventeen fragments │_Arch. Journ._, vol.
│ included among the │ vi. p. 381; _Arch.
│ celts; one chisel │ Assoc. Journ._,
│ socketed, two │ vol. iii. p. 58.
│ tanged. │
│ │
78. Carlton Rode, │One tanged gouge, │Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,”
Norfolk. │ tanged and socketed │ vol. i. 105; _Arch.
│ chisels. │ Journ._, vol. ii.
│ │ 80; _Arch. Assoc.
│ │ Journ._, vol. i.
│ │ p. 51; _Arch._, vol.
│ │ xxxi. p. 494.
│ │
79. Kenidjack Cliff, │Large oval jet. │_Journ. Roy. Inst. of
Cornwall. │ │ Corn._, No. xxi.
│ │
80. Helsdon Hall, │Found before 1759. │_Arch._, vol. v. p. 116.
Norfolk. │ │
│ │
81. Worthing, Sussex. │Found in an earthern │Specimens _penes Auct._
│ vessel. │
│ │
82. Reach Fen, Cambs. │Fragments of swords │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._,
│ and many broken │ vol. xxxvi., p. 56.
│ objects. │
│ │
83. Haynes Hill, │Objects nearly all │_Arch. Journ._,
Saltwood, Kent. │ broken. │ vol. xxx. p. 279;
│ │ _Journ. Anth. Inst._,
│ │ vol. iii. p. 230.
│ │
84. Allhallows, Hoo, │Objects mostly broken,│_Arch. Cant._, vol. xi.
Kent. │ flat knife. See │ p. 124.
│ p. 214. │
│ │
85. St. Hilary, │Swords in fragments; │_Arch._, vol. xv.
Cornwall. │ weight altogether │ p. 120.
│ about 80 lbs. │
│ │
86. Longy Common, │Socketed sickle, │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._,
Alderney. │ objects mostly │ vol. iii. p. 9.
│ broken. │
│ │
87. Kingston Hill, │Objects all │_Arch. Journ._,
Coombe, Surrey. │ fragmentary. │ vol. xxvi. p. 288.
│ │
88. Sittingbourne, │In two urns; broken │Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,”
Kent. │ sword and rings in │ vol. i. p. 101; _Arch.
│ one urn, celts, &c.,│ Journ._, vol. ii.
│ in the other. │ p. 81.
│ │
89. Martlesham, │Fragments of swords, │_Penes_ Capt. Brooke.
Suffolk. │ socketed knife. │
│ │
90. Lanant, Cornwall. │Fragments of swords; │_Arch._, vol. xv.
│ pieces of │ p. 118.
│ │
91. West Halton, │Fragment of sword. │_Arch. Journ._,
Lincolnshire. │ │ vol. x. p. 69.
│ │
92. Burwell Fen, │The ring penannular │_Penes Auct._
Cambs. │ and of triangular │
│ section. │
│ │
93. Marden, Kent. │Found in an earthen │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._,
│ vessel, mostly │ vol. xiv. p. 257.
│ broken. │
│ │
94. Kensington, │Knives broken. │_Proc. Soc. Ant._,
Middlesex. │ │ 2nd S., vol. iii.
│ │ p. 232.
│ │
95. Roseberry Topping,│Mostly broken. │_Arch. Æliana_,
Yorkshire. │ │ vol. ii. p. 213;
│ │ _Arch. Scotica_,
│ │ vol. v. p. 55.
│ │
96. Danesbury, Welwyn,│Mostly imperfect. │_Arch. Journ._,
Herts. │ │ vol. x. p. 248.
│ │
97. Earsley Common, │Nearly 100 celts found│_Arch._, vol. v. p. 114.
Yorkshire. │ in 1735. │
│ │
98. High Roding, │Some figured in │In British Museum.
Essex. │ previous pages. │
│ │
99. Panfield, Essex. │Possibly other forms │_Proc. Soc. Ant._,
│ found at same time. │ 2nd S., vol. v.
│ │ p. 428.
│ │
100. Westwick Row, │One celt broken. │_Penes Auct._
Hemel Hempsted, │ │
Herts. │ │
│ │
101. Achtertyre, │With tin. See p. 425. │_Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._,
Morayshire. │ │ vol. ix. p. 435.
│ │
102. Dowris, │With caldrons, │Wilde, “Catal. Mus.
Parsonstown, │ trumpets, bells, &c.│ R. I. A.,” pp. 360,
King’s County. │ See p. 361. │ 613, 626; _Proc. R. I.
│ │ Ac._, vol. iv.
│ │ pp. 237, 423.
│ │
103. Hotham Carr, │Palstaves almost all │_Penes_ Canon Greenwell,
Yorkshire. │ damaged. │ F.R.S.
│ │
104. Beddington, │Many fragments, mould │_Surrey Arch. Soc.
Surrey. │ broken. │ Coll._, vol. vi.;
│ │ Anderson’s “Croydon,”
│ │ p. 10.
│ │
105. Isle of Harty, │See p. 441. │_Penes Auct._
Kent. │ │
│ │
106. Heathery Burn │Socketed knife, large │_Arch. Journ._,
Cave, Durham. │ collars and discs. │ vol. xix. p. 358;
│ See p. 119, &c. │ _Proc. Soc. Ant._,
│ │ 2nd S., vol. ii.
│ │ p. 127.
│ │
107. Wickham Park, │Mould broken, other │Anderson’s “Croydon,” p.
Croydon, Surrey.│ objects mostly │ 10; British Museum.
│ fragmentary; list │
│ partly compiled from│
│ Anderson, and partly│
│ from originals. │
│ │
108. Wilmington, │In an urn, mostly │_Suss. Arch. Coll._,
Sussex. │ broken or worn. │ vol. xiv. p. 171;
│ │ _Arch. Journ._, vol.
│ │ xx. p. 192; _Proc.
│ │ Soc. Ant._, 2nd S.,
│ │ vol. v. p. 423.
│ │
109. Cleveland, │Said to be in the │_Arch. Journ._,
Yorkshire. │ Bateman Collection. │ vol. xviii. p. 166.
│ Possibly the same │
│ hoard as No. 95. │
│ │
110. Eaton, Norfolk. │Spear-heads apparently│_Arch._, vol. xxii.
│ broken. │ p. 424; _Arch.
│ │ Journ._, vol. vi.
│ │ p. 387; _Arch. Inst._,
│ │ Norwich vol. p. xxvi.
Turning now to the lists, the following observations may be made,
though they must be accepted as liable to revision under the light of
future discoveries:—
1. That flat celts and knife-daggers, such as have been frequently
found in barrows, rarely occur in hoards, only two instances being
recorded of the occurrence of flat celts.
2. That flanged celts and palstaves are occasionally found together,
while the latter are frequently associated with socketed celts.
3. That socketed weapons are of rare occurrence in association with
flanged celts, though a socketed dagger and a ferrule for a tanged
spear-head or dagger were present in the Arreton Down hoard.
4. That such tanged spear-heads or daggers are never found in company
with socketed celts.
5. That torques are more frequently associated with palstaves than with
socketed celts, and are mainly confined to our western counties.
6. That there are several instances of swords and scabbards, and
spear-heads and ferrules being found together without either palstaves
or socketed celts being with them.
7. That swords, or their fragments, are not found with flanged celts.
8. That socketed celts are often found with swords and spear-heads, or
with the latter alone.
9. That socketed celts are often accompanied by gouges, and somewhat
less frequently by hammers and chisels, though even where such tools
occur, spear-heads are generally present.
10. That caldrons, or the rings belonging to them, have been discovered
with socketed celts, both in England and Ireland.
11. That where metal moulds are found in hoards they are usually those
for socketed celts.
12. That where lumps of copper or rough metal occur in hoards, socketed
celts are, as a rule, found with them.
* * * * *
The general inferences are much the same as have already been indicated
in former chapters, viz., that two of the earliest forms of bronze
weapons discovered in the British Isles are the flat and the slightly
flanged celts, and the thin knife-daggers. That these are succeeded by
the more distinctly flanged celts, and the tanged spear-heads, with
which probably some of the thick dagger-blades found in barrows are
contemporary. That subsequently the celts with a stop-ridge and the
palstave form came in and remained in use to the close of the Bronze
Period, though to a great extent supplanted by the socketed celt which,
as has already been shown, was probably evolved from one of the forms
of the palstave; and it may here be remarked that flanged celts with
a stop-ridge seem rarely, if ever, to occur in the hoards. That the
socketed chisels, gouges, hammers, and knives are contemporary with
the socketed celts, as are also socketed spear-heads and swords. That
hoards in which palstaves only, and not socketed celts, are present
rarely belonged to ancient bronze-founders; but that the deposits which
these artificers have left behind them almost all denote a period when
the art of coring, and thereby producing socketed tools and weapons,
was already well known.
From this latter circumstance, and the comparative abundance of
bronze-founders’ hoards, it may reasonably be inferred that in this
country they belong for the most part to the close of the Bronze
Period. To how recent a date bronze remained in use for cutting
purposes is a question difficult of accurate solution. There are,
indeed, two instances in which socketed celts are reported to have been
discovered in company with ancient British coins, but in neither case
is the evidence altogether satisfactory. Two uninscribed silver coins,
of the type of my Plate F, No. 2[1753], are stated to have been found
with a human skeleton and a bronze celt at Cann, near Shaftesbury, in
1849; but I believe that this statement would, if it were now capable
of being sifted, resolve itself into the fact of the two coins, the
celt, and some bones having been found near together by the same
workman, without their being actually in association together. The
type of the coins, though probably among the earliest in the British
silver series, is one which was derived from gold coins struck some
considerable time after the introduction of a gold coinage into this
country, and probably belongs to the first century B.C. If such coins
were in contemporary use with socketed celts, it is strange that none
of the gold coins of earlier date have ever been found associated with
bronze instruments.
It is true that in the account given in the Archæologia[1754] of the
antiquities discovered on Hagbourn Hill, Berks., it is stated that at
the bottom of a pit about four feet from the surface of the ground
was a further circular excavation, in which, together with bronze
bridle-bits and buckles of Late Celtic patterns, were socketed celts,
and a spear-head of bronze, and, in addition, some coins. These,
however, were not seen by the writer of the account, but he was
informed “that one of them was silver and the other gold, the latter
of which was rather large and flat, and perhaps one of the lower
empire.” Looking at the Late Celtic character of some of the objects
it seems possible that Ancient British coins might have been found
with them; but, on the other hand, it is evident that the particulars
given of the find were all derived from the workmen who dug up the
objects, and not from personal observation; and it is possible that
not only were the coins described not actually found with the bronze
celts and spear-heads, but that these latter were not discovered in
actual association with the Late Celtic bridle-bits. I have, however,
provisionally accepted the account of their being found together,
relying to some extent on the Abergele[1755] hoard, in which some
buckles allied in form to those from Hagbourn Hill were present,
associated with slides such as have been elsewhere found with socketed
celts.
Whatever may be the real state of the case in these discoveries, there
is every probability of a transition having gradually taken place in
this country, from the employment of bronze for cutting tools and
weapons of offence to the use of iron or steel for such instruments; in
other words, from a Bronze Age to an Iron Age, such as that to which
the term “Late Celtic” has been applied.
That this transition must have been effected, at all events in the
South of Britain, prior to the Roman invasion, is shown, as has already
been pointed out, by the circumstance that the Early Iron swords found
in France belong in all probability to a period not later than the
fourth or fifth century B.C., while the southern parts of Britain had,
long before Cæsar’s time, been peopled by Belgic immigrants, who either
brought the knowledge of iron with them or must have received it after
their arrival from their kinsmen on the continent, with whom they
were in constant intercourse. In the more northern parts of Britain
and in Scotland an acquaintance with iron was probably first made at
a somewhat more recent period; but in the Late Celtic interments in
Yorkshire no coins are present, and the iron and other objects found
exhibit no traces of Roman influence. Moreover, the Roman historians,
who have recorded many of the manners and customs of the northern
Britons, do not in any way hint at their weapons being formed of bronze.
In Ireland, perhaps, which was less accessible from the continent than
Britain, the introduction of iron may have taken place considerably
after the time when it was known in the sister country; but there
appears to have been a sufficient intercourse between Scotland and the
north of Ireland at an early period for the knowledge of so useful a
metal, when once gained, to have been quickly communicated from one
country to the other.
On the whole I think we may fairly conclude that in the southern parts
of Britain iron must have been in use not later than the fourth or
fifth century B.C., and that by the second or third century B.C. the
employment of bronze for cutting instruments had there practically
ceased. These dates are of course approximate only, but will at all
events serve to give some idea of the latest date to which bronze
weapons and tools found in England may with some degree of safety be
assigned.
As to the time at which such weapons and tools were here first in
use, we have even less means of judging than we have as to when they
fell into desuetude. It is, however, evident that the Bronze Period
of the British Isles must have extended over a long period of years,
probably embracing many centuries. The numerous bronze-founders’
hoards, containing fragments of tools and weapons of so many various
forms, testify to the art of bronze-founding having been practised
for a lengthened period; and yet in all of these the socketed celt
occurs, or some other socketed instruments, which we know to have been
contemporary with it, are present. It is true that the socketed celt
was not originally developed in this country, but was introduced from
abroad; and, as has already been pointed out, was derived from a form
of palstave which is of rare occurrence in Britain. Yet the length of
time requisite for the modification of the flat form of celt to that
with flanges, of this latter again to that with the flanges produced
into wings, and finally the transition into the palstave with the wings
hammered over so as to form sockets on each side of the blade, must
itself have been of very great duration.[1756] The development of the
forms of palstave common to Britain and the opposite shores of the
Continent must also have demanded a long lapse of years, and most of
the stages in its evolution can be traced in this country. We have the
flat celt, the flanged celt, and the flanged celt with a stop-ridge;
and we can trace the modification of form from one stage to another
until the characteristic palstave is reached, in which the stop-ridge
is as it were formed in the actual body of the blade. And it is to
be observed that this form of palstave had already been developed at
the time represented by the earliest of the ordinary bronze-founders’
hoards, in which, moreover, the flanged celts, either with or without a
stop-ridge, are hardly ever present.
The Bronze Age of Britain may, therefore, be regarded as an aggregate
of three stages: the first, that characterized by the flat or slightly
flanged celts, and the knife-daggers frequently found in barrows
associated with instruments and weapons formed of stone; the second,
that characterized by the more heavy dagger-blades and the flanged
celts and tanged spear-heads or daggers, such as those from Arreton
Down; and the third, by palstaves and socketed celts and the many forms
of tools and weapons, of which fragments are so constantly present in
the hoards of the ancient bronze-founders. It is in this third stage
that the bronze sword and the true socketed spear-head first make their
advent. The number of these hoards, and the varieties in the forms of
these swords and spear-heads, as well as in the socketed celts and
other tools, would, I think, justify us in assigning a minimum duration
of some four or five centuries to this last stage. The other two stages
together must probably have extended over at least an equal lapse of
time; so that for the total duration of the Bronze Period in Britain we
cannot greatly err in attributing eight or ten centuries. This would
place the beginning of the Period some 1,200 or 1,400 years B.C.—a
date which in many respects would seem to fit in with what we know as
to the use of bronze in the southern parts of Europe.[1757]
Although I have thus attempted to assign a definite chronology to our
Bronze Age, I do so with all reserve, as any such attempt is founded
upon what are at best imperfect data, and each of the stages I have
mentioned may have been of far longer duration than I have suggested,
though it is not likely that any of them should have been materially
shorter.
There is, it must be acknowledged, the difficulty which I have
already mentioned, as to the absence of nearly all traces of the
later stages of the Bronze Period in the graves and barrows that have
been examined in Britain.[1758] The reason of this absence has still
to be discovered; but it may perhaps have been the case that during
this time the method or fashion of interring the dead underwent some
change, and the practice of placing weapons and ornaments with the
bodies of departed friends and relatives fell into disuse. Among the
bronze-using occupants of the Yorkshire Wolds, whose burial-places
have been explored by Canon Greenwell, the interments by inhumation
were much in excess over those which took place after cremation,
but in other parts of England the proportions are reversed. Out of
fourteen instances[1759] in which bronze articles were associated with
an interment, it was only in two that the body had been burnt; or
taking the whole number of burials, viz. 301 by inhumation and 78 after
cremation, bronze articles were found with 4 per cent. of the burials
of the former kind and only 2½ per cent. with those of the latter. This
seems to point to a tendency towards departing from the old custom of
burying weapons with the dead for use in a future life. And, indeed, if
the custom of burning the dead became general, the inducement to place
such objects among mere dust and ashes would be but small. An urn or
a small recess in the ground would suffice to contain the mightiest
warrior, and his weapons would be out of place beside the little
calcined heap which was left by the purifying fire. Even the practice
of raising mounds or barrows over the interments may have ceased, and
“when the funeral pyre was out and the last valediction over, men took
a lasting adieu of their interred friends.”
It has been suggested that the absence of the later bronze forms with
interments is due to a superstitious reverence for the older forms,
so that the habit of burying the flat wedge-shaped axe[1760] and the
dagger with the dead continued down to the later Age of Bronze; but I
cannot accept this view.
In Scandinavia[1761] interments with which bronze swords and other
weapons are associated, have frequently been discovered; and in some
instances in which coffins, hollowed out in trunks of trees, have
been used, even the clothing has been preserved. In this country
also coffins of the same kind have occasionally been discovered, but
the bronze objects which have been placed in them are of the same
character as those which are found in the barrows of the district,
and never comprise socketed weapons or swords. Stone weapons are also
occasionally present. Remains of clothing made of skins and of woven
woollen fabric have also been found. The best-known instance of the
discovery of the latter was in a barrow at Scale House,[1762] near
Rylston, Yorkshire, examined by Canon Greenwell, who has recorded other
instances of these tree-burials. Neither bronze nor stone were in this
instance present.
It is not, however, my intention to dilate upon the burial customs of
our Bronze Age, as they have already been so fully discussed by Canon
Greenwell, Dr. Thurnam, Sir John Lubbock, and others.
It will now be desirable to say something as to the sources from which
the use of bronze in this country was derived, though on this subject
also much has already been written.
The four principal views held by different authors have thus been
summarized by Colonel A. Lane Fox, now General Pitt Rivers:—[1763]
1. That bronze was spread from a common centre by an intruding and
conquering race, or by the migration of tribes.
2. That the inhabitants of each separate region in which bronze is
known to have been used discovered the art independently, and made
their own implements of it.
3. That the art was discovered and the implements fabricated on one
spot, and the implements disseminated from that place by means of
commerce.
4. That the art of making bronze was diffused from a common centre, but
that the implements were constructed in the countries in which they
were found.
For a full discussion of these hypotheses I must refer the reader to
General Pitt Rivers’ Paper, but I shall here make use of some of the
information which he has collected, premising that in my opinion there
is a certain amount of truth embodied in each of these opinions.
The first view, of an intruding and conquering race having introduced
the use of bronze into their country, has been held by most of the
Scandinavian antiquaries, and Professor Boyd Dawkins seems to regard
a Celtic invasion and conquest of the Iberic peoples in Britain as
having been the means by which the knowledge of bronze was extended
from Gaul to these islands. The osteological evidence in favour of the
bronze-using Britons having as a rule been of a different race from the
stone-using people of our Neolithic times is strongly corroborative
of such a view; as is also the change which is to be noted in the
burial customs of the two periods. Such an immigration or conquest
must, however, have taken place at a very early period if we accept
Sir John Lubbock’s[1764] view, that between B.C. 1500 and B.C. 1200
the Phœnicians were already acquainted with the mineral fields of
Britain, a period at which it must not be forgotten the use of bronze
had long been known in Egypt. Although it is true that at present we
have no satisfactory proof of any Phœnician influence on the people of
our Bronze Age, yet if at so early a period there was an export of tin
from this country, the search for that metal and the means employed for
its production would almost of necessity tend to an acquaintance with
copper also, even supposing, what is improbable, that those who traded
for tin in order to manufacture bronze with it kept the knowledge of
this latter alloy from those with whom they had commercial relations,
or that the natives of Britain were not already acquainted with more
metals than tin when the trade first began. But to this subject I shall
recur. It may be observed by the way that the date assigned for this
Phœnician intercourse corresponds in a remarkable manner with the date
assigned for the earliest instances of the use of bronze in Britain,
which was suggested on other grounds.
The second view of the independent discovery of bronze in different
regions has little or nothing to support it so far as the different
countries of Europe are concerned, though there is a possibility that
the discovery of copper and of the method of alloying it with tin, so
as to produce bronze, may have been made independently in America. But
it may even there be the case that the knowledge of bronze was imported
from Asia.[1765] In Europe, however, when once the use of the metal was
known, there were certain types of weapons and implements developed
in different countries which in a certain sense may be regarded as
instances of independent discoveries.
The third view, that the art was discovered at some single spot at
which subsequently implements were manufactured and disseminated by
commerce must, at least to a limited extent, be true. Wherever the
discovery of bronze may have been made, there is ample evidence of its
use having spread over the greater part of Europe if not of Asia; and
at first the spread of bronze weapons and tools was in all probability
by commerce. Even subsequently there were local centres, such as
Etruria, from which the manufactured products were exported into
neighbouring countries, as well as to those lying to the north of the
Alps. Some even of the bronze vases found in Ireland, though themselves
not of Etruscan manufacture, bear marks of Etruscan influences in their
form and character. In each country in Europe there may have been one
or more localities in which the manufacture of bronze objects was
principally carried on, though it may now be impossible to identify
the spots. Such large hoards of unfinished castings as those of Plénée
Jugon, and other places in Brittany, prove that district, for instance,
to have been at one time a kind of manufacturing centre. Indeed, a
socketed celt of Breton type, unused, and still retaining the burnt
clay core, has been found on our southern coast.
The process of casting, as practised by the ancient bronze-founders,
was, moreover, one requiring a great amount of skill; and though there
appear to have been wandering founders, who, like the bell-founders
of mediæval times, could practise their art at any spot where their
services were required, yet there were probably fixed foundries also,
where the process of manufacture could be more economically carried
on, and where successive generations passed through some sort of
apprenticeship to learn the art and mystery of the trade.
The fourth opinion, that the use of bronze spread from some single
centre, though implements were manufactured in greater or less
abundance in each country where the use of bronze prevailed, is one
that must commend itself to all archæologists. It does not, of course,
follow that in any given district the bronze tools and weapons were
all of home manufacture, and none of them imported. There is, on the
contrary, evidence to be found in most countries that some, at least,
of the bronze instruments found there are of foreign manufacture, and
introduced either by commerce or by the foreign travel of individuals.
Where the original centre was placed, from which the European use
of bronze was propagated, is an enigma still under discussion, and
one which will not readily be solved. Appearances at present seem to
point to its having been situate in Western Asia;[1766] but the whole
question of the origin and development of the Bronze civilisation has
been so recently discussed by my friend Professor Boyd Dawkins, in his
“Early Man in Britain,” that it appears needless here to repeat the
opinions of which he has given so good an abstract. Suffice it to say,
that it has been proposed to regard the bronze antiquities of Europe as
belonging generally to three provinces,[1767] the boundaries of which,
however, cannot be very accurately defined. These provinces are—the
Uralian, comprising Russia, Siberia, and Finland; the Danubian, which
consists of the Hungarian, Scandinavian, and Britannic sub-divisions
or regions; and the Mediterranean, composed of the Italo-Greek and
Franco-Swiss sub-divisions.
I must confess that I do not attach such high importance to this
classification as at first sight it would seem to merit; for on a close
examination it appears to me to involve several serious incongruities.
Take, for instance, the Danubian province, and it will be found
that the differences in type of bronze instruments belonging to the
Hungarian region, when compared with those of the British, are on the
whole greater than the difference presented when they are compared with
the types of the Italian region, which, however, is made to belong to
another province. There is, moreover, a difficulty in synchronizing the
antiquities belonging to different provinces or regions, so as to be
sure that any comparisons between them are of real value. Taking, for
example, the Uralian province, it will at once be seen that though in
Finland some Scandinavian types occur, such as swords and palstaves,
yet the great majority of the bronze antiquities belonging to it, so
far as at present known, consist of socketed celts, often with two
loops; of daggers, with their hafts cast in one piece with the blade;
and of perforated axes, sometimes with the representations of the heads
of animals; in fact, of objects which evidently belong to a very late
stage in the evolution of bronze, and which, as Mr. Worsaae has pointed
out, not improbably show traces of Chinese influence. Such objects can
hardly be satisfactorily compared with those of a province in which
the whole development of bronze instruments, from the flat celt and
small knife, to the socketed celt and the skilfully cast spear-head and
sword, can be traced.
All things considered, I think it will be better and safer to content
ourselves for the present with less extensive provinces; and, so far
as these are concerned, the sub-divisions already enumerated may be
accepted, and are quite sufficiently large, if, indeed, they are not
too extensive. In the Britannic province, a part of France is included
by M. Chantre, and there are certainly close analogies between many of
the types of the south of England and those of the north and north-west
of France. For the purpose of the present work, though accepting
M. Chantre’s boundary in the main, I shall, however, restrict the
Britannic province to the British Isles.
On a general examination of our British types it is satisfactory to
see how complete a series of links in the chain of development of the
bronze industry is here to be found, though many of them bear undoubted
marks of foreign influence, and prove that though some of the types
were of native growth, yet that others were originally imported. On
general grounds, I have assigned an antiquity of 1,200 or 1,400 years
B.C. to the introduction of the use of bronze into this country, but it
is a question whether this antiquity will meet all the necessities of
the case; for we can hardly imagine the Phœnicians, or those who traded
with them, landing in Britain and spontaneously discovering tin. On the
contrary, it must have been from a knowledge that the inhabitants of
Britain were already producers of this valuable metal that the commerce
with them originated; and the probable reason that tin was sought for
by the native Britons was in order to mix it with copper, a metal which
occurs native in the same district as the tin. If, therefore, the
Phœnician intercourse, direct or indirect, commenced about 1500 B.C.,
the knowledge of the use of tin, and probably also of copper, dates
back in Britain to a still earlier epoch.
A comparison of the various British types of tools and weapons with
those of Continental countries has been frequently instituted in the
preceding pages, but it will be well here to recapitulate some of the
principal facts. We have in Britain the flat form of celt in some
abundance, though none of the specimens exhibit traces of being direct
imitations of hatchets formed of stone, as would probably have been
the case in any country where the use of metal for such instruments
originated. And yet many of our British flat celts exhibit a certain
degree of originality, inasmuch as they are decorated with hammer-
or punch-marks in a manner peculiar to this country, and others in a
fashion but rarely seen abroad. We can trace the development of the
flanged celt from the flat variety, through specimens with almost
imperceptible flanges, the result merely of hammering the sides, to
those with the flanges produced in the casting. At the same time, the
flanges are never so fully developed as in some of the French examples.
The development of a stop-ridge between the flanges, which eventually
culminated in the ordinary palstave form, can probably be better
observed in the British series than in that of any other country. At
the same time, the origin of the other form of palstave—that without
a definite stop-ridge, and with semicircular wings bent over so as to
form a kind of side-pocket—can best be traced on the Continent, and
especially in the south of France. It was from this form of palstave
that the socketed celt was developed, and although this development
seems to have taken place abroad, possibly in Western Germany, the form
was introduced into Britain at an early period of its existence, as is
proved by the semicircular projections and curved “flanches” so common
on the faces of the socketed celts of this country.
Our knife-daggers may originally have been of foreign introduction,
but evidently belong to a time when metal was scarce, and like the
flat and slightly-flanged celts have often been found associated with
stone implements. The dagger-blades of stouter make, which seem to
have succeeded them, show analogies with French, Italian, and German
examples; but similar blades, with a tang such as those from the
Arreton Down hoard, seem to be almost peculiar to Britain. The fact,
however, that the socketed blade found with them has its analogues both
in Switzerland and Egypt suggests the probability of the tanged form
being also of foreign, and possibly Mediterranean origin; indeed, a
specimen is reported to have been found in Italy.
Our halberd blades with the three rivets are nearly allied to those of
northern Germany; and the type appears never to be found in France,
though I have met with a solitary example in Southern Spain, and the
form is not unknown in Italy, there being one from the province of
Mantua in the British Museum. Socketed chisels, hammers, and gouges
were probably derived from a foreign source; but tanged chisels, though
not absolutely wanting in the North of France, are more abundant in
the British Isles than elsewhere. Long narrow chisels with tangs were,
however, present in the great Bologna hoard.
Bronze socketed sickles are almost peculiar to the British Isles,
though they have occasionally been found in the North of France.
The flat form, from which they must have been developed, is of rare
occurrence, though not unknown in Britain. Its origin is to be sought
in the South of Europe, though the British examples more closely
resemble German and Danish forms than those of any other country.
Tanged single-edged knives are almost unknown in our islands, though
so abundant in the Swiss Lake-dwellings and in the South of France.
Double-edged knives with a socket are, however, almost peculiar to
Britain and Ireland, though they are found in small numbers in the
North of France. The tanged razor may also be regarded as one of
our specialities, though not unknown in Italy. Most of the foreign
varieties have a ring for suspension at the end of the tang, a
peculiarity almost unknown in Britain.
Bronze swords, no doubt, originated on the Continent; and as such long
thin blades required great skill in casting, it seems probable that
their manufacture was to some extent localized at particular spots,
and that they formed an important article of commerce. The same type
has been discovered in countries wide apart, and many of those found
in Scandinavia are now regarded as being of foreign origin. Still
there are some British types which are rarely or never found abroad,
and the discovery of moulds proves conclusively that both leaf-shaped
and rapier-shaped blades were cast in these islands. The latter kind
of blades are, indeed, almost exclusively confined to Britain and the
north of France. Bronze scabbard-ends, as distinct from mere chapes,
seem also to be confined to the same tract of country.
When we turn to the spear-heads of these islands we find that though
the leaf-shaped form prevails over the greater part of Europe, yet that
those with loops at the side of the socket and with loops at the base
of the blade are common in the British Isles, while they are extremely
rare in France, and almost unknown elsewhere. The same may be said of
the type with the small eyelet-holes in the blade, and of those with
barbs. Those with crescent-shaped openings in the blades are also
almost unknown elsewhere, though one example has been found in Russia.
Our bronze shields with numerous concentric rings are also specially
British.
Among ornaments formed of bronze, there are few, if any, that we can
claim as our own. Our torques seem more nearly connected with those of
the Rhine district than of any other part of Europe. Our bracelets,
which are not common, hardly present any special peculiarities, and
brooches we have none.
Our spheroidal caldrons seem to be of native type, but with them are
vases which almost undoubtedly show an Etruscan influence in their
origin.
We have here then, I think, sufficient proof that Britain, though not
unaffected by foreign influences, and in fact deriving many of the
types of its tools and weapons from foreign sources, was, nevertheless,
a local centre in which the Bronze civilisation received a special
and high development; and where, had extraneous influences been
entirely absent after the time when the knowledge of Bronze was first
introduced, the evolution of forms would probably have differed in
but few particulars from that which is now exhibited by the prevailing
types found in this country.
If we compare these British types with those of the other regions which
together make up the so-called Danubian province, we shall at once be
struck, not by the analogies presented, but by the marked difference in
the general _facies_.
Taking Scandinavia to begin with, and Mr. Worsaae’s types as giving
the characteristics of that region, what do we find? The perforated
axe-hammers and axes of bronze are here entirely wanting; the tanged
swords and the majority of those with decorated hilts are also
unknown. There is hardly a type of dagger common to this country
and Scandinavia. The saws, knives, and razors are of quite another
character, but there is a resemblance in the sickles to a rare British
type. The flat and flanged celts of the two regions are of nearly the
same kind, and in one rare instance there is a similar decoration on a
reputedly Danish and on an Irish celt. The palstaves, however, are of
an entirely different character, with the exception of the form with
semicircular wings, which is not essentially British. The socketed
celts are nearly all unlike those of this country; and though the
leaf-shaped spear-heads present close analogies, the looped and eyed
kinds are absent. The shields are of a different character from ours.
The _tutuli_ and diadems are here unknown. There is but one form of
torque common to this country and Denmark. Brooches, combs, and small
hanging vases are never met with in Britain; and the spiral, whether
formed of wire or engraved as an ornament, is conspicuous by its
absence.
If we take the Hungarian region, we are driven to much the same
conclusions. The perforated axes and pick-axes, principally formed of
copper, the semicircular sickles, the spiral ornaments, the swords
with engraved hilts of bronze, and several forms of minor importance
are absent in Britain, while the socketed celts and the majority of
the palstaves are of markedly different types, though that with the
semicircular wings hammered over is of common occurrence in Hungary.
In Northern Germany the types of bronze may be regarded as intermediate
between those of Hungary and Scandinavia, though in some few respects
presenting closer analogies with those of Britain, with which, as will
subsequently be seen, there may have been some commercial intercourse.
The connection between British and German types is, however, but small,
and on the whole I think that the evidence here brought forward is
sufficient to prove that the British Isles can hardly be properly
classified as forming part of any Danubian province of bronze.
The connection between France and Britain during the Bronze Period
cannot be denied, and in many respects there is an identity of
character between the bronze antiquities of the North of France and
those of the South of England. The North of France cannot, however,
at any time since the first discovery of bronze, have been absolutely
shut out from all communication with the South and East. The East must
always have been affected by the habits of those who occupied what is
now Western Germany; and the South can hardly have been exempt from the
influence of Italy, if not, indeed, of other Mediterranean countries. I
am inclined to think that these external influences acted also on the
bronze industry of Britain, not so much directly as indirectly, and
that some of the types in this country may be traced to an Italian or
German origin as readily as to a French.
It is, I think, a fact that as close a resemblance in type, so far as
regards our earliest bronze instruments, may be found among Italian
examples as among French. Many of the slightly flanged celts of Italy
can hardly be distinguished from those of Britain, except by the faces
of the latter being more frequently decorated; and there is also a
great similarity between the dagger-blades of the two countries. In
the later forms, such as palstaves and socketed celts, the difference
between British and Italian examples is sufficiently striking. May
it not be the case that at the time when first the commerce between
Britain and the Mediterranean countries originated, always assuming
that such a commerce took place, the flanged celt was the most advanced
type of hatchet known by those who came hither to trade, and the
palstave and socketed form were subsequently developed? At a later
period it was the German influence that was felt in Britain, rather
than the Italian, for our socketed celts appear, as already stated,
to have had the cradle of their family in Western Germany; and the
few flat sickles that have been found in Britain, as well as the more
numerous torques, show a closer connection in type with those of
Germany than with those of France or any other country. Whether this
introduction of what appear to be North German types can in any way
be attributed to commercial relations between the two countries, and
especially to a trade in amber, is worth consideration. The abundance
of amber ornaments in some of the graves of our Bronze Period shows how
much that substance was in use. At the same time, the eastern shores
of England might have furnished it in sufficient quantity to supply the
demand, without having recourse to foreign sources. I have known amber
thrown up on the beach so far south as Deal.
A curious feature in the comparison of the later bronze antiquities of
Britain and those of France, is the marked absence of many of the forms
which abound in the remains of the Lake-dwellings of Savoy, as well
as in those of Switzerland. A glance through “Rabut’s Album”[1768] or
“Keller’s Lake-dwellings,” will at once show how few of the specimens
there figured could pass as having been discovered in the British
Isles. The large proportion of ornaments to tools and weapons is also
striking. There is, indeed, as M. Chantre has pointed out, a closer
connection between the bronze antiquities of the South of France and
those of Switzerland and Northern Italy, than with those of Northern
France.
Even the character of the ornaments is in many cases essentially
different. The hollowed form of bronze bracelet, made from a thin plate
bent in such a manner as to show a semicircular section, is entirely
wanting in Britain, and is very rarely found in the North of France.
Enough has, however, now been said in favour of regarding Britain
as one of those centres into which a knowledge of the use of bronze
was introduced at a comparatively early date, and where a special
development of the bronze industry arose, extending over a lengthened
period, and modified from time to time by foreign influences. On the
transition from bronze to iron, it is not necessary here further to
enlarge. I have, in treating of the different forms of tools and
weapons, pointed out those which I considered to belong to the close of
the Bronze Period; and it is probable that these forms for some time
continued in use, side by side with those made of the more serviceable
metal, iron, which ultimately drove bronze from the field, except for
ornamental purposes or for those uses for which a fusible metal was
best adapted. It seems probable that, as was the case in Mediterranean
countries, some of the socketed weapons, such as spear-heads, which
were more easily cast than forged, may for some time have been made
of bronze in preference to iron; but at present our knowledge of any
transitional period is slight, and this question would be best treated
of in a work on the Late Celtic or Early Iron Period of Britain.
Among the ornaments in use in this country during the Bronze Period,
are some, the history of which, if it could be traced, might throw
light upon the foreign intercourse of that time, for glass and ivory
were probably not of native production.[1769] Glass beads have
occasionally been found in barrows of the Bronze Age, nearly always
in our southern counties, and with burnt interments. They are usually
small tubes of opaque glass of a light blue or green colour, with
the outer surface divided into rounded segments, so as to give the
appearance of a number of spheroidal beads side by side. I am not aware
of any having been discovered with interments of the Bronze Age on the
Continent, but it seems probable that such beads have been found, and
they may eventually assist in marking out the lines of ancient commerce
with this country. A few larger beads, with spiral serpent-like
ornaments upon them, have likewise been found; but these, also, I am
unable to compare with any Continental examples. The finding of glass,
however, in tombs belonging to the early portion of our Bronze Age is
suggestive of some method of intercourse, direct or indirect, with
Mediterranean countries. The small quoit-like pendants, formed of a
greenish vitrified material, which have been found in Sussex[1770]
with burnt interments of the Bronze Age, closely resemble Egyptian
porcelain, and their presence in this country corroborates this
suggestion.
The discovery of beads made in sets like those of glass, of a bracelet,
buttons, pins, and hooks, all, in Dr. Thurnam’s opinion, formed of
ivory, gives indications in the same direction; for though billiard
balls have been manufactured from Scottish mammoth ivory of the
Pleistocene Period, the fossil tusks found in Britain are, as a rule,
too much decomposed to be any longer of service, and in this respect
differ materially from the fossil mammoth tusks of Siberia, which still
furnish so much of our table cutlery with handles.
For the jet and amber ornaments of the Bronze Period we have not, of
necessity, to go so far afield as for glass. Abundance of jet is to be
obtained in our own country, and the usual type of jet necklace,[1771]
with a series of flat plates, seems to be essentially British. Some of
the amber plates found at Hallstatt are, however, of the same form,
and perforated in the same manner, so that possibly these jet necklaces
may have been made in imitation of foreign prototypes in amber. How
far the amber ornaments of the Bronze Period in Britain were of native
production we have no good means of judging; but the circumstance just
mentioned is suggestive of Hallstatt and Britain having been supplied
from a common source, which may have been on the shores of the Baltic.
On the other hand, our amber ornaments differ, as a rule, from those of
Scandinavia, and, as already remarked, our eastern coast would furnish
an ample supply of the raw material without seeking it abroad. It must,
however, be remembered that some of the forms of our bronze instruments
show traces of German influence, and that in Strabo’s time both amber
and ivory were among the articles exported from Celtic Gaul to Britain.
The remarkable amber cup from the Hove barrow, near Brighton, I have
described elsewhere.[1772]
It remains for me to say a few words as to the general condition
of the inhabitants of Britain during the Bronze Age; but on this
subject, apart from the light thrown upon it by the tools, weapons,
and ornaments which I have been describing, and by the contents of
the graves of the period, we have in this country but little to guide
us. Such a complete insight into the material civilisation of the
period as that afforded by the Lake-dwellings of Switzerland, Savoy,
and Northern Italy is nowhere vouchsafed to us in Britain. The Irish
crannoges, which, in many respects, present close analogies with the
pile-buildings, have remained in use until mediæval times, and in no
instance has the destruction of a settlement by fire contributed to
preserve for the instruction of future ages the household goods of the
population. The nearest approach to a Lake-dwelling in England is that
examined in Barton Mere,[1773] Suffolk, where, however, the results
were comparatively meagre. A single spear-head was found, apparently
of the type of Fig. 406, and the remains of various animals used for
food, including the urus and the hare, which latter in Cæsar’s time the
Britons did not eat.
The information to be gained from the burial customs and the contents
of the graves has already been gathered by the late Dr. Thurnam and
by Canon Greenwell, as well as by other antiquaries, and I cannot do
better than refer to the forty-third volume of the “Archæologia,” and
to “British Barrows.”[1774] I may, however, shortly depict some of
the principal features of the external conditions of the bronze-using
population of these islands, taken as a whole, for no doubt the customs
and condition of the people were by no means uniform throughout the
whole extent of the country at any given moment of time.
As to their dwellings, we seem to have no positive information, but
they probably were of much the same character as those of the Swiss
Lake population, except that for the most part they were placed upon
the dry land, and not on platforms above the water. Their clothing was
sometimes of skins, sometimes of woollen cloth, and probably of linen
also, as they were acquainted with the arts of spinning and weaving.
Of domesticated animals they possessed the dog, ox, sheep, goat, pig,
and finally the horse. They hunted the red deer, the roe, the wild
boar, the hare, and possibly some other animals. For the chase and for
warfare their arrows were tipped with flint, and not with bronze: and
some other stone instruments, such as scrapers, remained in use until
the end of the period. At the beginning, as has already often been
stated, the axe, the knife-dagger, and the awl were the only articles
of bronze in use. For obtaining fire, a nodule of pyrites and a flake
of flint sufficed. Some cereals were cultivated, as is shown by the
bronze sickles. Pottery they had of various forms, some apparently
made expressly for sepulchral purposes; but they were unacquainted
with the potter’s wheel. Some vessels of amber and shale, turned in
the lathe, may have been imported from abroad. Ornaments were worn in
less profusion than in Switzerland; but the torque for the neck, the
bracelet, the ear-ring, the pin for the dress and for the hair, were
all in use, though brooches were unknown. Necklaces, or gorgets, formed
of amber, jet, and bone beads were not uncommon; and the ornaments
of glass and ivory, such as those lately mentioned, were probably
obtained by foreign commerce. Gold, also, was often used for decorating
the person, though coins, and apparently even the metal silver, were
unknown. They appear to have been accomplished workers and carvers of
wood and horn, and there were among them artificers who inlaid wood and
amber with minute gold pins almost or quite as skilfully as the French
workmen of the last century, who wrought on tortoise-shell. In casting
and hammering out bronze they attained consummate skill, and their
spear-heads and wrought shields could not be surpassed at the present
day. The general equipment of the warrior in the shape of swords,
daggers, halberds, spears, &c., and the tools of the workman, such
as hatchets, chisels, gouges, hammers, &c., have, however, all been
dealt with at large in previous pages. They contrast with the arms and
instruments of the preceding Neolithic Age more by their greater degree
of perfection than by their absolute number and variety. The material
progress from one stage of civilisation to the other was no doubt
great, but the interval between the two does not approach that which
exists between Palæolithic man of the old River-drifts and Neolithic
man of the present configuration of the surface of Western Europe.
So far as the general interest attaching to the Bronze Period is
concerned, it may readily be conceded that it falls short of that with
which either of the two stages of the Stone Period which preceded it
must be regarded. The existence of numerous tribes of men who are, or
were until lately, in the same stage of culture as the occupants of
Europe during the Neolithic Age, affords various points of comparison
between ancient and modern savages which are of the highest interest,
while there exists at the present day not a single community in which
the phases of the Bronze culture can be observed. The Palæolithic Age
has, moreover, a charm of mysterious eld attaching to it as connected
with the antiquity of the human race which is peculiarly its own.
The Bronze Age, nevertheless, from its close propinquity to the period
of written history, is of the highest importance to those who would
trace back the course of human progress to its earliest phases; and
though in this country many of the minute details of the picture
cannot be filled in, yet, taken as a whole, the broad lines of the
development of this stage of civilisation may be as well traced in
Britain as in any other country. It has been a pleasure to me to gather
the information on which this work is based; and I close these pages
with the consolatory thought that, dry as may be their contents, they
may prove of some value as a hoard of collected facts for other seekers
after truth.
FINIS.
GENERAL INDEX.
A
Achilles, shield of, 12;
spear of, 18, 242
Addua, Gauls defeated on the, 374
_Æs importatum_, 414, 419;
_signatum_, 422
Æschylus quoted, 11
Æsculapius, temple of, 18
Æstii, the, iron scarce among, 19
Æthiopians, bronze rare among, 17
African axe of iron, 149;
ironworkers, 181;
swords, 306;
trumpet, 359
Agamemnon, breast-plate of, 12
Agatharchides quoted, 8
Akerman, J. Y., F.S.A., cited, 391, 399
Alban necropolis, 341
Alcinous, walls of palace of, bronze-plated, 11
Algonquins, fusing of copper among the, 3
Alloys, various, of copper and tin, 22, 178, 265, 352, 415, 476
Amber, beads, 135, 189, 244, 366, 394, 487;
buttons or studs, 217;
cup with interment, 243, 486;
hilts or pommels, 228, 229;
ornaments, 373, 483, 485, 487;
trade in, 483, 486
American tomahawks, 162
Amulets, celts used as, 134
Analysis of metal of caldron, 412;
celts, 417, 421;
Indian celts, 40;
chisels, Mexican and Peruvian, 166;
shield, 346;
solder, 425;
trumpets, 360, 363;
various bronzes, 415 to 422
Anderson, Mr. Joseph, quoted, 239, 290
Anvils, 180 to 183, 375, 451
Ariantes, Scythian king, 318
Armillæ and Armlets. _See_ Bracelets
Arreton Down type of spear-head, 257, 480
Arrow-heads, 216, 318, 323;
flint, 39, 42, 167, 190, 223, 226, 236, 318, 391, 487
Arundelian marbles, 14
Aryan name for copper, 10
Asiatic origin of bronze, 2, 276, 420, 477
Assyrians, early use of iron among, 9;
wore penannular bracelets, 383
Asteropæus, breast-plate of, 13
Ausonius quoted, 29
Awls, 188 to 191;
double-pointed, 190;
tanged, 189, 190;
handled, 191;
with interments, 189, 190, 191, 225, 241, 319, 392, 457
Axes, 14, 41, 147 to 156, 161, 162;
African modern iron, 149;
ceremonial, 450;
Egyptian, 147;
Hungarian, 147, 161, 482;
clay mould for, 428;
of copper, 265;
perforated, 161, 478, 482;
stone, 190, 226
Axe-hammers, of stone, 217, 224, 225, 243
Axe-shaped socketed celts, 142
Aymara Indians, 148
Aymard, M., collection, 215
Aztec chisel, 166
B
Banks, Sir J., quoted, 34, 155
Banks, Rev. S., collection, 78, 133
Barnwell, Rev. E. L., quoted, 55, 77
Barthélemy, Abbé, quoted, 20
Bateman collection, _see_ Museums, Sheffield;
Mr., quoted, 42, 44, 151, 190, 225, 227, 228, 383, 390, 392, 393,
402, 409
Battle-axe of Menelaus, 14. _See_ Axes
Bayonet-like blades, 255, 256
Beads, 393;
agate, 383;
amber, 135, 189, 244, 366, 487;
bone, 487;
bronze, 381, 393;
dentalium shells, 394;
fluted, 381;
glass, 134, 366, 394, 485;
gold, 391, 394;
ivory, 485;
jet, 118, 158, 366, 394, 487;
joints of encrinite, 394;
penannular, 285, 391;
pottery, 366;
pulley-shaped, 381;
tin, 394;
with leaf-shaped projections, 381;
with spiral ornaments, 394, 485
Beck, Rev. James, F.S.A., collection, 60, 84, 87
Beck, Dr. L., quoted, 15
Beger quoted, 28, 29
Bell or rattle of bronze, 364
Bell collection in the Ant. Mus., Edinburgh, 105
Bell-metal, 416
Bells to ear-rings, 393
=ⲂⲈⲚⲒⲠⲈ=, its meaning, 7
Bertrand, M. Alexandre, quoted, 300, 413
Birch, Dr. S., F.S.A., quoted, 9, 147, 374
Birds on rod, 406
Blackett, Sir Edward, collection, 351
Blackmore Museum. _See_ Museums, Salisbury
Blades, bayonet-like, 255, 256;
curved, 264;
difficulty of determining character of, 258, 260;
lance-shaped, perforated, 213;
of dissimilar character, in the same interment, 241;
tanged, 211, 244
Blaeuw’s Atlas, 362
Bloxam, Mr. M. H., F.S.A., collection, 75, 179
Boars found at Hounslow, 406
Bodkin obsolete as weapon, 369
Bone, instruments of, 189, 285, 366;
of Horus, 8;
of Typhon, 6, 8;
plates for sword-hilt, 296;
pommels for dagger-hilts, 228;
rings, 51
Borlase, Dr., quoted, 30, 32, 439
Bourgeois, the Abbé, 160
Bouterolle. _See_ Chapes
Boynton, Mr. T., collection, 327
Bracelets, 381-388, 90, 96, 135, 136, 155, 198, 333, 377;
American, 383;
Assyrian, 383;
beaded, 385;
circular, 384;
gold, 94, 180, 209, 283, 285;
jet, 385;
Late Celtic, 385 to 388;
looped, 76, 368, 378, 384, 386, 387;
penannular, 381, 382;
Scottish, 388, 400;
with interments, 135, 385, 387
Bracer of chlorite slate, 223
Brackenridge, Rev. G. W., collection, 67
Brackstone, Mr., collection, 93, 131, 132
Braybrooke, Lord, collection, 211, 398, 403, 440
Brent, Mr. John, F.S.A., 88, 114
Bridle-bits, 144, 322, 368, 404, 405, 470
Bristles, possible early use of, 191
Britain, condition of its inhabitants in the Bronze Age, 486
Britannic province of bronze antiquities, 478
British types of instruments mostly indigenous, 24, 481
Britons, ancient, merely cut off the ears of corn, 202;
used iron before the Roman invasion, 19, 276, 354, 471, 472;
used no helmets in time of Severus, 355
Brixen, ancient inhabitants of, came from Etruria, 355
“Broad arrow” ornament on ring, 158
Bronze, analysis of, 22, 178, 265, 415 to 422;
Asiatic origin of, 2, 276, 420, 477;
bronze burning on to, 280, 293, 425;
cakes of, 423;
early value of, 17, 177, 204;
brittle when heated, 185, 409;
hardening of, 11, 12, 178, 415;
lumps of, _see_ Metal;
moulding of, 427 to 470;
survival of use of, 18, 22
Bronze-founders’ hoards, 24, 55, 94, 110, 113, 185, 361, 422, 423, 440
(_see_ Hoards);
classification of, 457, 459;
lists of principal, 460 to 468
Bronze Period, antiquities of, divided into provinces, 477;
chronology of, 455, 456, 472, 473;
condition of the inhabitants of Britain during the, 487;
succession of, to Stone Period, 9, 40;
succession of iron to, 16, 33, 274, 299, 300, 471
Brooches, 135;
Late Celtic, 400;
penannular, 304
Brooke, Capt., collection, 113, 206
Buckles, Late Celtic, 144, 368, 470;
penannular, 400
Bucklers, 303;
date of, 353;
not found with interments, 354;
Spanish, 354
“Bullæ,” 394
Burnishers, 22
Buttons, 400, 401;
annular, 290;
bone or ivory, 394;
gold, 394;
jet, 41, 225, 236;
polished shale, 230;
sandstone, 41
C
Cable-pattern, 48, 54, 140
Cæsar, Julius, quoted, 19, 354, 414;
time of, 19, 276, 354, 399, 419, 486
Caldrons, 409 to 413;
spheroidal, 481
Camden’s “Britannia” quoted, 31, 361
Canoe, rapier-blade found in, 250
Caprington horn, the, 362
Carelli quoted, 283
Carians armed with bronze, 8
_Carnyx_ on British coins, 363
Carter, Mr. James, collection, 80
Cassiterides identified with Britain, 419
Casting from hafted celt, 154;
from worn instruments, 117, 121, 442, 449
Castings, defective, 81, 114, 428, 448;
unfinished, 84, 90, 115, 175, 328
Catti, the, used iron, 19
Caylus, Count de, quoted, 20, 104
Cazalis de Fondouce, M., 223
“Celestial iron,” 7
Celts, as amulets, 134;
analysis of, 40, 417, 421;
casting, method of, 111, 443;
casting from ready mounted, 154;
casting from worn specimens, 117, 121, 442, 449;
classification of, 38;
conjectures as to, 31 to 37;
copper, 2, 39, 40, 43, 61, 145;
decoration of, 44 to 49, 52 to 54, 60 to 63, 102;
derivation of name, 27 to 29;
flint, 189, 190;
gold (?), 135;
gradation of types of, 35, 70, 76, 77, 95, 99, 108, 153, 456, 469,
479;
hafting of, 70, 146 to 164;
moulds for, 136, 143, 428, 429, 430, 442 to 450;
“recipient” and “received,” 32, 107, 456;
restored at edge by hammering, 83, 112, 446, 454;
shortened by wear, 83, 87, 112;
stone, 40, 150;
superstitious reverence for, 39;
supposed identity with German _framea_, 151;
tanged, included under chisels, 38;
tinned appearance of, 55, 56;
votive, 69, 135, 417;
with interments, 41, 42, 44, 47, 51, 134, 145, 150, 352
Celts, countries where found.—
Austria, 69, 131, 144, 157;
Belgium, 116;
Cambodia, 142;
China, 142;
Cyprus, 40;
Denmark, 40, 52, 54, 60, 69, 95, 134, 159, 163;
Egypt, 142, 147;
Etruria, 39, 132, 156;
France, 43, 52, 54, 55, 77, 109, 110, 115, 119, 121, 122, 129, 131,
142, 144, 152;
Gaul, 115, 116;
Brittany, 117, 124, 419, 445, 477;
Savoy Lake-dwellings, 131;
Germany, 43, 52, 77, 109, 112, 116, 133, 142, 144;
Greece, 69, 160;
Holland, 77, 109, 133, 152;
Hungary, 40, 43, 110;
India, 2, 40;
Italy, 104, 132, 142, 143, 155, 157, 160;
Java, 142;
Jutland, 30;
Mexico, 43;
Portugal, 143;
Russia, 143;
Siberia, 131, 143;
Spain, 43;
Sweden, 52, 129, 143
Celts, flat.—
English, 39 to 48;
Scottish, 55 to 59;
Irish, 39, 45, 61 to 65;
copper, 39, 40, 43, 61;
decorated, 44, 49, 58, 59, 62 to 65, 69, 453;
double-ended, 69;
doubly tapering, 44, 49, 69;
earliest in date, 39, 107, 149, 469;
iron, 157;
largest found in Britain, 57;
moulds for, 430, 428, 438;
perforated, 160
Celts, flanged.—
English, 48 to 55;
Scottish, 59 to 61;
Irish, 66 to 68;
castings for, 55;
decorated, 48, 53, 54, 58 to 61, 66 to 69;
doubly tapering, 68, 69;
perforated, 59;
roughening blade of, 67;
with “flanches” on face, 60;
with stop-ridge, 68, 69, 73, 74, 479
Celts, socketed.—
English, 107-135, 87, 93, 94, 95;
Scottish, 135 to 137, 143;
Irish, 137 to 142;
apparently of German origin, 483;
axe-shaped, 142;
castings for, 86;
clay cores left in, 115, 116, 186, 445;
of copper, 145;
“flanches” on, 60, 107 to 111, 131, 480;
of iron, 116, 144, 157, 159, 163;
of lead, 445;
method of casting, 442;
moulds for, of bronze, 438 to 445;
moulds for, of burnt clay, 450;
moulds for, of stone, 432;
origin of, 107, 483;
rarely or never found with interments in Britain, 134;
with loop on face, 130;
with two loops, 142, 143;
without loops, 133, 142, 144;
with ribs inside socket, 109, 110, 111;
with ribs on face, 117, 127, 136, 137, 140
Celts, winged.—
English, 71 to 77;
Scottish, 97;
Irish, 99 to 102
Celts, trumpeters in army of, 363
Celtiberian method of preparing iron, 275
“_Celtis_,” Roman pronunciation of, 29
Census, method of taking, 318
Centres of manufacture, independent, 106, 143, 475
“Ceraunius,” 40
Cereals cultivated during the Stone Period, 194;
cultivated during the Bronze Period, 487.
_See_ Sickles
Cesnola, General di, 40
_Cetra_ in use in Spain and Mauretania, 354
Chabas, M., quoted, 6, 7
Chalybes, the, 17
Chantre, M. Ernest, quoted, 43, 55, 88, 109, 176, 183, 184, 202, 297,
358, 405, 478, 484;
his classification of hoards, 458
Chapes, 285, 305 to 307;
wooden, 302
Chariots of Early Iron Age, 389, 403
Chierici, Professor, quoted, 422
Chilian celt of copper, 145
China, steel imported to Rome from, 19
Chinese antiquarian work, 263;
halberd, 262;
influence, 478;
spear-heads, 329
Chisels, 165 to 173, 113, 148;
Aztec, 166;
celts used as, 38, 133, 146;
Egyptian, 8, 166;
flint, 165;
narrow, 259;
mould for, 449;
socketed, 171, 172;
from Swiss Lake-dwellings, 166;
tanged, 167 to 171, 315
Christy collection, 142
Chronos, sickle of, 15
Cicero’s facetious inquiry, 275
Cimbrians used iron, 19
“Cire perdue” method of casting, 427, 449
“Clachan nathaireach,” 394
Clasps, 396;
or slides, 308;
found with celts, 144;
gold, 139
Clerk, Baron, collection, 98, 214, 218
_Clipeus_ longer than _cetra_, 354
Coins, British, 118, 134, 181, 354, 363, 399, 470;
of Cunobeline, 181, 354;
of Dubnovellaunus, 181;
of Eppillus, 363;
of Hadrian, 117;
of gold and silver, 322;
Italian, 283;
Roman, 115, 117, 363;
Spanish, 354;
Syracusan, 426;
of Tasciovanus, 354, 363;
of Verica, 354, 399;
unknown in Bronze Age, 487
Collars, with beads strung on iron wire, 381.
_See_ Torques
“Commander’s staff,” 262
Commerce between Britain and the Mediterranean countries, 483, 485;
of the Etruscans, 413, 476;
of the Phœnicians, 419, 475, 479;
with the East, 413
Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, Buda-Pest, 180;
Stockholm, 288
Continental influence on British forms, 106, 143, 297, 379, 472,
479 to 486
Cooke collection, 128
Cooke, Mr. B., quoted, 33
Copper Age, in America, 2;
in Europe, 2;
in modern times, 4
Copper, bars of, 424;
blades, 265;
cakes, 422;
cakes with Roman inscriptions, 423;
celts, Chilian, 145;
celts, Etruscan, 39;
celts, Indian, 2;
celts, Irish, 61;
early sources of, 8, 14, 418;
halberds, Irish, 265;
ingots, 426;
knives, Esquimaux, 211;
lumps of (_see_ Metal);
native, 3, 418, 419;
perforated axe, 265;
punches, or sets, modern, 265;
pyrites, 419;
saw from Santorin, 184;
smelting of, 422
Cord, traces of, on celt, 160;
traces of, on dagger, 226
Cores of clay for bells, 384;
extraction of, 186, 451;
method of casting with, 443;
remaining in celts, 115, 116, 186, 445;
wooden and bronze, 445
Cornwall, native copper in, 419;
native tin in, 419
Cotton, Charles, Esq., 133
Crannoges, Irish, 220, 486
Crawfurd, Mr. J., quoted, 9
Crofton Croker collection, 131
Cross-guards of daggers or knives, 309
Crotals or rattles, 361
Crowbar, 161
Crucibles, probably of clay, 427
Cumæ, Battle of, 355
Cuming, Mr. Syer, quoted, 37, 306, 340
Cunliffe, Sir R. A., collection, 55
Cunnington, Mr., F.S.A., quoted, 189, 242
Cunobeline, hammer on coins of, 181;
shields on coins of, 354
Cups, amber, 243, 486;
gold, 407;
hanging, 408;
with interments, 189, 190, 226, 239, 243
Curved cutting tools, 180
D
Dactyli, invention of metals ascribed to, 15
Daggers, 222 to 247, 254, 256 to 260;
Danish, 254;
Egyptian, 254, 420;
French, 223, 234, 238, 243, 254;
German, 246;
Hungarian, 236;
Irish, 234, 239, 244, 254;
Italian, 236, 241, 287;
methods of hafting, 227 to 236;
moulds for, Italian, 434;
ornamented on blade, 234, 241, 246;
Peruvian mode of holding, 246;
Scandinavian, 234, 236, 252;
socketed, 260, 480;
tanged, 222, 223, 224, 254, 258, 259, 260;
tanged, peculiar to Britain, 480;
with stone axes in interments, 161, 224, 225
Daïmachus quoted, 17
Dalmatian hammer, 183;
chisels, 172
Danubian province of bronze antiquities, 478, 482
Darbishire, Mr. R. D., F.S.A., 438
Davy, Mr. H. A., 87
Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, F.R.S., 475, 477
Day, Mr. R., F.S.A., collection, 61, 62, 65, 102, 105, 138, 139, 140,
141, 171, 172, 176, 212, 246, 59, 293, 315, 325, 358
Delas, inventor of bronze, according to Theophrastus, 15
De Bonstetten, 104
De Champlain quoted, 3
De Fellenberg referred to, 422, 425
Defoe quoted, 362
Dentalium necklace, 394
Desor, Prof., collection, 86, 180
Diadems, 184;
Danish and German, 394;
gold, 42, 393
Dickinson, Mrs., collection, 80, 84, 386
Diodorus Siculus quoted, 202, 275, 363, 426
Dionysius said to have struck coins of tin, 426
Discs with concentric circles, 401;
perforated, 403
_Dolabra_, Roman, 36
Dolmen, French, 293
Donovan’s analysis of trumpet, 360
Douce and Meyrick collection, 109
Douglas, “Nænia Brit.,” quoted, 34, 233
Dow, Rev. John, quoted, 35
“Dowris Find,” golden lustre on articles from, 360
Drills. _See_ Awls
“Druidical pruning-hook,” 32, 200
Druid’s altar, supposed, 114
Dryden, Sir Henry, collection, 74
Dubnovellaunus, hammer on coin of, 181
Duke, Rev. E., collection, 166, 377, 385, 393, 432
Dunoyer, Mr. G. V., quoted, 35, 132, 155, 160, 431
Durden, Mr., collection, 134, 250, 378, 393
Dusaussoy, Mr., analysis by, 418
Dyer, Mr. Thiselton, F.R.S., 313
E
Early Iron Age of Denmark, 159;
hoard at Vimose, 195;
interment, belonging to, 25;
trumpets of, 357, 363.
_See_ also Hallstatt and Late Celtic Period.
Ear-rings, 391;
gold, 393
Edwards, Mr. G., C.E., 368
Egerton, Sir P. de M. G., F.R.S., collection, 91, 169, 331, 464
Egypt, bronze as circulating medium in, 8;
early rarity of iron and steel in, 6;
early use of bronze in, 475;
lead bronze used in, 419
Egyptian arrow-heads, leaf-shaped, 318;
axes, 142, 147;
celts with ears, 147;
chisels, 166;
daggers, 234, 254;
daggers, analysis of, 420;
daggers, socketed, 261, 480;
hatchet still hafted, 148;
hoe-like instrument, 142;
method of fixing adze blades, 159;
rings, penannular, 391;
swords, 298;
tongs, 185
Elissa, bronze sickle of, 18, 194
Enamel on bronze articles, 135;
red, on shields, 343
Encrinite beads, 394
Engelhardt, Mr. Conrad, quoted, 159, 164, 195
Enniskillen, Earl of, F.R.S., 61, 180, 282
Ennius, iron used in Italy before the days of, 18
Epaulettes, originally intended for protection of shoulder, 374
Esquimaux, handles of instruments, 195;
knives of copper, 211
Etruscan, celts, 132;
commerce, 413, 476;
gold necklaces, 39;
helmets, 355;
influence on form of Irish vases, 412, 476, 481;
rings with loops, 400;
tomb, copper celt in, 39;
urns at Hallstatt, 412
Euripides quoted, 16
F
Fabrics, woven, 474
Fabricius, J. A., quoted, 151
Falmouth, Earl of, golden(?) celt belonging to, 135
Faussett collection, 129
Fenton, Mr., 223
Fenton, Mr. S., 306
Ferris, Dr., 348
Ferrules, 338 to 341, 256, 257, 309, 315, 317, 333;
African celt-like, 340;
Danish, 309, 340;
flat, 404;
gold, 309, 313;
Irish, 340;
iron, 341
“Ferrum” used for sword in Cæsar’s time, 276
Fibula of silver, 155;
with interment, 387, 400
Fiji, conch-shell trumpets from, 359
Files, bronze, 7, 181, 184, 185;
iron, 184
Finds of bronze. _See_ Hoards of Bronze
Finger-rings, 198, 391
Fisher, Mr. Marshall, collection, 53, 78, 79, 91, 121, 248, 254, 272,
282, 286, 322, 328
Fish-hooks, 192
Fitch, Mr. R., F.S.A., collection, 52, 114, 120, 282
Flaminius Nepos, 374
“Flanches” on celts, 60, 107 to 111, 131, 480
Flint, arrow-heads, 42, 167, 223, 226, 236, 238, 318, 391;
Etruscan, 39;
celts, 189, 190;
chipped, 243, 366;
chisels, 165;
flakes, 167, 366;
flakes used as saws, 454;
implements, 189, 224, 225;
implements, French, 223;
implements, Irish, 271;
knives, 41, 225, 240;
scraper, 225;
similarity between Irish and Portuguese forms, 271;
spear-heads, 190, 225;
“strike-a-lights,” 22, 225
Flower, Mr. J. W., F.G.S., 122, 242, 270
Forbes, Mr. David, F.R.S., 148, 165
Forel, M., collection, 210, 441
Franks, Mr. A. W., F.R.S., quoted, 37, 49, 51, 135, 199, 257, 299,
302, 330, 353, 363, 404, 405, &c.
Frederick, Sir Charles, 257, 260
G
Gage, Mr., F.S.A., 343
Garrucci, Padre, 341
Gärthe, Dr. Hugo, collection, 448
Gastaldi, Prof., 202
Gauls, gold torques among the, 374;
Isumbrian, had iron swords, 19;
of North of France had iron mines, 9
Gaulish reaping machine, 194;
torques used for trophy, 374;
trumpets, 363
Genthe, Rector, quoted, 21
Geoffroy’s experiments, 12
Gesenius, suggestion of, 5
Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., quoted, 11, 16
Glass beads, 134, 135, 366, 394, 485, 487
Gold, bracelets, 180, 209, 283, 285;
buttons, 394;
clasps, 139, 391;
Cornish celt, doubtful, 135;
diadems, 42, 393;
ferrules, 309, 313;
fillet, 239;
mines, Egyptian, 8;
necklaces, 39;
on dagger hilts, 51, 228, 232;
ornaments, 51, 304, 391, 393;
Merovingian, 117;
pins for inlaying, 51, 228, 232;
plates, 51, 232, 244;
plates, crescent-shaped, 394;
probably the first metal used, 418;
rings, 389, 390, 393;
torques, 90, 180, 209, 374, 375, 376, 379, 390;
trophy of Gaulish torques, 374
Gongora y Martinez, Don M., 238
Goodwin, Mr., 347
Gordon, Sir R., 218, 289, 340, 362
Gouges, 173 to 177, 319, 320, 336;
French, 176
Gozzadini, Count, quoted, 37
Gray, Mr. W., collection, 352, 412
Greece, early use of iron in, 14
Greek axe, 161;
fret on Chilian celts, 145;
language, testimony of, 10;
sword, 298;
vases, representations on, 340
Greenwell, Rev. Canon, F.R.S., collection, _passim_;
quoted, 37, 41, 151, 224, 227, 387, 389, 400, 407, &c.
Grimm quoted by M. Müller, 10
Grose quoted, 363
Gross, Dr. Victor, collection, 114, 176, 183, 195, 422, 431, 449
Gudea, King of Assyria, 9
Gun-metal, 415
H
Hafting. _See_ Handles and Hilts
Halberds, 261 to 270;
Chinese, 263;
Irish, 263, 266, 268;
iron, 263;
Italian, 480;
mode of attachment to shaft, 262;
rare in Britain, 270;
Russian, 263;
Scandinavian, 262;
Scottish, 269;
Spanish, 271
Hallstatt, 23, 25, 69, 144, 181, 184, 229, 288, 293, 308, 342, 355,
389, 393, 394, 401, 405, 409, 412
Hammers, 177 to 181;
bronze, 81, 94, 319, 442, 451;
in Bologna hoard, 180;
casting for, 361;
clay mould for, 450;
formed of part of palstave, 180;
Hungarian, 180;
Lake-dwellings, 181;
looped, 180;
stone, 165;
stone with interment, 51, 232, 353, 405
Handles to celts, 146 to 164;
to celts, club-like, 149;
to celts, elbowed, 146;
to celts, original, 150;
to iron celt, 144, 157;
to Italian celt, 155;
to knife, of amber, 228;
to stone celts, of stags-horn, 150;
to vessels, variety of, 414
Hare, remains of, at Barton Mere, 486
Harford, Mr. E. J., F.S.A., quoted, 34
Harland, Mr. H. S., 118, 226
“_Hasta Pura_,” 218
Hatchets, iron, 148
Hearne, quoted, 31
Hector, gold-ringed spear-head of, 313
Helmets, bronze, 355;
Late Celtic, 356
Herodian quoted, 355
Herodotus quoted, 17
Hesiod quoted, 16, 17
Hiero, Tyrant of Syracuse, 355
Hieroglyphic inscriptions on axes, 147
Hildebrand, Dr. Hans, quoted, 21
Hilts of daggers, 229 to 236;
of rapiers, 252 to 256;
of swords, 286 to 300;
proportional to blades, 277;
made of amber, 228;
made of ivory, inlaid with amber, 299;
made of ox-horn, 252;
inlaid, of dagger, 352
Hoards of Bronze—
Abergele, 144, 308, 404, 405, 471
Achtertyre, 136, 315, 382, 425, 468
Allhallows, Hoo, 214, 230, 467
Alnwick, 43, 113, 285, 321, 391, 465
Ambleside, 285, 465
Amiens, 52, 157, 176, 201, 206, 249, 371, 398
Arreton Down, 49, 243, 244, 257, 258, 260, 464, 473, 480
Barrington, 78, 118, 466
Battlefield, 43, 86, 405, 464
Beachy Head, 94, 283, 423, 467
Beacon Hill, 43, 174, 321, 466
Beddington, 110, 174, 320, 340, 423, 447, 468
Bernay, 77, 78, 79
Bilton, 113, 129, 282, 314, 320, 465
Blackmoor, 464
Bloody Pool, 338, 339, 465
Bo Island, 180, 292, 466
Bologna, 104, 143, 172, 173, 176, 180, 183, 184, 185, 210, 217, 288,
341, 448, 480
Brechin, 290, 465
Broadward, 168, 285, 319, 320, 336, 338, 397, 465
Broxton, 91, 169, 331, 464
Burgesses’ Meadow, Oxford, 81, 169, 179, 467
Burwell Fen, 467
Camenz, 202, 384, 390, 459
Carlton Rode, 78, 94, 113, 119, 121, 122, 133, 167, 171, 173, 175,
178, 424, 467
Chrishall, 117, 283, 465
Clare, Postlingford Hall, 48, 464
Cleveland, 447, 468
Corsbie Moss, 290, 464
Cumberlow, 94, 110, 134, 424, 467
Danesbury, 423, 468
Dowris, 176, 179, 211, 220, 293, 335, 360, 361, 410, 411, 412, 452,
468
Dreuil, 109, 110, 129, 144, 176, 208, 283, 370, 393, 403, 404, 405
Duddingston Loch, 289, 315, 335, 409, 424, 465
Dunbar, 220, 465
Earsley Common, 113, 134, 424, 468
Eaton, 447, 468
Ebnall, 167, 174, 187, 466
Edington Burtle, 197, 249, 320, 325, 330, 377, 385, 391, 464
Exning, 174, 394, 466
Flixborough, 465
Fresné la Mère, 180, 183, 189, 209, 375
Fulbourn, 279, 282, 320, 340, 464
Glancych, 285, 304, 315, 340, 389, 464
Greensborough Farm, Shenstone, 285, 465
Guilsfield, 87, 114, 174, 285, 302, 315, 336, 339, 424, 467
Hagbourn Hill, 144, 322, 368, 466, 470, 471
Harty, Isle of, 110, 111, 174, 177, 181, 186, 211, 214, 308, 403,
441, 442, 453, 457, 468
Haxey, 89, 129, 465
Haynes’ Hill, 297, 305, 320, 403, 467
Heathery Burn Cave, 110, 118, 166, 172, 175, 185, 206, 211, 219,
285, 314, 365, 372, 381, 386, 388, 391, 401, 402, 412, 424,
447, 451, 468
Helsdon Hall, 424, 467
High Roding, 109, 116, 424, 468
Hollingbury Hill, 76, 115, 378, 386, 390, 464
Hotham Carr, 84, 92, 440, 468
Hounslow, 128, 175, 210, 451, 466
Hundred of Hoo, 95, 466
Kenidjack Cliff, 95, 119, 423, 451, 467
Kensington, 158, 174, 401, 424, 450, 467
Kingston Hill, 126, 423, 467
Lamballe, 116
Lanant, 206, 285, 340, 423, 451, 467
Larnaud, Fonderie de, 68, 131, 167, 176, 184, 192, 448, 456
Little Wenlock, 113, 234, 314, 336, 452, 465
Llandysilio, 93, 119, 206, 465
Llangwyllog, 81, 192, 219, 387, 389, 400, 466
Longy Common, 321, 467
Maentwrog, 248, 328, 465
Marden, 198, 208, 211, 308, 366, 381, 388, 450, 451, 467
Martlesham, 113, 119, 120, 129, 174, 206, 424, 467
Mawgan, 116, 184, 250, 465
Melbourn, 174, 389, 397, 466
Meldreth, 172, 201, 411, 424, 466
Moussaye, 115, 116, 445, 477
Nettleham, 86, 92, 131, 314, 330, 395, 465
Newark, 118, 316, 402, 466
Nottingham, 93, 118, 317, 322, 339, 465
Panfield, 468
Pant-y-maen. _See_ Glancych
Pierre du Villain, 214, 279, 397
Plénée-Jugon. _See_ Moussaye
Plymstock, 50, 165, 241, 259, 464
Point of Sleat, 289, 315, 372, 465
Porkington, 168, 174, 466
Quantock Hills, 77, 377, 447, 464
Reach Fen, 79, 112, 118, 122, 133, 167, 174, 187, 205, 210, 211,
213, 216, 229, 283, 305, 314, 315, 317, 319, 396, 400, 467
Reepham, 466
Rhosnesney, 55, 90, 226, 464
Romford, 86, 172, 424, 467
Roseberry Topping, 129, 172, 174, 178, 397, 424, 468
St. Hilary, 285, 423, 467
Shenstone, 285, 465
Sittingbourne, 113, 174, 424, 467
Stanhope, 118, 129, 174, 179, 315, 403, 466
Stibbard, 84, 328, 457, 464
Stoke Ferry, 270, 282, 305, 314, 465
Tarves, 290, 372, 465
Taunton, 116, 178, 198, 218, 367, 389, 466
Thorndon, 174, 177, 189, 205, 319, 466
Thrunton Farm, Whittingham, 280, 288, 314, 335, 464
Tours, 448
Trillick, 180, 389, 399, 466
Ty-Mawr, 129, 168, 315, 381, 389, 466
Vimose, 159, 195
Wallingford, 87, 128, 167, 206, 219, 321, 457, 466
Wallington, 89, 333, 382, 465
Wandle River, 282, 316, 368, 465
Wedmore, 376, 378, 466
West Buckland, 96, 377, 386, 464
” Halton, 113, 118, 120, 424, 467
Westow, 85, 118, 130, 168, 172, 174, 388, 450, 467
Westwick Row, 112, 424, 468
Weymouth, 279, 313, 419, 464
Whittlesea, 131, 175, 179, 466
Wick Park, 120, 304, 423, 450, 467
Wicken Fen, 76, 199, 205, 287, 464
Wickham Park, 95, 340, 423, 448, 468
Wilmington, 87, 447, 468
Winmarleigh, 118, 314, 335, 466
Woolmer Forest, 378, 383, 390, 464
Worth, 254, 313, 402, 464
Worthing, 87, 423, 467
Wrekin Tenement, 285, 338, 465
Wymington, 113, 466
Yattendon, 169, 403, 466
Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, quoted, 34, 44, 51, 134, 163, 190, 232, 241,
242, 352, 369, 405, and _passim_
Hodgson, Rev. John, quoted, 35
Holmes, Mr. J., collection, 201, 328
Homer, bronze or copper? mentioned by, 11;
mentions tin, 12;
other metals, 13
Homeric Age, 16, 18, 161, 242, 313, 340
Hones. _See_ Whetstones
Hood, Sir A. A., Bart., collection, 119
Hoops, 402
Horns, curved, found in Denmark, 363
Horn, the Caprington, 362
Horn, used, 225, 226, 227, 252, 487
Horse-trappings, 396
Hostmann, Dr., quoted, 21
Hugo, Rev. T., F.S.A., quoted, 36
Hugo collection, 65, 104, 105, 284
Hungary, native copper in, 419
Hungarian province of bronze antiquities, 482
Hutchins, Mr., quoted, 94
I
Imitation rivets, 235, 257, 260, 344
Inlaying of metals, 13, 296, 297;
wood and amber, 51, 228, 232, 368, 487
Instruments, broken, converted into another form, 180, 211, 361, 454;
tanged, of earlier date than socketed, 456
Intercourse between Britain and the Continent, 106, 143, 162, 379,
413, 483;
Ireland and Spain, 271
Interments, 41, 42, 237, 238, 239;
burnt, 51, 96, 189, 190, 224, 226, 233, 241, 242, 243, 366, 384,
394, 474, 485;
contracted, 44, 51, 134, 190, 223, 244, 380;
comparison of size of men of the Stone and Bronze Periods, 277;
in a hide, with fern leaves, 225;
in wooden cist, 241;
Late Celtic, 23, 391;
with beads, 135, 366, 394;
with bracelets, 135, 385, 387;
with awls, 189, 190, 191, 225, 241, 319, 392, 457;
with axes, 190, 226;
with celts, 41, 42, 44, 47, 51, 134, 145, 150, 352;
with stone hatchets, 204;
with stone hammers, 51, 232, 353, 405;
with knife daggers, 41, 161, 204, 225, 226, 256, 367, 480;
with marine shells, 189, 394;
tree-burials, 190, 226, 228, 241, 243, 301, 367, 474;
urn-burials, 42, 190, 191, 217, 226, 234, 384, 391;
at Hallstatt, 412;
various modes of, 473
Ionians armed with bronze, 8
Ireland, use of iron probably later than in Britain, 471;
never occupied by the Romans, 276
Iron, ancient, preservation of, 25;
approximate date of introduction into Britain, 472;
“Celestial,” 7;
celts, 116, 144, 157, 159, 163;
Celtiberian method of tempering, 275;
collars and belts, 355;
currency, 17;
date of discovery of, from the Arundelian marbles, 14;
effects of long burying, 275;
files, 184;
forms copied from bronze, 23, 95, 144, 299;
hatchet from Bolivia, 148;
meteoric origin of, 7;
mines in France, 19;
probably unknown till after the separation of Aryan nations, 10;
pyrites in urn, 243, with interment, 225;
for obtaining fire, 487;
religious avoidance of, in Egypt, 6;
self-fused mass of, 15;
succession of, to bronze, 4, 6, 16, 22, 23;
spear-heads, 342;
swords, 19, 274, 275, 276, 280, 287, 297, 299, 300, 343, 354;
used in Britain before Roman invasion, 19, 276, 354, 471, 472;
used by the Catti, 19;
used by the Gauls, 19;
used in ancient Greece, 14, 15;
used in Italy, 19
Italian, coins with type of sword, 283;
origin suggested for Northern bronze antiquities, 21
Ivory, bracelets, 485;
buttons, 394, 485;
dagger handles, 233;
exported from Gaul to Britain, 486;
hilts to iron swords, 229;
hooks, 485;
nippers, 233;
pieces of, with bronze rivets, 241;
pins, 51, 233, 241, 485;
rings, Egyptian, 391;
tweezers, 241;
war trumpets, African, 359
J
James, Sir Henry, F.R.S., quoted, 426
Japanese sabres, 275
Java, socketed celt from, 142
“Javelin with loop,” 256
Jeffrey, Mr., F.S.A.Scot., 351
Jerome, St., quoted, 27, 28
Jet, beads, 118, 158, 189, 336, 394;
Buttons, 225, 236;
discs, 190;
loops, 308;
necklaces, 189, 190, 487;
ornaments, 485;
pendant, 190;
used for decorations, 373
Jets and runners, 450
Jewitt, Mr. Llewellynn, F.S.A., quoted, 44, 453
Job, book of, quoted, 5;
translation of, by St. Jerome, 27
Jones, Hon. Col. C. C., quoted, 3
Jutland, flat celts in, 30
K
Keller, Dr. F., quoted, 150, 195
Kendrick, James, M.D., 46, 158
Kirwan, Rev. R., 134, 224
Klemm, Dr., cited, 153
Knife-daggers, antiquity of, 222, 457;
associated with stone implements (_see_ Stone and Bronze together);
attached to haft by perishable rivets, 226;
ornamented, 212, 237;
perforated, 225;
Scottish, 238;
short and broad, 240;
Spanish, 238;
with handle of yew, 207;
with haft of ox-horn, 225;
with interments, 41, 161, 204, 205, 226, 256, 367, 480
Knives, 204 to 216;
flint, 41;
flint with interment, 225, 240
Knives, socketed, curved, 204, 205, 209;
double-edged, 205 to 208, 167, 216, 480;
Irish, 207;
looped, 210, 215;
moulds for, 449;
with fluted blade, 205
Knives, tanged, 211 to 216;
curved, 209, 214, 215;
Danish and German, 215;
made from broken swords, 211;
moulds for, 433;
perforated, 213, 215;
single-edged, 214, 215, 480;
tang ending in head of animal, 213;
tangs flat, 211, 212;
with rings on blade, 215
Koudourmapouk, King of the Soumirs and Accads, 9
L
Laconia, steel of, 17
Lake-dwellers probably cut straw, 202
Lake-dwellings of Savoy, 95, 131, 191, 371;
of Switzerland, 13, 95, 114, 370;
insight into early civilisation given by, 486
Lake Superior, native copper found near, 3, 418
Lance-head, 368
Lane Fox, Gen. A. _See_ Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A.
Late Celtic Period.—Arrow-heads, 318;
bridle-bits, 144, 368, 405, 470;
bracelets, 135, 387, 388;
brooches, 400;
buckles, 144, 368, 470;
celts, 137, 144, 157, 163;
chariots, 389, 403;
ear-rings, 393;
ferrules, Irish, 340;
helmet, 356;
interments, 23, 25, 135, 471;
pins, 144, 369;
remains, 135, 144, 385;
sheaths, 302, 308;
shield, 353;
spear-heads, 144, 342;
swords, 229, 275, 299, 343;
torques, 381;
trumpets, 362;
vessel with iron handle, 409
Lauth, Prof., quoted, 7
Laveissière, Messrs., gun-metal, 416
Lawrence, Mr. W. L., F.S.A., 45
Layton, Mr. T., F.S.A., collection, 52, 126, 284, 302
Lead, absent in early bronze, 417;
at butt-end of palstave, 97;
socketed celts, made of, 445;
in small socketed celts, from Brittany, 417;
in articles from Dowris, 360;
spoken of by Job, 5
Lead bronze used in Egypt, 419
Leather sheath for flint dagger, 309;
for bronze knives, 309;
for Scandinavian dagger, 252;
thongs for securing hatchet, 148
Leland quoted, 30
Lepsius quoted, 7
Lichas the Lacedemonian, 18
Lichfield, Mr., collection, 94, 127
Lindenschmit, Dr. Ludwig, quoted, 21, 81, 202
Lisch, Dr. F., quoted, 151, 262
Livy quoted, 354
Local peculiarities of bronze antiquities, 24, 477
Londesborough, Lord, collection, 345
“Long Barrow” period, skeletons of, 277
Loops or slides, 403;
of jet, 404
Lort, Rev. Mr., F.S.A., quoted, 31, 33, 439
Lovelace, Earl of, 245, 316
Lubbock, Sir John, F.R.S., quoted, 20, 37, 149, 157, 274, 276, 427,
475
Lucretius quoted, 16
Lukis, Rev. W. C, F.S.A., 181, 385
“Lurer,” or curved horns found in Denmark, 363
Lusitanians, bronze spears among the, 17
Lycurgus, iron currency in time of, 17
Lydia, steel of, 17
M
Macadam, Dr. Stevenson, quoted, 56, 362, 410, 425
McCulloch, Mr. W. T., quoted, 349
Maces, 271, 272;
perforated stone, 51
Macrobius quoted, 275
Madsen quoted, 52, 54, 288, 404
Magnentius, bronze swords attributed to time of, 25
Malacca the principal Eastern source of tin, 424
“Malga,” Australian wooden weapon, 263
Manetho quoted by Plutarch, 8
Manillas, or African ring money, 387
Manlia Gens, denarii of, 374
Mariette, M., quoted, 6
Marine shells with interments, 189, 394
Martineau and Smith quoted, 415
Masons of Peru still use stone pebbles as mallets, 165
Massagetæ a bronze-using people, 17
Mayer collection. _See_ Museums, Liverpool
Medea, bronze sickle of, 18, 194
Medhurst, Mr., collection, 127
Medicinal use of iron in ancient Egypt, 6;
“virtue in brass,” 31
Mediterranean province of bronze antiquities, 478
Memnon, sword of, 18
Menelaus, battle-axe of, 14
Meriones, arrow of, 18
Merovingian gold ornaments, 117
Metals, 415 to 426;
admixture of other than copper and tin in bronze, 346, 360, 417,
420;
early use of, 1 to 20, 418, 420;
lumps of, 81, 87, 94, 113, 119, 120, 283, 423, 425, 442, 449, 459,
469
Meteoric origin of first-known iron, 7, 15
Mexican, bronze, 4;
name for copper transferred to iron, 10
Meyrick collection, 109, 205, 271, 351, 356;
Sir Samuel, quoted, 155
Milles, Rev. Dr., collection, 48
“Minds,” Irish, 42, 394
Mines, Egyptian gold, 8
Minerva, Temple of, at Phaselis, 18
“Missile hatchets,” 162
Mitchell, Dr. Arthur, F.S.A. Scot., 437
Molyneux, Sir T., quoted, 358
Money, suggestion that celts served as, 37
Montelius, Dr. O., quoted, 109, 262, 288, 298
Montezuma II., axe of, 148
Morlot, M., quoted, 26
“Morning Star,” or flail, 271
Mortillet, M. Gabriel de, 405, 456, 457
Mortimer, Messrs., collection, 43, 113, 190, 227, 230
Mortise and tenon, 171
Moseley, H. N., F.R.S., 263
Moulds, 427 to 450;
bronze, 84, 174, 438 to 448;
clay, 427, 428, 448, 449;
clay, for buttons, 401;
stone, 143, 158, 180, 250, 428 to 438;
notches on, 436;
wooden, for British coins of tin, 445
Movers, Prof., quoted, 5
Müller, Prof. Max, quoted, 10
Müller, Dr. Sophus, quoted, 21
Museums—
Abbeville, 335
Agram, 177
Alnwick Castle, 46, 116, 285, 287, 368, 386
Amiens, 119, 183, 201, 206, 208, 371, 398
Assen, 109
Belfast, 430
Berlin, 39, 173, 184, 234, 262, 263, 298, 299, 441, 448
Boulaq, 261
Boulogne, 238, 250
Bourges, 307
Bristol, 217
Brunswick, 288
Buda-Pest, 142, 327
Caen, 86
Cambridge Ant. Soc., 174, 199, 205, 259, 270, 271, 272, 279, 340,
346
Carcassonne, 328
Chambéry, 131, 184
Chateaudun, 122
Clermont-Ferrand, 119, 176, 341, 438
Copenhagen, of Northern Antiquities, 172, 259, 288, 353, 432, 441
Cracow, Academy of Sciences, 181
Darmstadt, 91, 441
Devizes, _see_ Stourhead
Dorchester, 432
Dover, 113
Dresden, Preusker collection, 437
Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, _passim_;
Trinity College, 220, 431
Edinburgh, Ant., _passim_;
Advoc. Library, 289
Elgin, 333
Evreux, 77
Exeter, 51
Florence, 156
Geneva, 210
Göttingen, 77
Gratz, Johanneum, 288
Hanover, 184, 308, 441
Kiel, 262
Laibach, 246, 393, 428
Lausanne, 260
Leipsig, Deutsche Gesellschaft, 221
Le Puy, 293
Lewes, 87, 447
Leyden, 89, 133, 173, 176, 221
Linz, 153
Liverpool, Mayer collection, 52, 81, 82, 83, 88, 129, 168, 319, 351
London, British Museum, _passim_;
Soc. Ant., 49, 90, 125, 348, and _passim_
Lyons, 131, 301, 441
Madrid, 97
Malmoe, 262
Metz, 131
Modena, Museo Civico, 401, 437
Munich, 445
Namur, 109
Nantes, 121, 124, 230, 250, 252, 281, 339
Narbonne, 43, 121, 122, 172, 254, 341
Newcastle-on-Tyne, 78, 116, 125, 285, 351
Norwich, 78, 80, 134, 173, 175, 178, 199, 281, 318
Oxford, 287; Ashmolean, 81, 169, 189, 216, 225
Paris, d’Artillerie, 301;
Hôtel Cluny, 176;
Louvre, 185
Plymouth, Athenæum, 228
Poitiers, 119, 176, 214, 221, 398, 441, 447
Prague, 308
Rennes, 287
Rouen, 86, 280
St. Germain, 171, 248, 293, 328, 448
St. Omer, 131
Salisbury, Blackmore, 80, 81, 91, 110, 114, 120, 132, 175, 236, 237,
248, 426
Salzburg, 152, 355
Scarborough, 211, 401
Schwerin, 262
Sheffield, Bateman collection, 42, 44, 113, 122, 150, 168, 172, 190,
205, 225, 279, 280, 307, 321, 327, 390, 392, 393, 409, 430,
447
Sigmaringen, 173, 176
Soissons, 80
Stockholm, 122, 143, 353, 448
Stourhead, 219, 322, 368, and _passim_
Stuttgart, Cabinet of Coins, 142
Taunton, 119, 198, 249, 320, 325, 328, 330
Toulouse, 41, 97, 119, 122, 131
Tours, 86, 172, 207, 254, 401, 435
Trent, 107
Turin, Royal Armoury, 288
Vannes, 215, 449
Vienna, Ambras, 148;
Antiken Cabinet, 86, 131, 299, 355
Warrington, 123, 335
Wisbech, 131, 175, 179
Wurzburg, 308
Zurich, 166
“Museum Moscardi,” quoted, 31
N
Nail for fastening scabbard end, 305
Native copper, 3, 418, 419
Neb, projecting, on celts, 104, 160
Necklaces, amber, 244, 487;
bone, 487;
of dentalium shells, 394;
of glass beads, 135;
jet, 189, 190, 487
Necropolis, Alban, 341
Needle of bronze, 192;
wood, 226
Neolithic Period, gouges developed in, 165
Neville, Mr. F., quoted, 358
Nickel present in bronze of shield, 346
Nilsson, Prof., 419
Nitzsch quoted, 14
Noricum, iron swords of, 19
Norris, Mr., collection, 96
Northumberland, Duke of, collection, 46, 116
Norway, native copper in, 419
Noulet, Dr., 142
O
Objects of uncertain use, 306, 308, 396, 397, 405
Obsidian instruments from Santorin, 184
Odyssey, description of hardening axe in, 14;
testimony of, as to axe-heads, 161
O’Gorman, Mr. T., quoted, 398
Oppert, M., referred to, 9
Orestes, bones of, 18
Origin of term celt, 27;
of term palstave, 71, 72;
continental, of British bronze forms, 108, 115, 143, 297, 379
Ormerod, Mr. G. W., F.G.S., collection, 82
Ornaments, 374 to 395, 481, 483 to 486;
bronze, rare in Britain, 395, 481, 487;
gold, 51, 304, 391, 393, 487;
for horse-trappings, 404;
silver, 2
Ornamentation on bronze, preserved by patina, 46;
cable pattern, 54, 60, 140;
chevron patterns, 90, 145, 160, 180, 320, 321, 330, 338;
by enamel, 135, 338;
fern-leaf pattern, 61, 102;
Greek fret, 145;
by inlaying of metals, 13, 296, 297;
by hatched lozenges, 53, 66, 218;
by punching, 67, 187, 319, 453;
by matted patterns, 53, 74;
resembling Roman numerals, 203;
rings, 296;
rings concentric, on shields, 347 to 353;
ring and pellet, 124 _et seqq._;
shield-shaped, 128;
on back of Swiss Lake knives, 203
Osteological observations, 278, 475
Overlapping of Stone and Bronze Periods, 1, 24
Owen, Prof., F.R.S., cited, 296
P
Paalstab, the term, 71, 72
Palafitta of Castione, 153
Palstaves, 70 to 106, 159, 169;
broken, with broken torques, 378;
castings for, 90, 448;
Danish, 95, 151, 163;
development of, from flat celts, 107, 472;
double-looped, 95 to 97, 104, 105;
edge renewed by hammering, 92, 454;
French, 81, 88, 91, 97, 160;
German, 80, 83, 91;
Icelandic, 71;
Irish, 81, 99 to 105, 160;
iron, 157, 159;
looped, 80, 98, 103;
moulds for, 431, 439, 440;
of two metals from Hallstatt, 95;
origin of term, 71;
roughening blade of, 77;
Scottish, 77 to 79, 99;
socketed celts evolved from, 108, 472;
Spanish, 90, 97, 161;
transitional forms between celts and, 76, 77, 95, 472;
with ridges on recesses for handle, 79;
with transverse edge, 85, 105, 159;
with socket formed by wings, 85;
worn by resharpening, 83, 87, 454
Paris Exhibition of 1878, 97, 448
Patina, preservation of ornament by, 46
Patrick, Mr. R. W. Cochran, F.S.A., 362
Patroclus, funeral games of, 15
Pausanias, quoted, 15, 18
Payne-Knight collection, 94
Pegge, Rev. Samuel, F.S.A., quoted, 33, 42, 226
Pelligot, Prof., analysis of Breton celts, 417
Pelta or buckler of Greeks and Macedonians, 354
Penguilly l’Haridon, M., quoted, 162
Pennant’s “Tour” quoted, 290
Pentateuch, mention of metals in, 5
Percy, Dr. J., F.R.S., quoted, 11, 40, 420, 424, 442
Perthes, Boucher de, collection, 335
Peru, bronze in, 4;
use of stone mallets in, 165
Peruvian mode of holding dagger, 246
Pest, Congress of Prehistoric Archæology at, 180
Petrie collection, 140
Phillips, Mr. J. A., F.G.S., 422, 426
Philology, testimony of, 9, 110
Philoxenus quoted, 168
Phœnician trade with Britain, 419, 475, 479
Pins, 365 to 373;
134, 135, 191, 282, 290, 322;
associated with swords, 290, 372;
bone, with Roman remains, 365;
curved, 368;
Danish, gold-plated, 372;
French, 370;
German, 371;
gold, for inlaying, 51, 228, 232;
Irish, 369, 371, 372;
Late Celtic, 368, 369;
looped, 368, 369;
Scottish, 372;
spiral, 370;
Swiss, 370;
twisted, 191, 366;
with amber inlaid, 368;
with annular heads, 367;
with flat heads, 290, 365, 371;
with perforated heads, 96
Pindar quoted, 17
Pipe of bone, 366
Pisander, axe of, 18
Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A., F.R.S., 37, 84, 205, 313, 328, 441, 475